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MONTHLY‌‌MAGAZINE‌‌-‌‌September‌‌2021‌ ‌
weather‌‌of‌‌the‌‌present‌‌day‌‌and‌‌next‌‌five‌‌
Editorial‌ ‌ days,‌‌agro‌‌advisories,‌‌market‌‌prices,‌‌
dealers‌‌and‌‌plant‌‌protection.‌ ‌

● e-NAM‌ ‌
Digitization‌‌of‌‌Agriculture‌ ‌ ● E-‌‌NAM(‌‌Electronic‌‌National‌‌Agriculture‌‌
Market)‌‌Scheme-‌‌ ‌

About‌‌the‌‌article‌ ‌ ● Before‌‌this‌‌scheme‌‌the‌‌farmers‌‌had‌‌to‌‌sell‌‌
● The‌‌article‌‌talks‌‌about‌‌significance‌‌of‌‌ their‌‌crops‌‌in‌‌the‌‌nearest‌‌mandi.‌ ‌
digitalisation‌‌in‌‌the‌‌field‌‌of‌‌agriculture.‌ ‌ ● In‌‌mandis‌‌there‌‌used‌‌to‌‌be‌‌many‌‌
● The‌‌NITI‌‌Aayog's‌‌report‌‌on‌‌artificial‌‌ middlemen,‌‌who‌‌bought‌‌crops‌‌at‌‌very‌‌low‌
intelligence‌‌states‌‌that‌‌for‌‌maintaining‌‌the‌‌ rates‌‌from‌‌farmers‌‌and‌‌sold‌‌it‌‌at‌‌high‌‌cost‌‌
annual‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌growth‌‌of‌‌8-10%‌‌in‌‌India,‌‌ in‌‌big‌‌towns‌‌and‌‌cities.‌ ‌
agriculture‌‌should‌‌grow‌‌consistently‌ ‌at‌‌a ‌‌ ● Under‌‌E‌‌NAM‌‌now‌‌middlemen‌‌can‌‌be‌‌
4%‌‌or‌‌larger‌‌rate.‌‌ ‌ removed.‌ ‌
● Digitalization‌‌has‌‌critical‌‌importance‌‌to‌‌ ICRISAT‌‌
‌
achieving‌‌this‌‌success.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌International‌‌Crops‌‌Research‌‌Institute‌‌
● With‌‌help‌‌of‌‌this‌‌article‌‌we‌‌will‌‌see‌‌steps‌‌ for‌‌the‌‌Semi-Arid‌‌Tropics‌‌(ICRISAT)‌‌is‌‌an‌‌
taken‌‌by‌‌government‌‌of‌‌India‌‌to‌‌promote‌‌ international‌‌organization‌‌which‌‌conducts‌‌
digitalization‌‌in‌‌the‌‌field‌‌of‌‌Agriculture.‌ ‌ agricultural‌‌research‌‌for‌‌rural‌‌
Digitization‌‌means‌‌to‌‌convert‌‌something‌‌into‌‌a ‌‌ development,‌‌headquartered‌‌in‌‌
digital‌‌format,‌‌and‌‌usually‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌encoding‌‌of‌‌ Patancheru‌‌(Hyderabad,‌‌Telangana,‌‌India)‌‌
typed/handwritten‌‌documents‌‌into‌‌software‌‌ with‌‌several‌‌regional‌‌centers‌‌(Bamako‌‌
formats.‌‌ ‌ (Mali),‌‌Nairobi‌‌(Kenya))‌‌and‌‌research‌‌
Digitalization‌‌means‌‌to‌‌convert‌‌business‌‌ stations‌‌(Niamey‌‌(Niger),‌‌Kano‌‌(Nigeria),‌‌
processes‌‌using‌‌digital‌‌technologies.‌ ‌ Lilongwe‌‌(Malawi),‌‌Addis‌‌Ababa‌‌
(Ethiopia),‌‌Bulawayo‌‌(Zimbabwe)).‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌founded‌‌in‌‌1972‌‌by‌‌a‌‌consortium‌‌of‌‌
Steps‌‌taken‌‌so‌‌far‌‌to‌‌promote‌‌ organisations‌‌convened‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Ford‌‌and‌‌
digitalization‌‌in‌‌agriculture‌ ‌ the‌‌Rockefeller‌‌foundations.‌‌ ‌
● Its‌‌charter‌‌was‌‌signed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌FAO‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
1. NITI‌‌Aayog‌‌signed‌‌an‌‌agreement‌‌with‌‌IBM‌‌ ‌ UNDP.‌ ‌
● NITI‌‌Aayog‌‌in‌‌2018‌‌signed‌‌an‌‌agreement‌‌
IBM‌‌to‌‌develop‌‌a‌‌crop‌‌yield‌‌prediction‌‌
model‌‌using‌‌artificial‌‌intelligence‌‌(AI)‌‌to‌‌
provide‌‌real‌‌time‌‌advisory‌‌to‌‌farmers‌‌in‌‌

Importance‌‌of‌‌Scientific‌‌

"aspirational‌‌districts".‌ ‌ temper‌ ‌
● The‌‌partnership‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌work‌‌together‌‌
towards‌‌use‌‌of‌‌technology‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌ Background‌ ‌
insights‌‌to‌‌farmers‌‌to‌‌improve‌‌crop‌‌ ● In‌‌1893‌‌Swami‌‌Vivekananda‌‌and‌ ‌Jamsetji‌‌
productivity,‌‌soil‌‌yield,‌‌control‌‌agricultural‌‌ Tata‌‌together‌‌took‌‌a‌‌12‌‌days‌‌sea‌ ‌journey‌‌
inputs.‌ ‌ from‌‌Japan‌‌to‌‌Canada.‌ ‌
● AI‌‌Sowing‌‌App‌ ‌ ● They‌‌were‌‌enroute‌‌to‌‌attend‌‌the‌‌World‌‌
● Microsoft‌‌in‌‌alliance‌‌with‌‌ICRISAT‌‌ Parliament‌‌of‌‌Religions.‌ ‌
(International‌‌Crops‌‌Research‌‌Institute‌‌for‌‌ ● They‌‌had‌‌multiple‌‌conversations‌‌during‌‌
the‌‌Semi-arid‌‌Tropics)‌‌has‌‌developed‌‌the‌‌ the‌‌journey.‌ ‌
'AI-Sowing‌‌App'.‌ ‌ ● Main‌‌point‌‌discussed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

● This‌‌application‌‌sends‌‌an‌‌advisory‌‌for‌‌the‌ conversation-Swami‌‌Vivekananda‌‌
farmers‌‌concerning‌‌the‌‌perfect‌‌date‌‌of‌‌ convinced‌‌Jamsetji‌‌Tata‌‌that‌‌technology‌‌
seed‌‌sowing.‌‌ ‌ can‌‌be‌‌imported‌‌but‌‌scientific‌‌temper‌‌
● Kisan‌‌Suvidha‌‌app‌ ‌ cannot‌‌be‌‌bought‌‌and‌‌must‌‌be‌‌built‌‌within‌‌
● A‌‌free‌‌android‌‌app,‌‌namely,‌‌Kisan‌‌ a‌‌country.‌‌
‌
Suvidha'‌‌was‌‌developed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌
Government‌‌in‌‌July‌‌2015‌‌and‌‌this‌‌assists‌‌
the‌‌farmers‌‌with‌‌some‌‌information‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
SPM‌‌IAS‌‌Academy‌,‌2
‌ nd‌‌Floor,‌‌H.K.‌‌MARKET,‌‌Nayanpur‌‌Rd,‌‌Ganeshguri,‌‌Guwahati,‌‌Assam‌‌781006‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌2 ‌ ‌
Solar‌‌energy,‌‌Wind,‌‌Hydropower,‌‌
Geothermal,‌‌biomass‌‌etc.‌ ‌
Impact‌‌of‌‌the‌‌discussion‌‌on‌‌
● Renewable‌‌energy‌‌resources‌‌are‌‌
Jamsetji‌‌Tata‌ ‌ environmental‌‌friendly‌‌also.‌ ‌
● They‌‌either‌‌don’t‌‌emit‌‌or‌‌emit‌‌very‌‌less‌‌

● A‌‌direct‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌this‌‌chance‌‌encounter‌‌ amount‌‌of‌‌Greenhouse‌‌Gases‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
was‌‌Jamsetji‌‌setting‌‌up‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Institute‌‌ atmosphere.‌ ‌
of‌‌Science‌‌in‌‌Bangalore.‌‌ ‌
● A‌‌technology-encouraging‌‌culture‌‌at‌‌the‌‌
Tatas‌‌pioneered‌‌India’s‌‌software‌‌industry‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌1960s.‌ ‌
● Today‌‌India‌‌is‌‌a‌‌world‌ ‌leader‌‌in‌‌the‌‌field‌‌of‌‌
Software.‌ ‌
● India‌‌now‌‌exports‌‌more‌‌software‌‌than‌‌
Saudi‌‌Arabia‌‌does‌‌oil.‌‌
‌
● Covid‌‌and‌‌recent‌‌Chinese‌‌events‌‌have‌‌
increased‌‌India’s‌‌attractiveness‌‌to‌‌global‌‌
investors‌ ‌
‌
Parliament‌‌of‌‌World’s‌‌Religions‌ ‌
● The‌‌Parliament‌‌of‌‌World’s‌‌Religions,‌‌held‌‌ Significance‌‌of‌‌Renewable‌‌Energy‌‌

for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌in‌‌1893.‌ ‌
● So‌‌far,‌‌six‌‌international‌‌modern‌‌
for‌‌India‌ ‌
Parliaments‌‌have‌‌been‌‌hosted.‌ ‌ 1. Reduce‌‌Oil‌‌demands‌ ‌
● The‌‌Council‌‌for‌‌a‌‌Parliament‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
● India‌‌does‌‌not‌‌have‌‌enough‌‌reserves‌‌of‌‌
World’s‌‌Religions‌‌is‌‌headquartered‌‌in‌‌ Conventional‌‌energy‌‌resources-‌‌Petrol‌‌
Chicago.‌‌Its‌‌board‌‌of‌‌trustees‌‌are‌‌elected‌‌ and‌‌diesel.‌ ‌
from‌‌various‌‌faith‌‌communities.‌ ‌ ● India‌‌imports‌‌about‌‌80%‌‌of‌‌its‌‌oil‌‌needs.‌ ‌
Participants‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌conference:‌ ● Volatile‌‌situation‌‌in‌‌Middle‌‌East‌‌makes‌‌
● Jain‌‌preacher‌‌Virchand‌‌Gandhi.‌ India‌‌vulnerable.‌ ‌
● Buddhist‌‌preacher‌‌Anagarika‌‌Dharmapala.‌ ‌ 2. Reduce‌‌Pollution‌ ‌
● Swami‌‌Vivekananda‌‌represented‌‌ ● 7‌‌out‌‌of‌‌top‌‌10‌‌most‌‌polluted‌‌cities‌‌belong‌‌
Hinduism(first‌‌to‌‌speak‌‌on‌‌11th‌‌September‌‌ to‌‌India.‌ ‌
1893).‌ ‌ ● New‌‌Delhi‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌pollution‌‌capital‌‌
● Christianity‌‌was‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌G.‌‌Bonet‌‌ of‌‌the‌‌Earth.‌ ‌
Maury.‌ ‌ 3. Rural‌‌Electrification‌ ‌
● Islam‌‌was‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌Mohammed‌‌ ● Conventional‌‌source‌‌of‌‌electricity‌‌requires‌‌
Alexander‌‌Russell‌‌Webb.‌ ‌ distribution‌‌through‌‌distribution‌‌lines.‌ ‌
Theme‌‌of‌‌Swami‌‌Vivekananda’s‌‌speech‌ ‌ ● But‌‌Renewable‌‌energy‌‌can‌‌be‌‌utilised‌‌in‌‌
● He‌‌stressed‌‌upon‌‌world‌‌harmony,‌‌and‌‌how‌‌ decentralised‌‌manner‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌electricity‌‌
religions,‌‌while‌‌co-existing‌‌with‌‌one‌‌ supply‌ ‌
another,‌‌must‌‌preserve‌‌his‌‌individuality‌‌ India’s‌‌target‌‌of‌‌Renewable‌‌energy‌ ‌
and‌‌grow‌‌according‌‌to‌‌his‌‌own‌‌law‌‌of‌‌ ● A‌‌target‌‌of‌‌installing‌‌175‌‌GW‌‌of‌‌renewable‌‌
growth.‌ ‌ energy‌‌capacity‌‌by‌‌the‌‌year‌‌2022‌‌has‌‌
been‌‌set‌‌by‌‌the‌‌government.‌ ‌
● It‌‌includes‌‌100‌‌GW‌‌from‌‌solar,‌‌60‌‌GW‌‌
Renewable‌‌Energy‌‌in‌‌India‌ ‌ from‌‌wind,‌‌10‌‌GW‌‌from‌‌bio-power‌‌and‌‌5‌‌
GW‌‌from‌‌small‌‌hydro-power.‌ ‌
Renewable‌‌Energy‌ ‌
Current‌‌developments‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌energy‌‌that‌‌is‌‌generated‌‌from‌‌

● Reliance‌‌Industries‌‌will‌‌create‌‌or‌‌enable‌‌
renewable‌‌sources.‌ ‌
capacity‌‌to‌‌generate‌‌at‌‌least‌‌100‌‌
● It‌‌can‌‌be‌‌replenished‌‌at‌‌par‌‌with‌‌human‌‌
gigawatts‌‌of‌‌electricity‌‌by‌‌2030‌‌from‌‌
demands.‌ ‌
renewable‌‌sources.‌ ‌
● Examples‌‌of‌‌Renewable‌‌energy‌‌can‌‌be-‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌3 ‌ ‌
● This‌‌electricity‌‌will‌‌be‌‌used‌‌to‌‌produce‌‌
and‌‌focussed‌‌development‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Council‌‌area,‌‌
Green‌‌Hydrogen(Hydrogen‌‌produced‌‌from‌‌ without‌‌affecting‌‌the‌‌territorial‌‌and‌‌administrative‌‌

Renewable‌‌source‌‌with‌‌no‌‌GHG‌‌ integrity‌‌of‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
emissions).‌ ‌
● RIL‌‌chairman‌‌outlined‌‌a‌‌‘1-1-1‌‌vision’‌‌to‌‌
bring‌‌down‌‌the‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌hydrogen‌‌to‌‌under‌‌ Killing‌‌of‌‌Dolphins‌ ‌
$1‌‌for‌‌one‌‌kg‌‌in‌‌one‌‌decade.‌ ‌
● Currently,‌‌green‌‌hydrogen‌‌produced‌‌with‌‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
renewable‌‌resources‌‌costs‌‌between‌‌$3‌‌ ● The‌‌carcasses‌‌of‌‌two‌‌Gangetic‌‌dolphins,‌‌
per‌‌kg‌‌and‌‌$6.55‌‌a‌‌kg.‌ suspected‌‌to‌‌have‌‌been‌‌killed‌‌by‌
Green‌‌Hydrogen‌ ‌ poachers,‌‌have‌‌been‌‌recovered‌‌from‌‌
● Generated‌‌from‌‌renewable‌‌energy‌‌(like‌‌ Kamrup‌‌Rural‌‌district‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
Solar,‌‌Wind).‌ ‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌District‌‌forest‌‌officers‌‌
● Electricity‌‌splits‌‌water‌‌into‌‌hydrogen‌‌and‌‌ Dolphins‌‌are‌‌frequently‌‌targeted‌‌by‌‌
oxygen.‌ ‌ poachers‌‌for‌‌their‌‌skin‌‌and‌‌oil.‌ ‌
● By‌‌Products‌‌:‌‌Water,‌‌Water‌‌Vapor‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌Dolphin‌‌oil‌‌is‌‌helpful‌‌in‌‌

Arthritis.‌ ‌
● Dolphins‌‌are‌‌included‌‌in‌‌Schedule‌‌1‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
Karbi‌‌Anglong‌‌Agreement‌ ‌ ●
Wildlife‌‌(Protection)‌‌Act,‌‌1972.‌ ‌
Thus‌‌a‌‌case‌‌has‌‌been‌‌registered‌‌under‌‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ the‌‌Wildlife‌‌(Protection)‌‌Act,‌‌1972‌‌against‌‌
● A‌‌tripartite‌‌peace‌‌accord‌‌including‌‌Union‌‌ suspected‌‌miscreants.‌ ‌
government,‌‌Assam‌‌government‌‌and‌‌5 ‌‌
Karbi‌‌Anglong‌‌militant‌‌group‌‌was‌‌signed‌ ‌
in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌bring‌‌peace‌‌and‌‌stability‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Karbi‌‌Anglong‌‌region.‌ ‌
● The‌‌insurgent‌‌groups‌‌that‌‌signed‌‌the‌‌
peace‌‌accord‌‌are‌‌Karbi‌‌Longri‌‌North‌‌
Cachar‌‌Hills‌‌Liberation‌‌Front,‌‌People’s‌‌
Democratic‌‌Council‌‌of‌‌Karbi‌‌Longri,‌‌United‌‌
People's‌‌Liberation‌‌Army,‌‌Kuki‌‌Liberation‌‌
Front‌‌and‌‌Karbi‌‌Peoples‌‌Liberation‌‌Tigers.‌ ‌
Main‌‌features‌‌of‌‌the‌‌agreement‌ ‌
‌
Gangetic‌‌Dolphin‌ ‌
● The‌‌Ganges‌‌river‌‌dolphin‌‌is‌‌found‌‌in‌‌parts‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌Ganges-Meghna-Brahmaputra‌‌and‌‌
Karnaphuli-Sangu‌‌river‌‌systems‌‌in‌‌India,‌‌
Nepal,‌‌and‌‌Bangladesh.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Gangetic‌‌river‌‌dolphin‌‌is‌‌India's‌‌
national‌‌aquatic‌‌animal‌‌and‌‌is‌‌popularly‌
known‌‌as‌‌‘Susu’.‌ ‌
Protection‌‌Status‌ ‌
1. IUCN‌‌Status:‌‌Endangered‌ ‌
2. It‌‌is‌‌listed‌‌on‌‌CITES‌‌Appendix-I.‌ ‌
3. It‌‌is‌‌classified‌‌under‌‌Schedule‌‌1,‌‌Wildlife‌‌

‌ (Protection)‌‌Act,‌‌1972‌‌ ‌
Overall‌ ‌ Project‌‌Dolphin‌ ‌
This‌‌Memorandum‌‌of‌‌Settlement‌‌will‌‌ensure‌‌ ● Launched‌‌by‌‌MoEFCC(After‌‌PM‌‌
greater‌‌devolution‌‌of‌‌autonomy‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Karbi‌‌ announced‌‌on‌‌15th‌‌Aug‌‌2020)‌ ‌
Anglong‌‌Autonomous‌‌Council‌‌(KAAC),‌‌protection‌‌ ● 10‌‌years‌ ‌
of‌‌identity,‌‌language,‌‌culture,‌‌etc.‌‌of‌‌Karbi‌‌people‌‌
● Include‌‌Gangetic‌‌river‌‌dolphins‌‌and‌‌
Oceanic‌‌dolphins‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌4 ‌ ‌
● The‌‌Commission‌‌for‌‌Agricultural‌‌Costs‌‌& ‌‌
Prices‌‌(CACP)‌‌recommends‌‌MSPs‌‌for‌‌22‌‌
Land‌‌Policy‌‌of‌‌Assam,2019‌ ‌ mandated‌‌crops‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌and‌‌remunerative‌‌
price‌‌(FRP)‌‌for‌‌sugarcane.‌ ‌
Background‌ ‌ ● CACP‌‌is‌‌an‌‌attached‌‌office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ministry‌‌
● There‌‌are‌‌many‌‌indigenous‌‌landless‌‌ of‌‌Agriculture‌‌and‌‌Farmers‌‌Welfare,‌‌
families‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌ Government‌‌of‌‌India.‌
● Thus‌‌the‌‌Assam‌‌government‌‌constituted‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌advisory‌‌body‌‌whose‌‌
Hari‌‌Shankar‌‌Brahma‌‌Committee‌‌on‌‌ recommendations‌‌are‌‌not‌‌binding‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
Protection‌‌of‌‌Land‌ ‌ Government.‌ ‌
Rights‌‌of‌‌Indigenous‌‌People.‌ ‌ ● On‌‌recommendations‌‌Of‌‌CACP,‌‌Cabinet‌‌
● The‌‌Committee‌‌recommended‌‌distribution‌‌ Committee‌‌on‌‌Economic‌‌Affairs‌‌
of‌‌lands‌‌to‌‌the‌‌landless‌‌indigenous‌‌ announces‌‌MSP.‌ ‌
families‌‌living‌‌on‌‌government‌‌lands.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Union‌‌Budget‌‌for‌‌2018-19‌‌had‌‌
● Following‌‌the‌‌committee’s‌‌ announced‌‌that‌‌MSP‌‌would‌‌be‌‌kept‌‌at‌‌
recommendation‌‌the‌‌Government‌‌of‌‌ levels‌‌of‌‌1.5‌‌the‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌production.‌ ‌
Assam‌‌framed‌‌The‌‌land‌‌policy‌‌2019.‌ ‌ Current‌‌news‌ ‌
Challenges‌ ‌ ● The‌‌government‌‌increased‌‌the‌‌minimum‌‌
1. Issues‌‌of‌‌fake‌‌beneficiaries‌ ‌ support‌‌price‌‌(MSP)‌‌for‌‌wheat‌‌for‌‌the‌‌
2. Land‌‌being‌‌allotted‌‌from‌‌ecologically‌‌ upcoming‌‌rabi‌‌season‌‌to‌‌₹2,015‌‌per‌‌
sensitive‌‌areas-‌‌negative‌‌impact‌‌on‌‌ quintal,‌‌a‌‌2%‌‌hike‌‌from‌‌the‌‌₹1,975‌‌per‌‌
environment.‌ ‌ quintal‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌last‌‌year.‌ ‌
3. Definition‌‌of‌‌Indigenous‌‌tribe‌‌is‌‌vague.‌‌ Concerns‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Farm‌‌Unions‌ ‌
Many‌‌communities‌‌who‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌ ● The‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌inflation‌‌was‌‌higher‌‌than‌‌the‌‌
considered‌‌indegenous‌‌too‌‌are‌‌getting‌‌ MSP‌‌hike‌‌for‌‌most‌‌crops,‌‌arguing‌‌that‌‌in‌‌
benefits.‌ ‌ real‌‌terms,‌‌the‌‌MSP‌‌for‌‌wheat‌‌has‌‌
4. The‌‌policy‌‌bars‌‌transfer‌‌of‌‌land‌‌to‌‌
dropped‌‌4%.‌ ‌
non-indegenous‌‌community‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
beneficiaries.Yet‌‌such‌‌transfers‌‌are‌‌
5.
happening.‌ ‌
The‌‌policy‌‌will‌‌further‌‌encourage‌‌
Marital‌‌Rape‌ ‌
encroachment‌‌of‌‌government‌‌land.‌ ‌ ● Marital‌‌rape,‌‌the‌‌act‌‌of‌‌forcing‌‌your‌‌spouse‌‌
Solution‌‌
‌ into‌‌having‌‌sex‌‌without‌‌proper‌‌consent.‌ ‌
● The‌‌credibility‌‌of‌‌the‌‌landless‌‌seeking‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌unjust‌‌and‌‌against‌‌dignity‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
patta‌‌must‌‌be‌‌scrutinized‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌ woman.‌‌ ‌
beneficiaries‌‌are‌‌restricted‌‌to‌‌genuine‌‌ ● Yet‌‌marital‌‌rapes‌‌has‌‌not‌‌been‌‌
landless‌‌people‌‌and‌‌not‌‌land-greedy‌‌ criminalised‌‌in‌‌India.‌ ‌
encroachers.‌ ‌ ● There‌‌is‌‌an‌‌exception‌‌to‌‌Section‌‌375‌‌
● In‌‌future‌‌the‌‌government‌‌should‌‌focus‌‌on‌‌ (rape)‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Penal‌‌Code‌‌(IPC)‌‌
ensuring‌‌pucca‌‌houses‌‌to‌‌the‌‌landless‌‌ which‌‌allows‌‌a‌‌man‌‌to‌‌force‌‌sex‌‌on‌‌his‌‌
under‌‌PMAY(Pradhan‌‌Mantri‌‌Awas‌‌ wife.‌‌ ‌
Yojana)‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌directly‌‌transferring‌‌ ‌
land‌‌in‌‌the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌landless.‌ ‌ Recommendation‌‌of‌‌committees‌‌regarding‌‌Marital‌‌
Rape‌ ‌
● In‌‌2013,‌‌the‌‌UN‌‌Committee‌‌on‌‌Elimination‌‌

Hike‌‌in‌‌MSP‌‌for‌‌rabi‌‌crops‌ ‌ of‌‌Discrimination‌‌Against‌‌Women‌‌
(CEDAW)‌‌recommended‌‌that‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌
Minimum‌‌Support‌‌Price‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
government‌‌should‌‌criminalize‌‌marital‌‌
● The‌‌MSP‌‌is‌‌the‌‌rate‌‌at‌‌which‌‌the‌‌

rape.‌‌ ‌
government‌‌buys‌‌grains‌‌from‌‌farmers.‌ ‌
● Justice‌‌JS‌‌Verma‌‌Committee(created‌‌after‌‌
● The‌‌government‌‌announces‌‌MSP‌‌before‌‌
Nirbhaya‌‌case‌‌for‌‌suggesting‌‌measures‌‌
the‌‌sowing‌‌season‌‌for‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌crop.‌ ‌
regarding‌‌protection‌‌of‌‌women)‌‌suggested‌‌
● This‌‌protects‌‌the‌‌farmer‌‌from‌‌market‌‌
that‌‌rapes‌‌committed‌‌by‌‌husbands‌‌against‌‌

failure‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌bumper‌‌production.‌ ‌
wife‌‌also‌‌should‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌a ‌
How‌‌MSP‌‌is‌‌decided?‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌5 ‌ ‌
punishable‌‌offence.‌‌ ‌ poles‌‌switching‌‌places.‌‌Because‌‌the‌‌Sun's‌‌
Response‌‌of‌‌Judiciary‌ ‌ magnetic‌‌field‌‌controls‌‌solar‌‌activity‌‌there‌‌

● In‌‌2017,‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court,‌‌in‌‌ is‌‌solar‌‌maximum‌‌and‌‌minimum.‌ ‌
Independent‌‌Thought‌‌v.‌‌Union‌‌of‌‌India,‌‌ ● Sun‌‌also‌‌has‌‌a‌‌longer‌‌100-year‌‌cycle‌‌
refused‌‌to‌‌take‌ ‌question‌‌of‌‌marital‌‌rape‌‌of‌‌ when‌‌Solar‌‌Activity‌‌is‌‌very‌‌high.‌ ‌ ‌
adult‌‌women.‌ ‌
● Recently‌‌Delhi‌‌High‌‌Court‌ ‌granted‌‌
anticipatory‌‌bail‌‌to‌‌a‌‌man‌‌while‌‌concluding‌‌
that‌‌forcible‌‌sex‌‌is‌‌not‌‌an‌‌“illegal‌‌thing”.‌‌
‌
Criticism‌‌of‌‌India’s‌‌Law‌‌on‌‌Marital‌‌

