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Abstract

The paper’s icebreaker is about the ‘where’ of the populous Ethiopians (the Oromo’s),
which has been continuously contested among different historians. Despite the earlier
beliefs that the nation’s origin was ‘somewhere’ outside Ethiopia, and then at
Mada-Walabu (Bale), recent evidence witness that it has been dwelling at the Northern
part of the country and with its Cushitic civilizations before it faced forced evacuation to
South by the Semitic families. The theme of this research is, however, neither to assess
the origin of the people nor to locate the exact geography. Instead, it is geared to show
the existing similarities between the Oromo cultural/religious practices with that of
EOTC, with the ultimate intention of disclosing their possible unity ‘sometime’ in history
as well as potential future evangelization program direction by the church. The
‘purposively selected locations-based’ research conducted through content analysis, key
informant interviews and participatory observation approaches disclosed that there exist
almost perfect resemblance between the two targets in terms of: monotheistic dogmatic
content (belief in just one God); spiritual blessing ceremony of the newly born babies,
types, contents and practices of many holidays/feasts and festivals (like The Sabbath,
Masqal /Finding of the true cross, anniversary of the elder/due to his respect for and
reputes, holidays of Saints, etc), prayers and intercessions, sacrifices and divine forgiveness,
criteria, rituals and responsibilities of ordination, beliefs and practices pertaining to the
deceased soul; holiness and sacred things/places, and more social values. Generally, this
research concludes that majority of Oromo’s cultural beliefs and practices do align with
that of EOTC although the ‘how’ and ‘when’ part of the alignment (assimilation) is left
unanswered (forwarded for further research). It also recommends using such alliance as
potential evangelization opportunities of the church, to effectively address the
‘disadvantaged’ people with salvation messages, instead of inconsiderately tagging their
beliefs/ practices as ‘animism’, ‘paganism’ or ‘idolatry’.

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/; :# < ( =>)? ‹‹ ># A BC%›› ( E& / ? 1985 J. 7)? KL.1377
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OBPQ ;4R (S TU )? ‹‹ 4 V UWX7- X 5>865Z R[X U \X
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Biirroo Aadaa fi Tuurizimii Oromiyaa (BATO); Seenaa Oromoo Hanga Jaarraa 16fa; Gulaallii 2fa (Seeccii
Duraa); Finfinnee; Waxabajjii 1998; fuula 20.
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Bbc d dc 0 e <? «DUDHAA»፡ 2001 J. . mn /J o 8L
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21
Summary and stastical report of the 2007 population and housing census: pop. by Age and Sex pp. 110-11.
F.D.R.E– population census commission Dec. 2008, Addis Ababa.
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guddiste, nama afuura qabu goote, ciniinsuu fi daha gargaarte, kan ija keenyaan
nu agarsiiste, amantii guddaadhaan si galateeffanna. Akkasuma mucaa kenna
keetiin jara lamaan kana gidduutti argame kana kan lammii isaa gargaaru fi bul-
chu, kan haadha fi abbaa isaa xooru, kan gorsa jaarsaa dhaga'u, kan tobba
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garaadhaan si kadhanna. Lubbuu dheeraa kenniif, haati fi abbaan isaa erga inni
dhalatee nuuf tole jedhanii akka si galateeffatan milkii gaarii godhiif; kadhaa uummata
kana hundumaa dhaga'i, o! jedhii jalaa qabi, deebii nagaa deebisiif''

