Energy 178 (2019) 386e399

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Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy

Design/off-design performance simulation and discussion for the gas

turbine combined cycle with inlet air heating
Yongping Yang a, *, Ziwei Bai a, Guoqiang Zhang a, *, Yongyi Li a, Ziyu Wang b,
Guangying Yu b
a
National Thermal Power Engineering and Technology Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emission Surveillance and Control for Thermal Power
Generation, North China Electric Power University, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
b
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115-5000, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A novel method for the combined cycle retrofitted with compressor inlet air heating (HEAT) process is
Received 24 April 2018 proposed in this work for part load performance improvement. The performance of the new cycle is
Received in revised form researched with two regulations with HEAT and compared with another two strategies with compressor
17 April 2019
inlet guide vane (IGV). For the novel method, the compressor inlet air is preheated by part of the exhaust
Accepted 21 April 2019
Available online 25 April 2019
flue gas from the heat recovery steam generator. Moreover, comparation result indicates that the novel
strategy with HEAT to maintain design turbine inlet temperature (T3) and then to keep turbine exhaust
temperature (T4) at its maximum value (HEAT-T3-T4) is suggested for load arrangement. If being
Keywords:
Gas turbine
compared with the cycle using IGV control to maintain design T3 then keep extreme T4 (IGV-T3-T4), a
Compressor inlet heating maximum combined cycle efficiency increment as 1.7% pt. could be obtained by the cycle with HEAT-T3-
Combined cycle T4. Both energy analysis and exergy analysis are given in this paper. The simulation results indicate that
Off-design performance higher compressor outlet temperature (T2) decreases the extra exergy destruction during combustion, so
Thermodynamic analysis that the performance of the cycle with HEAT is improved. Meanwhile the specific work of each cycle has
also been presented. Furthermore the pressure loss affection of the compressor inlet air heat exchanger
on the combined cycle performance is investigated in range of 0%e5%. Each 1% pressure loss is calculated
to decrease 1.4% on the design power output, and 0.25% pt. on the combined cycle efficiency, which will
weaken the performance improvement. To summarize, this paper proposes a novel method for the
combined cycle power output adjustment to obviously improve its part load efficiency. This innovative
solution has never been suggested before and it could be combined with other methods for better result.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) has been worldwide
researched [1] for performance improvement because of its large-
scale application [2]. The design compressor pressure ratio (PR)
and T3 of heavy-duty gas turbines are continuously increased for
design efficiency and power output increment [3]. Consequently,
triple-pressure reheat heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is
normally utilized due to continuously increasing T4. Thermal po-
wer plants work under off-design (namely part-load) situations
frequently to satisfy the requirement of the power grid. While the
thermodynamic optimization is addressed under design condition,
* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: yypncepu@163.com (Y. Yang), zhanggq@ncepu.edu.cn
(G. Zhang).
so that the combined cycle operation drifts away from benchmark
and the cycle efficiency deteriorates under part load conditions.
Along with the commercialization efforts, a number of re-
searches have been extensively conducted on operation regulations
and part load performance improvement. IGV control is widely
applied for improving the part-load performance of heavyeduty
gas turbine combined cycles [4], which results in increasing T4
with constant T3 demand. Aguilar et al. [5] compared the effects of
several operation strategies on cycle efficiency, and the turbine
variable area nozzle strategy leads to the best part load perfor-
mance. Except for strategies only, the traditional combined cycle
configuration has also been modified for improving the perfor-
mance of GTCC under off-design conditions. An additional
compressor was proposed before the compressor of GTCC for
sliding pressurization, in which way the part load efficiency of the
combined cycle was increased [6]. Zhang et al. [7] studied a GTCC

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.136
0360-5442/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399 387

Nomenclature gt gas turbine

in inlet
out outlet
Symbols s steam/water
A turbine inlet area [m2 ] st steam turbine
Cp specific heat capacity at constant pressure [J/(kg $ K)] total combined cycle
 0 ambient condition
E exergy of a given working fluid [MW]
1 compressor inlet
h enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2 compressor outlet/combustion chamber inlet
L the theoretical air quantity [kg/kg fuel]
3 combustion chamber outlet/gas turbine inlet
LHV the lower heating value [kJ/kg]
4 gas turbine outlet/HRSG inlet
m mass flow rate [kg/s]
5 HRSG outlet
Ma the Mach number
* stagnation value
n rotational speed [r/min]
p pressure [kPa]
Acronyms
Q heat transfer capacity [kJ]
C compressor
T temperature [K]
CC combustion chamber
U overall heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 $ K)]
EC economizer
w specific work [kJ/kg]
EV evaporator
W power output [MW]
GT gas turbine
△p pressure loss [kPa]
HEAT compressor inlet air heating
△T Log-mean temperature difference [
C]
HP high pressure
HPT high-pressure steam turbine
Greek Letters
HRSG heat recover steam generator
a vane outlet absolute flow angle
IGV inlet guide vane
b the excess air coefficient
IP intermediate pressure
ε HEAT rate
IPT intermediate-pressure steam turbine
g the specific heat capacity
LP low pressure
4 flow coefficient
LPT low-pressure steam turbine
z the mixing loss coefficient
PR pressure ratio
k the comprehensive parameter (set as 0.404 in this
RH reheater
work)
SH superheater
h thermal efficiency
 ST steam turbine
h exergy efficiency T0 ambient temperature
j pressure coefficient T1 compressor inlet temperature
T2 compressor outlet temperature
Subscripts and superscripts T3 gas turbine inlet temperature
a air T4 gas turbine exhaust temperature
ca the cooling air T5 HRSG exhaust temperature
cc combustion chamber * All the operating conditions were assumed to be
d design condition under steady state and every parameters were
f fuel referring to total condition during simulation
g flue gas