Rape‌ ‌
1. Against‌‌International‌‌Norm:‌‌India‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌only‌‌36‌‌countries‌‌where‌‌marital‌‌rape‌‌is‌‌
still‌‌not‌‌criminalized.‌ ‌
2. Reflects‌‌Patriarchal‌‌outlook‌‌of‌‌Laws:‌‌Rape‌‌ ‌
laws‌‌in‌‌our‌‌country‌‌continue‌‌with‌‌the‌‌ ‌
patriarchal‌‌outlook‌‌of‌‌considering‌‌women‌‌ Impact‌‌on‌‌human‌‌life-‌ ‌
to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌men‌‌post‌‌marriage,‌‌ ● The‌‌impact‌‌is‌‌quite‌‌negligible.‌ ‌
with‌‌no‌‌autonomy‌‌or‌‌agency‌‌over‌‌their‌‌ ● Earth’s‌‌atmosphere‌‌protects‌‌us‌‌humans‌‌
bodies.‌‌ ‌ from‌‌these‌‌particles.‌‌ ‌
3. Illogical‌‌Differentiation‌‌between‌‌Married‌‌& ‌‌ Solar‌‌Minimum-‌ ‌
Unmarried‌‌women:Section‌‌375‌‌ ● Slight‌‌decrease‌‌in‌‌temperature.‌ ‌
(Exception)‌‌creates‌‌a‌‌classification‌‌not‌‌ Solar‌‌Maximum-‌ ‌
married‌‌and‌‌unmarried‌‌woman.‌ ‌ ● High‌‌Temperature‌‌leads‌‌to‌‌increased‌‌
Way‌‌forward‌ ‌ rainfall.‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌high‌‌time‌‌that‌‌the‌‌legislature‌‌should‌‌ ● Leads‌‌to‌‌more‌‌Auroras‌‌due‌‌to‌‌high‌‌energy.‌ ‌
take‌‌cognisance‌‌of‌‌marital‌‌rape‌‌and‌‌bring‌‌ Impact‌‌on‌‌Human‌‌structures‌ ‌
it‌‌within‌‌the‌‌purview‌‌of‌‌rape‌‌laws‌‌by‌‌ ● But‌‌the‌‌particles‌‌can‌‌interact‌‌with‌‌our‌‌
eliminating‌‌Section‌‌375‌‌(Exception)‌‌of‌‌ Earth’s‌‌magnetic‌‌field,‌‌induce‌‌strong‌‌
IPC.‌‌ ‌ electric‌‌currents‌‌on‌‌the‌‌surface‌‌and‌‌affect‌‌
Benefits‌‌of‌‌doing‌‌away‌‌the‌‌exception‌‌under‌‌Sec‌‌ man-made‌‌structures.‌ ‌
375‌‌of‌‌IPC‌ ‌ Current‌‌news?‌ ‌
● Women‌‌could‌‌be‌‌protected‌‌from‌‌abusive‌‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌a‌‌report‌‌the‌‌Earth‌‌is‌‌going‌‌
spouses‌ ‌ towards‌‌the‌‌peaks‌‌of‌‌the‌‌100-year‌‌cycle.‌‌ ‌
● Prevent‌‌domestic‌‌violence‌ ‌ ● So‌‌it‌‌is‌‌highly‌‌likely‌‌that‌‌we‌‌might‌‌see‌‌one‌‌
powerful‌‌solar‌‌storm‌‌in‌‌coming‌‌decades.‌ ‌
● The‌‌most‌‌possible‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌increased‌‌
‌‘Internet‌‌apocalypse’‌ ‌ solar‌‌activity‌‌will‌‌be-Internet‌‌shutdowns.‌ ‌
Why‌‌internet‌‌shutdowns?‌ ‌
● At‌‌ground‌‌level,‌‌solar‌‌storm-induced‌‌
Solar‌‌Cycle‌ ‌ geomagnetic‌‌variations‌‌can‌‌induce‌‌large‌‌
currents‌‌in‌‌networks‌‌in‌‌Submarine‌‌optical‌‌
● The‌‌Sun‌‌goes‌‌through‌‌an‌‌11-year‌‌cycle‌‌– ‌‌
fibre‌‌network‌ ‌that‌‌can‌‌conduct‌‌electricity.‌‌
cycles‌‌of‌‌high‌‌and‌‌low‌‌activity.‌ ‌
This‌‌can‌‌cause‌‌internet‌‌shutdowns.‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌meaning‌‌of‌‌Solar‌‌Activity?‌ ‌
● Although‌‌fibre-optic‌‌internet‌‌cables‌‌are‌‌
● Emission‌‌of‌‌highly‌‌charged‌‌and‌ ‌
themselves‌‌not‌‌conductors,‌‌the‌‌study‌‌
magnetised‌‌particles‌‌known‌‌as‌‌Coronal‌‌
claims‌‌that‌‌electronic‌‌components‌‌that‌‌are‌‌
Mass‌‌Ejection.‌ ‌
part‌‌of‌‌such‌‌networks‌‌can‌‌still‌‌be‌‌rendered‌‌
Reason‌‌behind‌‌Solar‌‌Cycle‌ ‌
useless‌‌by‌‌a‌‌very‌‌strong‌‌solar‌‌storm.‌ ‌
● The‌‌solar‌‌cycle‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Sun's‌‌

About‌‌Sun‌ ‌
magnetic‌‌field,‌‌which‌‌flips‌‌around‌‌every‌‌11‌‌

● Age‌‌is‌‌almost‌‌4.5‌‌billion‌‌years.‌ ‌
years,‌‌with‌‌its‌‌north‌‌and‌‌south‌‌magnetic‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌6 ‌ ‌
● The‌‌Sun‌‌is‌‌the‌‌largest‌‌object‌‌in‌‌our‌‌solar‌‌

system,‌‌comprising‌‌99.8%‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system’s‌‌
mass.‌‌
‌
Asymmetric‌‌Federalism‌ ‌
Federal‌‌and‌‌Unitary‌‌Political‌‌

systems‌ ‌
There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌kinds‌‌of‌‌political‌‌setups‌‌depending‌‌
on‌‌division‌‌of‌‌power‌‌between‌‌the‌‌central‌‌
government‌‌and‌‌the‌‌provincial/state‌‌government-‌ ‌
1. Federal‌‌Government‌ ‌
● Constitution/People‌‌are‌‌supreme.‌ ‌
● The‌‌powers‌‌of‌‌government‌‌are‌‌divided‌‌
between‌‌the‌‌centre‌‌and‌‌the‌‌State‌‌units.‌ ‌
● India,US‌‌are‌‌examples‌‌of‌‌it.‌ ‌
2. Unitary‌‌Government‌ ‌ ‌
● All‌‌the‌‌powers‌‌of‌‌government‌‌are‌‌vested‌‌ ● The‌‌term‌‌asymmetrical‌‌federalism‌‌refers‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌central‌‌government.‌ ‌ to‌‌differences‌‌in‌‌the‌‌way‌‌some‌‌States‌‌and‌‌
● Example-UK.There‌‌are‌‌Provincial‌‌ other‌‌UTs‌‌of‌‌the‌‌India‌‌relate‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Centre.‌ ‌
governments‌‌in‌‌UK‌‌but‌‌they‌‌work‌‌on‌‌ ● Example‌‌of‌‌Asymmetric‌‌Federalism-‌ ‌
directions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌central‌‌government.‌ ‌ 1. Special‌‌provisions‌‌for‌‌different‌‌states‌‌
under‌‌Article‌‌371A‌‌to‌‌371J.‌ ‌
2. Concept‌‌of‌‌special‌‌category‌‌states‌ ‌
Special‌‌category‌‌states-‌ ‌
● Introduced‌‌in‌‌1969,‌‌the‌‌fifth‌‌Finance‌‌
Commission‌‌(Chairman‌‌Mahavir‌‌Tyagi)‌‌
had‌‌given‌‌status‌‌of‌‌Special‌‌Category‌‌
States‌‌to‌‌three‌‌states‌‌(Jammu‌‌&‌‌Kashmir,‌‌
Assam‌‌and‌‌Nagaland)‌‌on‌‌the‌‌basis‌‌of‌‌
Gadgil‌‌Formula.‌ ‌
● Currently‌‌there‌‌are‌‌1)‌‌SCS-‌‌8‌‌NE‌‌states‌‌+ ‌‌
Uttarakhand+HP‌‌ ‌
Criteria-(i)‌‌hilly‌‌and‌‌difficult‌‌terrain;‌‌(ii)‌‌low‌‌

population‌‌density‌‌and/or‌‌a‌‌sizeable‌‌tribal‌‌
population;‌‌(iii)‌‌strategic‌‌location;‌‌(iv)‌‌economic‌‌
backwardness;‌‌and‌‌(v)‌‌non-viable‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌state‌‌
finances.‌ ‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌7 ‌ ‌
● Member‌‌of‌‌Constituent‌‌Assembly‌‌from‌‌
Assam.‌ ‌
● He‌‌argued‌‌“self‌‌rule”‌‌would‌‌leverage‌‌
“tribalstan”‌‌or‌‌“communistan”‌‌and‌‌would‌‌
be‌‌inimical‌‌to‌‌India’s‌‌territorial‌‌integrity‌‌and‌‌
security.‌ ‌
Current‌‌Context‌ ‌
Article‌‌371C.‌‌Special‌‌provision‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
State‌‌of‌‌Manipur‌ ‌
● President‌‌may,‌‌by‌‌order‌‌made‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌
to‌‌the‌‌State‌‌of‌‌Manipur,‌‌provide‌‌for‌‌the‌‌
constitution‌‌and‌‌functions‌‌of‌‌a‌‌committee‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌Legislative‌‌Assembly‌‌of‌‌the‌‌State‌‌
consisting‌‌of‌‌members‌‌of‌‌that‌‌Assembly‌‌
elected‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Hill‌‌Areas‌‌of‌‌that‌‌State,‌‌
for‌‌the‌‌modifications‌‌to‌‌be‌‌made‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
‌ rules‌‌of‌‌business‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Government‌‌and‌‌
There‌‌are‌‌several‌‌benefits‌‌to‌‌SCS-‌‌Like‌‌for‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌rules‌‌of‌‌procedure‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Legislative‌‌
Central‌‌Sponsored‌‌Scheme‌‌Centre‌‌bears‌‌90%‌‌ Assembly‌‌of‌‌the‌‌State‌‌and‌‌for‌‌any‌‌special‌‌
cost(for‌‌others‌‌states‌‌it‌‌is‌‌60%)‌ ‌ responsibility‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Governor‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌
secure‌‌the‌‌proper‌‌functioning‌‌of‌‌such‌‌
Analysis‌‌of‌‌Asymmetric‌‌
committee.‌ ‌
Federalism‌ ‌
● Charles‌‌Tarlton,‌‌the‌‌American‌‌political‌‌ Swadesh‌‌Darshan‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
scientist‌‌developed‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌ Context‌ ‌
Asymmetric‌‌Federalism‌‌in‌‌1960s.‌ ‌ ● Recently‌‌inaugural‌‌ceremony‌‌of‌‌Tourism‌‌
● He‌‌argued‌‌in‌‌his‌‌thesis‌‌that‌‌Asymmetric‌‌ and‌‌Culture‌‌Ministers'‌‌Conference‌‌of‌‌
Federalism‌‌can‌‌be‌‌a‌‌double‌‌edged‌‌sword.‌ ‌ North-eastern‌‌Region‌‌held‌‌in‌‌Guwahati‌ ‌
Why‌‌double‌‌edged‌‌sword?‌ ‌ ● Concluding‌‌the‌‌session‌‌CM‌‌of‌‌Assam‌‌
● It‌‌can‌‌reinforce‌‌integration‌‌of‌‌a‌‌country.‌ ‌ Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma‌‌said‌‌that‌‌without‌‌
● It‌‌can‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌disintegration‌‌of‌‌a‌‌country.‌ ‌ being‌‌well-connected‌‌by‌‌a‌‌network‌‌of‌‌
Example‌ ‌ roads‌‌tourism‌‌can‌‌never‌‌prosper‌‌in‌‌
Article‌‌370‌‌is‌‌an‌‌example‌‌of‌‌Asymmetric‌ Northeast.‌ ‌
Federalism-‌‌as‌‌it‌‌gave‌‌special‌‌privileges‌‌to‌‌J&K.‌ ‌ ● To‌‌illustrate‌‌his‌‌point,‌‌he‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌Dima‌‌
● Article‌‌370‌‌ensured‌‌that‌‌Jammu‌‌and‌‌ Hasao‌‌and‌‌Umrangshu,‌‌saying‌‌that‌‌
Kashmir‌‌remained‌‌integrated‌‌with‌‌India.‌ ‌ though‌‌such‌‌beautiful‌‌places‌‌are‌‌in‌‌
● But‌‌over‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌special‌‌privileges‌‌ abundance‌‌in‌‌the‌‌State,‌‌because‌‌of‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌
may‌‌also‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌threat‌‌on‌‌integrity‌‌of‌‌India‌‌ ‌ connectivity,‌‌the‌‌places‌‌did‌‌not‌‌get‌‌the‌‌
● This‌‌idea‌‌ultimately‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌ attention‌‌they‌‌deserve.‌ ‌
de-operationalization‌‌of‌‌article‌‌370.‌ ‌ ● He‌‌suggested‌‌‘Brand‌‌Northeast’‌‌be‌‌
Opposite‌‌ideas‌‌in‌‌constituent‌‌Assembly‌ ‌ popularised‌‌to‌‌promote‌‌tourism‌‌in‌‌
1. Gopinath‌‌Bordoloi‌‌Committee‌ ‌ Northeast.‌ ‌
● A‌‌subcommittee‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Constituent‌‌
Assembly‌‌which‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌accommodate‌‌
the‌‌distinctive‌‌identity,‌‌culture‌‌and‌‌way‌‌of‌‌ Factors‌‌responsible‌‌behind‌‌poor‌‌

life‌‌of‌‌tribal‌‌groups‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Northeast‌‌by‌‌
envisioning‌‌‘self‌‌rule’‌ ‌
tourism‌‌in‌‌Assam-‌ ‌
● Sixth‌‌Schedule‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Constitution‌‌of‌‌India‌‌ 1.‌ P‌ oor‌‌transport‌‌links‌‌with‌‌rest‌‌of‌‌India‌ ‌
(Articles‌‌244(2)‌‌and‌‌275(1))‌‌provides‌‌for‌‌ 2.‌ ‌Lodging‌‌and‌‌boarding‌‌problem‌‌in‌ ‌ ‌
decentralized‌‌self-governance‌‌was‌‌ ‌tourist‌‌spots‌ ‌
introduced‌‌after‌‌recommendations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 3.‌ ‌Poor‌‌transport‌‌facilities‌‌in‌‌the‌‌state‌ ‌
committee.‌ ‌ 4.‌ ‌Lack‌‌of‌‌publicity‌ ‌
2. Kuladhar‌‌Chaliha‌ ‌ 5.‌ ‌Extremist‌‌activities‌‌and‌‌social‌‌political‌ ‌ ‌
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‌Unrest‌ ‌ country.‌‌ ‌
● 15‌‌thematic‌‌circuits‌‌have‌‌been‌‌identified‌‌
under‌‌the‌‌Swadesh‌‌Darshan‌‌for‌‌
Tourism‌‌Policy‌‌of‌‌Assam,2017‌ ‌ development.‌‌ ‌
Effective‌‌from‌‌1st‌‌January‌‌2018‌‌and‌‌is‌‌valid‌‌for‌‌5 ‌ 2. PRASHAD‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
years.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌‘National‌‌Mission‌‌on‌‌Pilgrimage‌‌
Mission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme‌ ‌ Rejuvenation‌‌and‌‌Spiritual‌‌Augmentation‌‌
●‌‌To‌‌bring‌‌maximum‌‌footfalls‌‌in‌‌Assam‌ ‌ Drive‌‌(PRASAD)’‌‌was‌‌launched‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
●‌‌To‌‌promote‌‌tourism‌‌with‌‌vigorous‌‌massive‌‌ Ministry‌‌of‌‌Tourism‌‌in‌‌the‌‌year‌‌2014-15‌‌
campaign‌ ‌ with‌‌the‌‌objective‌‌of‌‌holistic‌‌development‌‌
●‌‌To‌‌build‌‌a‌‌global‌‌brand‌‌of‌‌“Awesome‌‌Assam”.‌ ‌ of‌‌identified‌‌pilgrimage‌‌destinations.‌ ‌
●‌‌Identify‌‌popular‌‌tourist‌‌destinations‌‌and‌‌develop‌‌ ● The‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme‌‌was‌‌changed‌‌
infrastructure.‌ ‌ from‌‌PRASAD‌‌to‌‌“National‌‌Mission‌‌on‌‌
●‌‌●‌‌Focus‌‌areas-‌‌Kamakhya‌‌Temple,‌‌Ambabuchi‌‌ Pilgrimage‌‌Rejuvenation‌‌and‌‌Spiritual‌‌
mela,‌‌One‌‌horned‌‌Rhinos,‌‌tea‌‌gardens‌‌of‌‌Assam‌ ‌ Heritage‌‌Augmentation‌‌Drive‌‌(PRASHAD)”‌‌
●‌‌Promote‌‌Spiritual‌‌Tourism‌‌in‌‌Assam-‌‌Like‌‌Brand‌‌ in‌‌October‌‌2017.‌ ‌
Nilanchal‌‌under‌‌PRASAD‌‌scheme,‌‌Sankardev‌‌
Trail,Swadesh‌‌Darshan‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
Recent‌‌Announcements‌ ‌ India-China‌‌century‌ ‌
1. Swadesh‌‌Darshan‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
● The‌‌Union‌‌Tourism‌‌and‌‌DoNER‌‌Minister‌‌G ‌‌
Kishan‌‌Reddy‌‌has‌‌sanctioned‌‌16‌‌projects‌‌ India‌‌China‌‌relations‌ ‌
under‌‌this‌‌scheme‌‌to‌‌the‌‌North-eastern‌ ‌ ● India‌‌and‌‌China‌‌had‌‌minimal‌‌interaction‌‌

Region.‌ ‌ before‌‌India’s‌‌independence-‌‌except‌‌some‌‌
2. Pilgrimage‌‌Rejuvenation‌‌and‌‌Spiritual,‌‌ trade‌‌and‌‌some‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌pilgrims‌‌and‌‌
Heritage‌‌Augmentation‌‌Drive‌‌(PRASHAD)‌‌ scholars.‌ ‌
schemes‌ ‌ ‌
● The‌‌Tourism‌‌ministry‌‌has‌‌also‌‌sanctioned‌‌ India‌‌China‌‌relations‌‌can‌‌be‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌following‌‌
Rs‌‌200‌‌crore‌‌worth‌‌of‌‌projects‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
phases-‌‌ ‌
region‌‌under‌‌the‌‌National‌‌Mission‌‌on‌‌ ‌
Pilgrimage‌‌Rejuvenation‌‌and‌‌Spiritual,‌‌ 1. Phase‌‌1(‌‌1950-57)-‌‌An‌‌era‌‌of‌‌growing‌‌
Heritage‌‌Augmentation‌‌Drive‌‌(PRASHAD)‌‌ friendship‌ ‌
schemes.‌‌ ‌ 2. Phase‌‌2‌‌-‌‌(‌‌1957-62)-‌‌Mutual‌‌Suspicion‌ ‌
3. Vistadome‌‌Train‌ ‌ 3. Phase‌‌3-‌‌Betrayal‌‌-‌‌1962‌ ‌
● The‌‌Indian‌‌Railways'‌‌Vistadome‌‌tourist‌‌ 4. Phase‌‌4(‌‌1962-77)-‌‌Antagonism‌ ‌
special‌‌trains‌‌will‌‌run‌‌on‌‌two‌‌popular‌‌
5. Phase‌‌5(‌‌1977-‌‌Present)-‌‌Rest‌‌ties‌ ‌
routes—Guwahati-New‌‌Haflong‌‌in‌‌Assam‌‌ Phase‌‌1(‌‌195-57)-‌‌An‌‌Era‌‌of‌‌growing‌‌friendship‌ ‌
and‌‌New‌‌Jalpaiguri-Alipurduar‌‌Junction‌‌in‌‌ ● 1950-‌‌India‌‌didn’t‌‌accept‌‌the‌‌US‌‌informal‌‌
north‌‌Bengal‌ ‌ proposal‌‌to‌‌become‌‌permanent‌‌member‌‌of‌‌
● The‌‌Vistadome‌‌coaches‌‌are‌‌equipped‌‌with‌‌ UNSC.‌‌It‌‌proposed‌‌that‌‌China‌‌should‌‌
state‌‌of‌‌the‌‌art‌‌glass‌‌windows‌‌and‌‌ remain‌‌permanent‌‌member‌‌of‌‌UNSC.‌ ‌
all-glass‌‌roofs‌‌and‌‌provide‌‌a‌‌360-degree‌‌ ● On‌‌April‌‌1,‌‌1950,‌‌China‌‌and‌‌India‌‌
view.‌ ‌ established‌‌diplomatic‌‌relations.‌‌India‌‌was‌‌
4. Asom‌‌Darshan‌‌Scheme‌‌by‌‌Assam‌‌ the‌‌first‌‌non-socialist‌‌country‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌

government‌ ‌ relations‌‌with‌‌China.‌ ‌
● 1954-‌ ‌1954-‌‌Panchsheel‌‌Agreement‌‌- ‌‌
Union‌‌Schemes‌‌for‌‌Tourism‌ ‌ Signed‌‌between‌‌India‌‌and‌‌China‌‌-‌I‌t‌‌a‌‌set‌‌
of‌ ‌Five‌‌Principles‌‌of‌‌Peaceful‌‌
1. Swadesh‌‌Darshan‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
Coexistence.‌ ‌
● Central‌‌Sector‌‌Scheme.‌ ‌
● Slogan-‌‌Hindi‌‌Chini‌‌Bhai‌‌Bhai‌‌was‌‌given.‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌launched‌‌in‌‌2014-15‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Ministry‌‌

Phase‌‌2(‌‌1957-62)-‌‌Mutual‌‌Suspicion‌ ‌
of‌‌Tourism‌‌and‌‌Culture,‌‌Government‌‌of‌‌
Suspicion‌‌of‌‌India‌‌against‌‌China‌ ‌
India.‌ ‌
● 1957-‌‌India‌‌realised‌‌that‌‌China‌‌has‌‌
● It‌‌theme-based‌‌tourist‌‌circuits‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

acquired‌‌about‌‌38,000‌‌sq‌‌km‌‌area‌‌of‌‌India‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌9 ‌ ‌
in‌‌Aksai‌‌Chin‌‌region‌‌by‌‌building‌‌a‌‌road‌‌
build‌‌ties‌‌in‌‌economic,‌‌security‌‌fields‌‌but‌‌
across‌‌it‌‌connecting‌‌Xinjiang‌‌with‌‌Tibet.‌ ‌ the‌‌distrust‌‌of‌‌1962‌‌still‌‌limits‌‌ties‌‌between‌‌
● China‌‌refused‌‌to‌‌identify‌‌legality‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌two‌‌countries.‌
Mcmohan‌‌line‌‌and‌‌claimed‌‌entire‌‌ ● In‌‌1988,‌‌Chinese‌‌Premier‌‌Deng‌‌Xiaoping‌‌
Arunachal‌‌Pradesh.‌ ‌ had‌‌told‌‌then-Indian‌‌Prime‌‌Minister‌‌Rajiv‌‌
Gandhi‌‌that‌‌the‌‌21st‌‌century‌‌would‌‌be‌‌
“India‌‌and‌‌China’s‌‌century”.‌ ‌
Current‌‌status‌ ‌
● India‌‌took‌‌calibrated‌‌approach‌‌to‌‌improve‌‌
its‌‌ties‌‌with‌‌China‌‌since‌‌1977.‌ ‌
● Some‌‌points‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌improved‌‌ties‌‌
between‌‌India‌‌and‌‌China-‌ ‌
1. Trade‌‌relations‌ ‌
● China‌‌is‌‌India’s‌‌largest‌‌trading‌‌partner.‌
2. Strategic‌‌Relations‌ ‌
● India‌‌respects‌‌territorial‌‌integrity‌‌of‌‌China.‌‌
‌ Eg‌‌Accepts‌‌China’s‌‌sovereignty‌‌over‌‌
Tibet,‌‌One‌‌China‌‌Policy‌‌etc‌ ‌
3. Institutional‌‌Cooperation‌ ‌
● ‌Engagement‌‌on‌‌different‌‌platforms‌‌like‌‌- ‌‌
BRICS,‌‌SCO,‌‌India-‌‌Russia‌‌China‌‌trilateral‌‌
ties,‌‌AIIB‌‌Joint‌‌military‌‌exercise‌‌Hand‌‌in‌‌
Hand‌ ‌
4. Informal‌‌Summits‌ ‌
● Wuhan‌‌Summit‌‌2018,‌‌Mamallapuram‌
summit‌‌2019.‌ ‌
● Shashi‌‌Tharoor‌‌in‌‌this‌‌article‌‌writes-the‌‌
current‌‌Chinese‌‌leadership‌‌wants‌‌it‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
‌ China’s‌‌century‌‌alone,‌‌and‌‌show‌‌India‌‌its‌‌
Suspicion‌‌of‌‌China‌‌against‌‌India-‌ ‌ place.‌ ‌
● 1959-India‌‌gave‌‌refuge‌‌to‌‌Dalai‌‌Lama‌ ‌ China’s‌‌anti‌‌India‌‌stands-‌ ‌
● 1960-India’s‌‌Forward‌‌March‌‌Policy‌ ‌ 1. Blocked‌‌India’s‌‌entry‌‌to‌‌NSG(Nuclear‌‌
Phase‌‌3(1962)‌‌-‌‌Betrayal‌ ‌ Suppliers‌‌Group)‌ ‌
‌ 2. Blocked‌‌terrorist‌‌designation‌‌to‌‌Azhar‌‌
● China‌‌betrayed‌‌India‌ ‌ Masood.‌ ‌
● It‌‌attacked‌‌India‌‌in‌‌October‌‌1962.‌ ‌ 3. Claims-‌‌Arunachal‌‌Pradesh-‌‌gives‌‌staple‌‌
‌ ‌ visa‌‌to‌‌people‌‌of‌‌Arunachal‌‌Pradesh.‌ ‌
India‌‌ was‌‌
not‌‌
prepared‌‌
and‌‌
thus‌‌
India‌‌ had‌‌
4. Military‌‌incursions-China’s‌‌strategy‌‌seems‌‌
to‌‌suffer‌‌a‌‌massive‌‌defeat.‌ ‌ to‌‌be‌‌to‌‌consolidate‌‌the‌‌LAC‌‌where‌‌it‌‌
Phase‌‌4(‌‌1962-77)-‌‌Antagonism‌ ‌ wants‌‌it,‌‌so‌‌that‌‌an‌‌eventual‌‌border‌‌
‌ settlement‌‌will‌‌be‌‌in‌‌its‌‌favour.‌‌ ‌
● Both‌‌countries‌‌maintained‌‌hostility‌‌against‌‌ 5. Belt‌‌and‌‌Road‌‌Initiative-‌‌String‌‌of‌‌Pearls‌‌
each‌‌other.‌ ‌ dilemma‌‌for‌‌India.‌ ‌
● China‌‌tried‌‌to‌‌help‌‌Pakistan‌‌in‌‌its‌‌war‌‌
6. Breach‌‌of‌‌Border‌‌Defence‌‌Cooperation‌‌
against‌‌India‌‌in‌‌1965‌‌and‌‌1971.‌ ‌ Agreement(2013)-Galwan‌‌Valley-‌‌led‌‌to‌‌
● Pakistan‌‌and‌‌China‌‌became‌‌all‌‌weather‌‌ martyr‌‌of‌‌20‌‌Indian‌‌soldiers.‌ ‌
friends.‌ ‌ India’s‌‌options‌ ‌
● They‌‌adopted‌‌I2‌‌Pincer‌‌strategy‌‌against‌‌ 1. Military‌‌actions‌ ‌
India.‌ ‌ ● India‌‌has‌‌reinforced‌‌its‌‌military‌‌assets‌‌on‌‌
Phase‌‌5(‌‌1977-‌‌Present)-‌‌Reset‌‌ties‌ ‌ the‌‌LAC‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌deeper‌‌incursions‌‌for‌‌
● Atal‌‌Bihari‌‌Vajpayee‌‌visited‌‌China‌‌as‌‌ now,‌‌and‌‌hopes‌‌to‌‌press‌‌the‌‌Chinese‌‌to‌‌
Foreign‌‌minister‌‌in‌‌1977‌‌and‌‌tried‌‌to‌‌ restore‌‌the‌‌status‌‌quo‌‌ante‌‌through‌‌either‌‌
normalise‌‌ties‌‌with‌‌China.‌ ‌ diplomatic‌‌or‌‌military‌‌means.‌ ‌
● Since‌‌then‌‌China‌‌and‌‌India‌‌are‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌ 2. Economic‌‌Actions‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌10‌ ‌
● Huawei‌‌and‌‌ZTE,‌‌have‌‌been‌‌barred‌‌from‌‌ Citizenship‌‌Amendment‌‌Act‌‌have‌‌brought‌‌
the‌‌ongoing‌‌trials‌‌to‌‌be‌‌picked‌‌to‌‌build‌‌ about‌‌this‌‌demotion.‌‌ ‌
India’s‌‌5G‌‌telecoms‌‌infrastructure.‌‌ ‌ 2. Press‌‌freedom‌‌is‌‌compromised‌ ‌
● India‌‌has‌‌also‌‌imposed‌‌tighter‌‌limits‌‌on‌‌ ● The‌‌Reporters‌‌without‌‌Borders’‌‌Press‌‌
Chinese‌‌investment‌‌in‌‌projects‌‌such‌‌as‌‌ Freedom‌‌Report‌‌has‌‌placed‌‌India‌‌167th‌‌
railways,‌‌motorways,‌‌public-sector‌‌ out‌‌of‌‌183‌‌countries.‌‌
construction‌‌projects,‌‌and‌‌telecoms.‌ ‌ 3. Sedition‌‌charges‌ ‌
● Banned‌‌Chinese‌‌apps‌ ‌ ● Government’s‌‌crackdown‌‌on‌‌freedom‌‌of‌‌
● Reduced‌‌China’s‌‌trade‌‌with‌‌India-‌‌Atma‌‌ speech‌‌with‌‌sedition‌‌charges.‌ ‌
Nirbhar‌‌Bharat‌‌Abhiyan.‌‌Trade‌‌with‌‌China‌‌ ● Statistics‌‌showing‌‌a‌‌165‌‌per‌‌cent‌‌increase‌‌
may‌‌seem‌‌substantial‌‌from‌‌an‌‌Indian‌‌ in‌‌sedition‌‌cases‌‌between‌‌2016‌‌and‌‌2019.‌ ‌
perspective,‌‌but‌‌it‌‌only‌‌represents‌‌3%‌‌of‌‌ 4. Lack‌‌of‌‌transparency‌‌and‌‌data‌‌
China’s‌‌exports.‌ ‌ manipulation‌ ‌
3. Strategic‌‌cooperation‌‌against‌‌China‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌being‌‌accused‌‌that‌‌the‌‌government‌‌
● Formalisation‌‌of‌‌QUAD‌ ‌ tries‌‌to‌‌suppress‌‌data‌‌pertaining‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
● Inclusion‌‌of‌‌Australia‌‌in‌‌Malabar‌‌exercise‌‌ economy,‌‌record‌‌unemployment‌‌and‌‌even‌‌
as‌‌a‌‌permanent‌‌partner.‌ ‌ Covid‌‌cases.‌‌ ‌
5. Snooping‌‌charges‌‌ ‌
● Eg‌‌Pegasus‌‌used‌‌against‌‌opposition‌‌
India’s‌‌falling‌‌democracy‌ ‌ leaders‌‌and‌‌media‌‌personalities.‌ ‌
Context‌ ‌
● On‌‌occasion‌‌of‌‌International‌‌Democracy‌‌
day‌‌ie‌‌15th‌‌September‌ ‌Sweden's‌‌V-Dem‌‌
Institute‌‌released‌‌The‌‌Freedom‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
World‌‌2021‌‌report.‌ ‌
● The‌‌report‌‌has‌‌downgraded‌‌India’s‌‌status‌‌
from‌‌‘Free’‌‌to‌‌‘Partly‌‌Free’.‌ ‌
● Earlier,‌‌Sweden-based‌‌V-Dem‌‌Institute‌ ‌in‌‌
its‌‌latest‌‌report‌‌on‌‌democracy‌‌said‌‌India‌‌
had‌‌become‌‌an‌‌"electoral‌‌autocracy".‌ ‌
● India‌‌was‌‌also‌‌described‌‌as‌‌a‌‌"flawed‌‌
democracy",‌‌slipped‌‌two‌‌places‌‌to‌‌53rd‌‌
position‌‌in‌‌the‌‌latest‌‌Democracy‌‌Index‌ ‌
published‌‌by‌‌The‌‌Economist‌‌Intelligence‌‌
Unit.‌ ‌
Response‌‌of‌‌the‌‌government‌ ‌
1. In‌‌the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌democracy‌‌some‌‌
subversive‌‌groups‌‌try‌‌to‌‌attack‌‌unity‌‌and‌‌
integrity‌‌of‌‌India.‌ ‌
2. Many‌‌international‌‌reports‌‌are‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌put‌‌
poor‌‌image‌‌of‌‌India‌‌across‌‌the‌‌world‌‌to‌‌
weaken‌‌India’s‌‌proactive‌‌foreign‌‌policies‌‌
and‌‌legitimate‌‌demands‌‌like‌‌permanent‌‌
seat‌‌at‌‌UNSC.‌ ‌
Niti‌‌Aayog’s‌‌dashboard‌‌for‌‌monitoring‌‌global‌‌
indices‌ ‌
‌
● Niti‌‌Aayog‌‌plans‌‌to‌‌create‌‌a‌‌dashboard‌‌for‌‌
monitoring‌‌global‌‌indices.‌ ‌
Reasons‌‌for‌‌India’s‌‌downgrading‌ ‌ ● It‌‌will‌‌also‌‌monitor‌‌parameters‌‌used‌‌in‌‌key‌‌
global‌‌indices‌‌including‌‌Ease‌‌of‌‌Doing‌‌
1. Forceful‌‌imposition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌government‌‌ Business,‌‌World‌‌Press‌‌Freedom,‌‌Human‌‌
view‌‌without‌‌incorporating‌‌public‌‌opinion‌ ‌ Development,‌‌Global‌‌Innovation,‌‌and‌‌
● Eg‌‌-De‌‌Operationalization‌‌of‌‌Article‌‌
Global‌‌Climate‌‌Risk.‌ ‌
370,Shutdown‌‌of‌‌Kashmir‌‌in‌‌2019‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌11‌ ‌
● The‌‌goal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌exercise‌‌is‌‌to‌‌use‌‌these‌‌