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(Ÿ o) ( ! ‹‹!U
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:- kC M 7 8J
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Maarama ( $ ):- ):- ?1 N˜A W C f?1
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W Ž / B AC ! "L %•< DD37 $ 7/; % 3 mQ
Y 38 EF ƒ /B W) Q ‡ = · Y m= A
Wo/ $ =<DD l < 6 7 ; ''baga Maaramiin si hiikte''
BRR/C¡ • Ž• ‹‹ ( d*1e›› ) =<DD 3 = ‰
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Dirribii Damusee Bokkuu; Ilaalcha Oromoo፡ Barroo Aadaa, Seenaa fi Amantaa Oromoo (Finfinnee,
Maxxansa 2ffaa, Hagayya, 2009), p. 119.
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-) [\ ( ) # "¯ W.Ý/) , „ ( ;) W '
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^$ gA A B $ ? #' "¯< ) !Œ ' ) ;
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Madina ( ; ) :-
:- ) l "!Œ1 ! N €<Œ =g ;
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N %5^·0 BË A?@ BË 3 7Ž ¨=‚Y 7 7 R•< Ú/
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Taaboree (*Ÿ•)
(*Ÿ•) :-
:- *Ÿ• ‡ = å1 ( 7 j1 ²1) ƒ =<DD
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mQ ²1 % ;= B" "L ! %Y [\ • ©² B: ACDD ©²<
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Gannii (8-)
(8-) :-
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l L Þ # 8J•< #B:&¸ 75 . ) N =<DD
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RC W 7 ˆm & SŒ1 •º@ 3 %À; !o BmQ = ‰ S/
) ( ÀŒ ) B“$ DD W“$< Ra8 š. < )
MO$ )B < Y . C / N; ^ 1 ¨ WÀ , -¯* %)DD BF
Ÿ* ‹‹ˆ#›› ) BY'* % › µ< 3 ) =<DD R BF -¯*
O9 Œ•< %R*1 ¹¨! ‹‹ ›› *+ *<" Bm (5O.28÷10-22)DD
S/< W8 < Ž#B =EF % › MO$?1 > W8ª ‘01 d
%B¨ 4 DD 3 %À; ) •<DD ‘ + < W ;'
>+ •< ›)›C %$• l*3Q ( l83C) %Bd:; ¡ ) = ‰ =EF ‹‹%<•?1››
ABmQ ‹‹%‡B›› •<D- MO$< ! 8)š?1/ 1 3 ) =<DD
!CB ´# " % › MO$?1 ) ˜ 3= ' W / c <X %CDD
M$Ý 78 mQ MO$?1 N˜ |E%! 8)š MO$?1 3 8<
YN"‡ DD/5#.12÷2-4¡5O.18÷1¡ 5á.24D12-18¡ 5#.32D2¡ „.46D2:: /
M € ÀŒ D-
D- ! "L ) |E%! )< % ). = :
( “ =c) W 5 R•< =8 1 % ˜ M= k =<DD AS= %RŸU?1
( ! "L ŠB 9 +?1) †„L ! :R C W5 ' ÀŒ*•<
B5 3W )< D-49

45
Dirribii, p. 119.
46
t$< KL 10877
47
/; KL 3277
48
t$< KL 10077
49
Aš 50›" KL.95-9777

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Ya Rabbi Tokkicha... % ˜ |E%! mB!

Kan siin uume hin jiru % dY ) ¡
Siin malees kan uumame hin jiru ) % dY ) ¡
Ruuda fi lafti uumaa harkakeeti " B • ²1F O •<¡
Namnis, horiinis... "< ! ...
Midhaan, bishaani fi qilleensis... F <Õ =g ...
Tolluuni fi muknis... $$ ‘ ...
Kan garaadhaan munyuuqu... 3 WAL -C...
Bineensi kotteen deemu... | W$ ˜ %<•?1 -C...
Allaattiin baalleen kaattu uumaa %¹‡O -C ²1F M$ •<¡
harkakeeti
Akka kalakeetti araara nuuf buusi. 3 !F $ † %< ; !
Ya Waaqa Keenya! % /.1 mB!
Rabbi hundumaa uumte -C dY |E%! ...
Dhiira fi dubartii goote 7 ; 6 %; 8F...

Lafa diriirsite • 5 | F...

Tulluu muxxeessite $$ % )F...

Kan uumame hunduu suma harka dY O -C % · =<¡

Ijji sabakeetii waan argudha.
B’ -C †„!F €B91 W ,
=<DD
Ya Rabbi Tokkicha! % ˜ |E%! mB!
Hin duutu, hin dulloomtu; %* · % ¡
Hin beeloftu, hin dheebottu; %B !F %BY F ¡
Dukkanaaf dungoo hin baattu; )‘) 1Ÿ ( !$ ) % B„ ¡
Aduuf dubaabo hin baattu; )áµB h / % aF DD
Roobaan biqishita, „ ! * N/)F¡
Aduudhaan gogsita, áµB * /)F¡
Namaaf dabarsita. )"< *A g)F ( |R)F)DD
Dhiiga mucaa goota; 3 % | F †î *3 ^)F¡
Hiika dhugaa goota. <= 8/|/)F¡
Duudaa dubbifta; l# * |$)F¡
Qal'aa furdifta. — *7O$)FDD
Ya Waaqa Keenyaa! % /.1 mB!
Marga fi bishaan horiif uumte, — <Õ ) ! dY ¡
Marga ilmaa lammiif, ) ) · )78Q...
Horii, midhaan fi bishaan sabakeef. ! F <Õ )†„Ÿ1F dY DD
Xinnaa nuuf guddisi; (†~ ) %A;| ¡
Qal'aa nuuf furdisi; A %7O ¡
Kan nuuf laatte nuuf eebbisi. "Y’ R DD
Ya Rabbi Tokkicha! % ˜ |E%! mB!