with extra recuperation cycle inserting into the HRSG for off-design
performance improvement. Liu et al. [8] investigated a GTCC with
partially recuperative HRSG which could receive a higher thermal
efficiency but lower specific power output, comparing with tradi-
tional GTCC. Li et al. [9] found a novel method to improve part-load
efficiency of GTCC by adjusting the backpressure of HRSG with
corresponding operation strategies which could improve the cycle
efficiency of 1.76% pt. at most.
It is well known that the performance of a gas turbine cycle
(namely topping cycle), with [10] or without HRSG [11], is directly
affected by the compressor inlet air temperature (T1). The effects of
ambient temperature (T0) has been evaluated on micro gas tur-
bines [12], gas turbines [13] and gas turbine combined cycles [14].
Similar conclusion has been conducted as the cycle performances
are degraded when T1 increases [15], because the air density re-
duces and the compressor inlet mass flow decreases. Considering
the significant impact of T1 on the cycle performance, compressor
inlet air cooling technology is considered as an effective method for
enhancing the performance of gas turbine power plants [16]. The
generated power for a selected gas turbine power plant is expected
to be increased by 1% via decreasing T1 for 1
C [17]. Wang and
Chiou [18] claimed that the thermal efficiency and power output of
a given gas turbine cycle (namely topping cycle) could be increased
by 5.16% and 12% with inlet absorption cooling system. LNG cryo-
genic energy was suggested to be indirectly utilized in the
compressor inlet air cooling process to further improve the part
load performance of the GTCC [19]. Hosseini et al. [20] investigated
the influence of T1 on the operation of power plants with different
evaporative media in the intake-air cooler system. It should be
mentioned that the impact of T1 on the GTCC cycle performance
has only been widely researched related to the inlet air cooling
system and the seasonal change affection. It has never been
employed as an operation strategy for cycle load adjustment or
applied for off-design performance improvement yet.
In this paper, a novel method to improve the part load thermal
efficiency of GTCC by heating compressor inlet air is presented to
388 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399

adjust the cycle power output capacity while maintain cycle effi- Table 1
ciency. The thermodynamic analysis including exergy analysis for Main parameters of the basic combined cycle.

the two pairs of strategies are carried out through modeling and Facility (Unit) Value
simulation to highlight the improvement of HEAT. Then, critical Compressor
characteristics parameters in terms of T3, T4, PR, mass flow, specific Pressure ratio 15.4
work and cycle efficiencies are compared and discussed. Finally, the Inlet air mass flow (kgas1) 641.97
effect of the pressure loss of the compressor inlet heat exchanger on Efficiency (%) 88.1
Outlet temperature (
C) 391.8
the cycle performance is discussed in range of 0%e5%.
Gas turbine
Combustion pressure loss (%) 3.5
2. Characteristics of the GTCC with HEAT/IGV Combustion heat loss (%) 0.5
Fuel lower heating value (kJakg1) 48989.915
Inlet temperature (
C) 1327
2.1. Description of the combined cycles Exhaust temperature (
C) 614.9
Power output (MW) 262.3
2.1.1. Unit with IGV Topping cycle efficiency (%) 37.5
The traditional S109FA gas turbine combined cycle is selected as HRSG
Main steam temperature (
C) 567.5
the basic unit in this study, which consists of a PG9351FA gas tur-
Main steam pressure (kPa) 9800
bine and a matching triple-pressure reheat HRSG. The selected Steam turbine power output (MW) 147.1
topping cycle is composed of an 18 stage axial flow compressor, a Exhaust gas temperature (
C) 99.7
low NOx permission combustion and a 3 stage gas turbine (GT) Bottoming cycle efficiency (%) 33.9
from GE. A triple-pressure, reheat, horizontal, natural circulation GTCC
Mechanical loss (%) 1
HRSG without supplementary fire is selected as the matching
Generator loss (%) 1
steam turbine cycle (namely bottoming cycle) for the basic system Power outputa (MW) 401.25
which comprises high-pressure (HP), intermediate-pressure (IP), Combined cycle efficiencya (%) 57.34
and low-pressure (LP) steam subsystems. Each subsystem consists a
Mechanical loss and generator loss are considered during the combined
of a feed water pump, an economizer (EC), an evaporator (EV), a cycle power output calculation.
superheater (SH) and a corresponding steam turbine (ST). In
addition, attemperators are installed between superheaters and
reheaters (RH) for safe operation. layout as presented in Fig. 2. The compressor inlet air is heated by
The schematic diagram of the conventional GTCC is shown in part of the HRSG exhaust gas in the compressor inlet heat
Fig. 1. Firstly, inlet air is compressed and then mixed with fuel. Next, exchanger. The rest part of the combined cycle hardware parame-
they are burned in the combustion chamber. The burned gas with ters are designed to have similar geometry parameters with the
high temperature drives the GT to generate electrical power. traditional combined cycle. The flow rate of the heat exchanger hot
Finally, the exhaust gas from the gas turbine outlet is utilized to side can be adjusted to modify T1. The HEAT rate ε is defined as the
generate electricity by the ST with the help of HRSG. The main proportion of the HRSG exhaust gas flow into the heat exchanger.
design parameters of the traditional combined cycle are summa- The logarithmic heat transfer temperature difference of the
rized in Table 1. compressor inlet heat exchanger is set as more than 25
C in whole
load conditions, resulting in the T1 range of 15
Ce65
C at standard
2.1.2. Unit with HEAT environment conditions.
The proposed GTCC with HEAT is studied with the retrofitting

Fig. 1. Schematic of the basic combined cycle.