Indices‌‌as‌‌tools‌‌for‌‌self-improvement,‌‌and‌‌
bring‌‌about‌‌reforms‌‌in‌‌policies.‌ ‌
● Simultaneously,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌equally‌‌important‌‌to‌‌
present‌‌an‌‌accurate‌‌image‌‌of‌‌India‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
world.‌ ‌
Bad‌‌Bank‌ ‌ ‌
Banking‌‌Business‌ ‌
Asset‌‌and‌‌Liability‌‌
‌ What‌‌is‌‌a‌‌Bad‌‌Bank?‌ ‌
● In‌‌every‌‌country,‌‌commercial‌‌banks‌‌accept‌‌
deposits‌‌and‌‌extend‌‌loans.‌‌ ‌ ● A‌‌bad‌‌bank‌‌is‌‌a‌‌financial‌‌institution‌‌set‌‌up‌‌
● The‌‌deposits‌‌are‌‌a‌‌bank’s‌‌“liability”‌‌ to‌‌buy‌‌the‌‌bad‌‌loans‌‌of‌‌another‌‌financial‌‌
because‌‌it‌‌will‌‌have‌‌to‌‌return‌‌that‌‌money‌‌ institution.‌ ‌
when‌‌the‌‌depositor‌‌asks‌‌for‌‌it.‌ ‌ ● Technically,‌‌a‌‌bad‌‌bank‌‌is‌‌an‌‌asset‌‌
● Moreover,‌‌in‌‌the‌‌interim,‌‌it‌‌has‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌the‌‌ reconstruction‌‌company‌‌(ARC)‌‌that‌‌takes‌‌
depositor‌‌an‌‌interest‌‌rate‌‌on‌‌those‌‌ over‌‌the‌‌bad‌‌loans‌‌of‌‌commercial‌‌banks,‌‌
deposits.‌ ‌ manages‌‌them‌‌and‌‌finally‌‌recovers‌‌the‌‌
● The‌‌loans‌‌that‌‌banks‌‌give‌‌out‌‌are‌‌their‌‌ money‌‌over‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time.‌‌ ‌
“assets”‌‌because‌‌this‌‌is‌‌where‌‌the‌‌banks‌‌ Note-‌‌Bad‌‌bank‌‌nomenclature‌‌is‌‌misleading‌‌as‌‌it‌‌
earn‌‌interest‌‌and‌‌this‌‌is‌‌money‌‌that‌‌the‌‌ is‌‌not‌‌exactly‌‌a‌‌bank‌‌since‌‌it‌‌is‌‌not‌ ‌involved‌‌in‌‌
borrower‌‌has‌‌to‌‌return‌‌to‌‌the‌‌bank.‌ ‌ lending‌‌and‌‌taking‌‌deposits,‌‌but‌‌helps‌‌commercial‌‌
● The‌‌whole‌‌business‌‌model‌‌is‌‌premised‌‌on‌‌ banks‌‌clean‌‌up‌‌their‌‌balance‌‌sheets‌‌and‌‌resolve‌‌
the‌‌idea‌‌that‌‌a‌‌bank‌‌will‌‌earn‌‌more‌‌money‌‌ bad‌‌loans.‌ ‌ ‌
from‌‌extending‌‌loans‌‌to‌‌borrowers‌‌than‌‌ Benefits‌‌of‌‌a‌‌bad‌‌Bank-‌ ‌
what‌‌it‌‌would‌‌have‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌back‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 1. Clean‌‌the‌‌the‌‌balance‌‌sheet‌‌of‌ ‌other‌‌
depositors.‌ ‌ commercial‌‌banks.‌ ‌
● If‌‌a‌‌scenario‌‌arises‌‌where‌‌a‌‌bank‌‌finds‌‌a ‌‌ 2. Bad‌‌banks‌‌are‌‌actually‌‌not‌‌a‌‌banks‌‌but‌‌
huge‌‌loan‌‌not‌‌being‌‌repaid‌‌because,‌‌say,‌‌ asset‌‌reconstruction‌‌companies‌‌who‌‌
the‌‌firm‌‌that‌‌took‌‌the‌‌loan‌‌has‌‌failed‌‌in‌‌its‌‌ knows‌‌better‌ ‌how‌‌to‌‌to‌‌recover‌‌the‌‌loan‌‌in‌‌
business‌‌and‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌position‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌back‌‌ efficient‌‌manner.‌ ‌
either‌‌the‌‌interest‌‌or‌‌the‌‌principal‌‌amount.‌ ‌ 3. Banks‌‌will‌‌be‌‌relieved‌‌from‌‌the‌‌burden‌‌of‌‌
● Such‌‌loans‌‌are‌‌known‌‌as‌ ‌“bad‌‌loans”‌‌or‌‌ recovery‌‌of‌‌loans.‌ ‌
Non‌‌Performing‌‌Assets(NPA).‌ ‌ International‌‌examples‌‌of‌‌bad‌‌Banks‌ ‌
● If‌‌bad‌‌loans‌‌become‌‌too‌‌high-‌‌Banks‌‌get‌‌ ● US-based‌‌Mellon‌‌Bank‌‌created‌‌the‌‌first‌‌
to‌‌the‌‌verge‌‌of‌‌collapsing.‌ ‌ bad‌‌bank‌‌in‌‌1988,‌‌after‌‌which‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌
● Collapse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Bank‌‌will‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌collapse‌‌ has‌‌been‌‌implemented‌‌in‌‌other‌‌countries‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌economy.‌ ‌ including‌‌Sweden,‌‌Finland,‌‌France‌‌and‌‌
Germany.‌ ‌
Criticism‌‌of‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌bad‌‌Bank‌ ‌
NPA‌‌in‌‌India‌ ‌ ‌“I‌‌just‌‌saw‌‌this‌‌(bad‌‌bank‌‌idea)‌‌as‌‌shifting‌‌loans‌‌
● In‌‌India,‌‌the‌‌level‌‌of‌‌NPAs‌‌rose‌‌alarmingly‌‌
from‌‌one‌‌government‌‌pocket‌‌(the‌‌public‌‌sector‌‌
since‌‌2016.‌‌ ‌ banks)‌‌to‌‌another‌‌(the‌‌bad‌‌bank)”‌ ‌
● This‌‌was‌‌a‌‌result‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RBI‌‌requiring‌‌
Dr‌‌Raghuram‌‌Rajan‌‌in‌‌his‌‌book‌ ‌do‌‌what‌‌I‌‌do‌ ‌
banks‌‌to‌‌clearly‌‌recognise‌‌the‌‌bad‌‌loans‌‌ Recent‌‌Developments‌ ‌
on‌‌their‌‌books.‌ ‌ ● In‌‌the‌‌Budget‌‌2021-22,‌‌Finance‌‌Minister‌‌
● The‌‌most‌‌worrisome‌‌fact‌‌was‌‌that‌‌an‌‌ Nirmala‌‌Sitharaman‌‌has‌‌announced‌‌the‌‌
overwhelming‌‌proportion‌‌of‌‌NPAs‌‌was‌‌with‌‌ formation‌‌of‌‌India’s‌‌first-ever‌‌“Bad‌‌Bank”.‌ ‌
● Government‌‌will‌‌infuse‌ ‌Rs‌‌30,600‌‌crore‌‌
the‌‌public‌‌sector‌‌banks‌ ‌ ‌
as‌‌guarantee.‌ ‌
India’s‌‌Bad‌‌Bank‌ ‌
● It‌‌will‌‌include‌‌2‌‌entities-‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌12‌ ‌
1. “National‌‌Asset‌‌Reconstruction‌‌Company‌‌
Territories,‌‌Assam‌‌ranks‌‌28th‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Limited”(NARCL)‌ ‌ implementation‌‌of‌‌Jal‌‌Jeevan‌‌Mission),‌‌a ‌‌
2. ‌India‌‌Debt‌‌Resolution‌‌Company‌‌Ltd‌‌
flagship‌‌programme‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Central‌‌
(IDRCL)‌ ‌ Government.‌ ‌
● Assam’s‌‌coverage‌‌so‌‌far‌‌is‌‌15.73%.‌ ‌
● Goa,‌‌Telangana‌‌Andaman‌‌and‌‌Nicobar‌‌
Jal‌‌Jeevan‌‌Mission‌ ‌ Islands,‌‌Puducherry,‌‌and‌‌Dadra,‌‌Nagar‌‌
Haveli,‌‌Daman‌‌and‌‌Diu‌‌have‌‌already‌‌
Jal‌‌Jeevan‌‌Mission(Rural)‌ ‌ provided‌‌a‌‌hundred‌‌per‌‌cent‌‌of‌‌their‌‌
● ‌Implemented‌‌by‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌Jal‌‌Shakti.‌ ‌ targeted‌‌households‌‌with‌‌tap‌‌water‌‌supply.‌‌ ‌
● It‌‌envisages‌‌supply‌‌of‌‌55‌‌litres‌‌of‌‌water‌‌ ● States‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Bihar‌‌(87.15%)‌‌have‌‌also‌‌
per‌‌person‌‌per‌‌day‌‌to‌‌every‌‌rural‌‌ accounted‌‌for‌‌a‌‌high‌‌percentage‌‌of‌‌
household‌‌through‌‌Functional‌‌Household‌‌ coverage.‌ ‌
Tap‌‌Connections‌‌(FHTC)‌‌by‌‌2024.‌ ‌
● Goa‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌state‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country‌‌to‌‌

provide‌‌FHTCs‌‌to‌‌all‌‌rural‌‌households.‌ ‌
Jal‌‌Jeevan‌‌Mission(Urban)‌ ‌
Difficult‌‌for‌‌India‌‌to‌‌have‌‌

● In‌‌the‌‌Budget‌‌2021-22,‌‌Jal‌‌Jeevan‌‌Mission‌‌ net‌‌zero‌ ‌
(Urban)‌‌has‌‌been‌‌announced‌‌under‌‌the‌‌
Housing‌‌and‌‌Urban‌‌Affairs‌‌Ministry‌‌to‌‌ Context‌ ‌
provide‌‌universal‌‌coverage‌‌of‌‌water‌‌supply‌‌ ● The‌‌US‌‌During‌‌presidentship‌‌of‌‌Donald‌‌
to‌‌all‌‌households‌‌through‌‌functional‌‌taps‌‌ Trump‌‌neglected‌‌global‌‌climate‌‌change‌‌
in‌‌all‌‌statutory‌‌towns‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌‌ concerns.‌ ‌
Sustainable‌‌Development‌‌Goal-‌‌6.‌ ‌ ● In‌‌fact‌‌the‌‌US‌‌pulled‌‌out‌‌of‌‌Paris‌‌climate‌‌
Implementation‌ ‌ deal‌‌during‌‌Trump‌‌regime.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Mission‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌a‌‌community‌‌ ● Under‌‌presidentship‌‌of‌ ‌Joe‌‌Biden‌‌the‌‌US‌‌
approach‌‌to‌‌water‌‌and‌‌includes‌‌extensive‌‌ is‌‌revitalizing‌‌its‌‌commitment‌‌towards‌‌
Information,‌‌Education‌‌and‌‌ containing‌ ‌global‌‌warming.‌ ‌
Communication‌‌as‌‌a‌‌key‌‌component‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ Recent‌‌steps‌‌taken‌‌by‌‌the‌‌US-‌ ‌
mission.‌ ‌ 1. The‌‌US‌‌joined‌‌Paris‌‌climate‌‌deal.‌ ‌
● JJM‌‌looks‌‌to‌‌create‌‌a‌‌jan‌‌andolan‌‌for‌‌ 2. Virtual‌‌Climate‌‌Leaders’‌‌Summit‌‌convened‌‌
water,‌‌thereby‌‌making‌‌it‌‌everyone’s‌‌ by‌‌US‌‌President‌‌Joe‌‌Biden‌‌on‌‌April‌‌22-23.‌‌ ‌
priority.‌ ‌ Current‌‌news‌ ‌
● The‌‌fund‌‌sharing‌‌pattern‌‌between‌‌the‌‌ ● US‌‌Special‌‌Presidential‌‌Envoy‌‌for‌‌Climate‌‌
Centre‌‌and‌‌states‌‌is‌‌90:10‌‌for‌‌Himalayan‌‌ John‌‌Kerry‌‌will‌‌travelled‌ ‌to‌‌India‌‌from‌‌
and‌‌North-Eastern‌‌States,‌‌50:50‌‌for‌‌other‌‌ September‌‌12-14,‌‌2021‌‌ ‌
states,‌‌and‌‌100%‌‌for‌‌Union‌‌Territories.‌ ‌ ● Purpose‌‌of‌‌the‌‌visit-To‌‌convince‌‌India‌‌to‌‌
make‌‌commitment‌‌of‌‌net‌‌zero‌‌emission‌‌by‌‌
2050‌‌before‌‌COP26‌‌of‌‌UNFCCC‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
held‌‌in‌ ‌November‌‌2021‌‌at‌‌
Glasgow,Scotland‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌net‌‌zero‌‌emissions?‌ ‌
● Net-zero,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌also‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌as‌
carbon-neutrality‌‌is‌‌a‌‌state‌‌in‌‌which‌‌a ‌‌
country’s‌‌emissions‌‌are‌‌compensated‌‌by‌‌
absorption‌‌and‌‌removal‌‌of‌‌greenhouse‌‌
gases‌‌from‌‌the‌‌atmosphere.‌ ‌
● ‌Absorption‌‌of‌‌the‌‌emissions‌‌can‌‌be‌‌
increased‌‌by-‌ ‌
1. Creating‌‌more‌‌carbon‌‌sinks‌‌such‌‌as‌‌
‌ forests‌ ‌
Current‌‌Article‌ ‌ 2. Removal‌‌of‌‌gases‌‌from‌‌atmosphere‌‌with‌‌
● That‌‌among‌‌all‌‌States‌‌and‌‌Union‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌13‌ ‌
help‌‌of‌‌technologies‌ ‌ does‌‌not‌‌want‌‌to‌‌make‌‌an‌‌international‌‌

Carbon‌‌emission‌‌scenario‌‌across‌‌the‌‌world‌ ‌ commitment‌‌so‌‌much‌‌in‌‌advance.‌ ‌
● India,‌‌the‌‌world’s‌‌third‌‌biggest‌‌emitter‌‌of‌‌

greenhouse‌‌gases‌‌after‌‌China‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
US.‌ ‌ Burning‌‌2,500‌‌rhino‌‌horns‌ ‌
● Almost‌‌all‌‌major‌‌countries‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world‌‌
have‌‌made‌‌a‌‌commitment‌‌of‌‌achieving‌‌ ● Today‌‌ie‌‌September‌‌22‌ ‌World‌‌Rhino‌‌Day.‌ ‌
zero‌‌emission.‌ ‌ ● Assam‌‌will‌‌mark‌‌World‌‌Rhino‌‌Day‌‌with‌‌a ‌‌
● UK‌‌and‌‌France,‌‌have‌‌already‌‌enacted‌‌ special‌‌ceremony‌‌by‌‌burning‌‌a‌‌stockpile‌‌of‌‌
laws‌‌promising‌‌to‌‌achieve‌‌a‌‌net-zero‌‌ nearly‌‌2,500‌‌horns‌‌of‌‌the‌‌one-horned‌‌
emission‌‌scenario‌‌by‌‌2050.‌ ‌ rhinoceros.‌‌ ‌
● China‌‌has‌‌promised‌‌to‌‌go‌‌net-zero‌‌by‌‌ ● The‌‌public‌‌ceremony‌‌—‌‌scheduled‌‌at‌‌
2060.‌ ‌ Bokakhat‌‌in‌‌Kaziranga‌‌National‌‌Park‌‌
● The‌‌US‌‌requested‌‌world‌‌countries‌‌to‌‌ (KNP)‌‌with‌‌Chief‌‌Minister‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌
adopt‌ ‌net-zero‌‌emission‌‌target‌‌for‌‌2050‌‌at‌‌ Sarma‌‌as‌‌the‌‌chief‌‌guest.‌ ‌
the‌‌Virtual‌‌Climate‌‌Leaders’‌‌summit.‌ ‌ Why‌‌burning‌‌of‌‌Rhino‌‌horns?‌ ‌
Bhutan‌‌is‌‌often‌‌described‌‌as‌‌carbon-negative‌‌ ● For‌‌rhino‌‌conservation‌‌and‌‌prevent‌‌
because‌‌it‌‌absorbs‌‌more‌‌than‌‌it‌‌emits.‌ ‌ poaching.‌ ‌
● Rhinos‌‌are‌‌mainly‌‌hunted‌‌for‌‌their‌‌horns‌‌
because‌‌of‌‌a‌‌myth‌‌that‌‌Rhino‌‌horns‌‌have‌‌
Why‌‌India‌‌is‌‌reluctant‌‌to‌‌go‌‌Zero‌‌
high‌‌medicinal‌‌value.‌ ‌
emission?‌ ‌ ● Public‌‌burning‌‌of‌‌horns‌‌will‌‌“bust‌‌myths‌‌
● Over‌‌the‌‌next‌‌two‌‌to‌‌three‌‌decades,‌‌ about‌‌rhino‌‌horns”.‌ ‌
India’s‌‌emissions‌‌are‌‌likely‌‌to‌‌grow‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ Threat‌‌of‌‌poaching‌‌of‌‌one‌‌horn‌‌Rhinos‌ ‌
fastest‌‌pace‌‌in‌‌the‌‌world,‌‌as‌‌it‌‌presses‌‌for‌ ● There‌‌is‌‌well-organised‌‌crime‌‌syndicate‌‌
higher‌‌growth‌‌to‌‌pull‌‌hundreds‌‌of‌‌millions‌‌ for‌‌poaching‌‌Rhinos.‌ ‌
of‌‌people‌‌out‌‌of‌‌poverty.‌‌ ‌ Demand‌‌for‌‌Rhinos‌‌horn‌ ‌
● No‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌afforestation‌‌or‌‌reforestation‌‌ ● Rhino‌‌horn‌‌is‌‌used‌‌in‌‌traditional‌‌Chinese‌‌
would‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌compensate‌‌for‌‌the‌‌ medicine‌‌to‌‌cure‌‌a‌‌range‌‌of‌‌ailments‌‌like‌ ‌
increased‌‌emissions.‌‌ ‌ cancer‌‌and‌‌also‌‌as‌‌an‌‌aphrodisiac.‌ ‌
● Most‌‌of‌‌the‌‌carbon‌‌removal‌‌technologies‌‌ ● ‌In‌‌Vietnam,‌‌possessing‌‌a‌‌rhino‌‌horn‌‌is‌‌
right‌‌now‌‌are‌‌either‌‌unreliable‌‌or‌‌very‌‌ considered‌‌a‌‌status‌‌symbol.‌ ‌
expensive.‌ ‌ Incidents‌‌of‌‌poaching‌ ‌
● According‌‌to‌‌International‌‌Energy‌‌ ● 2013‌‌and‌‌2014-These‌‌two‌‌years‌‌
Agency’s‌‌Energy‌‌Outlook‌‌Report‌‌ witnessed‌‌the‌‌highest‌‌number‌‌of‌‌incidents‌‌
2021-India’s‌‌70%‌‌electricity‌ ‌still‌‌generated‌‌ in‌‌a‌‌decade,‌‌at‌‌27‌‌in‌‌each‌‌year.‌‌
‌
from‌‌coal.‌ ‌ ● Since‌‌then‌‌it‌‌has‌‌declined.‌‌ ‌
India’s‌‌argument‌‌on‌‌the‌‌paper‌ ‌ ● Last‌‌year‌‌three‌‌rhinos‌‌were‌‌poached.‌ ‌
● India‌‌is‌‌focussing‌‌on‌‌fulfilling‌‌commitments‌‌
made‌‌under‌‌Paris‌‌Climate‌‌deal.‌ ‌
● Paris‌‌Climate‌‌deal‌‌implementation‌‌started‌‌ Police‌ ‌reforms‌ ‌in‌ ‌India‌ ‌
from‌‌2021(Jan).‌ ‌ Context‌ ‌
● The‌‌goals‌‌of‌‌Paris‌‌Climate‌‌deal‌‌are‌‌
voluntary(INDC)‌‌and‌‌short‌‌term(5‌‌years‌‌or‌‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌article‌‌it‌‌has‌‌been‌‌15‌‌

10‌‌years).‌ ‌ years‌‌since‌‌Supreme‌‌Court’s‌‌judgement‌‌in‌‌
● Progress‌‌on‌‌Paris‌‌Climate‌‌Deal‌‌can‌‌be‌‌ Prakash‌‌Singh‌‌case(2006)‌‌regarding‌‌
easily‌‌monitored(as‌‌it‌‌is‌‌short‌‌term).‌ ‌ Police‌‌reforms.Meeran‌‌Chadha‌‌Borwankar‌‌
● India‌‌argued‌‌that‌‌countries‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌ writes:‌‌Supreme‌‌Court's‌‌directions‌‌in‌‌
making‌ ‌long-term‌‌commitment‌‌of‌‌net‌‌zero‌‌ 'Prakash‌‌Singh'‌‌have‌‌remained‌‌on‌‌paper,‌‌
emission(by‌‌2050)‌ ‌should‌‌focus‌‌on‌‌ obstructed‌‌by‌‌politicians‌‌and‌‌corrupt‌‌police‌‌
fulfillment‌‌of‌‌short-term‌‌goals‌‌in‌‌made‌‌ officers.‌‌People‌‌must‌‌demand‌‌
under‌‌Paris‌‌climate‌‌deal.‌ ‌ accountability‌‌on‌‌police‌‌reforms.‌ ‌ ‌
‌India‌‌does‌‌not‌‌rule‌‌out‌‌the‌‌possibility‌‌of‌‌achieving‌‌
carbon-neutrality‌‌by‌‌2050‌‌or‌‌2060.‌‌Just‌‌that,‌‌it‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌14‌ ‌
Initiative‌‌(NGO‌‌for‌‌Human‌‌rights),‌‌in‌‌its‌‌
report‌‌of‌‌2020‌‌has‌‌some‌‌useful‌‌data.‌ ‌
Background‌‌of‌‌Prakash‌‌Singh‌‌
● It‌‌tracked‌‌changes‌‌made‌‌in‌‌the‌‌police‌‌
Case(2006)‌ ‌ ‌ force‌‌following‌‌the‌‌2006‌‌judgment.‌ ‌
● It‌‌has‌‌found‌‌that‌‌not‌‌even‌‌one‌‌state‌‌was‌‌
● Prakash‌‌Singh,‌‌who‌‌served‌‌as‌‌DGP‌‌of‌‌UP‌‌ fully‌‌compliant‌‌with‌‌the‌‌apex‌‌court‌‌
Police‌‌and‌‌Assam‌‌Police‌‌besides‌‌other‌‌ directives.‌ ‌
postings,‌‌filed‌‌a‌‌PIL‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌‌ Others‌‌important‌‌Police‌‌Reforms‌‌in‌‌India‌‌after‌‌
post-retirement,‌‌in‌‌1996,‌‌seeking‌‌police‌‌ independence‌ ‌
reforms.‌ ‌ 1. National‌‌Police‌‌Commission‌‌(1977-81)‌ ‌
● In‌‌a‌‌landmark‌‌judgment,‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌ ● Judicial‌‌inquiry‌‌for‌‌custodial‌‌rape,‌‌death,‌‌
Court‌‌in‌‌September‌‌2006‌‌had‌‌directed‌‌all‌‌ hurt,‌‌and‌‌deaths‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌police‌‌firing.‌ ‌
states‌‌and‌‌Union‌‌Territories‌‌to‌‌bring‌‌in‌‌ ● Political‌‌interference‌‌in‌‌police‌‌work‌‌had‌‌
police‌‌reforms.‌ ‌ caused‌‌gross‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌power.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌ruling‌‌issued‌‌a‌‌series‌‌of‌‌measures‌‌ 2. Ribeiro‌‌Committee‌‌(1988)‌ ‌
that‌‌were‌‌to‌‌be‌‌undertaken‌‌by‌‌the‌‌ ● It‌‌endorsed‌‌the‌‌recommendations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
governments‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌the‌‌police‌‌could‌‌do‌‌ NPC‌‌with‌‌certain‌‌modifications.‌ ‌
their‌‌work‌‌without‌‌worrying‌‌about‌‌any‌‌ 3. Malimath‌‌Committee‌‌(2002-03)‌ ‌
political‌‌interference.‌ ‌ ● This‌‌committee‌‌submitted‌‌its‌‌report‌‌in‌‌
● State‌‌Security‌‌Commission‌ ‌ 2003‌‌and‌‌was‌‌related‌‌to‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌
● State‌‌Security‌‌Commission‌‌for‌‌transfer‌‌ justice‌‌system‌‌in‌‌India.‌ ‌
and‌‌posting‌‌of‌‌Police‌‌officials.It‌ ‌will‌‌
4. Second‌‌Administrative‌‌Reform‌‌
ensure‌‌that‌‌State‌‌government‌‌doesn’t‌‌use‌‌ Commission‌‌recommendation‌‌on‌‌Police‌‌
undue‌‌influence‌‌on‌‌Police‌‌force.‌ ‌ Reform(2005)‌ ‌
● Separate‌‌Investigation‌‌and‌‌Law‌‌and‌‌Order‌‌
team‌ ‌
● Investigation‌‌team‌‌should‌‌be‌‌separate‌‌
from‌‌Law‌‌and‌‌order‌ ‌to‌‌ensure‌‌speedy‌‌

