ee iicory to remember “The production of speech”: The Physiological aspect © The speech chain Speech is the result of a highly complicated series of events. First, the formulation of a concept occurs at a linguistic level (ie. the brain). The nervous system transmits this message to the so-called “organs of speech” (they will produce a particular pattern of sound) ‘The second stage is called articulatory or physiological. The movement of our organs of speech will create disturbances in the air through which we are talking. Finally, the third stage is called physical or acoustic which consists of various air pressures. +The speech mechanism Hard palate Soft palate uvula Te Pharyne Tongue Font Epiglotis back Root p i esophagus Vocal cords pS Sources of Energy: The Lungs. ‘The main source of energy to produce sounds is expelled by the lungs. All essential sounds of English use lung air for their production (the noise of encouragement made by horses is produced without the aid ofthe lungs). ‘Another important source of energy is the stomach air. ~The Larynx and Vocal Folds ‘The air stream provided by the lungs undergoes important modifications in the upper pars of the respiratory track Trachea [PURE Ladsady, / Laryns: itis formed of Zrtilige and tiscle; itis situated in the upper part of the trachea, Its forward portion is prominent; it is commonly called the “Adam’s apple”. Vocal folds: housed within the structure ofthe larynx. They are made of ligament and elastic tissue. Its opening is known as the glottis. Its function is represented in the following illustrations: Tyroid sepauid py otra for (tant opt gn iain Cr egnar air etl recs un ‘Siero Sed 2 (open for mrmal esi ~The Resonating Cavities ‘The Pharyrx: the shape and volume of this long chamber is modified b} scles enclosing it; by the movement of the back of the tongue and by the positon at tie ait palate. The Mouth: this cavity determines finally the quality of the majority of our speech sounds. The only boundaries of this speech chamber are: the teeth (its gap is controlled by the lower jaw) and the hard palate. The remaining organs are movable: lips, tongue ind soft palate. . a .ream, without any closure sounds are normally made with a voiced egressive These or narrowing. {A description of vowel ©The position 0 vowels. (note: in Ene! ‘© The kind of aperture for ‘co. The part of the tongue, wt te: like sounds must, therefore, not the sft palate: ese for oral vowels English they are always oral) ; ; eed by the lips: degrees of spreading or rounding which is raised, and the degree of raising. { lowered for nasalized Articulatory classification of vowels. Central Back, Front Close CClose-mid Open-mid Open Desernton of Speife Vawets foal Spelling: a: sat, hand, lamp, rash, marry. ait, plaid 7 ts i Compare: /e/ pet-pat; peck-pack; stid-sad;'ten-tan; lend-land; merry-marry. AY Le! bid-bed-bad; big-beg-bag: tin-ten-tan; miss-mess-mass Description: The mouth is slightly more open than for Jel ‘The front of the tongue is raised just below the half-open position ‘The tips are neutrally open. It does not occur in final, open syllables. DARK“: following (before consonants or final position): alphabet, shall (accented form), Pall Mall, balcony, scalp, salmon /Al Spelling: 0 in some words, generally before the nasals and h/: iW + nasal: accompany, become, come, comfort, company, some, stomach, done, front, honey, money, London, Monday, month, none, once, onion, son, sponge, won, wonder, among, monkey, tongue. (N+ Ivi: above, cover, glove, govern, love, oven, recover, Others: another, brother, mother, other, nothing, worry, colour, dozen, 2H: double, trouble, couple, courage, country, cousin, southern, touch, young, enough, tough, Douglas, eee ee ae Bcrponal spt: 62 teopeee, topeany Compare: PY cat, eu; lamp, lump; match, much Jast HV cart, cut: barn, bun; march, much Jol IW cot, cut; fond, fund; wander, wonder Bi IN curt, cut; fern, fun: turf, ough bTU- COMPLETE THE COLOUMNS WITH THE WORDS UNDER THE CORRECT SOUND Standing: nothing- Southampton- drag- bag- France- man-back- last- charity money. Amsterdam. married- chance-hard- Paris- Honeymooning-London