 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399
Fig. 2. Scheme of the compressor inlet air heating process.
2.2. Part-load operation strategy of the combined cycle with HEAT/
IGV
For further study the influence of HEAT/IGV on combined cycle
and detailed performance comparison, both the traditional unit
and the modified unit are proposed with two corresponding reg-
ulations. T4 is significant both to the topping and bottoming cycle
performances. Thus T4 is suggested to maintain at its limit value,
resulting in strategy of IGV-T3-T4 as well as HEAT-T3-T4.
2.2.1. Strategy with HEAT
Two strategies with HEAT are named as HEAT-T3 (use HEAT
control to increase T1 and maintain T3 to decrease load þ keep T1
steady and only decrease fuel to decrease load) and HEAT-T3-T4
(use HEAT control to increase T1 and maintain T3 to decrease
load þ use HEAT control to increase T1 and maintain T4 to decrease
load þ keep T1 steady and only decrease fuel to decrease load) to
highlight the characteristics of the method. IGV angle is kept con-
stant during these strategies with HEAT control.
In details for the strategy of HEAT-T3, T3 is firstly maintained at
the initial temperature (1327
C) with T1 increasing from 15
C to
57
C by the heat exchanger and T4 increasing from 614.9
C to
650.9
C (maximum allowable temperature) at the same time.
Simultaneously, HEAT rate ε is changed from 0% to 80%, in which
process the combined cycle power output is reduced from 100% to
81%. Then, T1 is fixed and only the fuel consumption rate is regu-
lated to further reduce the cycle load. As for the strategy of HEAT-
T3-T4: Firstly, T4 is increasing from 614.9
C to 650.9
C when T1
increases from 15
C to 57
C. And then T4 remains unchanged by
adjusting the fuel consumption rate. Consequently T1 is further
increased from 57
C to 65
C, in which process T3 decreases and
the power output drops from 81% to 76.1%. Finally, εreaches its limit
(100%) and fuel only control is applied for the cycle load regulation.
2.2.2. Strategy with IGV
To verify the accuracy of the models and for comparative pur-
poses, the traditional PG9351FA combined cycle with IGV-T3 [21]
and IGV-T3-T4 are also simulated by the gas turbine combined cycle
models under design/off-design conditions.
To be more specific, for the strategy of IGV-T3: The combined
cycle is first operated with IGV angle adjustment to keep T3 at
1327
C constantly, leading to T4 increases from 615
C to 651
C. In
which process the IGV angle varies from 88
(100%) to 71.3
(83.3%)
when the combined cycle load is 84.6%e100%. Once T4 reaches its
limit, the IGV angle will maintained constant and the fuel-only load
389
manner is adopted to decrease the load. Similarly, T3 is firstly
maintained at 1327
C for the strategy of IGV-T3-T4 with variable
IGV. And then T4 is kept at its maximum constantly by adjusting the
fuel consumption rate and further decreasing the IGV angle from
71.3
(83.3%) to 49
(60%), in which process the power output of the
combined cycle is reduced from 84.6% to 49.1%. Finally, the IGV
angle is fixed and the fuel-only load manner is adopted for load
decrement.
3. Combined cycle modeling
In this paper, the components had two kinds of operational
modes: design and off-design. The gas turbine combined cycle was
first simulated with design models in order to size the units of the
system. This was the model parameterization step, so that key
parameters such as the stage outlet parameters and overall pa-
rameters of compressor could been got. Subsequently, the off-
design model of the system was utilized in which the sizes of the
process units were assigned to the values determined in the design
model. The combined cycle models were modified in order to
predict their behaviors at off-design conditions. Excel (for the
topping cycle) and the commercial software Aspen Plus V11.1 [22]
(for the bottoming cycle and the recuperator) were utilized to
connect the components and calculate the design models. The off-
design performance was modeled using software Matlab [2].
The gas turbine combined cycle was simulated according to the
mass/energy balance and chemical equilibrium based on the pro-
cess layout and most important thermodynamic design parameters
reported in the previous literature [23]. Each of the component
under full load conditions was modeled respectively，and the
overall representation of the gas turbine combined cycle was car-
ried out by connecting them appropriately by means of thermo-
dynamic and mechanic links.
It was assumed that ambient air was at standard condition
(15
C, 1.013 bar and 60% relative humidity). The fuel was assumed
to be injected into the combustion chamber with the same tem-
perature of the compressor inlet air. The rotational speed of the gas
turbine and steam turbines were stable at 3000 r/min in all con-
ditions. The fuel lower heating value was assumed as 48989.915 kJ/
kg for all systems. The off-design parameters for the units were
assumed to be under steady state and obtained by simulation re-
sults from design models. The thermo-physical properties of air and
flue gas were calculated by the method proposed by Zhang [24]. In
this paper, it should be mentioned that the specific heat capacity of
air and flue gas were determined by temperature, component, and
390 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399

pressure. 3.1. Compressor modeling

The detailed design/off-design calculation process of the basic
combined cycle can be referred to our earlier work [25]. The cycle The compressor performance under off-design condition was
efficiency and specific work were defined as follows: modeled based on the one-dimensional sequential stage-stacking
method [28], with parameters obtained from the design model.
Wgt The main function of IGV was adjusted to a certain limit to generate
hgt ¼ (1) arbitrary power during the part-load performance state [29]. The
mf  LHV
variable compressor inlet mass flow affected by the inlet temper-
ature was selected by the matching relationship between the
Wst compressor and the gas turbine during off-design condition with
hst ¼
 (2)
h4g  h0g  mg modification based on the characteristics curves mentioned in
Ref. [30]. The details of the compressor simulation and IGV control
were presented in the previous literature [2] with following func-
Wtotal ¼ Wgt þ Wst (3) tions [31]:
 