Dalal‌‌Raj‌ ‌
investigation.‌ ‌ Context‌ ‌
● Police‌‌Complaint‌‌Authority‌ ‌ ● Addressing‌‌Circle‌‌officers‌‌and‌‌ADCs‌‌
● Set‌‌up‌‌a‌‌Police‌‌Complaints‌‌Authority‌‌ (Additional‌‌Deputy‌‌
(PCA)‌‌at‌‌state‌‌level‌‌to‌‌inquire‌‌into‌‌public‌‌ Commissioners-Revenue)‌ ‌
complaints‌‌against‌‌police‌‌officers‌‌ ‌ Assam‌‌CM‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma‌‌
● National‌‌Security‌‌Commission‌‌(NSC)‌ ‌ complained‌‌to‌‌land‌‌revenue‌‌department‌‌
● ‌National‌‌Security‌‌Commission‌‌(NSC)‌‌at‌‌ officers‌‌about‌‌no‌‌land-related‌‌issues‌‌faced‌‌
the‌‌union‌‌level‌‌to‌‌prepare‌‌a‌‌panel‌‌for‌‌ by‌‌commoners‌‌getting‌‌resolved‌‌without‌‌
selection‌‌and‌‌placement‌‌of‌‌Chiefs‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ bribing‌‌brokers.‌ ‌
Central‌‌Police‌‌Organisations‌‌(CPO)‌‌with‌‌a ‌‌ ● Common‌‌people‌‌don't‌‌dare‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌circle‌‌
minimum‌‌tenure‌‌of‌‌two‌‌years.‌ ‌ offices.‌ ‌
● They‌‌take‌‌it‌‌for‌‌granted‌‌that‌‌they‌‌cannot‌‌
get‌‌any‌‌land-related‌‌work‌‌done‌‌without‌‌a ‌‌
broker's‌‌(dalal's)‌‌help.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Chief‌‌Minister‌‌said,‌‌"I‌‌want‌‌brokers‌‌to‌‌
be‌‌history‌‌in‌‌circle‌‌offices.‌‌
‌
● So‌‌long‌‌circle‌‌officer-broker‌‌nexuses‌‌will‌‌
stay‌‌no‌‌one‌‌will‌‌go‌‌to‌‌circle‌‌offices‌‌to‌‌get‌‌
their‌‌works‌‌done.‌ ‌
“Mission‌‌Basundhara”‌ ‌
● “Mission‌‌Basundhara”‌‌is‌‌a‌‌mission‌‌mode‌‌
‌ project‌‌initiated‌‌by‌‌Assam‌‌government‌‌for‌
Implementation‌‌of‌‌Police‌‌reforms‌ ‌ land‌‌reforms.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Commonwealth‌‌Human‌‌Rights‌‌ ● Focus‌‌will‌‌be‌‌on-‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌15‌ ‌
1. Survey‌‌of‌‌non-cadastral‌‌villages(where‌‌no‌‌ ● This‌‌was‌‌for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌Armed‌‌Forces‌‌
survey‌‌has‌‌been‌‌undertaken‌‌till‌‌date).‌ ‌ Special‌‌power‌‌Act(AFSPA)‌‌was‌‌
2. Resolving‌‌land‌‌related‌‌disputes‌ ‌ implemented‌‌in‌‌India‌‌post‌‌independence‌‌ ‌
3. Complete‌‌all‌‌pending‌‌partition‌‌and‌‌ ● The‌‌law‌‌of‌‌Armed‌‌Forces‌‌Special‌‌Powers‌‌
mutation‌‌cases‌‌in‌‌a‌‌mission‌‌mode‌‌by‌‌ Act‌‌was‌‌before‌‌independence‌‌
opening‌‌a‌‌portal‌ ‌ implemented‌‌at‌‌a‌‌first‌‌time‌‌by‌‌Britishers‌‌
4. Organizing‌‌Rajah‌‌Adalat‌‌(Rajah‌‌Adalat‌‌is‌‌ during‌‌Quit‌‌India‌‌Movement,1942.‌ ‌
conducted‌‌in‌‌Assam‌‌to‌‌dispose‌‌off‌‌the‌‌ ● Naga‌‌rebels‌‌were‌‌crushed‌‌ ‌
cases‌‌related‌‌to‌‌land‌‌revenue).‌ ‌ ● Nagaland‌‌made‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌State‌‌in‌‌1962‌ ‌
● “Mission‌‌Basundhara”‌‌would‌‌be‌‌formally‌‌ ● But‌‌many‌‌secessionists‌‌escaped‌‌from‌‌
launched‌‌on‌‌2nd‌‌October‌‌2021.‌ ‌ Nagaland‌‌and‌‌started‌‌to‌‌operate‌‌from‌‌
● All‌‌such‌‌pending‌‌matters‌‌will‌‌be‌‌resolved‌ ‌ territories‌‌of‌‌Myanmar‌‌and‌‌China‌‌ ‌
within‌‌May‌‌10,‌‌2022,‌‌which‌‌will‌‌mark‌‌the‌‌
● They‌‌conducted‌‌Guillera‌‌warfare‌‌against‌‌
first‌‌anniversary‌‌of‌‌the‌‌present‌‌
Indian‌‌Army‌ ‌
government.‌ ‌ Background‌ ‌
● Shillong‌‌Accord‌‌1975‌ ‌
Naga‌‌National‌‌Council(NNC)‌‌leaders‌‌surrendered‌‌
Naga‌‌Accord‌ ‌ and‌‌accepted‌‌Indian‌‌constitution‌ ‌
‌
Background‌ ‌ ● But‌‌one‌‌group‌‌under‌‌NNC‌‌refused‌‌to‌‌
● Assam‌‌became‌‌part‌‌of‌‌British‌‌province‌‌in‌‌ accept‌‌Shillong‌‌Accord‌‌and‌‌formed‌‌a ‌‌
1824.‌ ‌ separate‌‌group‌‌NSCN‌‌in‌‌1980‌ ‌
● By‌‌1881‌‌Britishers‌‌acquired‌‌Naga‌‌hills‌‌
where‌‌Naga‌‌tribe‌‌lived,‌‌made‌‌it‌‌part‌‌of‌
Assam‌ ‌ NSCN‌ ‌
British‌‌territory‌‌of‌‌Assam‌ ‌
● Now‌‌new‌‌insurgent‌‌group‌‌NSCN‌‌
became‌‌active‌‌after‌‌1980‌ ‌
● Its‌‌two‌‌top‌‌most‌‌leaders‌‌were‌‌Isak‌‌and‌‌
Muivah‌ ‌
● 1988-‌‌Division‌‌in‌‌NSCN‌‌and‌‌new‌‌group‌‌
NSCN(Khaplang)‌‌was‌‌formed‌ ‌
● In‌‌1997‌‌NSCN(IM)‌‌and‌‌Central‌‌
government‌‌declared‌‌a‌‌ceasefire‌‌and‌‌
talks‌‌began‌ ‌
● 2015-‌‌A‌‌basic‌‌framework‌‌agreement‌‌was‌‌
finalised‌ ‌ ‌
● Term‌‌used‌‌in‌‌the‌‌agreement‌‌-‌‌Shared‌‌
Sovereignty‌‌between‌‌central‌‌
Naga’s‌‌Protest‌ ‌ government‌‌and‌‌Nagas‌ ‌
● Nagas‌ ‌kept‌ ‌on‌ ‌protesting‌ ‌against‌ ‌British‌‌
Final‌‌agreement‌ ‌
rule‌ ‌ Indian‌‌Government‌ ‌
● They‌ ‌refused‌ ‌to‌ ‌accept‌ ‌recommendations‌‌ ● Some‌‌basic‌‌rights‌‌to‌‌conserve‌‌language‌‌
of‌‌Simon‌‌commission‌‌in‌‌1929‌ ‌ and‌‌culture‌‌of‌‌Nagas‌ ‌
Background‌ ‌ NSCN(IM)‌ ‌
● During‌‌independence‌‌Nagas‌‌formed‌‌a ‌‌ ● Separate‌‌flag,‌‌separate‌‌constitution‌ ‌
group‌‌-‌‌Naga‌‌National‌‌Council(NNC)‌ ‌ ● Greater‌‌Nagalim‌‌stretching‌‌beyond‌‌the‌‌
● They‌‌demanded‌‌complete‌‌independence‌‌ boundaries‌‌of‌‌the‌‌present‌‌Nagaland‌‌
from‌‌India‌ ‌ state‌. ‌ ‌
● 1952‌‌they‌‌declared‌‌independent‌‌ Current‌‌status‌‌of‌‌Naga‌‌peace‌‌accord‌ ‌
government‌‌Naga‌‌Federal‌‌Government‌‌ ● After‌‌Nagas‌‌consistent‌‌demand‌‌of‌‌
and‌‌Naga‌‌Federal‌‌Army‌ ‌ separate‌‌flag‌‌and‌‌separate‌‌constitution,‌‌
● 1958-‌‌Central‌‌government‌ ‌brought‌‌an‌‌act-‌‌ Naga‌‌peace‌‌accord‌‌has‌‌been‌‌in‌‌a ‌‌
Armed‌‌Forces‌‌Special(Powers)‌‌Act‌‌to‌‌ stalemate.‌ ‌
crush‌‌Naga‌‌rebels.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌16‌ ‌
● Central‌‌government‌‌appointed‌‌former‌‌IB‌‌ and‌‌Andhra‌‌Pradesh.‌‌ ‌
officer‌‌RN‌‌Ravi‌‌as‌ ‌interlocutor‌‌for‌‌the‌‌ ● With‌‌this‌‌a‌‌movement‌‌started‌‌in‌‌India‌‌
Naga‌‌peace‌‌talks‌‌to‌‌arrive‌‌at‌‌a‌‌final‌‌
known‌‌as‌‌Naxal‌‌movement.‌ ‌
framework.‌ ‌ Naxal‌‌Movement‌‌in‌‌India‌‌is‌‌similar‌‌to‌‌Maoist‌‌
● Later‌‌on‌‌RN‌‌Ravi‌‌was‌‌also‌‌made‌‌ movement‌‌of‌‌China‌ ‌
Governor‌‌of‌‌Nagaland.‌ ‌ ● Maoism‌‌is‌‌a‌‌form‌‌of‌‌communism‌‌
Recent‌‌issue-‌ ‌ developed‌‌by‌‌Mao‌‌Tse‌‌Tung.‌ ‌
● NSCN-IM‌‌issued‌‌a‌‌statement‌‌recently,‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌doctrine‌‌to‌‌capture‌‌State‌‌power‌‌
carried‌‌through‌‌the‌‌media,‌‌that‌‌they‌‌have‌‌ through‌‌a‌‌combination‌‌of‌‌armed‌‌
right‌‌to‌‌collect‌‌"tax"‌‌from‌‌the‌‌people‌‌
‌ insurgency,‌‌mass‌‌mobilization.‌ ‌
● RN‌‌Ravi‌‌wrote‌‌a‌‌letter‌‌to‌‌Chief‌‌Minister‌‌ ● Naxal‌‌movement‌‌is‌‌mostly‌‌popular‌‌in‌‌tribal‌‌
Neiphiu‌‌Rio,‌‌calling‌‌the‌‌NSCN(IM)‌‌an‌‌ and‌‌rural‌‌regions.‌ ‌
“armed‌‌gang”,‌‌and‌‌accused‌‌it‌‌of‌‌running‌‌a ‌‌ Why‌‌Naxal‌‌movement‌‌is‌‌mostly‌‌popular‌‌in‌‌rural‌‌
“parallel‌‌government”‌‌and‌‌engaging‌‌in‌‌ and‌‌tribal‌‌region?‌ ‌
extortion.‌ ‌ 1. Traditionally‌‌peasants‌‌of‌‌rural‌‌areas‌‌have‌‌
● RN‌‌Ravi‌‌also‌‌rejected‌‌the‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌a ‌‌ been‌‌exploited‌‌by‌‌the‌‌the‌‌local‌‌Zamindars.‌ ‌
separate‌‌flag‌‌and‌‌constitution‌‌outright,‌‌and‌‌ 2. The‌‌tribal‌‌people‌‌mostly‌‌live‌‌in‌‌forests.‌‌
warned‌‌that‌‌“any‌‌misadventure‌‌to‌‌ Many‌‌tribes‌‌are‌‌forced‌‌to‌‌evict‌‌their‌‌lands‌‌
disintegrate‌‌this‌‌great‌‌nation‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌ for‌‌setting‌‌up‌‌industries.This‌‌disenchanted‌‌
tolerated”.Because‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tough‌‌stand‌‌ many‌‌tribals.‌ ‌
taken‌‌by‌‌RN‌‌Ravi‌‌against‌‌the‌‌Naga‌‌ ● Thus‌‌the‌‌Naxal‌‌movement‌ ‌became‌‌very‌‌
groups,NSCN(IM)responded‌‌by‌‌calling‌‌ popular‌‌amongst‌‌peasants‌‌and‌‌tribals.‌ ‌
Ravi’s‌‌actions‌‌“mischief”,‌‌and‌‌demanding‌‌ ● Naxal‌‌movement‌‌had‌‌objective‌‌of‌‌throwing‌‌
his‌‌ouster.‌ ‌ away‌‌the‌‌government‌‌because‌‌they‌‌think‌‌
● Tensions‌‌between‌‌Mr‌‌RN‌‌Ravi‌‌and‌‌Naga‌‌ the‌‌government‌‌supports‌‌rich‌‌people‌‌while‌‌
groups‌‌led‌‌to‌‌violence‌‌also‌‌in‌‌Nagaland.‌ ‌ it‌‌exploits‌‌the‌‌poor.‌ ‌
● R‌‌N‌‌Ravi‌‌resigned‌‌as‌‌interlocutor‌‌for‌‌the‌‌ ● Over‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌Naxal‌‌
Naga‌‌peace‌‌talks.‌ ‌ movement‌‌has‌‌changed.‌ ‌
● He‌‌has‌‌been‌‌made‌‌Governor‌‌of‌‌Tamil‌‌ ● Now‌‌they‌‌involve‌‌in‌‌smuggling,‌‌extortion,‌‌
Nadu(removed‌‌from‌‌Nagaland).‌ ‌ kidnaping,‌‌drug‌‌trafficking‌‌etc.‌ ‌
● Home‌‌Minister‌‌Amit‌‌Shah‌‌has‌‌deputed‌‌ Naxal‌‌affected‌‌areas-‌‌Red‌‌Corridor‌‌ ‌
Assam‌‌Chief‌‌Minister‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌ ● The‌‌Red‌‌Corridor‌‌is‌‌the‌‌region‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Sarma‌‌to‌‌talk‌‌to‌‌NSCN‌‌(I-M)‌‌until‌‌new‌‌ eastern,‌‌central‌‌and‌‌the‌‌southern‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌
interlocutor‌‌is‌‌appointed.‌ ‌ India‌‌that‌‌experience‌‌considerable‌‌
Naxalite–Maoist‌‌Terrorism.‌ ‌
● Ministry‌‌of‌‌Home‌‌Affairs‌‌classifies‌‌the‌‌red‌‌
Maoist‌‌influence‌‌reduced‌ ‌ corridor‌‌region‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌severity‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌Naxal‌‌influence.‌ ‌
According‌‌to‌‌a‌‌data‌‌of‌‌2015-‌ ‌
Naxalism‌‌in‌‌India‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌spanning‌‌across‌‌96‌‌districts‌‌in‌‌10‌‌
States,‌‌namely‌‌Bihar,‌‌Jharkhand,‌‌Andhra‌‌
● The‌‌term‌‌Naxalism‌‌derives‌‌its‌‌name‌‌from‌‌
Pradesh,‌‌Maharashtra,‌‌Odisha,‌
the‌‌village‌‌Naxalbari‌‌of‌‌West‌‌Bengal.‌ ‌
Telangana,‌‌West‌‌Bengal,‌‌Madhya‌‌
● It‌‌originated‌‌as‌‌rebellion‌‌against‌‌local‌‌
Pradesh,‌‌Uttar‌‌Pradesh‌‌and‌‌Chhattisgarh.‌ ‌
landlords‌‌who‌‌bashed‌‌a‌‌peasant‌‌over‌‌a ‌‌
The‌‌three‌‌main‌‌categories‌‌are‌‌- ‌ ‌
land‌‌dispute.‌‌ ‌
1. Severely‌‌affected‌‌-‌‌Chhattisgarh,‌‌
● The‌‌rebellion‌‌was‌‌initiated‌‌in‌‌1967,‌‌with‌‌an‌‌
Jharkhand,‌‌Odisha‌‌and‌‌Bihar‌ ‌
objective‌‌of‌‌rightful‌‌redistribution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
2. Partially‌‌affected‌‌-‌‌West‌‌Bengal,‌‌
land‌‌to‌‌working‌‌peasants‌‌under‌‌the‌‌
Maharashtra‌‌and‌‌Andhra‌‌Pradesh‌ ‌
leadership‌‌of‌‌Kanu‌‌Sanyal‌‌and‌‌Jagan‌‌
3. Slightly‌‌affected‌‌-‌‌Uttar‌‌Pradesh‌‌and‌‌
Santhal.‌ ‌
Madhya‌‌Pradesh‌ ‌
● Started‌‌in‌‌Naxalbari‌‌village‌‌of‌‌West‌‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌
Bengal,‌‌the‌‌movement‌‌has‌‌spread‌‌across‌‌
● According‌‌to‌‌a‌‌data‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
the‌‌Eastern‌‌India;‌‌in‌‌less‌‌developed‌‌areas‌‌
Ministry‌‌of‌‌Home‌‌Affairs‌‌(MHA)‌‌the‌‌
of‌‌states‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Chhattisgarh,‌‌Odisha‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌17‌ ‌
geographical‌‌influence‌‌of‌‌Maoists‌‌has‌‌ Solution‌ ‌
contracted‌‌to‌‌only‌‌41‌‌districts‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
● To‌ ‌make‌ ‌RTI‌ ‌Act‌ ‌effective‌ ‌in‌ ‌curbing‌‌
country,‌‌a‌‌sharp‌‌reduction‌‌from‌‌96‌‌such‌‌ corruption,‌ ‌there‌ ‌is‌ ‌a ‌‌need‌‌ to‌‌
have‌‌ potent‌‌
districts‌‌in‌‌10‌‌States‌‌in‌‌2010.‌ ‌ Whistleblowers‌‌Protection‌‌Act.‌ ‌
What‌‌has‌‌helped‌‌in‌‌reduction‌‌of‌‌LWA?‌ ‌ ● Whistleblowing‌ ‌is‌ ‌defined‌ ‌as‌ ‌an‌ ‌act‌ ‌of‌‌
1. Security‌‌approach-‌‌The‌‌Central‌‌ disclosing‌ ‌information‌ ‌by‌ ‌an‌ ‌employee‌ ‌or‌‌
Government‌‌assists‌‌the‌‌LWE‌‌affected‌ any‌ ‌concerned‌ ‌stakeholder‌ ‌about‌ ‌an‌‌
State‌‌Governments‌‌by‌‌providing‌‌Central‌‌ illegal‌ ‌or‌ ‌unethical‌ ‌conduct‌ ‌within‌ ‌an‌‌
Armed‌‌Police‌‌Forces‌‌battalions,‌‌training,‌‌ organization.‌ ‌
funds‌‌for‌‌modernization‌‌of‌‌State‌‌police‌‌ ● In‌ ‌2007,‌ ‌the‌ ‌report‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Second‌‌
forces.‌ ‌ Administrative‌ ‌Reforms‌ ‌Commission‌ ‌also‌‌
2. Development‌‌approach‌ ‌ recommended‌‌ that‌‌
a ‌‌specific‌‌ law‌‌
needs‌‌ to‌‌
● Special‌‌Central‌‌Assistance‌‌(SCA)‌‌Scheme‌‌ be‌‌enacted‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌whistleblowers.‌ ‌
for‌‌the‌‌most‌‌LWE‌‌affected‌‌districts,‌‌under‌‌ ● In‌‌
2011‌‌
Whistleblowers‌‌ Protection‌‌ Bill‌‌ was‌‌
which‌‌funds‌‌are‌‌provided‌‌to‌‌States‌‌for‌‌ proposed‌ ‌which‌ ‌finally‌ ‌became‌ ‌a ‌ ‌law‌ ‌in‌‌
filling‌‌the‌‌critical‌‌gaps‌‌in‌‌public‌‌
2014.‌ ‌
infrastructure‌‌&‌‌services‌‌which‌‌are‌‌of‌‌ Key‌‌Highlights‌‌of‌‌Whistleblower‌‌Protection‌‌Act,‌‌
urgent‌‌nature.‌ ‌ ‌ 2014‌ ‌
1. Mechanism‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌complaints-The‌‌act‌‌
establishes‌‌a‌‌mechanism‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌
Whistleblowers‌‌Protection‌‌
complaints‌‌related‌‌to‌‌disclosure‌‌of‌‌
allegations‌‌of‌‌corruption‌‌or‌‌wilful‌‌misuse‌‌of‌‌
Act‌ ‌ power‌‌or‌‌discretion,‌‌against‌‌any‌‌public‌‌
servant.‌ ‌

About‌‌the‌‌article‌ ‌ 2. Protection‌‌against‌‌victimization-The‌‌act‌‌
● Right‌ ‌to‌ ‌Information‌ ‌Act‌ ‌is‌ ‌considered‌ ‌to‌‌ also‌‌provides‌‌adequate‌‌safeguards‌‌
be‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌main‌ ‌tool‌ ‌in‌ ‌ensuring‌‌ against‌‌victimization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌person‌‌making‌‌
transparency‌‌in‌‌governance.‌ ‌ such‌‌complaints.‌ ‌
● It‌ ‌is‌ ‌considered‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌an‌ ‌antidote‌ ‌to‌‌ 3. Competent‌‌Authority-It‌‌allows‌‌any‌‌person,‌‌
corruption‌‌in‌‌public‌‌offices.‌ ‌ including‌‌a‌‌public‌‌servant,‌‌to‌‌make‌‌a ‌‌
● The‌ ‌government‌ ‌officials‌ ‌are‌ ‌deterred‌ ‌to‌‌ public‌‌interest‌‌disclosure‌‌before‌‌a ‌‌
from‌ ‌doing‌ ‌anything‌ ‌wrong‌ ‌because‌ ‌of‌‌ Competent‌‌Authority.For‌‌instance,‌‌
fear‌‌of‌‌exposure‌‌through‌‌RTI.‌ ‌ Competent‌‌authority‌‌to‌‌complaint‌‌against‌‌
Issues‌‌in‌‌application‌ ‌ any‌‌union‌‌minister‌‌is‌‌the‌‌Prime‌‌Minister.‌‌ ‌
● The‌ ‌RTI‌ ‌activists‌ ‌use‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌provisions‌ ‌of‌‌ 4. Identity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌complainant‌‌is‌‌kept‌‌
RTI‌‌to‌‌highlight‌‌corruption‌‌in‌‌public‌‌offices.‌ ‌ secret-Any‌‌person‌‌who‌‌negligently‌‌or‌‌
● But‌ ‌personal‌ ‌safety‌ ‌of‌ ‌RTI‌ ‌activists‌ ‌is‌‌ malafidely‌‌reveals‌‌the‌‌identity‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌
equally‌ ‌important‌ ‌because‌ ‌corruption‌ ‌is‌‌ complainant‌‌will‌‌be‌‌punishable‌‌with‌‌
outcome‌‌of‌‌politician-criminal‌‌nexus.‌ ‌ imprisonment‌‌for‌‌a‌‌term‌‌extending‌‌up‌‌to‌‌3 ‌‌
● The‌ ‌article‌ ‌says‌ ‌Bihar‌ ‌has‌ ‌proved‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌‌ years‌‌and‌‌a‌‌fine‌‌which‌‌may‌‌extend‌‌up‌‌to‌‌
hostile‌ ‌terrain‌ ‌for‌ ‌Right‌ ‌to‌ ‌Information‌‌ Rs‌‌50,000.‌
(RTI)‌‌ activists,‌‌
with‌‌ as‌‌
many‌‌ as‌‌
20‌‌
having‌‌ Issues‌ ‌
been‌‌killed‌‌since‌‌2010.‌‌ ‌ ● The‌‌law‌‌does‌‌not‌‌allow‌‌anonymous‌‌
● Six‌‌activists‌‌were‌‌killed‌‌in‌‌2018‌‌alone.‌ ‌ complaints‌‌to‌‌be‌‌made‌‌and‌‌clearly‌‌states‌‌
● Example-Shashidhar‌ ‌Mishra‌ ‌from‌‌ that‌‌no‌‌action‌‌will‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌by‌‌a‌‌competent‌‌
Begusarai‌‌ district‌‌
was‌‌ the‌‌ first‌‌
RTI‌‌
activist‌‌
authority‌‌if‌‌the‌‌complainant‌‌does‌‌not‌‌
killed‌ ‌in‌ ‌2010‌ ‌and‌ ‌just‌ ‌last‌ ‌week,‌ ‌Bipin‌‌ establish‌‌his/her‌‌identity.‌ ‌
Agrawal,‌ ‌46,‌ ‌was‌ ‌killed,‌ ‌allegedly‌ ‌for‌‌ ● Many‌‌activists‌‌don't‌‌want‌‌to‌‌take‌‌risk‌‌by‌‌
exposing‌ ‌encroachment‌ ‌on‌ ‌government‌‌ revealing‌‌their‌‌identity.‌ ‌
lands‌‌in‌‌East‌‌Champaran‌‌district.‌ ‌
● Agrawal‌ ‌had‌ ‌filed‌ ‌at‌ ‌least‌ ‌900‌ ‌RTI‌‌
applications‌ ‌seeking‌ ‌details‌ ‌on‌‌

government‌ ‌land‌ ‌encroachment‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌
district.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌18‌ ‌
Akash-NG‌‌or‌‌New‌‌Generation‌‌ ‌
● Akash-NG‌‌is‌‌a‌‌new‌‌generation‌‌SAM,‌‌
Advanced‌‌versions‌‌of‌‌
primarily‌‌designed‌‌for‌‌the‌‌IAF‌‌with‌‌an‌‌aim‌‌

of‌‌intercepting‌‌high‌‌maneuvering‌‌aerial‌‌
Akash‌‌missile‌ ‌ threats‌‌that‌‌have‌‌low‌‌Radar‌‌Cross‌‌Section‌‌
(RCS).‌ ‌
● ‌the‌‌NG‌‌version‌‌has‌‌an‌‌extended‌‌range‌‌of‌‌
The‌‌Integrated‌‌Guided‌‌Missile‌‌
up‌‌70‌‌km,‌‌is‌‌sleeker,‌‌lighter‌ ‌
Development‌‌Programme‌ ‌ ‌
The‌‌Integrated‌‌Guided‌‌Missile‌‌Development‌‌
Programme‌‌(IGMDP)‌‌was‌‌launched‌‌in‌‌1982-83‌‌by‌‌

International‌ ‌
the‌‌Indian‌‌Government‌‌which‌‌saw‌‌the‌‌projects‌‌of:‌ ‌
1. Prithvi‌‌(Short‌‌range‌‌surface‌‌to‌‌surface‌‌
missile)‌ ‌ UNSC‌‌resolution‌‌on‌‌

2. Trishul‌‌(short‌‌range‌‌surface‌‌to‌‌air‌‌missile)‌ ‌
3. Aakash‌‌(Medium‌‌range‌‌surface‌‌to‌‌air‌‌ Afghanistan‌ ‌
missile)‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
4. Nag‌‌(Third‌‌generation‌‌anti-tank‌‌missile)‌ ‌ ● The‌‌United‌‌Nations‌‌Security‌‌Council,‌‌
5. Agni-I‌‌(Agni‌‌missile‌‌was‌‌later‌‌separated‌‌ under‌‌the‌‌Presidency‌‌of‌‌India,‌‌adopted‌‌a ‌‌
from‌‌the‌‌IGMDP‌‌due‌‌to‌‌its‌‌strategic‌‌ resolution‌‌on‌‌the‌‌situation‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan‌‌
importance)‌ ‌ on‌‌August‌‌30,‌‌2021.‌ ‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ ● The‌‌resolution‌‌is‌‌numbered‌‌2593.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Defence‌‌Research‌‌and‌‌Development‌‌ ● Russia‌‌and‌‌China‌‌Who‌‌are‌‌among‌‌the‌‌
Organisation‌‌(DRDO)‌‌conducted‌‌the‌‌ Permanent‌‌members‌‌of‌‌UNSC‌‌abstained‌‌
maiden‌‌flight‌‌test‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌version‌‌of‌‌ from‌‌The‌‌resolution.‌ ‌
Akash‌‌Missile‌‌—‌‌Akash‌‌Prime.‌‌ ‌ ● All‌‌other‌‌13‌‌members‌‌voted‌‌in‌‌favour‌‌of‌‌