sack faz] I ae. LAL 1 FO Sout wand oN ROL ING 1 TAF FINN Lorne i CCE ZH Who Sdgn ere et 17" | aco 7 Peo dg ACIS Conan 1 SAE NET T Anc toe cet = nen LET'S RELAX! Use the words above to complete the missing parts of the song. The Ballad of John and Yoko Space. in the dock at Trying, to get to Halland oF The.. In the mac said, “You've 99 £0.90 ow You know they didn't even give us a SEM PALES Chorus Christ you know it aint easy, You know how ueticrnee it CaN DE. The way things are going They're gonna crucify me. Finally made the plane into ACK AGS A SEEN down by the Seine. peter Brown called to say, "You can make it O.K., You can get £AG&ax.f in Gibraltar, near Spain”. Chorus Drove from LAGS. nan. to the. LESTE Talking in our beds for a week. The newspaper said, "Say what you doing in bed?* T'seig, “We're only trying to get Us some peace”. a . Hilton, Chorus Saving up your... ARIEL. for a rainy ay, Giving all your clothes to .S.HArcal. ve, night the wife said, “on boy, when you're dead You don't take nothing with you But your soul - think!* Made a lightning tnp to Vienna, eating chocolate cake in 2 ee ‘The newspaper said, “She's gone to his head, They look just like two gurus In Chorus Caught the early plane...7€/©..t0 .. LHR. Fifty acorns tied in a. 29% ‘The men from the press said, "We wish you success, It's good to have the both of you ..7Sel=. ‘Some useful activities for students Which word has the sume vowel sound? 1) RAT Plaie a) Luck Cat a Lake ie a 2) PARK CatEi SEE'S--~C~t~~~ a raacas ieee Which of the following words does not have the sound shown? D pack 2) bud bat k nat’ — [AL hat oe bun park bus 2 car a Jail pack park Visit these web pages to find more activities ww csltower.com/pronunciation wow. stuffico.uk wwwases| org Bibliography * Ann Baker “Ship or Sheep?” C.U.P (1977) * _{Gimson’s Pronunciation of English”. Sixth edition. Arnold. (2001). Revised by Alan Cruttenden * J.C Wells “Pronunciation Dictionary”. Longman. (2004) * Thompson, Lionel “Learning to Pronounce English” Evans Brothers Limited. (1980) Sie . cour /-/~s 150 /oe9/ bbl. con -YEOral Expression 4 Notes on theory - Practice Activities /f,v/ Labio-dental Fricatives 1- Examples 14 / = fortis (spelt f, ff, ph, gh, e.g. fofK; off, physics, enough) Me Ut ep 9:5 fait Word initial - feet, fit, fat, father, fool, fail, photo 5 Zax Yes} Word medial - affair, ‘defend, offer, suffer, selfish Mig (bibn, cory Word final - leaf, (ugh, cough, roof In initial clusters - fry, fly, few, sphere sail hy Parasing; say In word final clusters - /fifth(s)/ faft(s)/ wolf(s)/ triumph(s) EXGPHONS = Of /Dv,2v/ /v/- lenis (spelt v, f, Biye.s. ‘vine, of, == ‘ wn ZO, ¢ a Word initial “Yeal, Vex, vat, Vast, vain, voice Diener Word medial - ever, over, silver, covert, canvas ay 4 Word final - leave, give, have, of, move, deve In initial clusters - / vj / view In word final clusters - / yz / loaves, / vd / loved, / vn(z) / dven(s), / Iv(2d) / solve(s,d), / v(z,d) / glovel (s,ed)- »~ EX teP TIONS: VOLIK peear Aer 20/5 Ceanan Gok BACHEY / '90; b> Ef: : 2+ Description Goeregrt) = stave The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the inner surface of the lower lip makes a light contact with the edge of the upper teeth, so that the escaping air produces friction. The actual point of contact will vary somewhat according to the adjacent sound, e.g. in the case of a back strongly rounded vowel, or of a bilabial Plosive (fool, roof, obvious), the contact on the lower lip tends to be more retracted than in the case of a front spread vowel (feel, leaf). For /f/, the friction is voiceless, whereas there may be some vocal cord vibration accompanying /v/, according to its situation, 3- Varlants No important articulatory variants for /f, v/ occur among RP speakers, although word final /v/ assimilates easily to /f/ before fortis consonant initial in the following word, e.g. have to, love to, have some or may, in familiar speech, be elided in the case of the unaccented form of of, have, €.g. in a lot of money, | could have brought it, where /3/ is phonetically equivalent to the unaccented form of are, a.Se 4- Advice for foreign learners so that the friction is tog . Some learners use too weak contact for /v/, Others use bilabial friction instead of labio-dental sound, In both of thesg cases, there {s a tendency to use the same sound for both /v/ and /W/. Care should, theafore, be taken to distinguish such pairs as vain, wane; Verse ‘hould be paid to the degree 0 worse; vest, west, etc. In addition, attention s| voicing in /v/ according to its situation and the length of sounds precedin, Mth, Fro. 34.