1
Wtotal d ¼ dðtan aÞ (10)
htotal ¼ (4) f
mf  LHV
j
¼ constant (11)
Wgt þ Wst f
w¼ (5)
ma þ mf
where a is the vane outlet absolute flow angle, 4 is the flow coef-
where W is the power output, h is the thermal efficiency, m is the ficient, j is the pressure coefficient.
mass flow, LHV is the fuel lower heating value, h is the enthalpy, P is
the pressure, T is the temperature, and w is the specific work.
Subscript and Superscript: gt means gas turbine cycle, st means 3.2. Combustion chamber modeling
steam turbine cycle, total means combined cycle, f means fuel, a
means air, g means flue gas, whereas 0 represents the ambient The thermodynamic characteristics of the combustion chamber
condition，1 represents the compressor inlet, 2 represents the were simulated with focus on the determination of the excess air
compressor outlet, 3 represents the gas turbine inlet, 4 represents coefficient and combustion temperature. The pressure loss during
the gas turbine outlet. combustion was assumed as 3.5% of the combustion chamber inlet
Furthermore, the exergy analysis was presented based on Ref pressure under design/off-design conditions as mentioned in our
[26] and Ref [27] in this paper. The physical exergy of each working previous work [2]. Fuel was assumed to be heated into the same
fluid was obtained by simulating through Aspen Plus based on its temperature as the compressor inlet air before combustion. The
temperature, pressure and component. The exergy efficiencies thermo-physical properties of gas turbine flue gas mainly relied on
were defined as follows. In this paper, each thermal efficiency is its composition and temperature. The method proposed by Zhang
given as efficiency for short, and the exergy efficiency will be [24] was used to calculate the thermo-physical properties of flue
directly named if needed. gas in different states in the system. The thermal balance equation
[32] was shown as following:





 E3g ð1 þ bLÞ  h3g  h1g ¼ h2f  h1f þ bL h2a  h1a þ hcc  LHV
hcc ¼  (6)

E2a þ Ef (12)
Where b is the excess air coefficient, L is the theoretical air
 Wtur  Wcom quantity, h is the enthalpy, h is the efficiency, and LHV is the fuel
hgt ¼  (7) lower heating value. Subscripts and Superscripts: cc means the

Ef  E4g combustion chamber, g means gas, f means fuel, a means air, 1
represents the compressor inlet, 2 represents the compressor
outlet, and 3 presents the combustion chamber outlet.
 Wst
hst ¼   (8)
E4g  E5g
3.3. Gas turbine modeling

 Wtur  Wcom þ Wst
htotal ¼  (9)
Ef

Where W is the power 
output or the power consumption, h is
the exergy efficiency, E is the exergy of a given working fluid,
Subscript and Superscript: gt means gas turbine cycle, st means
steam turbine cycle, total means combined cycle, f means fuel, a
means air, g means flue gas, whereas 0 represents the ambient
condition，1 represents the compressor inlet, 2 represents the
compressor outlet, 3 represents the gas turbine inlet, 4 represents
the gas turbine outlet, 5 represents the HRSG outlet.
A gas turbine model was considered with three separate turbine
stage cooling assumption [2] as shown in Fig. 3, considering inlet
pressure losses [33]. Each stage had a pair of nozzle vane and rotor
blade rows. The gas turbine exhaust pressure was set as 0.1038 MPa
in all conditions for safety operation. The turbine expansion ratios
of the first stage was assumed to be constant; however, the turbine
expansion ratios of the rest two stages changed based on the
characteristics curve shown in Ref. [32] under part load conditions.
In the off-deign conditions, the relationship between the turbine
inlet pressure, temperature and mass flow were described as the
Flügel equation [34].
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399
Fig. 3. Schematic of the gas turbine cooled air.
pffiffiffi
m T
¼ constant
AP
where m is the inlet mass flow rate of gas turbine, A is the turbine
inlet area, T is turbine initial temperature and P is the turbine inlet
pressure.
The blade cooling model was assumed as shown in Fig. 4. The
cooling air quantity at each turbine stage at design condition was
estimated by Zhang [35]. The cooling air of the nozzle vanes was
mixed with the main flue gas at the inlet. The mixed flue gas
expanded in both the nozzle vanes and the rotor blade rows. Finally,
the cooling air of the corresponding rotor blade rows was mixed
with the expanded flue gas at the outlet of this stage. The cooling
air quantity of each turbine stage at off-design conditions can be
adjusted according to the temperature and pressure of the bleeding
stage [36].
Fig. 4. Blade cooling model adopted for the cooled stages.
391
! !0:5
p2* T 2*
d
mca ¼ mca;d (14)
p2*
d
T 2*
where m is the mass flow rate, p is the pressure, and T is the
temperature. Subscripts and Superscripts: d means design condi-
tion, ca means the cooling air, 2 represents the compressor outlet,
and * represents the stagnation condition.
The cooling air was accelerated by the main flue gas, thus its
velocity and direction were consistent with those of the main flue
gas. The pressure drop during coolant mixing was calculated as
[33]:
Dp* mca m
¼ g Ma2g z ¼  ca k; Dp* < 0 (15)
p*gt;in mg g mg
where△p is the pressure loss, p is the pressure, m is the mass flow,
g is the specific heat capacity, Ma is the Mach number, z is the
mixing loss coefficient, and k is the comprehensive parameter
(13)
which is set as 0.404 in this work [35]. Subscripts: gt is the gas
turbine, g is the gas, ca is the cooling air, and in is the inlet. Su-
perscripts: * is the stagnation condition.
3.4. HRSG modeling
The triple-pressure bottoming cycle was modeled by modifying
the simplified method for single-pressure HRSG proposed by
Ganapathy [37] as summarized in previous literature [25]. The
energy balance equation and heat transfer equilibrium equation
were used for model calculation as following. In details, the evap-
orators were simulated as shown in Equation (16), while the rest of
heat exchangers in HRSG were calculated by Equations 16e18
together.
   