● Earlier‌‌in‌‌January‌‌maiden‌‌test‌‌of‌‌another‌‌ the‌‌resolution.‌‌
‌
Akash‌‌version,‌‌Akash-NG‌‌(New‌‌
Generation).‌ ‌
Akash‌‌Missiles‌ ‌ About‌‌resolution‌‌2593‌‌
‌
● Akash‌‌is‌‌primarily‌‌a‌‌Short‌‌Range‌‌Surface‌‌
● The‌‌resolution‌‌called‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Taliban‌‌to‌‌

to‌‌Air‌‌Missile‌‌built‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌air‌‌defence‌‌
keep‌‌their‌‌commitments‌‌on‌‌preventing‌‌
cover‌‌to‌‌the‌‌vulnerable‌‌areas.‌‌ ‌
terror‌‌groups‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Akash‌‌weapon‌‌system‌‌can‌‌
● It‌‌urged‌‌them‌‌to‌‌assist‌‌the‌‌safe‌‌
simultaneously‌‌engage‌‌multiple‌‌targets.‌ ‌
evacuations‌‌of‌‌all‌‌Afghan‌‌nationals‌‌
● ‌In‌‌December‌‌2020,‌‌the‌‌cabinet‌‌approved‌‌
wishing‌‌to‌‌leave‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌ ‌
the‌‌Akash‌‌missile‌‌for‌‌exports‌‌after‌‌many‌‌
friendly‌‌foreign‌‌countries‌‌showed‌‌interest‌‌ ● It‌‌mentions‌‌sanctions‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌on‌ ‌
in‌‌it‌‌during‌‌various‌‌international‌‌ individuals‌‌designated‌‌by‌‌Resolution‌‌1267‌‌
exhibitions.‌ ‌ also,‌‌which‌‌includes‌‌the‌‌Lashkar‌‌E‌‌Taiba‌‌
and‌‌Jaish-e-‌‌Muhammad‌. ‌ ‌
The‌‌advanced‌‌versions‌‌of‌‌Akash‌‌— ‌‌
Akash‌‌Prime‌‌and‌‌Akash‌‌NG‌ ‌ About‌‌Resolution‌‌1267‌ ‌
Akash‌‌Prime‌‌ ‌ ● Resolution‌‌1267‌‌was‌‌adopted‌‌
● The‌‌initial‌‌version‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Akash‌‌has‌‌an‌ unanimously‌‌on‌‌15‌‌October‌‌1999.‌‌ ‌
operational‌‌range‌‌of‌‌27-30‌‌km‌‌and‌‌a‌‌flight‌‌ ● The‌‌UNSC‌‌designated‌‌Osama‌‌bin‌‌Laden‌‌
altitude‌‌of‌‌around‌‌18‌‌km.‌‌ ‌ and‌‌associates‌‌as‌‌terrorists‌‌and‌‌

● The‌‌Akash‌‌Prime‌‌has‌‌the‌‌same‌‌range‌‌as‌‌ established‌‌a‌‌sanctions‌‌regime‌‌to‌‌cover‌‌
that‌‌of‌‌the‌‌earlier‌‌version‌‌but‌‌has‌‌a‌‌crucial‌‌
individuals‌‌and‌‌entities‌‌associated‌‌with‌‌
new‌‌addition‌‌—‌‌that‌‌of‌‌an‌‌indigenous‌‌ Al-Qaida,‌‌Osama‌‌bin‌‌Laden‌‌wherever‌‌
active‌‌Radio‌‌Frequency‌‌(RF)‌‌seeker‌‌for‌‌ located.‌ ‌
improved‌‌accuracy‌‌to‌‌hit‌‌aerial‌‌targets..‌ ‌ ● Since‌‌the‌‌US‌‌invasion‌‌of‌‌Afghanistan‌‌in‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌19‌ ‌
2001‌‌which‌‌ended‌‌recently,‌‌the‌‌sanctions‌‌
have‌‌been‌‌applied‌‌to‌‌individuals‌‌and‌‌
organizations‌‌in‌‌all‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world.‌ ‌
● There‌‌was‌‌no‌‌right‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌against‌‌
listing‌‌until‌‌December‌‌2006.‌
New‌‌rules‌‌for‌‌South‌‌China‌‌

sea‌ ‌
Context‌ ‌
● South‌‌China‌‌Sea‌‌has‌‌been‌‌claimed‌‌by‌‌
China‌‌as‌‌its‌‌territorial‌‌water.‌ ‌
● A‌‌9‌‌dash‌‌line‌‌is‌‌demarcated‌‌by‌‌China‌‌in‌‌
South‌‌China‌‌sea‌‌and‌‌claims‌‌that‌‌entire‌‌ ‌
territory‌‌inside‌‌9‌‌dash‌‌line‌‌belongs‌‌to‌‌

China‌‌in‌‌2009.‌ ‌
● It‌‌has‌‌set‌‌up‌‌many‌‌short‌‌and‌‌long‌‌range‌‌
Issues‌ ‌
missiles‌‌on‌‌islands‌‌of‌‌South‌‌China‌‌sea‌‌. ‌ ‌ ● South‌‌China‌‌is‌‌very‌‌important‌‌both‌‌from‌‌
● It‌‌has‌‌established‌‌naval‌‌bases‌‌in‌‌South‌‌ strategic‌‌and‌‌Economic‌‌perspective.‌ ‌
China‌‌sea.‌ ‌ Strategic‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌transition‌‌zone‌‌between‌‌Indian‌‌and‌‌
Pacific‌‌ocean.‌ ‌
● Traditionally‌‌it‌‌has‌‌been‌‌zone‌‌of‌‌influence‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌US,‌‌China‌‌wants‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌its‌‌
supremacy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌region‌‌to‌‌challenge‌‌the‌‌
US.‌ ‌
Economic‌‌Significance‌‌of‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌very‌‌rich‌‌region‌‌in‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌natural‌
resources‌‌(fisheries,‌‌oil,‌‌gas)‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌
mineral‌‌resources.‌ ‌
● About‌‌3.5‌‌trillion‌‌dollars‌‌international‌‌
trade(‌‌about‌‌1/3rd)‌‌flows‌‌through‌‌the‌‌
South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌
● Trade‌‌of‌‌some‌‌of‌‌the‌‌major‌‌economies‌‌like‌‌
‌ China,‌‌Japan,‌‌Korea‌‌or‌‌the‌‌west‌‌coast‌‌of‌‌
9‌‌dash‌‌line‌ ‌ the‌‌United‌‌States‌‌goes‌‌through‌‌the‌‌South‌‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌
● China‌‌has‌‌brought‌‌new‌‌law‌‌regarding‌‌ ● About‌‌50%‌‌of‌‌India’s‌‌trade‌‌is‌‌conducted‌‌
South‌‌China‌‌sea.‌ ‌ through‌‌the‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌
● As‌‌per‌‌the‌‌new‌‌law‌‌Foreign‌‌vessels,‌‌both‌‌
Conclusion‌ ‌
military‌‌and‌‌commercial,‌‌will‌‌be‌‌henceforth‌‌ ● The‌‌move‌‌is‌ ‌likely‌‌to‌‌escalate‌‌the‌‌existing‌‌
required‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌to‌‌Chinese‌‌supervision‌‌ tension‌‌with‌‌the‌‌US‌‌and‌‌its‌‌neighbours‌‌in‌‌
in‌‌“Chinese‌‌territorial‌‌waters‌‌including‌‌
the‌‌region‌‌including‌‌India.‌ ‌
South‌‌China‌‌Sea”.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌new‌‌law‌‌has‌‌been‌‌made‌‌effective‌‌
from‌‌1st‌‌September.‌ ‌ Durand‌‌Line‌ ‌
Context‌ ‌
● Taliban‌‌has‌‌acquired‌‌political‌‌power‌‌in‌‌
Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● Pakistan’s‌‌government‌‌is‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌
appease‌‌Taliban.‌ ‌
● But‌‌the‌‌article‌‌says‌‌there‌‌may‌‌be‌‌friction‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌20‌ ‌
between‌‌Taliban‌‌and‌‌Pakistan‌‌because‌‌of‌‌
Durand‌‌line.‌ ‌
Durand‌‌Line‌ ‌
● The‌‌Durand‌‌Line‌‌is‌‌the‌‌international‌‌
border‌‌between‌‌Afghanistan‌‌and‌‌Pakistan.‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌fixed‌‌by‌‌British‌‌civil‌‌servant‌‌Sir‌‌

Henry‌‌Mortimer‌‌Durand‌‌and‌‌the‌‌then‌‌
Afghan‌‌Emir,‌‌Abdur‌‌Rahman‌‌Khan‌‌in‌‌
1893.‌ ‌
‌
Durand‌‌line‌‌is‌‌major‌‌source‌‌of‌‌conflict‌‌between‌‌
Afghanistan‌‌and‌‌Pakistan.Earlier‌‌Taliban‌‌was‌‌
docile‌‌to‌‌Pakistan‌‌but‌‌the‌‌modern‌‌Taliban‌‌seems‌‌
to‌‌behave‌‌in‌‌autonomous‌‌manner‌‌and‌‌it‌‌may‌‌
revive‌‌its‌‌claim‌‌of‌‌reuniting‌‌Pashtun‌‌region‌ ‌
ZAPAD‌‌2021‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● ZAPAD‌‌2021‌‌is‌‌a‌‌multinational‌‌military‌‌
Exercise‌‌being‌‌held‌‌at‌‌Nizhniy,‌‌Russia‌‌
from‌‌September‌‌3‌‌to‌‌16.‌ ‌
● A‌‌contingent‌‌of‌‌200‌‌Army‌‌personnel‌‌from‌‌
NAGA‌‌Battalion‌‌group‌ ‌will‌‌participate‌‌in‌‌
‌ the‌‌multinational‌‌Exercise.‌ ‌
● Total‌‌17‌‌countries‌‌invited‌‌for‌‌the‌‌exercise,‌
there‌‌are‌‌nine‌‌Participating‌‌countries‌‌and‌‌
Issues‌‌with‌‌Durand‌‌Line‌ ‌ eight‌‌Observers‌‌including‌‌China‌‌and‌‌
● The‌‌modern‌‌state‌‌of‌‌Afghanistan‌‌does‌‌not‌‌ Pakistan.‌ ‌
accept‌‌the‌‌Durand‌‌Line.‌ ‌
● The‌‌line‌‌cuts‌‌through‌‌the‌‌Pashtun‌‌
homelands‌‌of‌‌the‌‌region.‌ ‌ Air-Launched‌‌Unmanned‌‌

● Taliban‌‌is‌‌also‌‌comprised‌‌of‌‌Pashtuns.‌ ‌
● So‌‌it‌‌is‌‌almost‌‌certain‌‌that‌‌Taliban‌‌will‌‌also‌‌ Aerial‌‌Vehicle‌ ‌
reject‌‌Durand‌‌line‌‌as‌‌an‌‌international‌‌
boundary‌‌between‌‌Pakistan‌‌and‌‌
Afghanistan.‌ ‌
India-‌‌US‌‌Defence‌‌relations‌
● Not‌‌only‌‌does‌‌Afghanistan‌‌not‌‌recognise‌‌ highlights‌ ‌
the‌‌internationally-accepted‌‌border‌‌with‌‌
● 2005-‌‌Defence‌‌Framework‌‌Agreement‌ ‌
Pakistan,‌‌it‌‌also‌‌has‌‌territorial‌‌claims‌‌to‌‌
● 2015-‌‌Upgraded‌‌to‌‌DTTI-‌‌Defence‌‌
regions‌‌stretching‌‌from‌‌the‌‌border‌‌to‌‌
Technology‌‌and‌‌Trade‌‌Initiatives‌ ‌
well-inside‌‌the‌‌boundary,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌almost‌‌
● 2016-‌‌The‌‌US‌‌declared‌‌India‌‌as‌‌its‌‌Major‌‌
60%‌‌of‌‌the‌‌area‌‌of‌‌Pakistan.‌ ‌
Defence‌‌Partner‌ ‌
● 2018-‌‌India‌‌put‌‌Strategic‌‌Trade‌‌
Authorisation‌‌-‌‌1‌‌(STA-1)‌‌list‌‌-‌‌STA-1‌‌

allows‌‌India‌‌to‌‌import‌‌high-end‌‌sensitive‌‌

technologies‌‌like‌‌armed‌‌drones.‌ ‌
● QUAD‌‌group,‌‌Malabar‌‌exercise‌ ‌
● India-US‌‌-‌‌2+2‌‌Ministerial‌‌platform‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌21‌ ‌
● Foundational‌‌agreements-‌‌LEMOA,‌‌
COMCASA,BECADTTI(Defence‌‌
Technology‌‌and‌‌Trade‌‌Initiatives)‌ ‌
● It‌‌aimed‌‌at‌‌simplifying‌‌technology‌‌transfer‌‌
policies‌‌and‌‌exploring‌‌possibilities‌‌of‌‌
co-development‌‌co-production‌‌to‌‌invest‌‌
the‌‌defence‌‌relationship‌‌with‌‌strategic‌‌
value.‌‌
‌
● India‌‌and‌‌the‌‌United‌‌States‌‌signed‌‌an‌‌
agreement‌‌for‌‌an‌‌Air-Launched‌‌ ‌
Unmanned‌‌Aerial‌‌Vehicle‌‌(ALUAV)‌‌under‌‌
the‌‌ambit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Defence‌‌Technology‌‌and‌‌ Significance‌‌of‌‌SIMBEX‌ ‌
Trade‌‌Initiative‌‌(DTTI).‌ ‌
● ALUAV‌‌is‌‌a‌‌UAV‌‌launched‌‌from‌‌a‌‌plane‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌important‌‌strategic‌‌step‌‌

and‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌the‌‌next‌‌thing‌‌in‌‌
taken‌‌by‌‌India‌‌to‌‌curb‌‌growing‌‌influence‌‌of‌‌
defence‌‌technology.‌ ‌ China‌‌in‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Indian‌
Ocean.‌ ‌
● SIMBEX‌‌can‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌a‌‌strategic‌‌
aspect‌‌of‌‌Act‌‌East‌‌Policy.‌ ‌
● Recently‌‌China‌‌enforced‌‌a‌‌Maritime‌‌law‌‌
which‌‌made‌‌it‌‌mandatory‌‌for‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌
ships‌‌to‌‌take‌‌permission‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Chinese‌‌
authorities‌‌while‌‌moving‌‌through‌‌Chinese‌‌
Maritime‌‌region‌‌including‌‌South‌‌China‌‌
Sea(which‌‌China‌‌portrays‌‌as‌‌its‌‌territorial‌‌
water).‌ ‌
● Naval‌‌exercises‌‌like‌‌SIMBEX‌‌will‌‌curb‌‌
Chinese‌‌aggression‌‌in‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌
‌
SIMBEX‌ ‌
India‌‌Singapore‌‌conducted‌‌3‌‌day‌‌Naval‌‌exercise‌‌
on‌‌the‌‌southern‌‌fringe‌‌of‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌
● The‌‌naval‌‌exercise‌‌is‌‌named‌‌SIMBEX.‌ ‌
About‌‌SIMBEX‌ ‌
● Initiated‌‌in‌‌1994‌ ‌
● SIMBEX‌‌is‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Navy’s‌‌longest‌‌ ‌
uninterrupted‌‌bilateral‌‌maritime‌‌exercise‌‌ ‌
with‌‌any‌‌foreign‌‌navy.‌ ‌
● This‌‌year‌‌was‌‌28th‌‌edition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌

Singapore-India‌‌Maritime‌‌Bilateral‌‌ 2+2‌‌Ministerial‌‌Talks‌ ‌
Exercise‌‌(SIMBEX).‌ ‌
2+2‌‌dialogue‌‌platform‌ ‌
● ‌“2+2”‌‌format‌‌of‌‌bilateral‌‌meetings‌‌to‌‌the‌‌

level‌ ‌
of‌‌Foreign‌‌and‌‌Defence‌‌Ministers,‌‌who‌‌will‌‌
meet‌‌to‌ ‌
“discuss‌‌strategic‌‌issues”‌‌at‌ ‌
least‌‌every‌‌two‌‌years.‌‌ ‌
● India‌‌already‌‌has‌‌2+2‌‌platforms‌‌with‌‌
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Japan‌‌and‌‌the‌‌US‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ministerial‌‌level.‌ ‌
● India‌‌had‌‌2+2‌‌platform‌‌with‌‌Australia‌‌at‌‌
Secretary‌‌level‌‌which‌‌is‌‌now‌‌upgraded‌‌to‌‌
minister‌‌level.‌ ‌
● The‌‌upgradation‌‌was‌‌done‌‌last‌‌year(in‌‌
2020)‌‌during‌‌A‌‌‘virtual’‌‌summit‌‌between‌‌
Prime‌‌Minister‌‌Narendra‌‌Modi‌‌and‌‌
Australian‌‌Prime‌‌Minister‌‌Scott‌‌Morrison.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌first‌‌2+2‌‌ministerial‌‌dialogue‌‌between‌‌
India‌‌and‌‌Australia‌‌has‌‌to‌‌be‌‌held‌‌this‌‌
week.‌ ‌
Analysis‌ ‌
● India‌‌and‌‌Australia‌‌have‌‌become‌‌militarily‌ ‌ ‌
and‌‌strategically‌‌closer‌‌during‌‌2020.‌ ‌ Current‌‌news‌ ‌
● Reason-‌‌hostility‌‌with‌‌China‌ ‌ ● Taliban‌‌claimed‌‌Panjshir‌‌valley‌‌has‌‌also‌‌
● India‌‌had‌‌conflict‌‌with‌‌China‌‌on‌‌Line‌‌of‌‌ fallen‌‌and‌‌been‌‌captured‌‌by‌‌it.‌ ‌
Actual‌‌Control‌‌example‌‌Galwan‌‌Valley.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌fall‌‌of‌‌Panjshir‌‌marks‌‌the‌‌success‌‌of‌‌
● Australia‌‌and‌‌China‌ ‌became‌‌hostile‌‌ the‌‌Taliban‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Pakistan‌‌military,‌‌and‌‌
because‌‌of‌‌Australia’s‌‌demand‌‌of‌‌ is‌‌a‌‌setback‌‌for‌‌India.‌ ‌
transparent‌‌enquiry‌‌in‌‌origin‌‌of‌‌Covid-19.‌ ‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌article‌‌the‌‌mobilisation‌‌of‌‌
Steps‌‌taken‌‌by‌‌Australia‌‌since‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌its‌‌hostility‌ ‌ Pakistani‌‌air‌‌assets‌‌was‌‌a‌‌game‌‌changer‌‌
with‌‌China-‌ ‌ that‌‌created‌‌asymmetry‌‌between‌‌the‌‌
1. Joined‌‌Malabar‌‌exercise‌‌as‌‌a‌‌permanent‌‌ Taliban‌‌and‌‌the‌‌forces‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Northern‌‌
member‌ ‌ Alliance.‌ ‌
2. Signed‌‌Comprehensive‌‌and‌‌Strategic‌‌ ● ‌The‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ISI‌‌chief‌‌in‌‌Kabul‌‌

partnership‌‌agreement‌‌with‌‌India‌‌in‌‌June‌‌ was‌‌indication‌‌of‌‌the‌‌key‌‌role‌‌that‌‌Pakistan‌‌
2020.‌ ‌ played‌‌in‌‌fall‌‌of‌‌Panjshir‌‌valley.‌ ‌
Ausindex‌ ‌
● Naval‌‌exercise‌‌between‌‌India‌‌and‌‌
Australia‌ ‌
● 4th‌‌edition‌‌of‌‌AUSINDEX‌‌from‌‌06‌‌to‌‌10‌‌
September‌‌2021‌ ‌
Taliban‌‌control’s‌‌Panjshir‌‌

valley‌ ‌
Panjshir‌‌valley‌ ‌
● The‌‌Panjshir‌‌Valley‌‌was‌‌the‌‌last‌‌area‌‌of‌‌ ‌
Afghanistan‌‌standing‌‌strong‌‌against‌‌the‌‌
Taliban.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Panjshir‌‌valley‌‌has‌‌the‌‌Afghanistan's‌‌ Bitcoin‌‌as‌‌legal‌‌tender‌ ‌
largest‌‌concentration‌‌of‌‌ethnic‌‌Tajiks.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Taliban‌‌have‌‌not‌‌attacked‌‌Panjshir‌‌
● El‌‌Salvador‌‌became‌‌the‌‌first‌‌country‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
and‌‌many‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌it‌‌is‌‌because‌‌of‌‌
world‌‌to‌‌adopt‌‌bitcoin‌‌as‌‌legal‌‌tender.‌ ‌
the‌‌location‌‌of‌‌the‌‌valley,‌‌which‌‌makes‌‌it‌‌a ‌
● The‌‌law‌‌mandates‌‌that‌‌Bitcoin‌‌should‌‌now‌‌
natural‌‌fortress.‌ ‌
be‌‌accepted‌‌as‌‌a‌‌valid‌‌payment‌‌by‌‌all‌‌
establishments,‌‌except‌‌those‌‌that‌‌do‌‌not‌‌
have‌‌the‌‌technical‌‌wherewithal‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so.‌ ‌
● This‌‌puts‌‌the‌‌digital‌‌currency‌‌that‌‌does‌‌not‌‌

answer‌‌to‌‌any‌‌government‌‌monetary‌‌
policies‌‌on‌‌the‌‌same‌‌footing‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
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country’s‌‌primary‌‌currency,‌‌the‌‌United‌‌

States‌‌dollar.‌ ‌
Shanghai‌‌Cooperation‌‌

Organization‌ ‌
● SCO‌‌is‌‌a‌‌permanent‌‌intergovernmental‌‌
international‌‌organisation.‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌created‌‌in‌‌2001.‌ ‌
● Objective-‌‌It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌political,‌‌economic‌‌and‌‌
military‌‌organisation.It‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌maintain‌‌
peace,‌‌security‌‌and‌‌stability‌‌in‌‌the‌‌region.\‌ ‌
● Secretariat‌‌is‌‌in‌‌Beijing.‌ ‌
‌ Membership-Kazakhstan,China,Kyrgyzstan,Russi‌
a,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,India,Pakistan.‌ ‌
● India‌‌and‌‌Pakistan‌‌became‌‌members‌‌in‌‌
Economic‌‌Emergency‌ ‌ 2017.‌ ‌
● Russia‌‌supported‌‌inclusion‌‌of‌‌India,‌‌in‌‌
return‌‌China‌‌insisted‌‌on‌‌inclusion‌‌of‌‌
● Sri‌‌Lankan‌‌President‌‌Gotabaya‌‌Rajapaksa‌‌
Pakistan.‌ ‌
has‌‌declared‌‌an‌‌economic‌‌emergency‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌country.‌ ‌
Main‌‌reasons‌‌behind‌‌the‌‌declaration?‌ ‌
1. High‌‌inflation‌‌ ‌
2. Steep‌‌fall‌‌in‌‌the‌‌value‌‌of‌‌the‌‌country’s‌‌

currency‌‌ ‌
Exercise‌‌PEACEFUL‌‌

MISSION‌ ‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ ‌
● Exercise‌‌PEACEFUL‌‌MISSION‌‌is‌‌a ‌‌ Regional‌‌Anti-Terrorist‌‌Structure‌‌(RATS)‌‌– ‌‌
Multilateral‌‌Exercise,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌conducted‌‌ Established‌‌to‌‌combat‌‌terrorism,‌‌separatism‌‌and‌‌

biennially‌‌as‌‌part‌‌of‌‌military‌‌diplomacy‌‌
extremism.RATS‌‌has‌‌been‌‌established‌‌under‌‌
between‌‌Shanghai‌‌Cooperation‌‌ SCO.‌ ‌
Organisation‌‌(SCO)‌‌member‌‌states.‌ ‌
● The‌‌6th‌‌edition‌‌of‌‌Exercise‌‌PEACEFUL‌‌
MISSION‌‌is‌‌being‌‌hosted‌‌by‌‌Russia‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ ‌AUKUS‌‌agreement‌ ‌
Orenburg‌‌Region‌‌of‌‌South‌‌West‌‌Russia‌‌
from‌‌13‌‌to‌‌25‌‌September‌‌2021.‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● Indian‌‌contingent‌‌was‌‌inducted‌‌to‌‌exercise‌‌ ● The‌‌USA‌‌announced‌‌a‌‌new‌‌trilateral‌‌
area‌‌by‌‌two‌‌IL-76‌‌aircrafts.‌‌ ‌ security‌‌partnership‌‌for‌‌the‌‌Indo-Pacific‌‌

between‌‌Australia,‌‌the‌‌U.K.‌‌and‌‌the‌‌U.S.‌‌
(AUKUS).‌ ‌
Main‌‌feature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌agreement‌ ‌
● ‌To‌‌help‌‌Australia‌‌acquire‌‌nuclear-powered‌‌
submarines.‌ ‌
Nuclear‌‌powered‌‌submarines‌ ‌
● Quieter,‌‌more‌‌capable‌‌(than‌‌their‌‌

conventional‌‌counterparts)‌‌and‌‌can‌‌be‌‌
deployed‌‌for‌‌longer‌‌periods,‌‌needing‌‌to‌‌
surface‌‌less‌‌frequently.‌ ‌
‌ Objective‌‌of‌‌the‌‌agreement‌ ‌
● Though‌‌the‌‌US‌‌has‌‌explicitly‌‌denied‌‌that‌‌
the‌‌grouping‌‌is‌‌targeted‌‌against‌‌China,‌‌its‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌24‌ ‌
Indo-pacific‌‌orientation‌‌makes‌‌it‌‌an‌‌
● Highlights‌‌of‌‌PM‌‌Modi‌‌speech‌ ‌
alliance‌‌against‌‌China’s‌‌assertive‌‌actions‌‌
1. Inclusiveness-The‌‌political‌‌change‌‌in‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌ Afghanistan‌‌did‌‌not‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌an‌‌inclusive‌‌
system‌‌and‌‌the‌‌process‌‌was‌‌not‌‌
conducted‌‌through‌‌negotiation.‌ ‌
Indo‌‌Pacific‌‌region‌ ‌ ● Representation‌‌of‌‌all‌‌sections‌‌of‌‌Afghans,‌‌
● I‌ndo-Pacific‌‌is‌‌a‌‌region‌‌spanning‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ including‌‌women‌‌and‌‌the‌‌minorities,‌‌is‌
east‌‌coast‌‌of‌‌Africa‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Pacific‌‌island‌‌ important.‌ ‌
states.‌‌ ‌ 2. Legitimacy-This‌‌raises‌‌questions‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
● It‌‌has‌‌been‌‌traditionally‌‌zone‌‌of‌‌influence‌‌ prospects‌‌of‌‌recognition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌US.‌ ‌ system.‌ ‌
● Strategically‌‌and‌‌economically‌‌important‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌necessary‌‌that‌‌the‌‌global‌‌community‌‌
for‌‌countries‌‌like‌‌India,‌‌Australia,‌‌Japan-‌‌ should‌‌think‌‌carefully‌‌and‌‌collectively‌‌while‌‌
as‌‌more‌‌than‌‌55%‌‌trade‌‌flows‌‌through‌‌this‌‌ deciding‌‌on‌‌the‌‌legitimacy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌
region.‌ ‌ political‌‌system‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● But‌‌China‌‌has‌‌been‌‌very‌‌aggressive‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 3. Role‌‌of‌‌UN-He‌‌expressed‌‌India’s‌‌support‌‌
region‌‌since‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌21st‌‌century.‌ ‌ for‌‌the‌‌“central‌‌role”‌‌of‌‌the‌‌United‌‌Nations‌‌
China’s‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌dominate‌‌Indo‌‌Pacific‌ ‌ in‌‌the‌‌global‌‌deliberation‌‌regarding‌‌
● South‌‌China‌‌Sea‌‌has‌‌been‌‌claimed‌‌by‌‌ Afghanistan.‌ ‌
China‌‌as‌‌its‌‌territorial‌‌water.‌ ‌ Similar‌‌statements‌‌were‌‌given‌‌by‌‌India's‌‌External‌‌
● A‌‌9‌‌dash‌‌line‌‌is‌‌demarcated‌‌by‌‌China‌‌in‌‌ Affairs‌‌Minister‌‌Mr‌‌S‌‌Shankar‌‌during‌‌two‌‌plus‌‌two‌‌
South‌‌China‌‌sea‌‌and‌‌claims‌‌that‌‌entire‌‌ ministerial‌‌meet‌‌with‌‌Australia.‌ ‌
territory‌‌inside‌‌9‌‌dash‌‌line‌‌belongs‌‌to‌‌ Mug‌‌up-‌‌The‌‌term‌‌“lack‌‌of‌‌inclusiveness”‌‌for‌‌any‌‌
China‌‌in‌‌2009.‌ ‌ question‌‌on‌‌Taliban‌‌rule‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● It‌‌has‌‌set‌‌up‌‌many‌‌short‌‌and‌‌long‌‌range‌‌
missiles‌‌on‌‌islands‌‌of‌‌South‌‌China‌‌sea‌‌. ‌ ‌
● It‌‌has‌‌established‌‌naval‌‌bases‌‌in‌‌South‌‌
Collective‌‌Security‌‌Treaty‌‌

China‌‌sea.‌ ‌ Organisation‌‌(CSTO)‌ ‌
● The‌‌Collective‌‌Security‌‌Treaty‌‌
World‌‌countries‌‌retaliation‌‌against‌‌
Organization‌‌(CSTO)‌‌is‌‌a‌‌Russia-led‌‌
military‌‌alliance‌‌of‌‌six‌‌former‌‌Soviet‌‌states‌‌