ቁ. 2 ( !)4) ©
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Adeemaa nagaan gashi; »3 ( 83J) 3F ¡

Beela'aa beela baasi; $ $! %; ( |! )¡
Dheebotaa dheebuu baasi; Y Y DD
Yaroo hundumaa siif sagadna; - [\ "|; Š) ¡
Si sodaanna, si ulfeessina. d$Š) ! Š) DD
Waldaa keenya nuuf eebbisi; ÀŒ MO$1 R ¡

Bakka nagaa nu teessisi; "/ %.R2 %Q ¡

Diina unu irraa fageessi; Y/ % N ¡
Jiruu fi jireenya nutti eebbisi; M$1 Q£1 R ¡

Nagaa fi nageesso nuuf buusi; "/ F %< ; ¡

Balaa diingataa nurraa ; 8 J ƒ ( :"O ) % N ¡

fageessi;
Kan nu jaallatu wajjin nu jiraa- W73 ^$ %Q DD
chisi.
Ya Waaqa Keenya! % /.1 mB!
Hoofuu jennee siif saganna; |E !) "|; Š) ¡
Siif jilbeeffanna; )% .) ¡
Addaan siif gombifamna; | R$1 3g Š) ¡
Galata siif galchina. ^ : ! Š) DD
Ya Rabbi Tokkicha! % ˜ |E%! mB!
Kadhaa keenya nuuf dhaga'i; 1 ¡
Iddoo yaadnu fi iddoo abbal- ) < ) Á< %!k ¡
luun nu ga'i.
Kan siif laanne nuuf sooradhu; : ! F ( M‡¹*1 ) : ¡

Lubbuu keenya nuuf qusadhu. =OA1 ¨ ! (¹;f%1 % „ )¡

Ijoolleef nagaakee nuuf buusi; ) ²1 "/ %< ; ¡

Horata keenya nuuf eebbi- 3 d$=< R ...%f !

si ...ameen!