Q ¼ mg cp tg;in  tg;out ¼ ms hs;out  hs;in (16)
Q ¼ UA D T (17)
   
tg;out  ts;in  tg;in  ts;out
DT ¼     (18)
ln tg;out  ts;in tg;in  ts;out
where m is the mass flow, Cp is the specific heat capacity at con-
stant pressure, t is the temperature, h is the enthalpy, U is the
overall heat transfer coefficient and A is heat transferring area, △T
is the log-mean temperature difference, Q is the heat transfer ca-
pacity. Subscript: in means the inlet of heat exchanger, out means
the outlet, s means the steam/water side, and g means the gas side.
The off-design characteristic of the steam turbine can be
described by the Flügel formula [38]. The exhaust temperature of
HRSG in design condition was maintained at 100
C for both
traditional cycle and retrofitted cycle, by adjusting the design
thermal parameters of the bottoming cycle system in reasonable
ranges. The simulation followed the flow sequence to analyses the
parameter characteristics of the combined cycle under full load
conditions. The design water/steam/gas side pressure loss of each
heater was set between 2% and 5% and corrected under the off-
design condition [39].
It should be mentioned that since the design parameters of
HRSG configuration cannot be adjusted under off-design condi-
tions, the exhaust temperature of HRSG changed with its inlet
temperature (T4). This value was set as 99.7
C under design con-
dition and calculated by the off-design modeling.
392 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399

3.5. Recuperator modeling

In this study, the entire heat transfer process of the heat ex-
change at the inlet of compressor was assumed stable under full
load. The pressure loss in the heat exchanger was neglected during
Section 4.1-4.4 and discussed in range of 0%e5% in Section 4.5. The
mass flow rate of the heat exchanger inlet flue gas was adjusted to
balance the heat transfer equilibrium equation [37]:
   
mg cp;g Tg;in  Tg;out ¼ ma cp;a Ta;out  Ta;in (19)

where m is the mass flow, Cp is the specific heat at constant pres-

sure, Tis the temperature. Subscripts and Superscripts: g means gas,
a means air, and in means the inlet of recuperator, whereas out
means the outlet of recuperator.

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Simulation verification

Fig. 5. The influence of inlet air temperature on the gas turbine power output.
Table 2 shows several characteristics parameters of five key
operating points (A/B/C/D/E operation points in the following fig-
ures) in different strategies. The design gas turbine power output
and efficiency of PG9351FA unit are 262.3 MW and 37.5% which are
similar with the data mentioned in Gas Turbine World 2004e2005
handbook [40].
Fig. 5 compares the simulation result and the data in Ref. [30]
and Ref [41] of the gas turbine power output capacity (with T3 at
1327
C constantly) affected by T1 to validate the models. Gas tur-
bine performance highly depends on the compressor inlet tem-
perature [41]. The simulation result indicates that the gas turbine
can produce more power with lower compressor inlet temperature.
It is calculated that the difference of the gas turbine cycle power
output capacity between 5
C and 55
C is 106.7 MW.

4.2. Off-design characteristic analysis of the topping cycle

Fig. 6 presents the running lines of the two strategies with IGV
control. The characteristic map of the compressor with inlet angle
ranging from 88
(100%) to 49
(60%) is simulated by the stage-
stacking method as mentioned before. Depending on the match- Fig. 6. Operation characteristic curve of compressor with IGV control.
ing relationship between the compressor and the turbine, the
working points can be specified in the models by the Flügel for-
mula. In addition, each characteristic curve in the figure possesses Fig. 7 presents the variation of the gas turbine cycle thermal
its own IGV opening with constant rotational speed. The running efficiency and T4 with various compressor inlet temperature at full
lines of strategies with HEAT method are shown in Fig. 22 for load capacity, at which T3 is maintained at its design value during
clearly discussion. simulation. The curves indicate that T1 negatively affects the cycle

Table 2
The key parameters of the main operating conditions in the four strategiesa.

Description Design condition Inflexion of HEAT-T3 Inflexion of HEAT-T3-T4 Inflexion of IGV-T3 Inflexion of IGV-T3-T4

Point A B C D E
T1 (
C) 15 57 65 15 15
IGV 88
(100%) 88
(100%) 88
(100%) 71.3
(83.3%) 49
(60%)
Compressor pressure ratio 15.4 13.2 12.7 12.8 8.8
Inlet air mass flow (kg/s) 642.0 549.9 532.9 535.8 390.0
Gas turbine power output (MW) 262.29 194.73 179.02 212.25 105.90
Gas turbine cycle efficiency (%) 37.48 34.34 33.46 35.24 27.36
T3 (
C) 1326.8 1327.1 1313.4 1327.0 1176.6
T4 (
C) 614.9 650.8 651.3 652.0 651.5
Main steam mass flow (kg/s) 80 72.1 69.6 70.2 51.7
Steam turbine Power output (MW) 147.1 137.0 132.7 134.0 95.0
Steam turbine cycle efficiency (%) 33.90 34.76 34.77 34.62 34.03
Combined cycle power outputa (MW) 401.25 325.14 305.54 339.34 196.9
Combined cycle Efficiencya (%) 57.34 57.33 57.1 56.34 50.88
a
Mechanical loss and generator loss are considered during the combined cycle power output calculation.
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399 393

Fig. 9. Variation in turbine inlet temperature with combined cycle power output.

Fig. 7. The effect of inlet air temperature on the gas turbine cycle.

efficiency which can be explained by the fact that PR decreases with

the increasing T1, leading to the decrement of turbine expansion
ratio and the increment of T4. This conclusion is in agreement with
previous statements [42]. Considering HRSG can recover the energy
of the turbine exhaust flue gas, the bottoming cycle power ability is
gradually improved by the increasing T4.
The variation trends of the gas turbine combined cycles with the
four operation strategies in terms of T2, T3, compressor PR, T4 and
turbine exhaust mass flow are shown in Figs. 8e12, respectively. A
phenomenon of “parallel line” can be observed in these figures
under relative low load, because the same regulation of “fuel-only
control” is employed in this range. As expected, T2 is affected by T1
with a rising trend for combined cycles with HEAT control under
decreasing load conditions. T3 is firstly maintained constant with
decreasing load for all strategies. When T4 reaches its limit, the
combined cycle load with IGV control decreases to 84.6% (point D),
while the combined cycle load with HEAT control is declined to 81% Fig. 10. Variation in compressor pressure ratio with combined cycle power output.
(point B). Then T3 is constantly decreased to 1176.6
C for IGV-T3-T4
and to 1313.4
C for HEAT-T3-T4 under cycle load 49.1% (point E)

Fig. 11. Variation in turbine exhaust temperature with combined cycle power output.