China‌ ‌ that‌‌was‌‌created‌‌in‌‌2002.‌‌ ‌
● Japan-Free‌‌and‌‌Open‌‌Indo-Pacific‌‌Vision‌ ‌ ● The‌‌CSTO’s‌‌purpose‌‌is‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌the‌‌
● The‌‌US-‌‌Pivot‌‌to‌‌Asia‌ ‌ collective‌‌defence‌‌of‌‌any‌‌member‌‌that‌‌
● India-‌‌Look‌‌East‌‌to‌‌Act‌‌East‌ ‌ faces‌‌external‌‌aggression.‌‌ ‌
● India-‌‌Japan-‌‌Australia-‌‌US-‌‌QUAD‌‌group‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Eurasian‌‌
Recent‌‌AUKUS‌‌Agreement‌‌should‌‌be‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌line‌ counterpart‌‌of‌‌NATO.‌ ‌
with‌‌above‌‌developments-‌‌to‌‌counter‌‌aggression‌‌
● Current‌‌CSTO‌‌members‌‌are‌‌Armenia,‌‌
of‌‌China‌‌in‌‌South‌‌China‌‌Sea.‌ ‌ Belarus,‌‌Kazakhstan,‌‌Kyrgyzstan,‌‌the‌‌
Russian‌‌Federation‌‌and‌‌Tajikistan.‌ ‌
‌
India’s‌‌stand‌‌on‌‌Taliban‌ ‌
Context‌ ‌
● A‌‌summit‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Shanghai‌‌
Cooperation‌‌Organisation‌‌(SCO)‌‌and‌‌the‌‌
Collective‌‌Security‌‌Treaty‌‌Organisation‌ ‌
(CSTO)‌‌has‌‌been‌‌organized‌‌in‌‌virtual‌‌
mode.‌ ‌
● Theme‌‌of‌‌the‌‌summit‌‌was‌‌Taliban‌‌rule‌‌in‌‌
Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● Head‌‌of‌‌the‌‌states‌‌of‌‌SCO‌‌and‌‌CSTO‌‌
countries‌‌participated‌‌in‌‌virtual‌‌mode.‌ ‌
India’s‌‌stand‌ ‌ ‌
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● India‌‌has‌‌apprehension‌‌of‌‌cross‌‌border‌‌
terrorism‌‌in‌‌Jammu‌‌and‌‌Kashmir.‌ ‌
Iran‌‌joined‌‌SCO‌‌as‌‌full‌‌
● China‌‌has‌‌apprehension‌‌regarding‌‌
security‌‌issues‌‌in‌‌xinjiang‌‌province.‌ ‌
member‌ ‌ Xinjiang‌‌Province‌‌of‌‌China‌‌inhabited‌‌by‌‌Uighurs‌‌
Muslims.China‌‌doesn’t‌‌want‌‌influence‌‌of‌‌Radical‌‌
Islamist‌‌group‌‌Taliban‌‌over‌‌Uighurs.‌ ‌
● Iran‌‌has‌‌been‌‌accepted‌‌as‌‌the‌‌ninth‌‌full‌‌

Reason‌ ‌
member‌‌Shanghai‌‌Cooperation‌‌
● Two‌‌important‌‌countries‌‌of‌‌SCO,‌‌India‌‌and‌‌
organisation‌‌at‌‌21st‌‌summit‌‌of‌‌Heads‌‌of‌‌
China‌‌favoured‌‌entry‌‌of‌‌Iran.‌ ‌
the‌‌State‌‌at‌‌SCO.‌
2. Economic‌‌reasons‌ ‌
21st‌‌Summit‌‌of‌‌SCO‌ ‌
● Both‌‌China‌‌and‌‌India‌‌wants‌‌to‌‌maintain‌‌
● Recently‌‌held‌‌in‌‌Tajikistan's‌‌capital,‌‌

close‌‌commercial‌‌contacts‌‌with‌‌Iran.‌ ‌
Dushanbe.‌ ‌
● India‌‌developing‌‌one‌‌terminal(Shah‌‌
● At‌‌the‌‌meet‌‌the‌‌focus‌‌was‌‌primarily‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
Beheshti‌‌terminal)‌‌at‌‌Chabahar‌‌port.‌‌It‌‌will‌‌
ground‌‌situation‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan‌‌and‌‌its‌‌

give‌‌direct‌‌access‌‌to‌‌India‌‌to‌‌energy‌‌rich‌ ‌
global‌‌repercussions.‌ ‌
Central‌‌Asian‌‌countries‌‌bypassing‌‌
SCO‌ ‌
Pakistan.‌ ‌
● 9‌‌Full‌‌time‌‌members‌‌now-China,‌‌India,‌‌
● China‌‌entered‌‌into‌‌a‌‌$400b‌‌investment‌‌
Kazakhstan,‌‌Kyrgyzstan,‌‌Russia,‌‌
contract‌‌with‌‌Iran‌‌in‌‌2020.‌ ‌
Pakistan,‌‌Tajikistan,Uzbekistan‌‌and‌‌Iran.‌ ‌
● Both‌‌India‌‌and‌‌China‌‌are‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌
● 3‌‌Observer‌‌States‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌acceding‌‌
exploration‌‌of‌‌Oil‌‌and‌‌Natural‌‌Gas‌‌from‌‌
to‌‌full‌‌membership‌‌(Afghanistan,‌‌Belarus‌‌
Farzad-B‌‌Gas‌‌Field‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Persian‌‌gulf‌‌
and‌‌Mongolia)‌‌ ‌
owned‌‌by‌‌Iran.‌ ‌
● 6‌‌“Dialogue‌‌Partners”‌‌(Armenia,‌‌
Azerbaijan,‌‌Cambodia,‌‌Nepal,‌‌Sri‌‌Lanka‌‌
and‌‌Turkey).‌ ‌
Global‌‌Innovation‌‌Index‌ ‌
Highlights-‌ ‌
● Global‌‌Innovation‌‌Index‌‌Is‌‌published‌‌by‌‌
World‌‌Intellectual‌‌Property‌‌organisation.‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌15‌‌specialised‌‌agency‌‌of‌‌

the‌‌UN.‌ ‌
● It‌‌considers‌‌81‌‌parameters‌‌to‌‌give‌‌ranking‌‌
131‌‌countries‌‌regarding‌‌innovation.‌ ‌
● Global‌‌Innovation‌‌Index‌‌2021‌‌has‌‌been‌‌
published‌‌by‌‌WIPO.‌ ‌
‌ ● Theme‌‌of‌‌2021-Tracking‌‌Innovation‌‌
through‌‌the‌‌COVID-19‌‌Crisis.‌‌ ‌
Factors‌‌behind‌‌inclusion‌‌of‌‌Iran‌‌as‌‌
Rankings‌‌ ‌
● Switzerland‌‌is‌‌most‌‌innovative‌‌country‌‌as‌‌
a‌‌full‌‌member‌‌in‌‌SCO‌ ‌ per‌‌GII‌‌2021.‌ ‌
● Iran‌‌has‌‌been‌‌a‌‌observer‌‌state‌‌at‌‌SCO‌‌for‌‌
● India‌‌is‌‌ranked‌‌46th‌‌as‌‌per‌‌GII‌‌2021.‌ ‌
last‌‌15‌‌years.But‌‌only‌‌recently‌‌it‌‌was‌‌
● India‌‌was‌‌ranked‌‌48‌‌as‌‌per‌‌GII‌‌2020.‌ ‌
added‌‌as‌‌a‌‌full‌‌time‌‌member.‌ ‌
Reason‌ ‌
● Two‌‌important‌‌countries‌‌of‌‌SCO,‌‌India‌‌and‌‌ SAARC‌‌meeting‌‌cancelled‌ ‌
China‌‌favoured‌‌entry‌‌of‌‌Iran.‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
1. Security‌‌issues‌‌in‌‌Afghanistan‌ ‌ ● A‌‌meeting‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌ministers‌‌from‌‌the‌‌
● After‌‌Taliban‌‌came‌‌into‌‌power‌‌in‌‌ South‌‌Asian‌‌Association‌‌for‌‌Regional‌‌
Afghanistan‌‌there‌‌is‌‌an‌‌apprehension‌‌for‌‌ Cooperation‌‌(SAARC)‌‌countries,‌‌which‌‌
the‌‌SCO‌‌countries‌‌that‌‌Afghanistan‌‌may‌‌ was‌‌set‌‌to‌‌be‌‌held‌‌in‌‌New‌‌York.‌ ‌
again‌‌become‌‌hub‌‌of‌‌terrorism.‌ ● ‌Nepal‌‌was,‌‌the‌‌‘host’‌‌of‌‌the‌‌summit.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌26‌ ‌
● But‌‌Nepal‌‌has‌‌now‌‌cancelled‌‌the‌‌summit.‌ ‌ ● Focus‌‌on‌‌Economic‌‌integration‌‌with‌‌
Reason‌‌for‌‌cancellation‌ ‌ Southeast‌‌Asia.‌ ‌
● The‌‌member‌‌states‌‌were‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌agree‌‌ Act‌‌East‌‌Policy‌ ‌
upon‌‌the‌‌participation‌‌of‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌ ● Upgraded‌‌version‌‌of‌‌Look‌‌East‌‌in‌‌2014‌ ‌
● Apart‌‌from‌‌Pakistan‌‌none‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other‌‌ ● Economic‌‌and‌‌Strategic‌‌integration‌‌with‌‌
SAARC‌‌members‌‌recognise‌‌the‌‌Taliban‌‌as‌‌ Southeast‌‌Asia.‌ ‌
a‌‌legitimate‌‌government‌‌of‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌aggressive‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌China‌‌

● India,‌‌have‌‌openly‌‌questioned‌ ‌legitimacy‌‌ mainly‌‌in‌‌Indo‌‌Pacific‌‌region.‌ ‌
of‌‌Taliban‌‌in‌‌recent‌‌SCO‌‌summit.‌ ‌
Another‌‌related‌‌news‌ ‌
● It’s‌‌all‌‌about‌‌legitimacy‌‌of‌‌Taliban‌‌as‌‌

government‌‌of‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌
● Will‌‌world‌‌countries‌‌and‌‌the‌‌UN‌‌accept‌‌
Taliban‌‌as‌‌a‌‌legitimate‌‌government‌‌of‌‌
Afghanistan.‌ ‌
South‌‌Asian‌‌Association‌‌for‌‌

‌
Regional‌‌Cooperation‌‌(SAARC)‌ ‌
● The‌‌South‌‌Asian‌‌Association‌‌for‌‌Regional‌‌
Cooperation‌‌(SAARC)‌‌was‌‌established‌‌ CEPA‌‌Agreement‌‌with‌‌UAE‌ ‌
with‌‌the‌‌signing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌SAARC‌‌Charter‌‌in‌‌
Dhaka‌‌on‌‌8‌‌December‌‌1985.‌ ‌ ● India‌‌and‌‌UAE’s‌‌Commerce‌‌Minister‌‌have‌‌
● It‌‌has‌‌seven‌‌founding‌‌ formally‌‌launched‌‌negotiations‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
countries—Bangladesh,‌‌Bhutan,‌‌India,‌‌ India-United‌‌Arab‌‌Emirates‌‌FTA.‌ ‌
Maldives,‌‌Nepal,‌‌Pakistan,‌‌and‌‌Sri‌‌Lanka.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌first‌‌round‌‌of‌‌CEPA‌‌negotiations‌‌were‌ ‌
● Afghanistan‌‌became‌‌the‌‌newest‌‌member‌‌ held‌‌on‌‌23-24‌‌September‌‌2021.‌ ‌
of‌‌SAARC‌‌at‌‌the‌‌13th‌‌annual‌‌summit‌‌in‌‌ ● This‌‌economic‌‌agreement‌‌is‌‌expected‌‌to‌‌
2005.‌ ‌ increase‌‌bilateral‌‌trade‌‌in‌‌goods‌‌to‌‌USD‌‌
● The‌‌Headquarters‌‌and‌‌Secretariat‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 100‌‌billion‌‌within‌‌five‌‌years‌‌of‌‌the‌‌signed‌‌
Association‌‌are‌‌at‌‌Kathmandu,‌‌Nepal.‌ ‌ agreement‌‌and‌‌increase‌‌trade‌‌in‌‌services‌‌
● 19th‌‌summit‌‌was‌‌to‌‌be‌‌held‌‌in‌‌Islamabad‌‌ to‌‌USD‌‌15‌‌billion.‌ ‌
2016-Uri‌‌attack-‌‌India‌‌pulled‌‌out-all‌‌others‌‌ India-UAE‌‌trade‌‌relations‌ ‌
pulled‌‌except‌‌Nepal-since‌‌then‌‌no‌‌SAARC‌‌ ● The‌‌UAE‌‌is‌‌India’s‌‌third-largest‌‌trading‌‌
summit‌‌till‌‌now‌ ‌ partner‌‌with‌‌bilateral‌‌trade(first‌‌and‌‌second‌‌
are‌‌China‌‌and‌‌The‌‌US).‌ ‌
Exercise‌‌‘Samudra‌‌Shakti’‌‌
‌
● 3rd‌‌edition‌‌of‌ ‌Bilateral‌‌Exercise‌‌‘Samudra‌‌
Shakti’‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌and‌‌Indonesian‌‌
Navy‌‌scheduled‌‌off‌‌the‌‌approaches‌‌to‌‌
Sunda‌‌Strait‌‌from‌‌20‌‌Sep‌‌to‌‌22‌‌
September,‌‌2021.‌ ‌
● Exercise‌‌‘Samudra‌‌Shakti’‌‌was‌‌conceived‌‌ ‌
in‌‌2018‌‌as‌‌a‌‌bilateral‌‌in‌‌pursuance‌‌of‌‌
India’s‌‌largest‌‌trading‌‌partner‌‌in‌‌2020‌ ‌
India’s‌‌Act‌‌East‌‌Policy.‌ ‌ ● 1st‌‌China($77.7‌‌b)‌ ‌2nd‌‌US($75.6b)‌ ‌
How‌‌to‌‌use‌‌in‌‌Mains?‌ ‌ ● India‌‌trade‌‌deficit‌‌with‌‌China‌ ‌
● Use‌‌it‌‌as‌‌a‌‌supporting‌‌argument‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌ ● Trade‌‌surplus‌‌with‌‌the‌‌US‌ ‌
how‌‌Act‌‌East‌‌Policy‌‌is‌‌upgraded‌‌version‌‌of‌‌
Look‌‌East‌‌policy.‌ ‌
Look‌‌East‌‌Policy‌ ‌
● Started‌‌in‌‌1992‌‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌27‌ ‌
Chandrayaan‌‌2 ‌ ‌
● Lander‌‌-‌‌It‌‌had‌‌to‌ ‌land‌‌on‌‌the‌‌south‌‌pole‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌moon.‌‌This‌‌lander‌‌has‌‌been‌‌named‌‌
as‌‌Vikram‌
● Rover‌‌-‌‌It‌‌will‌‌be‌‌robotic‌‌vehicle‌‌which‌‌will‌‌
move‌‌on‌‌the‌‌moon’s‌‌surface‌‌to‌‌collect‌‌
important‌‌samples‌‌take‌‌readings.‌‌This‌‌has‌‌
been‌‌named‌‌as‌‌Pragyan‌ ‌
● The‌‌Lander-‌‌Vikram‌‌could‌‌not‌‌land‌‌softly.‌‌
Thus‌‌it‌‌became‌‌dysfunctional.‌ ‌
‌ ● But‌‌Orbiter‌‌is‌‌working‌‌well.‌ ‌
Science‌‌and‌‌Tech‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Chandrayaan-3‌‌is‌‌the‌‌successor‌‌to‌‌
the‌‌Chandrayaan-2‌‌mission‌‌and‌‌it‌‌will‌‌

likely‌‌attempt‌‌another‌‌soft-landing‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
South‌‌Pole‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lunar‌‌surface.‌ ‌
Inspiration‌‌4‌‌Mission‌ ‌ ‌
● It‌‌will‌‌take‌‌a‌‌group‌‌of‌‌four‌‌private‌‌citizens‌‌
Current‌‌Development‌ ‌
into‌‌space‌‌for‌‌three‌‌days.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Orbiter‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Chandrayaan‌‌2 ‌‌
● The‌‌mission‌‌involves‌‌circling‌‌the‌‌Earth‌‌for‌‌ mission‌‌has‌‌been‌‌functioning‌‌normally,‌‌
three‌‌days,‌‌and‌‌then‌‌splashing‌‌down‌‌into‌‌ and‌‌in‌‌the‌‌two‌‌years‌‌gathered‌‌a‌‌wealth‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌Atlantic‌‌Ocean.‌ ‌ new‌‌information.‌ ‌
● Inspiration4‌‌will‌‌orbit‌‌the‌‌Earth‌‌at‌‌575km,‌‌ ● The‌‌Orbiter‌‌is‌‌carrying‌‌eight‌‌instruments.‌‌
higher‌‌than‌‌the‌‌International‌‌Space‌‌ And‌‌they‌‌have‌‌collected‌‌different‌‌
Station‌‌(408km)‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Hubble‌‌space‌‌ informations.‌ ‌
telescope‌‌(547km).‌‌ ‌ Important‌‌informations‌‌collected‌ ‌
● This‌‌will‌‌be‌‌the‌‌farthest‌‌distance‌‌travelled‌‌ 1. Water‌‌Molecule‌ ‌
by‌‌a‌‌crewed‌‌mission‌‌since‌‌2009,‌‌when‌‌ ● The‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌water‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Moon‌‌had‌‌
astronauts‌‌last‌‌went‌‌to‌‌repair‌‌the‌‌Hubble.‌ ‌ already‌‌been‌‌confirmed‌‌by‌‌
● This‌‌will‌‌be‌‌sent‌‌by‌‌Spacex-a‌‌private‌‌ Chandrayaan-1.‌‌ ‌
space‌‌agency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌US.‌ ‌ ● But‌‌the‌‌instrument‌‌used‌‌on‌‌
● Entrepreneur‌‌Elon‌‌Musk’s‌‌SpaceX‌‌ Chandrayaan-1‌‌was‌‌not‌‌sensitive‌‌enough‌‌
announced‌‌that‌‌‘Inspiration4’,‌‌its‌‌first‌‌ to‌‌detect‌‌whether‌‌the‌‌signals‌‌came‌‌from‌‌
all-civilian,‌‌non-governmental‌‌spaceflight,‌‌ the‌‌hydroxyl‌‌radical‌‌(OH)‌‌or‌‌the‌‌water‌‌
is‌‌on‌‌track‌‌for‌‌launch‌‌on‌‌September‌‌15.‌ ‌ molecule‌‌(H2O,‌‌which‌‌too‌‌has‌‌OH‌‌).‌ ‌
● Using‌‌far‌‌more‌‌sensitive‌‌instruments,‌‌the‌‌
Imaging‌‌Infra-Red‌‌Spectrometer‌‌(IIRS)‌‌on‌‌
Chandrayaan-2‌ ‌ board‌‌Chandrayaan-2‌‌has‌‌been‌‌able‌‌to‌‌
distinguish‌‌between‌‌hydroxyl‌‌and‌‌water‌‌

molecules,‌‌and‌‌found‌‌unique‌‌signatures‌‌of‌‌
India’s‌‌Mission‌‌to‌‌Moon‌ ‌ both.‌‌ ‌
● This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌precise‌‌information‌‌about‌‌
Chandrayaan‌‌1 ‌ ‌ the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌H2O‌‌molecules‌‌on‌‌the‌‌
● India's‌‌first‌‌mission‌‌to‌‌Moon.‌ ‌ Moon‌‌till‌‌date.Important‌‌informations‌‌
● It‌‌was‌‌an‌‌Orbiter‌‌Mission.‌ ‌ collected‌ ‌
● Proved‌‌Existence‌‌of‌‌water‌‌on‌‌Moon‌ ‌ 2. Minor‌‌Elements‌ ‌
● Sent‌‌by‌‌ISRO‌‌in‌‌2008‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Large‌‌Area‌‌Soft‌‌X-Ray‌‌Spectrometer‌‌
Chandrayaan‌‌2 ‌ ‌ (CLASS)‌‌measures‌‌the‌‌Moon’s‌‌X-ray‌‌
● ISRO’s‌ ‌2nd‌‌mission‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Moon‌‌launched‌‌ spectrum‌‌to‌‌examine‌‌the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌
in‌‌2019.‌ ‌ major‌‌elements‌‌such‌‌as‌‌magnesium,‌‌
Chandrayaan‌‌2‌‌had‌‌three‌‌modules‌ ‌ aluminium,‌‌silicon,‌‌calcium,‌‌titanium,‌‌iron,‌‌
● Orbiter‌‌-‌‌a‌‌module‌‌which‌‌will‌‌orbit‌‌the‌‌
etc.‌‌
‌
moon,‌‌like‌‌any‌‌satellite‌‌does.‌‌Named‌‌as‌‌ ● This‌‌instrument‌‌has‌‌detected‌‌the‌‌minor‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌28‌ ‌
elements‌‌chromium,‌‌Sodium‌ ‌and‌‌ out.‌ ‌

manganese‌‌for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time.‌ ‌
● The‌‌finding‌‌can‌‌lay‌‌the‌‌path‌‌for‌‌

understanding‌‌magmatic‌‌evolution‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ PgSIT‌ ‌
Moon.‌ ‌
3. Study‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Sun‌ ‌
● One‌‌of‌‌the‌‌payloads,‌‌called‌‌Solar‌‌X-ray‌‌
Precision-guided‌‌sterile‌‌insect‌‌

Monitor‌‌(XSM)‌‌has‌‌collected‌‌information‌‌ technique‌ ‌
about‌‌solar‌‌flares‌‌around‌‌Moon.‌ ‌
● According‌‌to‌‌ISRO,‌‌this‌‌has‌‌great‌‌ ● The‌‌“precision-guided‌‌sterile‌‌insect‌‌
implications‌‌on‌‌the‌‌understanding‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ technique”‌‌(pgSIT),‌‌alters‌‌genes‌‌linked‌‌to‌‌
mechanism‌‌behind‌‌heating‌‌of‌‌the‌‌solar‌‌ male‌‌mosquito‌ ‌fertility‌‌in‌‌Aedes‌‌aegypti,‌‌

corona,‌‌which‌‌has‌‌been‌‌an‌‌open‌‌problem‌‌ the‌‌mosquito.‌ ‌
for‌‌many‌‌decades.‌ ‌ ● It‌‌also‌‌makes‌‌female‌‌mosquitoes‌‌(which‌‌
spread‌‌disease)‌‌flightless.‌ ‌
Benefit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌technique‌ ‌
Facebook‌‌Smart‌‌glasses‌ ‌ ● Aedes‌‌aegypti,‌‌the‌‌mosquito‌‌species‌‌
responsible‌‌for‌‌spreading‌‌diseases‌‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ including‌‌dengue‌‌fever,‌‌chikungunya‌‌and‌
● Facebook‌‌has‌‌released‌‌its‌‌first‌‌“smart‌‌ Zika.‌ ‌
glasses”‌‌in‌‌association‌‌with‌‌Ray-Ban.‌ ‌ ● After‌‌the‌‌pgSIT‌‌males‌‌mosquito‌‌will‌‌
What‌‌these‌‌Smart‌‌glasses‌‌will‌‌do?‌ ‌ emerge‌‌sterile‌‌and‌‌eventually‌‌mate‌‌with‌‌
● Facebook’s‌‌smart‌‌glasses‌‌will‌‌let‌‌users‌‌ females,‌‌driving‌‌down‌‌the‌‌wild‌‌population‌‌
record‌‌the‌‌world‌‌around‌‌them,‌‌and‌‌take‌‌ as‌‌needed.‌ ‌
pictures.‌‌ ‌
● For‌‌now,‌‌users‌‌can‌‌record‌‌30-second‌‌
videos‌‌or‌‌take‌‌photos‌‌by‌‌using‌‌either‌‌the‌‌ CRISPR‌ ‌
capture‌‌button‌‌or‌‌going‌‌hands-free‌‌with‌‌ ● The‌‌pgSIT‌‌uses‌‌CRISPR‌‌technology‌‌to‌‌
Facebook‌‌Assistant‌‌voice‌‌commands.‌ ‌ sterilise‌‌male‌‌mosquitoes‌‌and‌‌render‌‌
● Facebook’s‌‌glasses‌‌also‌‌come‌‌with‌‌built-in‌‌ female‌‌mosquitoes‌‌(which‌‌spread‌‌disease)‌‌
“open-ear‌‌speakers”‌‌and‌‌a ‌‌ flightless.‌ ‌
three-microphone‌‌audio‌‌array,‌‌which‌‌will‌‌ CRISPR‌‌technology‌ ‌
ensure‌‌that‌‌users‌‌can‌‌take‌‌calls‌‌as‌‌well.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌technology‌ ‌of‌‌gene‌‌editing‌‌is‌‌known‌‌
● According‌‌to‌‌Facebook,‌‌these‌‌glasses‌‌can‌‌ as‌‌CRISPR.‌ ‌
capture‌‌and‌‌sync‌‌up‌‌to‌‌50‌‌videos‌‌or‌‌up‌‌to‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌done‌‌with‌‌a‌‌special‌‌type‌‌of‌‌gene‌‌

200‌‌photos‌‌per‌‌full‌‌charge.‌‌ ‌ protein‌‌Cas9‌‌with‌‌help‌‌of‌‌which‌‌DNA‌‌could‌‌
● Ray-Ban‌‌Stories‌‌will‌‌start‌‌at‌‌$299.‌ ‌ be‌‌cut.‌ ‌
Augmented‌‌Reality‌ ‌ Nobel‌‌Chemistry‌‌Prize‌‌in‌‌2020‌ ‌
● Ray-Ban‌‌Stories‌‌do‌‌not‌‌support‌‌ ● Emmanuelle‌‌Charpentier‌‌of‌‌France‌‌and‌‌
Augmented‌‌Reality‌‌(AR),‌‌something‌‌which‌‌ Jennifer‌‌Doudna‌‌of‌‌the‌‌U.S.‌‌won‌‌the‌‌
we’ve‌‌seen‌‌Google‌‌Glasses‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌do‌‌ Nobel‌‌Chemistry‌‌Prize‌‌in‌‌2020‌‌for‌‌the‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌past‌‌(unsuccessfully‌‌though).‌‌ ‌ discovery‌‌of‌‌gene-editing‌‌technique‌‌in‌‌
Augmented‌‌Reality‌ ‌ 2012‌. ‌ ‌
● Augmented‌‌Reality‌‌(AR)‌‌is‌‌the‌‌technology‌‌
that‌‌superimposes‌‌an‌‌image‌‌onto‌‌a‌‌user’s‌‌
view‌‌of‌‌the‌‌real‌‌world‌‌and‌‌enhances‌‌it‌‌with‌‌
sound,‌‌touch,‌‌and‌‌even‌‌smell.‌ ‌

Anti‌‌Tank‌‌Missile‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌combination‌‌of‌‌the‌‌real‌‌scene‌‌

viewed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌user‌‌and‌‌a‌‌virtual‌‌scene‌‌ What‌‌is‌‌Anti-Tank‌‌Missile?‌ ‌
generated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌computer.‌‌ ‌
● AR‌‌is‌‌a‌‌technology‌‌that‌‌is‌‌going‌‌to‌‌blur‌‌the‌‌ An‌‌anti-tank‌‌missile‌‌(ATM)‌‌is‌‌a‌‌missile‌‌that‌‌is‌‌

lines‌‌of‌‌reality.‌ ‌ created‌‌to‌‌destroy‌‌military‌‌vehicles‌‌that‌‌are‌‌

● It‌‌is‌‌different‌‌from‌‌VR(Virtual‌‌Reality)‌‌ heavily‌‌armoured‌‌like‌‌tanks.‌ ‌
where‌‌physical‌‌world‌‌is‌‌completely‌‌shut‌‌ ‌
Anti‌‌Tank‌‌missiles‌‌can‌‌be‌‌of‌‌type‌‌-
‌‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌29‌ ‌
● Man‌‌Portable‌‌and‌‌shoulder‌‌launched‌ ‌ AMOGHA‌2 ‌ -‌L‌ and‌‌

● Man‌‌Portable‌‌and‌‌Launched‌‌on‌‌ground‌‌ Version;‌A ‌ MOGHA‌3 ‌ ‌‌

stand‌ ‌ (3rd‌G‌ en)‌-‌ ‌I‌mproved‌‌
● Launched‌‌from‌‌another‌‌vehicle‌ ‌ version‌‌ ‌
● Launched‌‌from‌‌aircraft‌ ‌
3rd‌G‌ en‌w ‌ ith‌F ‌ ire‌& ‌ ‌‌
‌
Man‌‌portable‌‌missiles‌‌are‌‌less‌‌powerful,‌‌so‌‌ Forget‌T ‌ ech‌a ‌ nd‌‌
soldiers‌‌have‌‌to‌‌go‌‌close‌‌to‌‌tanks‌‌to‌‌fire‌‌them.‌‌ Range:‌5 ‌ 00m‌– ‌ ‌2
‌ 0km‌ ‌
So,Electronic‌ ‌guided‌‌missiles‌‌are‌‌more‌‌useful.‌ ‌ Various‌v‌ ersions‌o ‌ f‌‌