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Caamsituu (š
(š ˆc) :-
:- =EF ! ' 5 ; 3 ‹‹ , ÀŒ å1›› W* Q ˆmQ
) , 01 „ ! #B5 ! ˆd)| , " Ø /•< („ ! #B5 !
W 3 Ž) "?1 •<DD ) ASD- 7N F #B /e M ƒ
:! “ | ¹)* †„L #B e ˆR 75 Âm B1/ DD caamsituu
(š ˆc) ‹• ˆ © ‹‹„ ! W ¨ ›› 3 ) =<DD | =EF
š ˆc?1 ƒB= ‹‹ÀŒ ›› 3WÀ , ƒB= ; [01
3W <Q | RBm ; [c | N˜ µO /B <:< =2,
Ý |R ^ AAB= )< 3m= #) (1=8.17÷1-7¡ ¹.5÷17-18)DD
Ayyaana Abbaa (%
(% %R):-
%R):- ?1 €B B*, • 3| O
#C C¡ •?@ :AX?1 ˆmQ& 3^©@ 3| YR°?1 (€k! )
•<DD50 ! "L)-)c O M‡¹ : R D- •?@ | <
C l • ( #B ›C) 3^©@ 3| ) 3+ = W ¦•<
"?1 % .½= ‡k 0´o "?1 . l ˜ ) )
=<DD ‹‹ )B 82< M‡¹ 82< [\ : 3m=›› B/C
! "L %•< 51 ‹‹7l 7lF )d)• %3^ # 3 ‰! %)k•<
B¨‚Y$•‡ ¡ %) )E ) = ‰ %A º B"Y B/CDD››
ÀŒ ‘ + ! "! 5 ; % ‡ *7‹ •< W •R•<
7N01 " j $ “ A ( ;h) M J 75 M €01 ) ˜
•<DD B ‹ 3| ‹‹ Žf ›› *7:1 DD | -C W
ABm , ( ) Âm B1/ ) = ‰ %l ƒ X ¨Œ !o
W • %CDD52 ÀŒ % ‡ = Œ B* < S/< Ž#B |3 =<
B ‡7‹ ! "L %R/ ) ž [\ ˆ ‡7‹ ( ''ati sagadaa
eenyuutii'' (% "^·= F /%R = F =<) RR 57 $CDD
M € M‡¹ D-D- ?1 5 ; ‹‹ M‡¹ ›› W)< " %A!
W Ž < ‹‹% —›› W)< k/•< =<¡ B’ : * ˆ © ‹‹ ¢ ››
3 ) =<DD )B J< k 3 O" ! ¢ BdÀ
= < +c M ƒ M‡¹ ‡¹c *<" DD ‡¹c
M ƒ ) , 8)š?1 ) $) D-
rreessa
(ô) Irreess •—››)(
a (‹‹ •— •—53
):--
››)( "• ): ?1 “• =<DD W5^ž<
) , ƒ• ./•< ‘01 (abbayii/:)‡/ ulumaayii/ &/ kusaayee / "B/
S/ NY/•< ) ) )^ mQ ) ¨ Y< µ | % ; /B “
54
=<DD % # Ä ; ^B ¨ Âm B1/ DD M‡¹ -C W: <
73EF •— * 3< A3 ‘ M^< ! c ( :½ O ) ¨$ p
: l- -C ƒB= F ¨=Y' ( =‰) N ! =<DD
•— W: Y< ‡ = )M € % › ) ÀŒ 7B $$ |
/ R)< N •O M 7B 7 „ & %Y8! =<DD % º % º
# ˜ =c *B Â9 21 "‡$ Ÿ* (‹‹l k›› WC
±#) m %) DD •—< : š 2m Â3 B1 Ÿ*
m %) DD BF •—< Ÿ* ) = ‰ ‹‹N; N˜A ›› mQ Bm ?!

50
Aš 50›"" KL 190 77
51
‡/ K2 d¡ (†6 8•4 )77
52
t$< KL 10477
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/(³ ‹‹ z < ›› 06 ˆ£ L U d €m ‹‹ mn›› [ 5>B‡•Q ] 8 BB 6/ 77 ‹‹ mn››
/ 64 /J8 ›6 ´µ (8&5| 9 e + :) 6*† ‹‹ &] 0 |:#›› >5/ |Ud /J Q77
54
Dirribii, p. 93.

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()) Dhiiga ((l^)