—/f, v/.og S 1017 1- Spelling oi, oy - boy, toy, nolse, voice, boll, point Long (at!) - boy , void, coin Reduced (ol) - voice, joint, choice 2- Description The tongue glide begins at a point between the back half-open and the open positions and moves in the direction of /I/. The tongue movement extends from the back to centralized front, but the range of closing in the glide fs not as great as for /ai The ps are open rounded for the first element, changing to neutral for the second, aL at gt Who. 23.—/st/ and variants, Exceptional Spellings Buoy, voyage.Jos 1+ Spelling ol, oy - boy, toy, nolse, voice, boil, point Long (0:!) - boy , vold, coin Reduced (01) - volce, Joint, choice 2 Description The tongue glide begins at a point between the back half-open and the open Positions and moves in the direction of /I/. The tongue movement extends trom the back to centralized front, but the range of closing in the glide {s not as great as for /ai/, ‘The Lips are open rounded for the first element, changing to neutral for the second. dor Spor 1 i ar i wt Fro, 23.—/st/ sod varients, Exceptional Spellings Buoy, voyage. Instituto Superior de Profesorado Mico. Dr. Anjonig Matis Send 3 ORAL EXPRESSION Ty De Fabriis~ Veraior Fro, 16,—/s1/ and variants. 1+ Spelling: O- dog, dock, holiday, sorry, gone, a- was, what, swan, want, watch, quality. Ou, ow- cough, through, Gloucester, knowledge, ‘Au: because, sausage, laurel, Austria, Australia, cauliflower. 2- Description This short vowel is articulated with wide open jaws and slide, open lip- rounding; the back of the tongue is in the fully open position, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars, 3- Variants Some varieties of /o / (especially in south west England and American English) have not lip rounding and a tongue raising often from somewhat advanced from true back, There is therefore considerable qualitative similarity between this kind of / » /, and RP / a:/ Many words containing / v / + /f, s, 6/ have an alternative pronunciation with 19: / eg: off, cloth, cross, Such a variant {s typicall of conservative RP and has a social prestige value in southern England, There is some variation, too, in certain words spelt with au or a, both / 3: / and / » / being heard, eg: Austria, Australia, fault, sault. 4- Advice for foretgn | A ign learners hastn/ Short back open vowels occuring in other languages often differ from the English / » / in that elther they are somewhat closer or more centralized, or are pronounced with Stronger {Ip-rounding. The extremely open nature of the English vowel can be €Mphastzed by relating it to a / a:/. Words such as part, calf, large, should be sald as far back as possible, with the jaws wide apart and only the very slightly Up-rounding, In this way, a quality near to the /o / of pot, lodge, cough, may be obtained, Exceptional Spellings KnOWledge, bureaucracy 3 ee sy10: 1+ Spelling Or- cord, horse, sword, born ‘Aw- saw, lawn, Jaw, yawn Ou, au- bought, ought, daughter, fault, cause a all, talk, salt, water, war ore, cor, o8f, Our: before, more, door, floor, board Long (02) - saw, war, born, board, drawn Reduced (0) - sort, ought, horse, chalk, quart 2- Description This long RP vowel is articulated with the medium lip-rounding; the back of the tongue js raised between the half-open and the half-close positions, no contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. 