Fig. 8. Variation in compressor outlet temperature with combined cycle power output.
394 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399
Fig. 12. Variation in turbine exhaust mass flow with combined cycle power output.
and 76.1% (point C), respectively.
The compressor PR for the strategy of HEAT-T3/IGV-T3 related to
the T4 peak value is 13.2 (point B)/12.8 (point D), respectively. The
PR of IGV-T3 is performed the steepest slope (A-D) when the cycle
load decreases from 100% (point A) to 84.6% (point D), as presented
in Fig. 10. This can be explained by the fact that the PR positively
affects the temperature difference between T3 and T4. Further-
more, the relationship between the turbine inlet pressure, tem-
perature and mass flow rate is described as the Flügel formula.
Under the assumption of constant T3 (A-B&A-D), the curve trends
of the mass flow rates would be similar with that of PRs. When the
load reduces from 81% to 76.1% (from 84.6% to 49.1%) for cycle with
HEAT-T3-T4 (IGV-T3-T4), the PR would continually drops to 12.7
(8.8) but the slope would be more gentle influenced by the drop of
T3 (BeC & D-E). Worthy of note is that, under the fuel only control
condition, T4 drops constantly and the turbine exhaust flow in-
creases slightly under relative low load for all strategies, as shown
in Fig. 12.
The variation of the topping cycle efficiency curves are sum-
marized in Fig. 13. It is observed that the curve trends of the four
strategies are similar, and IGV-T3 presents the highest topping cycle
efficiency, while the performance of HEAT-T3-T4/IGV-T3-T4 are
Fig. 13. Variation in topping cycle efficiency with combined cycle power output.
much worse. Particularly, the gap between IGV-T3-T4 and HEAT-T3-
T4 is firstly enlarged and then disappeared. At combined cycle load
of 84.6% (point D), the topping cycle efficiency of IGV-T3/IGV-T3-T4
is 35.24% and that of HEAT-T3/HEAT-T3-T4 is 35.19%. The Inferiority
of the performance of IGV-T3-T4/HEAT-T3-T4, comparing with that
of IGV-T3/HEAT-T3 at relative low load (45%e70%), is mainly due to
the decrement of PR which plays a significant role in gas turbine
cycle performance.
From a thermodynamic perspective, the results in Fig. 13 indi-
cate that the cycles with IGV control result in relative higher
topping cycle efficiency comparing with the cycles with HEAT
control with load of 70%e100%. Furthermore, the operation strat-
egy of HEAT-T3 is treated as an advisable choice only next to IGV-T3
to improve the performance of the gas turbine cycle in low load
condition (45%e70%).
Moreover, the exergy analysis on the topping cycle is presented
in Figs. 14 and 15, respectively. The irreversibility loss in the com-
bustion chamber is the largest part among the gas turbine cycle
which is mainly affected by T2 [26]. Thanks to the increasing T2
resulting from the HEAT process, the combustion chamber exergy
efficiency is improved and the fuel consumption rate is decreased.
As a result, the topping cycle exergy efficiency with HEAT strategy is
higher than that with IGV control under relative high load condi-
tions (70%e100%).
4.3. Off-design characteristic analysis of the bottoming cycle
In this study, the inlet temperature of the HRSG is directly
assumed to be T4 and the HRSG exhaust flue gas is connected to the
heat exchanger for the systems with HEAT-T3/HEAT-T3-T4. The
heat loss is neglected in these processes.
The variation curves of the bottoming cycle efficiencies are
presented in Fig. 16. For the combined cycle load range of 45%e
100%, the variation intervals of the bottoming cycle efficiencies of
unit with IGV-T3 (IGV-T3-T4) and HEAT-T3 (HEAT-T3-T4) are
27.6%e34.6% (31.4%e34.6%) and 26.4%e34.8% (28.3%e34.8%),
respectively. It is well known that the bottoming cycle efficiency is
highly dependent on T4 under part load conditions. As shown in
Fig. 13, IGV-T3-T4 (HEAT-T3-T4) obtains higher T4 at the expense of
reducing the topping cycle performance under low load condition,
comparing with IGV-T3 (HEAT-T3), which results in higher bot-
toming cycle performance.
Fig. 14. Variation in combustion chamber exergy efficiency with combined cycle po-
wer output.
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399 395

Fig. 15. Variation in topping cycle exergy efficiency with combined cycle power Fig. 17. Variation in HRSG exhaust temperature with combined cycle power output.
output.

Fig. 18. Variation in bottoming cycle exergy efficiency with combined cycle power
output.
Fig. 16. Variation in bottoming cycle efficiency with combined cycle power output.