l^) ::-- BF ‹‹3 ›› ) ˆm ‡=J< ! ' M‡¹ O
=<DD W C MA M^ ! 01 F ƒB=01 ^ m9 •—
( “• <) /B B: R DD <X + ‹‹ M^ -C †B7 3• =<¡
3• †B7c =— M " “• < /B )=OA1- M "
Bm 5 ; ¯ ) "Y-
(5S‡.17÷11)¡ W)< ^ :$$2=
#)< ‡ Bo/ ´l l ‹‹... + †| -C 3 B=~
= ¡ 3 AB & | %B" B = ›› (¹!.9D22) ) 8)À<
=! R† ‡¹ )d‚+ N ! 57 3= A +
Bm DD
S/ U ( m !Œ ) M‡¹ * 3< : 0& )S/ Ž#B
W* ; A 3 ( , ‡^ B"Y‡ ¡ ) ¹k 3N9 k
Ž l- ] "n /B l & B3 ^ DD BF "C M € +c
U ) # B & = < $Ý/< gˆ. | 3 ^ ‹ ½
)< B / (5À.12÷1-14)DD | %!•J?@ ! "L %R/ )
3 k Ž Š "n /B 3W:L ˆY ‹ ‹‹¨#A ›› ) )d
/e %B"4 ¡ ‹‹M €c =<›› 3 ) DD h %:R 1 M €c =a
% <‹ _ ‹‹M €c›› ) mQ (% :; 9 =8 | Âa
W8R< # m=) | Y N:< <kC¡ % |Y< #CDD R/ $
ž — | ?1 3^| UA O 9$•< 3W Q Y:‰
Ú/ )B ) 3 *•< ] "n $•< |$ :½ k /B
l- | R$•< ‹ *•< 3W =U % # ; %•<
%8Á- C /e ( ) lF d<* D-55
"n /B W:R< 3 ~$+ O ) 7‚ (
< #B9' ) ; |) k /B W:R< <& 73
#B8L l / l- & | R ‹ 3 =.
''adda na jabeessi, lubbuu na dheeressi'' (| R• %Y
¹;fÏ % „ ) ) UA O $N ƒ/ %)<DD›
€• != ; | 3 1 M € d no•< | R
Ÿ o 3 :L ... % › R¹; %; 8< = .... |E%!
|$½ µ ; % =AR•<DD
Ixaana
(µ) Ix aana ((¹‚ ):-- ¹‚
¹‚ ): M‡¹ !CB m= µl *7:
M € =< (5á.30÷35¡5S‡.16÷12-13)DD ?1 M € % ›
< ¹‚ M‡¹ ‡=J< 3 J< =<DD + Â: .F c
: •• 1 O J< F= 3 h )< . m=
: ¹‚Q < /B 3 : -C 5 ; kC +<
_ ‹‹ $›› "< ¢a< 8 /B Â : %Bd:;) DD
( ) Daddarbaa ((## Dhibaayyuu ((lR,):
## R) lR,):-- ‹‹## R›› ‹• ˆd*
lR,):
‹‹7 7 ›› ) ˆm ()W C |Ÿ1 W=8 ) ‹‹lR,›› 3| ‹‹ O" /Y!
; |›› W)< Ž BB• ()WY4 =8 1 W=8 )DD =EF M €01
) “‡¹ : L FŒ1 ƒB=c e e ¨ Y %
“‡< ( * 3< ) ! ! ƒB=c 7"; "• < /B
( : ) l- Yp@ O" =<DD

55
t$< KL 9977

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! "L = “ EF U W“‡) d < 0

B 8 ‡ DD BF -¯* : * +c ‡¹ ^ 8 Á
=<DD‹‹ WkY)< M‡¹ B8Od‡ ¡ ! c B¨ Y‡ DD...
¨ 4 ! 01... ‘c /B B L* ...›› (5S‡.1÷6-8)
m !Œ ) O Wm M‡¹ 5^·0 BN ! "!
57 Q < 2m %;R' ¨S< AB) ) = ‰ Wm=< e
=8 % :; ¨ n AB7 < ¨ AB WY‚< ‘ º (: n)
AB3g d )$‰ %B: ! L ˆd/ ( 6® ž < # O*
''qaajabaa'' B C /)1¡ ‹‹B ‹›› 3 ) =<DD EF [\ *l %R‡$<
''qaajabaa...Rabbi situ jabaa...'' (ÕBC % / ...) !Œ 82< ‹‹L$¶›› "Y
Ú/ 3 ) 3< ¨ B7 <$ ¡ 6® L < ˆ- : A 3g)1DD
BF ) 3W 3 Ž ˆY ‹ / % ; M= k/•< Yk C* D-
''kan nyaate nama hin nyaatu'' (‹‹ / "< %B / ››)¡ R* /< | B /Š W
%)<DD
(“) Haqa ((µk):
µk):-- ‹‹µk›› EF %8RL ˆd* A
µk): = = ) 3
‹ )< O M‡¹ W)< B7 / DD • 7"3< )E-
M € M‡¹ W: L A -¯* =<DD M‡¹c % $ _ "<
) B / ˆ* 8 * /•< A Y< B“‡CDD
BF M‡¹ W: < 5 ; mQ (% ; ‹‹ 5 µ |›› ./•<)
! "L %R/ . "< 3m= =<DD EF [\ ‹‹%
%R›› ( %R*•< d ) ¨ 0 !)< )W Q ‹‹ BN * Y ° ››
M‡¹ mQ =<DD )EF ¹)c | % 3< f# (|/&) MO$
: 4 = ‰ "R < $N R) "‡$ MO$ /B À * (;
R) " ) BYR kCDD ¹)c A< m= "< ( †î %‡° ; )
2m F <Õ N %B1 ¡ 8 ‹‹‡k % * k•< ››DD ‡k
3* k•< W <‹ * j ‚)< | " B % $ 0 //•<
3m= !o =<DD ¹;/•< -9 BF A./•< ‹‹* §•‡ ›› *<
B: ‚ S/ A * j B / % < 73a 5d (‹‹#/^››) B3 k DD
BF M € ( )B ‡k N " B % $ # ) +c |E%!
dk; A < ; ^8 ^ A )‡ D- ‹‹... A |E%! 5 ;
7‚¡ “• < /B WkY)< M‡¹ L /…›› (5S‡.9÷23-24)¡
‹‹ A " B |E%! 5 ; 7 31¡ WkY)< M‡¹
‘c ; ^ @ /1...›› (1=8.18÷38)¡ ‹‹… A " B 7 j
WkY)< ‹ R M‡¹c -C /...›› (2\ .7÷1) !Œ 3 ~dDD
Warajjoo ((‡$²):
( ) Wara ‡$²):--
‡$²): ?1 5 ; ‹‹Warajoo›› WR)< % ; "<
3 Â ‚ W1)< º =8 B– 5 ; W A =<DD
A< 3"< %N *B0 ! | O % j Âm B1/ DD
A< : Ÿ R) ‡$²< ð A< /B &9 BÀ (5S‡.1÷4) 7B
O B * (B =O * )DD E [\ ž A B):k DD
( m !Œ )%<• RB" "< < p – Þ 2 7B
%<• 2 / R) 7$²< "< ‹‹ ( 3 )F›› |)š B© O)* ¡
c ‡$²< ‹‹p‰ BË ¼ !››DD EF Ú/ ( = ‰ = ) B’ "<
% :; “$< 3 YO0)* ¡ 73X • =8 % 8Á< DD R
BF A < W* ; -¯* dY ( ð š=
( =d" ) R)7 ²< l / %Bd:;) ¡BF ‹‹ $:< 3 ^ n
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!CB ´# Õñ% )“' "?1 ) M " WdÀ M € = D-