3- Advice for foreign learners The slightly higher tongue position should be accompanied by closer \ip- rounding. The spelling forms of /o:/ often cause difficulty. No r should be pronounced where it occurs in, the spelling of such words as port, sort, lord, more, except when in a word final position, it is used as a link with a following word beginning with a vowel, eg, pour out. Words having /o:/, and spelt with au, aw, ou, eg taught, saw, ought, are often wronly given a / eu / type of diphthong. There should be special care to keep a proper distinction between /o:/ and /au/ in such pairs as caught, coat; saw, so. Fro, 15.—/0/ and variants, Exceptional Spellings Drawer, awe, SeanFee i if! 1. Listen and repeat: Sound 1 Sound 2 Pin fin Peel feel Pail fail Pine fine Snip sniff Harp half Hat fat Heat feet Hill fill Heet feel Halt fall Hole foal 2. Tick the words vou recognise in the sentences you hear: Pin / fin + Peel/ feel « Sniping / sniffing + Heel / feet Hat / fat Pole / hole / foal 3.Listen and repeat: At the photographer's Phillip: Pant a photograph of myself and my wife, Photographer: Please fill in this orm, sir Would you prefer ail front photograph ora profile? Phillip: Afill fon, don't you thin, Philippa? Phillipa ¥es, A full front photograph: Photographer: Please sit om this sf, leit comfortable, Mea Pugin? Poillippa: Yes. li eels fine, Photographer: Mr Pufin, please give 4 friendly laugh. Phitip: That's dificult Y you say something Jimmy ean laugh, Photographer: Aud, Mes Pufin, please look soft and beauty, Phil (laughs) Phillip: Wsit fished? Photographer: Yes, Phillip: Will the photagraph be ready forthe fit of February? Mhotographes: Yes, Pease phone my afice vyier five days, Me Puffin, 4, Spelling: Provide examples Word initial - Word medial - ° hive Z seivi \. Listen and ceveat; Sound 1 Sound 2 Feet veal fine vine Val veil Yew \tew Leat leave Natt halve Net vet Best vest Ban van Nolts volt Boat vote Bowl vole 2. Tah the words you recognise fm. the sentences you hear: Few / view Halt / halve Fast / vast Boat / vote Bolts / volts Fowls / bowels / vowels 3.Uisten and repeat; A fine view 4 Neva: Las your family lived here for very long? Victors Fiveand a lll years, We arrived on te first of February. Vera: Wheat a fine view you have! Victor: Yes. Hove living here, Vera: bo ! You can see the village douen in the valley, Victor: Yes, W's a lovely view, A. Spelling: Provide exai Word initial - Word medial - Word final - Instituto Superior de Profesorade Pho, BF. Antonis, gtarla Stone1. Listen and repeat: Sound 1 Sound 2 Don = Dawn Cod - cord Cot caught Pot port Fox forks Spots sports 2 ick the words you recognise in the sentences you heat Spots 7 Sports Pots «/ ports Cod / cord, Sho®/ short Rod roared ‘What a®/ water 3. Listen and repe: A football match Sports report from Channel 4 Annoyncer: This morning the Roarers football team arrived back from York, Paul Short is our sports reporter, and he + was at the airport. Good morning. This is Paul Short. All the footballers are walking towards me: Here's George Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George. George Ball: Good morning. Are you a réporter? - Paul Short: Yes. I’m from Channel 4, Please tell our audience about the football match with York. . George Ball: Well, it was awfill. We lost. And the score wat four, Sony-four, Bus it wasn’t my fault, Paul Short: Paul Shore: “Whose fault wasit? —* ¥. George Ball: The forwards, Paul Short: The fonwards? George Ball: Yes. The forwards. They were always falling down ' or losing the ball! : 4. Spelling: Provide other examples of your own,fo/ 1. Listen and repe: Sound 1 Sound 2 Hat hot Cat cot Pat pot. Sack — sock Tap top Backs box 2. Tic lords you recognise in the sentences you hear: Cat cot Sack @ sock Tape Lop Tammye Tommy Baddieg body Black blocks 3. Listen and repeat: Tv advertisement of “Onwash” Voice A: what's wrong with you, Mrs Bloggs? Mrs Bloggs: what's wrong with me? | want a holiday from this horrible job of washing socks! Voice B: Buy a bottle of “Onwash”, Mrs Bloggs! Voice C: nwash” is so soft and.strong. Voice D: You don't want lots of hot water with “Onwash”, Voice A: It’s not a long job with “Onwash”. Voice B: Use “Onwash” often, Voice C: You wont be sorry when you've got “Onwash”, Voice D: Everybody wants “Onwash”, Everybody: “Onwash” fs so popular! 4. Spelling: Provide other examples of your own,