Anti‌‌Tank‌‌Guided‌‌Missile‌‌(ATGM)‌ ‌ Developed‌b ‌ y‌‌
NAG:‌‌ ‌
Equipped‌‌with‌‌HEAT‌‌-‌‌As‌‌these‌‌are‌‌fired‌‌from‌‌ -‌D
‌ RDO‌ ‌ Land‌v‌ ersion‌-‌ ‌‌
NAG‌ ‌
distance,‌‌so‌‌to‌‌increase‌‌their‌‌penetration‌‌power,‌‌ Manufactured‌‌ NAMICA‌‌–‌N ‌ AG‌‌
these‌‌are‌‌equipped‌‌with‌‌HEAT‌ ‌ by‌-‌ ‌B
‌ DL‌ ‌ missile‌C ‌ arrier‌ ‌
● High-explosive‌‌anti-tank‌‌(HEAT)‌‌warhead‌ ‌ Air‌V
‌ ersion‌-‌ ‌H ‌ eLiNa-‌‌
● Warhead‌‌is‌‌spike‌‌of‌‌metal‌‌which‌‌goes‌‌ Helicopter‌L ‌ aunched‌‌
through‌‌the‌‌target‌ ‌ NAG;‌S ‌ ANT‌-‌ ‌f‌rom‌‌
‌ UAV‌ ‌
Guidance‌‌System‌‌-‌‌Three‌‌types‌‌of‌‌guidance‌‌ Last‌y‌ ear,‌t‌he‌A ‌ rmy‌‌
systems‌‌in‌‌ATGMs‌
procured‌a ‌ round‌2 ‌ 50‌‌
● First‌‌generation:‌‌Manual‌‌commands‌‌and‌‌
missiles‌f‌rom‌I‌srael‌a ‌ s‌‌
steering‌ ‌ Rafael‌‌
emergency‌‌
● Second‌‌generation:‌‌Semi-automatically‌‌ Advanced‌‌
commanded‌ ‌ procurement‌a ‌ fter‌t‌he‌‌
SPIKE‌ ‌ Defence‌‌
● Third‌‌generation:‌‌These‌‌are‌‌ Balakot‌a ‌ irstrike.‌ ‌
Systems‌o ‌ f‌‌
‘fire-and-forget’‌‌missiles‌‌where‌‌the‌‌ 4th‌G‌ eneration‌ ‌
Israel‌ ‌
operator‌‌can‌‌go‌‌back‌‌right‌‌after‌‌firing‌‌ ‌ Various‌v‌ ariants‌l‌ike‌‌
○ IIR‌‌seeker‌‌(Imaging‌‌Infrared)‌‌ short‌r‌ ange,‌m ‌ edium‌‌
seeker‌‌ ‌ range,‌l‌ong‌r‌ ange‌ ‌
○ Laser‌‌seeker‌ ‌ Current‌‌news‌ ‌
● Fourth‌‌Generation:‌‌Fire-Forget-Update‌‌ ● The‌‌helicopter-launched‌‌Nag‌‌Anti-Tank‌‌
and‌‌change‌‌of‌‌target‌‌midflight‌‌by‌‌Israel‌ ‌ Guided‌‌Missile‌‌(ATGM)‌‌also‌‌called‌‌Helina‌‌
has‌‌completed‌‌all‌‌trials.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Helina‌‌has‌‌also‌‌undergone‌‌successful‌‌
trials‌‌since‌‌2018.‌ ‌
● Range:‌‌It‌‌has‌‌a‌‌minimum‌‌range‌‌of‌‌500‌‌

metres‌‌and‌‌a‌‌maximum‌‌range‌‌of‌‌7 ‌‌
kilometres.‌ ‌
● Features:‌‌The‌‌system‌‌has‌‌all-‌‌weather‌‌day‌‌
and‌‌night‌‌operational‌‌capabilities‌‌and‌‌can‌‌

‌ defeat‌‌battle‌‌tanks‌ ‌
ATGM‌‌of‌‌India‌ ‌
‌ Havana‌‌Syndrome‌ ‌
Name‌ ‌ Developer‌ ‌ Details‌ ‌ ● Havana‌‌Syndrome‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌a‌‌set‌‌of‌‌
mental‌‌health‌‌symptoms‌‌that‌‌are‌‌said‌‌to‌‌
1st‌G
‌ eneration‌w ‌ ith‌‌ be‌‌experienced‌‌by‌‌US‌‌intelligence‌‌
Anti‌T
‌ ank‌‌
DRDO‌ ‌ HEAT‌ ‌ officials.‌ ‌
Missile‌ ‌
Range:‌u ‌ pto‌1 ‌ .6‌k‌ m‌ ‌ ● It‌‌typically‌‌involves‌‌symptoms‌‌such‌‌as‌‌
2nd‌G‌ en‌w ‌ ith‌R ‌ ange‌‌ hearing‌‌certain‌‌sounds‌‌without‌‌any‌‌
Bharat‌‌
upto‌2‌ .8‌k‌ m‌ ‌ outside‌‌noise‌‌being‌‌present,‌‌headaches,‌‌
AMOGHA‌ Dynamics‌L‌ td‌‌
Various‌v‌ ersions‌o ‌ f‌‌
memory‌‌loss.‌ ‌
(BDL)‌ ‌ AMOGHA‌a ‌ re‌‌ ● In‌‌late‌‌2016,‌‌USA‌‌diplomats‌‌and‌‌other‌‌
developed‌b ‌ y‌B‌ DL:‌ ‌ employees‌‌stationed‌‌in‌‌Havana‌‌(capital‌‌of‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌30‌ ‌
Cuba)‌‌reported‌‌feeling‌‌ill‌‌after‌‌hearing‌‌
(HVF),‌‌Avadi,‌‌for‌‌the‌‌supply‌‌of‌‌118‌‌
strange‌‌sounds‌‌and‌‌experiencing‌‌odd‌‌ indigenous‌‌Arjun‌‌Mk-1A‌‌main‌‌battle‌‌tanks‌‌
physical‌‌sensations.‌ ‌ (MBT)‌‌for‌‌the‌‌Army‌‌at‌‌a‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌₹7,523‌‌

crore.‌ ‌
Possible‌‌reason‌‌Havana‌‌

Syndrome‌ ‌ Dark‌‌Energy‌ ‌
● Scientists‌‌have‌‌not‌‌been‌‌able‌‌to‌‌detect‌‌ Dark‌‌energy‌‌&‌‌Dark‌‌matter‌ ‌
exact‌‌reason‌‌behind‌‌the‌‌syndrome.‌ ‌ ● Everything‌‌we‌‌see‌‌–‌‌the‌‌planets,‌‌moons,‌‌
● One‌‌possible‌‌explanation‌‌by‌‌National‌‌ massive‌‌galaxies,‌‌you,‌‌me,‌‌this‌‌website‌‌– ‌‌
Academies‌‌of‌‌Sciences‌‌(NAS),‌‌ makes‌‌up‌‌less‌‌than‌‌5%‌‌of‌‌the‌‌universe.‌ ‌
USA-Victims‌‌may‌‌have‌‌been‌‌subjected‌‌to‌‌ ● About‌‌26%‌‌is‌‌dark‌‌matter‌‌and‌‌69%‌‌is‌‌dark‌‌
high-powered‌‌microwaves‌‌that‌‌damaged‌‌ energy.‌ ‌
their‌‌nervous‌‌system.‌ ‌ ● While‌‌dark‌‌matter‌‌attracts‌‌and‌‌holds‌‌

Microwave‌‌Weapons‌ ‌ galaxies‌‌together,‌‌dark‌‌energy‌‌repels‌‌and‌‌
● These‌‌are‌‌supposed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌type‌‌of‌‌direct‌‌ causes‌‌the‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌our‌‌universe.‌ ‌
energy‌‌weapons,‌‌which‌‌aim‌‌highly‌‌
focused‌‌energy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌sonic,‌‌laser,‌‌
or‌‌microwaves,‌‌at‌‌a‌‌target.‌ ‌
● China‌‌is‌‌leader‌‌in‌‌Microwave‌‌Weapons‌‌
and‌‌it‌‌is‌‌suspected‌‌that‌‌China‌‌used‌‌it‌‌

against‌‌US‌‌intelligence‌‌officers‌‌in‌‌Havana.‌ ‌
‌
‌
Why‌‌Havana‌‌Syndrome‌‌is‌‌in‌‌news?‌ ‌
● A‌‌US‌‌intelligence‌‌officer‌‌travelling‌‌to‌‌India‌‌
with‌‌CIA‌‌director‌‌William‌‌Burns‌‌earlier‌‌has‌‌
reported‌‌symptoms‌‌of‌‌Havana‌‌Syndrome.‌ ‌
● This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌instance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌

phenomenon‌‌being‌‌reported‌‌in‌‌India.‌ ‌
Arjun‌‌Mk-1A‌‌tanks‌ ‌
Arjun‌‌Tank‌ ‌ ‌
● The‌‌tank‌‌project‌‌was‌‌initiated‌‌by‌‌DRDO‌‌in‌‌ Detection‌‌of‌‌Dark‌‌matters‌ ‌
1972.‌ ‌ ● Despite‌‌many‌‌references‌‌in‌‌scientific‌
● Mass‌‌production‌‌of‌‌the‌‌tank‌‌began‌‌in‌‌1996‌‌ journals‌‌there‌‌has‌‌been‌‌no‌‌direct‌‌proof‌‌or‌‌
at‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Ordnance‌‌Factory.‌ ‌ evidence‌‌of‌‌Dark‌‌energy‌‌&‌‌Dark‌‌matter.‌ ‌
● MK-1A‌‌is‌‌the‌‌upgraded‌‌version‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ Experiment‌‌to‌‌detect‌‌dark‌‌matter‌ ‌
previous‌‌version.‌ ‌ ● Large-scale‌‌experiments‌‌like‌‌XENON1T‌‌
Additional‌‌features‌‌of‌‌MK1‌ ‌ have‌‌been‌‌designed‌‌to‌‌directly‌‌detect‌‌dark‌‌
● It‌‌has‌‌a‌‌computer-controlled‌‌integrated‌‌fire‌‌ matter,‌‌by‌‌searching‌‌for‌‌signs‌‌of‌‌dark‌‌

control‌‌system‌‌ ‌ matter‌‌‘hitting’‌‌ordinary‌‌matter.‌ ‌
● Stabilised‌‌sighting‌‌that‌‌works‌‌in‌‌all‌‌lighting‌‌ ● But‌‌dark‌‌energy‌‌is‌‌even‌‌more‌‌elusive‌‌and‌
conditions‌‌ ‌ difficult‌‌to‌‌detect.‌ ‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ ● The‌‌XENON1T‌‌experiment‌‌is‌‌the‌‌world’s‌‌
● The‌‌MBT‌‌Arjun‌‌Mk-1A‌‌was‌‌designed‌‌and‌‌ most‌‌sensitive‌‌dark‌‌matter‌‌experiment‌‌and‌‌
developed‌‌by‌‌Defence‌‌Research‌‌and‌‌ was‌‌operated‌‌deep‌‌underground‌‌at‌‌the‌‌
Development‌‌Organisation‌‌(DRDO).‌ ‌ INFN‌‌Laboratori‌‌Nazionali‌‌del‌‌Gran‌‌Sasso‌‌
● It‌‌is‌‌manufactured‌‌by‌ ‌Heavy‌‌Vehicles‌‌ in‌‌Italy.‌ ‌
Factory‌‌(HVF),‌‌Avadi‌‌in‌‌TN.‌ ‌ Current‌‌news?‌ ‌
● Recently‌‌the‌‌Defence‌‌Ministry‌‌placed‌‌an‌‌ ● Last‌‌year,‌‌the‌‌XENON1T‌‌experiment‌‌
order‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Heavy‌‌Vehicles‌‌Factory‌‌ reported‌‌an‌‌unexpected‌‌signal.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌31‌ ‌
● Scientists‌‌saw‌‌that‌‌at‌‌energies‌‌around‌‌~2‌‌
recovery‌‌experts‌‌plan‌‌sites‌‌for‌‌replanting.‌ ‌
keV-and‌‌this‌‌could‌‌be‌‌due‌‌to‌‌dark‌‌energy.‌ ‌ ‌
Landsat‌‌9‌‌satellite‌‌
‌
Environment‌ ‌
● A‌‌NASA‌‌satellite‌‌was‌‌successfully‌‌ Snow‌‌Leopard‌‌&‌‌Black‌‌

launched‌‌on‌‌September‌‌27‌‌from‌‌
Vandenberg‌‌Space‌‌Force‌‌Base‌‌in‌‌ Necked‌ ‌
California.‌‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● The‌‌earth‌‌monitoring‌‌satellite,‌‌Landsat‌‌9,‌‌ ● The‌‌Ladakh‌‌Union‌‌Territory‌‌administration‌‌
is‌‌a‌‌joint‌‌mission‌‌of‌‌NASA‌‌and‌‌the‌‌US‌‌ announced‌‌snow‌‌leopard‌‌as‌‌its‌‌state‌‌
Geological‌‌Survey‌‌(USGS).‌ ‌ animal‌‌and‌‌black-necked‌‌crane‌‌as‌‌its‌‌state‌‌
Landsat‌‌satellites‌ ‌ bird.‌ ‌
● The‌‌first‌‌Landsat‌‌satellite‌‌was‌‌launched‌‌in‌‌ Snow‌‌Leopard‌ ‌
1972‌‌and‌‌since‌‌then,‌‌Landsat‌‌satellites‌‌ ● Vulnerable‌‌in‌‌IUCN‌‌Red‌‌Data‌‌Book‌ ‌
have‌‌collected‌‌images‌‌of‌‌our‌‌planet‌‌and‌‌ ● Snow‌‌Leopard‌‌capital‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world:‌‌Hemis,‌‌
helped‌‌understand‌‌how‌‌land‌‌usage‌‌has‌‌ Ladakh.‌ ‌
changed‌‌over‌‌the‌‌decades.‌ ‌ ● Hemis‌‌National‌‌Park‌‌is‌‌the‌‌biggest‌‌
● In‌‌2008,‌‌it‌‌was‌‌decided‌‌that‌‌all‌‌Landsat‌‌ national‌‌park‌‌in‌‌India‌‌and‌‌also‌‌has‌‌a‌‌good‌‌
images‌‌will‌‌be‌‌free‌‌and‌‌publicly‌‌available‌‌ presence‌‌of‌‌Snow‌‌Leopard.‌ ‌
and‌‌the‌‌policy‌‌has‌‌helped‌‌scores‌‌of‌‌ Black‌‌Necked‌‌Crane‌ ‌
researchers,‌‌farmers,‌‌policy‌‌analysts,‌‌ ● IUCN‌‌Status-Near‌‌Threatened‌ ‌
glaciologists,‌‌and‌‌seismologists.‌‌ ‌ ● The‌‌largest‌‌populations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bird‌‌are‌‌in‌‌

● Landsat‌‌images‌‌have‌‌been‌‌used‌‌to‌‌study‌‌ China‌‌with‌‌smaller‌‌numbers‌‌extending‌‌into‌‌
the‌‌health‌‌of‌‌forests,‌‌coral‌‌reefs,‌‌monitor‌‌ Vietnam,‌‌Bhutan,‌‌and‌‌India.‌ ‌
water‌‌quality‌‌and‌‌melting‌‌glaciers.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Landsat‌‌9‌‌joins‌‌Landsat‌‌8‌‌that‌‌was‌‌
launched‌‌in‌‌2013‌‌and‌‌the‌‌satellites‌‌
together‌‌will‌‌collect‌‌images‌‌of‌‌Earth’s‌‌

Turtle‌‌Conservation‌‌Award‌‌
‌
surface.‌‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● It‌‌takes‌‌8‌‌days‌‌to‌‌capture‌‌the‌‌whole‌‌Earth.‌ ‌ ● Indian‌‌biologist‌‌Shailendra‌‌Singh‌‌has‌‌
● Landsat‌‌9‌‌carries‌‌instruments‌‌similar‌‌to‌‌ been‌‌awarded‌‌the‌‌Behler‌‌Turtle‌‌
the‌‌other‌‌Landsat‌‌satellites,‌‌but‌‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌‌ Conservation‌‌Award‌‌for‌‌bringing‌‌three‌‌
most‌‌technologically‌‌advanced‌‌satellite‌‌of‌‌ critically‌‌endangered‌‌turtle‌‌species‌‌back‌‌
its‌‌generation.‌‌ ‌ from‌‌the‌‌brink‌‌of‌‌extinction.‌ ‌
● It‌‌can‌‌see‌‌more‌‌colour‌‌shades‌‌with‌‌greater‌‌ Behler‌‌Turtle‌‌Conservation‌‌Award‌ ‌
depths‌‌than‌‌the‌‌previous‌‌satellites,‌‌helping‌‌ ● The‌‌award‌‌is‌‌co-presented‌‌by‌‌4 ‌‌
scientists‌‌capture‌‌more‌‌details‌‌about‌‌our‌‌ organizations‌‌Turtle‌‌Survival‌‌Alliance‌‌
ever-changing‌‌planet.‌ ‌ (TSA),‌‌the‌‌IUCN,‌‌Tortoise‌‌and‌‌Freshwater‌‌
● It‌‌will‌‌help‌‌in‌‌monitoring‌‌climate‌‌change.‌ ‌ Turtle‌‌Specialist‌‌Group‌‌(TFTSG),‌‌the‌‌
How‌‌will‌‌the‌‌satellite‌‌help‌‌monitor‌‌climate‌‌ Turtle‌‌Conservation‌‌Fund‌‌(TCF)‌ ‌
change?‌ ‌ ● The‌‌four‌‌organizations‌‌most‌‌closely‌‌tied‌‌to‌‌
● Landsat‌‌images‌‌can‌‌also‌‌help‌‌identify‌‌ the‌‌turtle‌‌conservation‌‌legacy‌‌of‌‌John‌‌
water‌‌bodies‌‌affected‌‌by‌‌potentially‌‌ Behler(‌‌a‌‌great‌‌Turtle‌‌conservationist)‌ ‌
harmful‌‌algal‌‌blooms.‌‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌widely‌‌considered‌‌the‌‌“Nobel‌‌Prize”‌‌of‌‌

● If‌‌a‌‌forest‌‌is‌‌affected‌‌by‌‌drought,‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌‌ turtle‌‌conservation‌‌and‌‌biology.‌ ‌
seen‌‌in‌‌Landsat‌‌images‌‌and‌‌can‌‌help‌‌the‌‌ Species‌‌Conserved‌ ‌
researchers‌‌decode‌‌the‌‌areas‌‌at‌‌risk.‌‌ ‌ The‌‌red-crowned‌‌roofed‌‌turtle‌ ‌
● Similarly‌‌during‌‌a‌‌wildfire,‌‌the‌‌Landsat‌‌ ● Freshwater‌‌turtle‌‌endemic‌‌to‌‌South‌‌Asia.‌ ‌
images‌‌will‌‌capture‌‌the‌‌plumes‌‌of‌‌smoke‌‌ ● IUCN‌‌Status‌‌-‌‌Critically‌‌Endangered.‌
and‌‌help‌‌study‌‌the‌‌extent‌‌of‌‌a‌‌burning.‌‌ ‌ 1. Northern‌‌river‌‌terrapin‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌satellite‌‌images‌‌can‌‌also‌‌help‌‌ ● The‌‌species‌‌is‌‌currently‌‌found‌‌in‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌32‌ ‌
Bangladesh‌‌(in‌‌the‌‌Sundarbans),‌‌ population‌‌of‌‌flora‌‌and‌‌faunas-‌ ‌
Cambodia,‌‌India‌‌(parts-‌‌West‌‌Bengal‌‌& ‌‌ a. Habitat‌‌loss‌ ‌
Odisha),‌‌Indonesia‌‌and‌‌Malaysia.‌‌ ‌ b. Hunting‌‌and‌‌illegal‌‌trade‌ ‌
● ‌IUCN‌‌Status‌‌-‌‌Critically‌‌Endangered.‌ ‌ c. Global‌‌warming‌ ‌
2. Black‌‌softshell‌‌turtle‌‌ ‌
● Found‌‌in‌‌India‌‌(Assam)‌‌and‌‌Bangladesh‌‌
(Chittagong‌‌and‌‌Sylhet).‌ ‌ Black‌‌Tigers‌ ‌
● ‌IUCN‌‌Status‌‌-‌‌Critically‌‌Endangered.‌ ‌
● Many‌‌dark‌‌black‌‌striped‌‌tigers‌‌are‌‌found‌‌in‌‌
“Green‌‌status”‌ ‌ ●
Similipal‌‌Tiger‌‌Reserve.‌ ‌
A‌‌team‌‌of‌‌scientists‌‌has‌‌decoded‌‌the‌‌
What‌‌is‌‌IUCN(International‌‌Union‌‌for‌‌ reason‌‌behind‌‌black‌‌striped‌‌Tigers‌‌in‌‌
Conservation‌‌of‌‌Nature)?‌ ‌ Simlipal.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌International‌‌Union‌‌for‌‌Conservation‌‌ ● The‌‌reason‌‌behind‌‌excessive‌‌black‌‌strips‌‌
of‌‌Nature‌‌(IUCN)‌‌is‌‌a‌‌global‌‌environmental‌‌ is‌‌inbreeding.‌ ‌
organisation.‌‌ ‌ Inbreeding-‌‌breed‌‌from‌‌closely‌‌related‌‌people‌‌or‌‌
● It‌‌is‌‌headquartered‌‌in‌‌Switzerland‌‌and‌‌was‌‌ animals,‌‌especially‌‌over‌‌many‌‌generations.‌ ‌
created‌‌in‌‌1948.‌ ‌ ● Excessive‌‌inbreeding‌‌happens‌‌in‌‌Simlipal‌‌
● Official‌‌Observer‌‌Status‌‌at‌‌the‌‌United‌ because‌‌of‌‌its‌‌small‌‌size‌‌ie‌‌only‌‌a ‌‌
Nations‌‌General‌‌Assembly.‌ ‌ 2,750-sq‌‌km‌‌. ‌ ‌
Functions‌‌of‌‌IUCN?‌ ‌ ● The‌‌closest‌‌breeding‌‌tiger‌‌population‌‌to‌‌
1. Prepares‌ ‌the‌‌IUCN‌‌Red‌‌List‌‌of‌‌ Simlipal‌‌is‌‌around‌‌800‌‌km‌‌away.‌ ‌
Threatened‌‌Species.‌ ‌ Similar‌‌incident‌‌in‌‌Kaziranga‌ ‌
● It‌‌uses‌‌a‌‌set‌‌of‌‌quantitative‌‌criteria‌‌to‌‌ ● Four‌‌golden‌‌tigers‌‌have‌‌been‌‌spotted‌‌at‌‌
evaluate‌‌the‌‌extinction‌‌risk‌‌of‌‌species.‌‌ ‌ the‌‌Kaziranga‌‌National‌‌Park‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
2. Runs‌ ‌hundreds‌‌of‌‌conservation‌‌projects‌‌ ● The‌‌reason‌‌behind‌‌anomalous‌‌color‌‌in‌‌
all‌‌over‌‌the‌‌world.‌ ‌ tiger‌‌in‌‌Kaziranga‌‌is‌‌also‌‌inbreeding.‌ ‌
Funding‌‌of‌‌IUCN?‌ ‌ ● ‘Kazi‌‌106F’,‌‌described‌‌as‌‌the‌‌country’s‌‌
● Funded‌‌by‌‌governments,‌‌bilateral‌‌and‌‌ first‌‌Golden‌‌Tiger,has‌‌emerged‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
multilateral‌‌agencies,‌‌foundations,‌‌ social‌‌media‌‌sensation‌‌right‌‌after‌‌its‌‌
member‌‌organisations‌‌and‌‌corporations.‌ ‌ picture‌‌tweeted‌‌by‌‌an‌‌IFS‌‌officer‌‌went‌‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ viral.‌ ‌
● There‌‌are‌‌3‌‌current‌‌developments‌‌related‌ ● It‌‌resides‌‌in‌‌world‌‌heritage‌‌Kaziranga‌‌
to‌‌IUCN-‌ ‌ National‌‌Park‌‌of‌‌Assam.‌‌ ‌
1. Green‌‌Status‌ ‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌also‌‌known‌‌as‌‌‘Tabby‌‌tiger’‌‌or‌
The‌‌IUCN‌‌officially‌‌launched‌‌its‌‌“green‌‌ ‘Strawberry‌‌tiger’.‌ ‌
status”‌‌—‌‌the‌‌first‌‌global‌‌standard‌‌for‌‌
assessing‌‌species‌‌recovery‌‌and‌‌
measuring‌‌conservation‌‌impacts.‌ ‌ Similipal‌‌Tiger‌‌Reserve‌ ‌
2. Komodo‌‌dragons‌ ‌ ● It‌‌was‌‌formally‌‌designated‌‌a‌‌tiger‌‌reserve‌‌

● Komodo‌‌dragons,‌‌the‌‌largest‌‌living‌‌lizards,‌‌ in‌‌1956‌‌and‌‌brought‌‌under‌‌Project‌‌Tiger‌‌in‌‌

which‌‌are‌‌found‌‌only‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Komodo‌‌ the‌‌year‌‌1973.‌‌
‌
National‌‌Park‌‌and‌‌neighbouring‌‌ ● It‌‌was‌‌declared‌‌a‌‌biosphere‌‌reserve‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
Flores(Indonesia),‌‌were‌‌listed‌‌as‌‌ Government‌‌of‌‌India‌‌in‌‌June,‌‌1994.‌ ‌
“endangered”.‌ ‌ ● It‌‌has‌‌been‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌UNESCO‌‌World‌‌
3. Survival‌‌watchlist‌‌report‌ ‌ Network‌‌of‌‌Biosphere‌‌Reserve‌‌since‌‌2009.‌ ‌
● In‌‌this‌‌report‌‌IUCN‌‌reported‌‌that‌‌some‌‌
28%‌‌of‌‌the‌‌1,38,374‌‌species‌‌assessed‌‌by‌‌
the‌‌International‌‌Union‌‌for‌‌the‌‌
Conservation‌‌of‌‌Nature‌‌(IUCN)‌‌for‌‌its‌‌
Global‌‌air‌‌pollution‌‌

survival‌‌watchlist‌‌are‌‌now‌‌at‌‌high‌‌risk‌‌of‌‌ standards‌ ‌
vanishing‌‌forever.‌
● Three‌‌reasons‌‌behind‌‌sharp‌‌decline‌‌in‌‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● The‌‌World‌‌Health‌‌Organization‌‌(WHO)‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌33‌ ‌
has‌‌released‌‌global‌‌air‌‌pollution‌‌standards‌‌
in‌‌recognition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌developing‌‌
technologies.‌ ‌ NAQI‌ ‌
● In‌‌its‌‌report‌‌WHO‌‌said-‌‌impact‌‌of‌‌air‌‌ ● National‌‌air‌‌quality‌‌index(NAQI).‌ ‌
pollution‌‌on‌‌health‌‌is‌‌much‌‌more‌‌serious‌‌ ● It‌‌measures‌‌8‌‌pollutants-‌‌PM10,‌‌PM2.5,‌‌
than‌‌earlier‌‌envisaged.‌ ‌ NO2,‌‌SO2,‌‌CO,‌‌Pb,‌‌NH3,‌‌O3‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌first-ever‌‌update‌‌of‌‌global‌‌air‌‌pollution‌‌
● It‌‌focuses‌‌on‌‌health‌‌effects‌‌one‌‌might‌‌
standards‌‌by‌‌WHO‌‌since‌‌2005.‌ experience‌‌within‌‌a‌‌few‌‌hours‌‌or‌‌days‌‌
after‌‌breathing‌‌polluted‌‌air.‌ ‌
● AQI‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌as‌‌‘One‌‌Number-‌‌One‌‌
Colour-One‌‌Description’‌‌for‌‌the‌‌common‌‌
man‌‌to‌‌judge‌‌the‌‌air‌‌quality‌‌within‌‌his‌‌

vicinity.‌ ‌
‌
National‌‌Ambient‌‌Air‌‌Quality‌‌

Standards‌‌(NAAQS)‌ ‌
National‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌standard‌‌for‌‌ambient‌‌air‌‌quality.‌ ‌
● Set‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Central‌‌Pollution‌‌Control‌‌Board‌‌ Samagra‌‌Shiksha‌‌Scheme‌‌