%<$ | YŸ 7B 7Bd /B .FQ ð š "?1 Õñ% 73
A< / d‡ DD E A< 73 ] 7 j B):k ¡
A< †„L Õñ% -C – ‹‹ N „RÅ›› Bm = (5S‡.16÷21-
22)DD ”*1 ‹‹ ‰ | <= 3 1 : )¡ † 1
– ¡...›› W 2 =8 ) ( A.53÷4) ‹‹... ‰ ) Õñ%*1
M^< Õñ%*1 ‘ /B – ... 3 ©1 N 5 > = ...››
R)< (1 .2÷24) E- % A mQ ! Bb DD
4.5 F= M €c
Ayyaantuu ((%
% Qaalluu ((kC)
c) 7B kC) ‹‹S‡<
‹‹S‡< ›› ::-- ) kC
= |R% :; 8 % DD ?1 kC d 3+
lm Y< "< ‹‹% c›› ( ‹• ˆd* ‹‹¹;)J›› d
d & 8)Y) ) =<) CR (.F ) 7B %R :R “•#” 56
( .= ) !)< BY'* DD =EF ) ~ 2 8
3 %A 5 Âk< 8 8 l- †„L ‡k .
; ;B m ( h /)O % /·= ) 3W 8)|C W* Q
•<DD l < ‹‹kC < = < #)< 3 ‹ ›
< < #)< 3 ‹ › ƒB= AAB 3 h )<
ŠB 9 dA• ! ƒ/ %‡° m= % < % ˜ ^
, Y : | ª= )< 7"= 7N B’< % W“O
( W=|M ) "< =<›› ) 8)Ö %CDD57
E- “ EF < . c .* ! "L R† M €
% ›?1 W 8 ' •• ; Y!:< W8ª kC 5 ;
=<DD M €c d~W?1 kC 3+ ?1 (% c) •<DD )EF
kC?1 ) !> =8 •< 3 =2 2 B 8'/•‡ 3
Âk< 5 Q B¨ '/•‡ ( ‹Y !o ABm 3 (Y § 1
%‡°?1) © • : B),/•‡ ) 3 .F M‡¹
: L/•‡ 3 N˜A ‡k ^ * §•‡ ( ¼•‡ )DD
‹‹%
‹‹% c››
c ›› ) m W ‹ -¯*?1 DD-- ‡ = Û •<& ‡k š
†„! !k = 8 5DD
(ô) ‡k D- +?@ ‹‹% c›› (¹;)J) "ª BF M ‚ )
‡k ( |E%! ) š W8½ %B3) ˆC =<DD “ c BF -¯*
) F= ^ ·Ž ¨$Á m9 8Á‡) DD F=
( *3 ) 3WYBN ÂÞC W8L N; -¯*?1 #C N˜
µO B=| (1 .2÷9¡ 1¨ .12÷29¡ 1ñ .3÷2-13¡ 0.1÷5-9)DD
()) †„L !k = D-D- + .F ‹‹=< )R•<›› #BmQ
W 4 N; -¯* |E%! „ „ )•6 =| *
(5S‡.21D16-23)DD 5 ; " •< ‡k ‘ + % c ) m
†„! = ·Ž d ^ D-58