4.4. Combined cycle design/off-design characteristics

With HEAT process, the waste energy in the HRSG exhaust gas
The comparison of the combined cycle efficiencies for the two
has been partly recovered. Additionally, the compressor inlet air is
units with different operation strategies are demonstrated in
heated to reduce its mass flow rate because the inlet area is con-
Fig. 19. The minimum values of the combined cycle thermal effi-
stant for a given compressor. The HEAT regulation presents a
ciencies of systems with IGV-T3/IGV-T3-T4/HEAT-T3/HEAT-T3-T4
similar operating characteristics with IGV control but with nar-
are 46.9%/49.7%/49.0%/49.7% within the load range of 45%e100%
rower range of adjustment. The performance would obviously
respectively.
changes when the HEAT adjustment ends and switches to fuel only
Evidently, the combined cycle efficiency curves show that the
control. The outlet temperature of the HRSG (T5) is shown in Fig. 17
unit with HEAT-T3-T4 exhibits the best part load performance
with range among 91
C-107
C.
comparing with other strategies when the combined cycle load is
The exergy efficiencies of the bottoming cycles are presented in
above 48%. The difference between cycle performance of HEAT-T3-
Fig. 18. As aformentioned, attemperators are utilized when T4 is
T4 (IGV-T3-T4) and HEAT-T3 (IGV-T3) is 0.7% pt. (2.5% pt.) under low
higher than the design value for bottoming cycle safety operation.
load. The difference between that of HEAT-T3 and IGV-T3 becomes
So the bottoming cycle exergy efficiency decreases with increasing
1.1% pt. at 85% cycle load and 1.9% at 50% cycle load. This is because
T4, and this parameter recovers with decreasing T4 if it is still
that the irreversibility loss during combustion is reduced by the
higher than the design value (615
C). After the operation strategy
HEAT process and the fuel consumption rate is decreased. While
changes back to the fuel only control and T4 is lower than 615
C,
the gap between HEAT-T3-T4 and IGV-T3-T4 is firstly increased to
the attemperators are closed and the bottoming cycle performance
1.7% pt. at 76.1% combined cycle load (point B) and then gradually
decreases with the decreasing T4 as presented.
diminished at 48% combined cycle load because of the narrow
396 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399

Fig. 19. Variation in combined cycle efficiency with combined cycle power output. Fig. 20. Variation in combined cycle exergy efficiency with combined cycle power
output.

range of the HEAT process.

During HEAT process, T1 increases, leading to the decrement of
inlet air density. As the inlet area held constant for a given
compressor, the mass flow rate would be expected gradually
decrease. The compressor outlet air will receive a relative higher
temperature and lower compressor pressure ratio which will de-
creases the fuel consumption rate with a constant or a suitable T3
for the requirement of the gas turbine. Considering the constant
turbine exhaust pressure assumption, the decrement of turbine
expand rate leads to the decreasing turbine power output and
increasing T4. The strategy with HEAT decreases the irreversibility
loss in topping cycle and reduces fuel consumption rate by
increasing T2, resulting in a good load regulating method.
The IGV operation range of compressor with IGV-T3-T4 is 60%e
100%, related to the combined cycle load range from 49.1% (point E)
to100% (point A). But for the combined cycle unit with HEAT-T3-T4
this total load range regulated by the HEAT process could only
varied from 100% to 76.1% (point C). The heat transfer temperature
difference limits the range of the strategy. Thus fuel only control is
Fig. 21. Variation in the specific work with combined cycle power output.
applied at 76.1% combined cycle load and the combined cycle ef-
ficiency reduces rapidly. And, it should be mentioned that, we just
compared the two pairs of operating strategy IGV-T3-T4 (and IGV-
T4 is decreased from 611.4 kJ/kg to 579.1 kJ/kg at load range from
T3) and HEAT-T3-T4 (and HEAT-T3). If the HEAT method is com-
100% (point A) to 81% (point B) due to HEAT process. The
bined with IGV, there will be a foreseeable best operating strategy,
compressor can absorbs more than half of the total work produced
which may be researched in the future. On the other hand, for
by the gas turbine, and the specific work of the compressor would
combined cycle units that always participate in the pitching peak
be gradually enhanced by the increasing T1. It is also well known
with power output larger than 48%, HEAT-T3-T4 strategy is highly
that relative low operating T3 results in low specific work. For the
recommended due to its high part load efficiency.
combined cycle with HEAT-T3-T4, the specific work is decreased
The combined cycle exergy efficiency is shown in Fig. 20. The
into 561.84 kJ/kg at cycle load 76.1% (point C) affected by the
exergy efficiency curves show similar trend as for the combined
increasing T1 and decreasing T3.
cycle efficiency. As previously mentioned, the advantage of the
The specific power output of the cycle with IGV control is kept
HEAT strategy over the IGV method is mainly due to the improve-
almost stable in relative high load. As for IGV-T3/IGV-T3-T4 control,
ment of the combustion chamber performance. Higher T2 would
the specific power output of the combined cycle slightly increases
decreases the exergy loss during combustion and saves the fuel
from 611.41 kJ/kg to 619.17 kJ/kg when the cycle load is above 84.6%
consumption rate with the same performance requirement,
(point D). As for the cycle with IGV-T3-T4 at 49.1% (point E)-84.6%
resulting in a better combine cycle efficiency and combine cycle
(point D) load, the variation interval of the specific work is
exergy efficiency.
494.94 kJ/kg-619.17 kJ/kg resulting from the changing T3. “Four
From the view of the Second Law of Thermodynamic, the higher
parallel lines” could be observed in the figure because the same rule
temperature of the outlet air from the compressor will greatly re-
(fuel only control) is applied under relative low load.
duces the exergy destruction during the combustion process, which
To reduce the load of a combined cycle, normally either T3 or the
results in a higher cycle exergy efficiency.
flue gas mass flow of the working medium would be reduced. But as
In Fig. 21, the specific works of the four strategies are presented.
for the unit with HEAT-T3/HEAT-T3-T4, the specific work is reduced
It is shown that the specific works of cycles with HEAT-T3/HEAT-T3-
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399 397

by increasing the compressor consumption specific work, therefore

the cycle performance keeps preferably within corresponding load
range.