56
/8L ƒ & /z Z !"# BC% 8ž| K >8— K B /+‚ • Q
…> 9¶ 8 /2PQ /$ %‚ Q …>#·¦ ›‰ K{rX ( K{
& {… 8CrX) ‡… ³{rX ( ~40• 8CrX) 8z Q ‹‹ & 9 ›› • 6Q
‘ PQ #&8 †‰ † 4K ‰ #· ‰77 (Dirribii, p.248? BATO, P.47)
57
/; KL 3077 †‰ 6 ~40•B3 - 05 ‡p ‹‹ q ›› „ Q77
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Aš 50› KL 30-3177

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( %!•J< kC ]/X= M$ 5 W /)O 2m ¡

% ; "< kC 3+ (% c) Âm W1)< % < d
‘R& 3"d ( 3=8“ ) ˆ " !o =<DD ¹) ¹)
N k6< Ö† Ž R†/•< (taboo) WY=:N
‹‹safuu›› (A•) W"ª M= |R 601 (values) WY!N 7Nc
C = ! ƒ/ W ! (W ! ) W 3 ^•<
‡¯?1 -C <= W Õñ% $: m %) DD
(µ) | • D-
D- 3 J< • -C | • RF 29 <
EF /B ) — d)8< | ! "L 5 ; !o W*7:< |„
%d~À =<DD ) AS ! "L 8# M € < ŠB 9*• +=
W • "?1 ) , 3 h?1 /•< ˆm ž < 3 h (^# % )
73 CR ) –^8 40 ƒ *•< 8 „ ‡ < N; -¯* =<DD59

4.6 ) p*?1
(ô) Qisfata (N
(N g*):-
g*):-kC R)R•< ! ' 5 ; €M$ U$
:# Y ) 3 =<¡ BF NC ‹‹Qisfata›› BC* DD )B
%l F ˆ3 /•< $A•< AB: ‰ % :; < 73 kC 7 3<
Y ‹‹ R .C››DD / 7)31/•< 3m= ž + < 7
% < 73E AB"4 )$A•< B: ‰ .01 •<DD +
$Ý W" L -C ) |E%! l7 ˜ *„5< =
(5#.26÷2)DD 7N*•< Y!:< )W 7Q M € % ›?1 73 kC
ˆ :A:‰ 82< ‹‹ R¹›› „ ) 3 =< ( R< !>< [\
Q| :/:) ¨Œ #Ÿ L 75 Âm B1/ )DD

()) Mataa Galchaa / * ^ o/ :-

:- ?1 •8' [\ 73 ‡k 0´o
 ¼•< )W1C ‹‹% ›› ) BA/CDD BF § §•<
‹‹wareegaa›› (‡•^) BR/ DD ‡•^ !>< [\ WdÀ < ‹ %.
p* )m= ) =8 %B3) DD
! "! ) < ) W)< ‹‹Mataa Galchaa›› ( * ^ o)
WR)< =<¡ | ;• ˆ © ‹‹$ 8R ›› 3 ) =<DD BF M €
% ; "< (7 ; 7B 6 Âm B1/ ) ) , 01 ˆ* 7B
1| ˆ8 < EF 1| ) /:N B1 5 ; 73W <k•< kC?1
( O ) BÀ BA/ DD )c 3| ‹‹mataa kiyya siif galcheera››
W =<¡ $6 % 8!Ù Š)- (" ÙŠ)-) ) =<DD BF "C )
R ‹‹... |E%! ¯ ^$ 2m ... 73 %R ¢ 2 "½
|E%! % /¶ Bm J ›› (5O.28÷20-21) !Œ 3 A)< 3 %R*1
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