4.5. Parametric analysis of the pressure loss of the compressor inlet

heat exchanger

After discussing the combined cycle performances of the novel

HEAT process, the effect of the pressure loss of the compressor inlet
heat exchanger is analyzed in this part. Previous discussion on
Figs. 6e21 are based on the simulated results assuming that the
pressure loss of the compressor inlet heat exchanger is ignorable.
However, this hypothesis is good for discussion but not very close to
reality.
In this part, the simulation results of a retrofitted combined
cycle using a heat exchanger with 2% or 5% inlet pressure loss at
each side are simulated and compared as shown in Figs. 22e25.
During the simulation process, the pressure drop ratios remain
unchanged for all systems under part load conditions.
The performance effects of the pressure loss on the compressor Fig. 23. Variation in turbine expansion ratio with combined cycle power output.

running lines with two different strategies (HEAT-T3&HEAT-T3-T4)

are illustrated in Fig. 22. The characteristic map of the compressor
changing inlet pressure, but the compressor inlet mass flow rate
inlet temperature ranging from 15
C to 65
C with constant rota-
decreases resulting from the reducing inlet air density. As can be
tional speed is simulated by the off-design compressor model [32]
seen from the figure, the running lines are parallel and the pressure
with variable inlet air pressure and density. The flow characteristic
loss increases PR. But the inlet pressure is affected so that the
and the volume flow rate of the compressor are not affected by the

Fig. 22. Operation characteristic curves of compressor with HEAT control.

398 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399
Fig. 24. Variation in combined cycle efficiency with combined cycle power output for strategies with HEAT.
Fig. 25. Variation in combined cycle exergy efficiency with combined cycle power output for strategies with HEAT.
curves of the turbine expansion ratio coincide as compared in
Fig. 23. The system with larger pressure loss related to higher
compressor PR but similar compressor outlet pressure/turbine inlet
pressure for a given compressor inlet mass flow condition. In
addition, the inflexion of HEAT-T3 (point B) is declined from 57
C
to 55
C and then to 49
C caused by the increasing pressure loss
from 0% to 2% and then to 5%. This is because that the turbine
expansion ratio decreases under the same cycle load with constant
T3, so that T4 raises for a given operation condition. But the turbine
exhaust temperature limit is steady all the time, thus the inflexion
value changes.
The pressure loss shows a negative effect on the topping cycle
performance and increases T4, which will enhance the bottoming
cycle efficiency slightly but still cannot compensated the perfor-
mance decline. Considering the negative effect of the increasing
backpressure on the cycle performance [9], the HRSG exhaust
pressure is set as constant by adding a fan behind the heat
exchanger hot side. The extra power consumption by the fan is
simulated by the commercial software Aspen Plus V 11.1 [22] and
deducted from the combined cycle power output.
As depicted in Figs. 24 and 25, the combined cycle efficiency and
exergy efficiency of cycles with two different strategies (HEAT-T3 &
HEAT-T3-T4) and three different compressor inlet pressure losses
(0%, 2%, 5%) are compared. The simulation results convey that the
compressor inlet heat exchanger pressure loss of 2% could de-
creases the combined cycle efficiency for about 0.5% pt. and that of
5% decreases the efficiency for about 1.2% pt. This negative affection
remains identical when T3 or T4 is stable and alleviates if fuel only
control is utilized for cycle load control.
It should be mentioned that the total power output ability is also
decreased by the inlet pressure loss, which will affects the load
range of a certain combined cycle unit. Each 1% pressure loss de-
creases about 5.7 MW on the design combined cycle power output
ability. As a result, the combined cycle performance prominently
affected by the compressor inlet heat exchanger characteristics. The
pressure loss shows a negative effects both on the combined cycle
power output ability and cycle efficiency.
Certainly, the heat exchanger for commercial utilization will not
expected to have such large pressure drop equal to or higher than
2% [43], therefore the novel strategy will still expected to perform a
satisfactory cycle efficiency with reasonable heat exchanger pres-
sure drop assumption.
5. Conclusion
Basis on the design parameters of the given gas turbine com-
bined cycle, a special method named HEAT (heating the compressor
inlet air by part of the HRSG exhaust gas) is purposed in this paper.
Topping, bottoming, and combined cycle performances of the two
pairs of operation strategies (HEAT-T3/IGV-T3 & HEAT-T3-T4/IGV-
T3-T4) are compared with both energy analysis and exergy analysis
to highlight the advantage of the novel method on part load per-
formance improvement. The cycle with HEAT-T3-T4 is suggested
for its significant part load performance. A maximum efficiency
increment of 1.7% pt. could be received comparing the cycle per-
formance with HEAT-T3-T4 and the cycle with IGV-T3-T4 under
part load conditions. Even taking the cycle with IGV-T3 for com-
paration, a maximum performance improvement of 1.1% pt. could
still be obtained for that with HEAT-T3. The simulation result in-
dicates that the combined cycle efficiency of the novel cycle with
HEAT-T3-T4 is almost unchanged with the increasing T1 and con-
stant T3, because the specific work is gradually reduced (from
 Y. Yang et al. / Energy 178 (2019) 386e399
611.41 kJ/kg to 579.1 kJ/kg) for load adjustment. This specific work
decrement is due to the increasing specific work consumed by the
compressor rather than lowering T3 which would leads to a
remarkably combined cycle efficiency drop. The efficiency
improvement by HEAT control is mainly because the waste energy
from the HRSG exhaust gas is absorbed by the compressor inlet air
to increase the compressor outlet air temperature. Higher tem-
perature of the compressor outlet air can effectively reduces the
extra exergy destruction during the combustion process, so that the
cycle performance is improved and the fuel consumption rate is
saved. For restriction of the temperature difference in the
compressor inlet heat exchanger, the adjustment range of the novel
regulation is much narrower than that of the IGV control, resulting
in the diminishment of the advantage on combined cycle perfor-
mance when the cycle load is lower than 48%. Moreover, the
affection of the pressure loss is discussed within range of 0%e5%.
Each 1% pressure loss caused by the compressor inlet heat
exchanger is found to decrease 1.4% on the design cycle power
output ability, and 0.25% pt. on the combined cycle efficiency. Be-
sides, the HEAT method can be combined with IGV method, which
is a foreseeable best operating strategy that can be researched in
the future.
In all, the novel method HEAT is suggested as an innovative
solution for gas turbine combined cycle load management.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China of China (Grant No.51436006); National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China of China (Grant No.51306049);
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(No.2017MS15).
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