(CPCB)‌‌according‌‌to‌‌powers‌‌conferred‌‌to‌‌
it‌‌under‌ ‌Air‌‌(Prevention‌‌and‌‌Control‌‌of‌‌ 2.0‌ ‌
Pollution)‌‌Act,‌‌1981.‌ ‌
● Ambient‌‌Air‌‌Quality‌‌Standards‌‌contains‌‌12‌‌
pollutants.‌ ‌ Samagra‌‌Shiksha‌‌Abhiyan‌ ‌
NAAQS‌‌Pollutants‌ ‌ ● Samagra‌ ‌Shiksha‌ ‌Scheme‌ ‌aims‌ ‌at‌‌
1. Particulate‌‌Matter‌‌(size‌‌less‌‌than‌‌10‌‌µm)‌‌ unifying‌ ‌learning‌ ‌from‌ ‌pre-school‌ ‌to‌ ‌class‌‌

or‌‌(PM10),‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌levels‌ ‌by‌ ‌treating‌‌
education‌‌
holistically‌‌
2. Particulate‌‌Matter‌‌(size‌‌less‌‌than‌‌2.5‌‌µm)‌ as‌‌continuum‌‌from‌‌pre-school‌‌to‌‌class‌‌12.‌ ‌
or‌‌(PM2.5),‌ ‌ ● The‌ ‌scheme‌ ‌subsumes‌ ‌three‌ ‌existing‌‌
3. Nitrogen‌‌Dioxide‌‌(NO2),‌ ‌ schemes:‌ ‌Sarva‌ ‌Shiksha‌ ‌Abhiyan‌ ‌(SSA),‌‌
4. Sulphur‌‌Dioxide‌‌(SO2),‌ ‌ Rashtriya‌ ‌Madhyamik‌ ‌Shiksha‌ ‌Abhiyan‌‌
5. Carbon‌‌Monoxide‌‌(CO),‌ ‌ (RMSA)‌ ‌and‌ ‌Teacher‌ ‌Education‌ ‌(TE)‌ ‌to‌‌
6. Ozone‌‌(O3),‌ ‌ treat‌‌School‌‌education‌‌holistically.‌‌ ‌
7. Ammonia‌‌(NH3)‌ ‌
8. Lead‌‌(Pb)‌ ‌
9. Benzene‌ ‌
10. Benzo(a)Pyrene‌‌(BaP)‌ ‌
11. Arsenic‌ ‌
12. Nickel‌ ‌
13. 8‌‌Pollutants‌‌measured‌‌by‌‌NAQI(National‌‌
Air‌‌quality‌‌Index)‌ ‌
National‌‌Air‌‌Quality‌‌Index’‌‌(AQI)‌ ‌
● Initiative‌‌under‌‌Swachh‌‌Bharat‌‌Mission‌ ‌
● CPCB‌‌in‌‌consultation‌‌with‌‌IIT-Kanpur‌ ‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌34‌ ‌
● The‌‌Government‌‌approved‌‌a‌‌financial‌‌
outlay‌‌of‌‌Rs‌‌1.85‌‌lakh‌‌crore‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌
the‌‌Samagra‌‌Shiksha‌‌Abhiyan‌‌(SSA)‌‌till‌‌ Eat‌‌Right‌‌Station‌ ‌
the‌‌2025-26‌‌financial‌‌year.‌ ‌
New‌‌points‌‌in‌‌Samagra‌‌Shiksha‌‌Scheme‌‌2.0‌ ‌ ‌'Eat‌‌Right‌‌Station'‌‌certification‌‌
‌
● The‌‌scheme‌‌not‌‌only‌‌provides‌‌support‌‌for‌ ● The‌‌'Eat‌‌Right‌‌Station'‌‌certification‌‌is‌‌
the‌‌implementation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Right‌‌To‌‌ awarded‌‌by‌‌FSSAI‌‌to‌‌railway‌‌stations‌‌
Education‌‌Act‌‌(include‌‌in‌‌Samagra‌‌ adhering‌‌to‌‌standard‌‌food‌‌storage‌‌and‌‌
Shiksha‌‌Scheme‌‌1.0)‌ ‌but‌‌has‌‌also‌‌been‌‌ hygiene‌‌practices‌‌that‌‌set‌‌benchmarks‌‌in‌‌
aligned‌‌with‌‌the‌‌recommendations‌‌of‌‌NEP‌‌ providing‌‌safe‌‌and‌‌wholesome‌‌food‌‌to‌‌
2020‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌that‌‌all‌‌children‌‌have‌‌ passengers.‌ ‌
access‌‌to‌‌quality‌‌education‌‌with‌‌an‌‌ ● The‌‌station‌‌is‌‌awarded‌‌a‌‌certificate‌‌upon‌‌a ‌‌
equitable‌‌and‌‌inclusive‌‌classroom‌‌ conclusion‌‌of‌‌an‌‌FSSAI-empanelled‌‌
environment.‌ ‌ third-party‌‌audit‌‌agency‌‌with‌‌ratings‌‌from‌‌1 ‌‌
● NIPUN‌‌Bharat,‌‌a‌‌National‌‌Mission‌‌on‌‌ to‌‌5.‌‌
‌
Foundational‌‌Literacy‌‌and‌‌Numeracy‌‌to‌‌ ● The‌‌5-star‌‌rating‌‌indicates‌‌exemplary‌‌
ensure‌‌that‌‌every‌‌child‌‌achieves‌‌the‌‌ efforts‌‌by‌‌stations‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌safe‌‌and‌‌
desired‌‌learning‌‌competencies‌‌in‌‌reading,‌‌ hygienic‌‌food‌‌is‌‌available‌‌to‌‌passengers.‌ ‌
writing‌‌and‌‌numeracy‌‌at‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌grade‌‌ ● The‌‌certification‌‌is‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌'Eat‌‌Right‌‌
III‌‌and‌‌not‌‌later‌‌than‌‌grade‌‌V‌‌has‌‌been‌‌ India'‌‌movement‌‌started‌‌by‌‌FSSAI.‌ ‌
launched‌‌under‌‌the‌‌scheme.‌ ‌
● Under‌‌this‌‌initiative,‌‌an‌‌annual‌‌provision‌‌of‌‌ Food‌‌Safety‌‌and‌‌Standards‌‌
Rs.‌‌500‌‌per‌‌child‌‌for‌‌learning‌‌materials,‌‌
Rs.‌‌150‌‌per‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌manuals‌‌and‌‌ Authority‌‌of‌‌India‌‌(FSSAI)‌ ‌
resources‌‌and‌‌Rs.‌‌10-20‌‌lakh‌‌per‌‌district‌‌ ● The‌‌Food‌‌Safety‌‌and‌‌Standards‌‌Authority‌‌
will‌‌be‌‌given‌‌for‌‌assessment‌‌for‌‌ of‌‌India‌‌is‌‌a‌‌statutory‌‌body‌‌under‌‌Food‌‌
foundational‌‌literacy‌‌and‌‌numeracy.‌ ‌ Safety‌‌and‌‌Standards‌‌Act,‌‌2006.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌FSSAI‌‌functions‌‌under‌‌the‌‌
administrative‌‌control‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌
Footprints‌‌of‌‌3‌‌dinosaur‌‌
Health‌‌and‌‌Family‌‌Welfare.‌ ‌
species‌ ‌ Functions‌‌of‌‌FSSAI-‌ ‌
● Lays‌‌down‌‌standards‌‌for‌‌almost‌‌all‌‌types‌‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ of‌‌food‌‌products‌‌like-‌‌Dairy‌‌products,‌‌Fats,‌‌
● In‌‌a‌‌major‌‌discovery,‌‌footprints‌‌of‌‌three‌‌ oils‌‌and‌‌fat‌‌emulsions,Fruits‌‌and‌‌
species‌‌of‌‌dinosaurs‌‌have‌‌been‌‌found‌‌in‌‌
vegetable‌‌products‌‌Cereal‌‌and‌‌cereal‌‌
the‌‌Thar‌‌desert‌‌in‌‌Rajasthan’s‌‌Jaisalmer‌‌
products,‌‌Meat‌‌and‌‌meat‌‌products‌‌Fish‌‌
etc.‌ ‌
district‌. ‌ ‌
Current‌‌news‌‌ ‌
● Indian‌‌Railways’‌‌Chandigarh‌‌Railway‌‌
Station‌‌has‌‌been‌‌awarded‌‌a‌‌5-‌‌star‌‌'Eat‌‌
Right‌‌Station'‌‌certification‌‌for‌‌providing‌‌
high-quality,‌‌nutritious‌‌food‌‌to‌‌passengers.‌ ‌
● Chandigarh‌‌Railway‌‌Station‌‌becomes‌‌the‌‌
fifth‌‌station‌‌in‌‌India‌‌to‌‌get‌‌this‌‌recognition.‌ ‌
● The‌‌other‌‌railway‌‌stations‌‌with‌‌this‌‌
certification‌‌include‌‌Anand‌‌Vihar‌‌Terminal‌‌
Railway‌‌Station;‌‌(Delhi),‌‌Chhatrapati‌‌
Shivaji‌‌Terminus;‌‌(Mumbai),‌‌Mumbai‌‌
Central‌‌Railway‌‌Station;‌‌(Mumbai)‌‌and‌‌
‌ Vadodara‌‌Railway‌‌Station.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌35‌ ‌
inflammation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌brain‌‌and‌‌heart‌‌

muscles‌‌respectively.‌ ‌
Nipah‌‌virus‌ ‌
‌ ipah‌‌virus‌ ‌
N Shikshak‌‌Parv‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌Zoonotic‌‌disease‌‌ie‌‌transmitted‌‌

through‌‌animals.‌ ‌ Background‌ ‌
● Fruit‌‌bats‌‌are‌‌considered‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌natural‌‌ ● The‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌Education‌‌(MoE)‌‌is‌‌
reservoir‌‌of‌‌the‌‌virus.‌ ‌ celebrating‌‌Shikshak‌‌Parv,‌‌2021‌‌from‌‌
● The‌‌virus‌‌is‌‌transmitted‌‌to‌‌people‌‌from‌‌ September‌‌5-17‌‌in‌‌recognition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
animals‌‌and‌‌can‌‌also‌‌be‌‌passed‌‌on‌‌ valuable‌‌contributions‌‌of‌‌teachers‌‌and‌‌to‌‌
through‌‌contaminated‌‌food.‌ ‌ take‌‌National‌‌Education‌‌Policy‌‌(NEP)‌‌
Impact‌‌of‌‌Nipah‌‌virus‌ ‌ 2020‌‌a‌‌step‌‌forward.‌ ‌
● In‌‌infected‌‌people,‌‌it‌‌causes‌‌a‌‌range‌‌of‌‌ ● Prime‌‌Minister‌‌during‌‌the‌‌inaugural‌‌
illnesses‌‌from‌‌asymptomatic‌‌(subclinical)‌‌ conclave‌‌of‌‌‘Shikshak‌‌Parv’‌‌launched‌‌
infection‌‌to‌‌acute‌‌respiratory‌‌illness‌‌and‌‌ multiple‌‌key‌‌initiatives‌‌in‌‌the‌‌education‌‌
fatal‌‌encephalitis.‌‌ ‌ sector‌‌on‌‌the‌‌occasion.‌ ‌
● The‌‌virus‌‌can‌‌also‌‌cause‌‌severe‌‌disease‌‌ Important‌‌initiatives‌ ‌
in‌‌animals‌‌such‌‌as‌‌pigs,‌‌resulting‌‌in‌‌
1. Indian‌‌sign‌‌language‌‌dictionary‌‌of‌‌10,000‌‌
significant‌‌economic‌‌losses‌‌for‌‌farmers.‌ ‌ words,‌ ‌
2. Talking‌‌books‌‌(audiobooks‌‌for‌‌visually‌‌
impaired)‌ ‌
3. School‌‌quality‌‌assessment‌‌and‌‌
accreditation‌‌framework‌‌(SQAAF)‌‌of‌‌
CBSE‌ ‌
4. NISHTHA‌‌teachers’‌‌training‌‌programme‌‌
for‌‌NIPUN‌‌Bharat(to‌‌ensure‌‌basic‌‌reading‌‌
and‌‌numeracy‌‌abilities‌‌in‌‌students)‌ ‌
5. Vidyanjali‌‌2.0‌‌portal‌ ‌
School‌‌quality‌‌assessment‌‌and‌‌accreditation‌‌
framework‌‌(SQAAF)‌ ‌
● The‌‌main‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌SQAA‌‌is‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌
basic‌‌quality‌‌by‌‌the‌‌schools‌‌associated‌‌
with‌‌CBSE‌ ‌
‌
Treatment‌‌against‌‌Nipah‌‌Virus‌ ‌ Vidyanjali‌‌2.0‌ ‌portal‌ ‌

● Vidyanjali‌‌portal‌‌was‌‌launched‌‌to‌‌enable‌‌
● There‌‌are‌‌currently‌‌no‌‌drugs‌‌or‌‌vaccines‌‌
community‌‌or‌‌volunteers‌‌to‌‌contribute‌‌by‌‌
specific‌‌for‌‌Nipah‌‌virus‌‌infection.‌ ‌
connecting‌‌with‌‌the‌‌government‌‌and‌‌
● WHO‌‌has‌‌identified‌‌Nipah‌‌as‌‌a‌‌priority‌‌
government-aided‌‌schools‌‌of‌‌their‌‌choice‌‌
disease‌‌for‌‌the‌‌WHO‌‌Research‌‌and‌‌
directly.‌ ‌
Development‌‌Blueprint.‌ ‌
Ways‌‌of‌‌contributing‌ ‌
History‌‌of‌‌Nipah‌‌virus‌‌in‌‌India‌ ‌
● As‌‌per‌‌education‌‌ministry,‌‌any‌‌person‌‌who‌‌
● In‌‌2018‌‌Nipah‌‌virus‌‌had‌‌spread‌‌in‌‌Kerala‌‌
is‌‌a‌‌citizen‌‌of‌‌India,‌‌NRI,‌‌PIO‌‌or‌‌any‌‌

and‌‌Tamil‌‌Nadu.‌ ‌
organisation,‌‌institution,‌‌company‌‌&‌‌group‌‌
● Somehow‌‌the‌‌outbreak‌‌was‌‌controlled‌‌
registered‌‌in‌‌India‌‌can‌‌volunteer‌‌and‌‌
then.‌ ‌
contribute‌‌in‌‌following‌‌two‌‌ways:‌ ‌
Current‌‌news?‌ ‌
1. Services/Activities:‌‌Assets‌‌or‌‌material‌‌or‌‌
● A‌‌12-year-old‌‌boy‌‌died‌‌in‌‌a‌‌private‌‌
equipment‌‌like‌‌basic‌‌civil‌‌infrastructure,‌‌
hospital‌‌in‌‌Kozhikode‌‌Kerala‌‌on‌‌Sunday‌‌
classroom‌‌support‌‌materials‌‌&‌‌equipment,‌‌
(September‌‌5),‌‌after‌‌being‌‌infected‌‌with‌‌
basic‌‌electrical‌‌infrastructure,‌‌digital‌‌
the‌‌Nipah‌‌virus.‌‌ ‌
infrastructure,‌‌equipment‌‌for‌‌
● The‌‌boy‌‌presented‌‌symptoms‌‌of‌‌
extra-curricular‌‌activities,‌‌sports,‌‌yoga‌‌and‌‌
encephalitis‌‌and‌‌myocarditis‌‌— ‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌36‌ ‌
health‌‌etc.‌ ‌ 1. Under‌‌this‌‌scheme‌‌SHGs‌‌of‌‌tribal‌‌
2. Serving‌‌and‌‌retired‌‌teachers,‌‌scientists,‌‌ population‌‌will‌‌be‌‌created.‌ ‌
government‌‌or‌‌semi‌‌government‌‌officials,‌‌ 2. These‌‌SHGs‌‌will‌‌be‌‌encouraged‌‌to‌‌collect‌‌
self-employed‌‌&‌‌salaried‌‌professionals,‌‌ minor‌‌forest‌‌produce‌‌and‌‌process‌‌it.‌ ‌
retired‌‌armed‌‌forces‌‌personnel,‌‌alumni‌‌of‌‌ 3. Then‌‌the‌‌products‌‌created‌‌by‌‌the‌‌tribal‌‌
educational‌‌institutions,‌‌homemakers‌‌and‌‌ SHGs‌‌will‌‌be‌‌encouraged‌‌for‌‌sale‌‌in‌‌
other‌‌literate‌‌person‌‌can‌‌volunteer‌‌at‌‌a ‌‌ nearby‌‌market‌‌areas.‌ ‌
school‌‌on‌‌requests.‌ ‌ Minor‌‌Forest‌‌Produce‌ ‌
● ‌'Minor‌ ‌Forest‌ ‌Produce‌ ‌(MFP)'‌ ‌means‌ ‌all‌‌
non-timber‌ ‌forest‌ ‌produce‌ ‌of‌ ‌plant‌ ‌origin‌‌
Battle‌‌of‌‌Asal‌‌Uttar‌ ‌ and‌ ‌will‌ ‌include‌ ‌bamboo,‌ ‌canes,‌ ‌fodder,‌‌
leaves,‌ ‌gums,‌ ‌waxes,‌ ‌dyes,‌ ‌resins‌ ‌and‌‌
● The‌‌Battle‌‌of‌‌Asal‌‌Uttar‌‌was‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ many‌ ‌forms‌ ‌of‌ ‌food‌ ‌including‌ ‌nuts,‌ ‌wild‌‌

largest‌‌tank‌‌battles‌‌fought‌‌during‌‌the‌‌ fruits,‌‌Honey,‌‌Lac,‌‌Tusser‌‌etc.‌ ‌
Indo-Pakistani‌‌War‌‌of‌‌1965.‌‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌fought‌‌from‌‌8‌‌to‌‌10‌‌September‌‌
1965.‌ ‌ Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Vikas‌‌Kendra‌ ‌
● First‌‌the‌‌Pakistan‌‌Army‌‌thrust‌‌its‌‌tanks‌‌
● Under‌‌Van‌‌Dhan,‌‌10‌‌Self‌‌Help‌‌Groups‌‌of‌‌
and‌‌infantry‌‌into‌‌Indian‌‌territory,‌‌capturing‌‌
20‌‌Tribal‌‌gatherers‌‌is‌‌constituted.‌ ‌
the‌‌Indian‌‌town‌‌of‌‌Khem‌‌Karan‌‌5‌‌km‌‌from‌‌
● This‌‌group‌‌will‌‌be‌‌known‌‌as‌‌Van‌‌Dhan‌‌
the‌‌International‌‌Border.‌‌ ‌
Samuh.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Indian‌‌troops‌‌retaliated.‌ ‌
Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Vikas‌‌Kendra‌ ‌
● On‌‌September‌‌10,‌‌1965‌‌three‌‌Indian‌‌
● ‌The‌‌establishment‌‌of‌‌"Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Vikas‌‌
armored‌‌regiments‌‌with‌‌45‌‌old‌‌American‌‌
Kendra"‌‌is‌‌for‌‌providing‌‌skill‌‌upgradation‌‌
M4‌‌Sherman‌‌tanks,‌‌45‌‌light‌‌French‌‌built‌‌
and‌‌capacity‌‌building‌‌training‌‌of‌‌Van‌‌Dhan‌‌
AMX-13‌‌tanks,‌‌and‌‌45‌‌British-built‌‌
Samuh.‌ ‌
Centurion‌‌tanks‌‌were‌‌arrayed‌‌outside‌‌the‌‌
village‌‌of‌‌Asal‌‌Uttar‌‌in‌‌the‌‌western‌‌Punjab‌‌
● Assam‌‌to‌‌set‌‌up‌‌400‌‌new‌‌Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Vikas‌‌
province‌‌of‌‌India.‌‌ ‌
Kendras‌‌within‌‌March,‌‌2022.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Pakistani‌‌force‌‌contained‌‌no‌‌less‌‌than‌‌
300‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌American‌‌M47‌‌Patton‌‌
tanks‌‌along‌‌with‌‌a‌‌few‌‌M24‌‌Chaffee‌‌
Tanks.‌‌ ‌ Battle‌‌of‌‌Saragarhi‌ ‌
● But‌ ‌the‌‌Pakistani‌‌armor‌‌fell‌‌into‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌
trap.‌ ‌
● Pakistan‌‌admitted‌‌that‌‌it‌‌lost‌‌165‌‌tanks‌‌
Saragarhi‌ ‌
during‌‌the‌‌1965‌‌war,‌‌more‌‌than‌‌half‌‌of‌‌ ● Saragarhi‌‌was‌‌the‌‌communication‌‌tower‌‌
which‌‌were‌‌knocked‌‌out‌‌during‌‌the‌‌ between‌‌Fort‌‌Lockhart‌‌and‌‌Fort‌‌Gulistan‌‌
“debacle”‌‌of‌‌Asal‌‌Uttar.‌ ‌ of‌‌British‌‌India.‌ ‌
● The‌‌battle‌‌also‌‌witnessed‌‌the‌‌personal‌‌ ● These‌‌forts‌‌were‌‌in‌‌North‌‌West‌‌Frontier‌‌
bravery‌‌of‌‌an‌‌Indian‌‌soldier,‌‌Abdul‌‌Hamid,‌‌ Province‌‌(NWFP),‌‌now‌‌in‌‌Pakistan.‌ ‌
who‌‌was‌‌honoured‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Param‌‌Vir‌‌ ● These‌‌forts‌‌were‌‌built‌‌by‌‌Maharaja‌‌Ranjit‌‌
Chakra,‌‌India’s‌‌highest‌‌military‌‌award,‌‌for‌‌ Singh‌‌but‌‌renamed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌British.‌ ‌
knocking‌‌out‌‌seven‌‌enemy‌‌tanks‌‌with‌‌a ‌‌ ● Saragarhi‌‌helped‌‌to‌‌link‌‌up‌‌the‌‌two‌‌

recoilless‌‌gun.‌ ‌ important‌‌forts‌‌which‌‌housed‌‌a‌‌large‌‌
number‌‌of‌‌British‌‌troops‌‌in‌‌the‌‌rugged‌‌
terrain‌‌of‌‌NWFP.‌ ‌
Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Yojana‌ ‌
Van‌‌Dhan‌‌Yojana‌ ‌
● The‌‌scheme‌‌will‌‌be‌‌implemented‌‌through‌‌
Ministry‌‌of‌‌Tribal‌‌Affairs‌‌as‌‌TRIFED‌‌as‌‌

Nodal‌‌Agency‌‌at‌‌the‌‌National‌‌Level.‌ ‌
‌
Objectives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme-‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌37‌ ‌
Controversy‌‌regarding‌‌official‌‌language‌ ‌
● National‌‌Language‌‌issue‌‌was‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
major‌‌issues‌‌of‌‌national‌‌consolidation‌‌post‌‌
independence.‌‌ ‌
● Gandhiji‌‌had‌‌also‌‌supported‌‌Hindi‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
National‌‌Language.‌‌ ‌
● However,‌‌many‌‌leaders‌‌opposed‌‌it‌‌
because‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌‌unfair‌‌to‌‌non-Hindi‌‌
speaking‌‌population‌‌who‌‌will‌‌face‌‌
problems‌‌in‌‌employment‌ ‌
‌ ● Whole‌‌assembly‌‌was‌‌divided‌‌on‌‌this‌‌issue‌‌
● On‌‌12‌‌September‌‌1897‌‌Saragarhi‌‌was‌‌ whether‌‌Hindi‌‌should‌‌be‌‌adopted‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
being‌‌guarded‌‌by‌‌21‌‌Sikh‌‌soldiers‌‌of‌‌ Official‌‌language‌‌or‌‌not.‌‌The‌‌arguments‌‌by‌‌
British‌‌India.‌ ‌ both‌‌the‌‌groups‌‌are‌‌shown‌‌on‌‌the‌‌other‌‌
● They‌‌were‌‌attacked‌‌by‌ ‌8,000‌‌Afridi‌‌and‌‌ side‌
Orakzai‌‌tribals‌‌from‌‌Afghanistan.‌ ‌ Controversy‌‌regarding‌‌official‌‌language‌ ‌
● But‌‌they‌‌managed‌‌to‌‌hold‌‌the‌‌fort‌‌for‌‌
● To‌‌save‌‌the‌‌unity‌‌of‌‌Constituent‌‌Assembly,‌‌
seven‌‌hours‌‌until‌‌British‌‌forces‌‌arrived.‌ ‌ a‌‌compromise‌‌called‌‌Munshi-Ayyangar‌‌
● The‌‌Battle‌‌of‌‌Saragarhi‌‌that‌‌has‌‌inspired‌‌a ‌‌ formula‌‌was‌‌adopted‌‌ ‌
host‌‌of‌‌armies,‌‌books‌‌and‌‌films.‌ ‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌this‌‌formula,‌‌English‌‌was‌‌to‌‌
Why‌‌this‌‌article?‌ ‌ continue‌‌as‌‌the‌‌official‌‌language‌‌of‌‌India‌‌
● September‌‌12‌‌marks‌‌the‌‌124th‌‌ along‌‌with‌‌Hindi‌‌for‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌fifteen‌‌
anniversary‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Battle‌‌of‌‌Saragarhi.‌ ‌ years‌‌which‌‌could‌‌be‌‌extended‌‌by‌‌
parliament.‌‌ ‌
● ‘Official‌‌Languages‌‌Act,‌‌1963’‌‌was‌‌
NDEAR‌ ‌ enacted‌‌when‌‌the‌‌period‌‌of‌‌fifteen‌‌years‌‌
got‌‌over‌‌to‌‌make‌‌Hindi‌‌as‌‌official‌‌
National‌‌Digital‌‌Education‌‌Architecture‌‌(NDEAR)‌ ‌
language.‌ ‌
● NDEAR‌‌is‌‌being‌‌envisioned‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌digital‌‌
infrastructure‌‌for‌‌Education.‌ ‌
● Digital‌‌Architecture‌‌will‌‌support‌‌teaching‌‌
and‌‌learning‌‌activities‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌
educational‌‌planning,‌‌governance‌‌
administrative‌‌activities‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Centre‌‌and‌‌
the‌‌States/‌‌Union‌‌Territories.‌ ‌
● Union‌‌Budget‌‌2021-22‌‌has‌‌announced‌‌
setting‌‌up‌‌of‌‌a‌‌National‌‌Digital‌‌Educational‌‌
Architecture‌‌(NDEAR)‌‌within‌‌the‌‌context‌‌of‌‌ ‌
a‌‌Digital‌‌First‌‌Mindset.‌ ‌ India‌‌became‌‌bilingual‌ ‌
● It‌‌will‌‌help‌‌in‌‌achieving‌‌the‌‌goals‌‌of‌ ● Efforts‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Government‌‌to‌‌make‌‌
Samagra‌‌Shiksha‌‌Abhiyan.‌ ‌ Hindi‌‌the‌‌sole‌‌official‌‌language‌‌after‌‌1965‌‌
were‌‌not‌‌acceptable‌‌to‌‌many‌‌non-Hindi‌‌
Indian‌‌states,‌‌who‌‌wanted‌‌the‌‌continued‌‌
Official‌‌languages‌‌of‌‌India‌ ‌ use‌‌of‌‌English.‌‌There‌‌was‌‌series‌‌of‌‌violent‌‌
protests‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same.‌ ‌
● The‌‌Official‌‌Languages‌‌Act‌‌was‌‌ultimately‌‌
Hindi‌‌Diwas‌ ‌ amended‌‌in‌‌the‌‌year‌‌1967‌‌by‌‌Indira‌‌
● Hindi‌‌Diwas‌‌is‌‌being‌‌celebrated‌‌across‌‌the‌‌ Gandhi’s‌‌government‌‌which‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌
country‌‌on‌‌September‌‌14,‌‌2020.‌ ‌ indefinite‌‌usage‌‌of‌‌English‌‌and‌‌Hindi‌‌as‌‌
● It‌‌was‌‌on‌‌this‌‌day‌‌in‌‌1949‌‌that‌‌the‌‌
the‌‌official‌‌languages‌‌of‌‌the‌‌country.‌ ‌
constituent‌‌assembly‌‌adopted‌‌Hindi-an‌‌ Constitution‌‌Provisions‌‌(For‌‌PT)‌‌- ‌ ‌
Indo-Aryan‌‌language,written‌‌in‌‌ ● Article‌‌343:‌‌It‌‌mentions‌‌that‌‌the‌‌official‌‌

Devanagari‌‌as‌‌the‌‌official‌‌language‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
language‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Union‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌Hindi‌‌in‌‌
country.‌ ‌ Devanagari‌‌script.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌38‌ ‌
● The‌‌Official‌‌Languages‌‌Act,‌‌1963,‌‌allowed‌‌ developed‌‌between‌‌Mumbai‌‌and‌‌Delhi.‌ ‌
for‌‌the‌‌continuation‌‌of‌‌English‌‌alongside‌‌ ● Length:‌‌1,350‌‌km‌ ‌
Hindi‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Government‌‌indefinitely‌‌ ● The‌‌eight-lane‌‌access-controlled‌‌
until‌‌legislation‌‌is‌‌passed‌‌to‌‌change‌‌it.‌‌ ‌ expressway‌‌can‌‌be‌‌expanded‌‌to‌‌a‌‌12-lane‌‌
● Article‌‌351:‌‌It‌‌mentions‌‌directive‌‌for‌‌ expressway‌‌depending‌‌on‌‌the‌‌volume‌‌of‌‌
development‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Hindi‌‌language‌‌ traffic.‌ ‌
accordingly,‌‌It‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌the‌‌duty‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
● The‌‌expressway‌‌will‌‌have‌‌wayside‌‌
Union‌‌to‌‌promote‌‌the‌‌spread‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Hindi‌‌ amenities‌‌–‌‌resorts,‌‌restaurants,‌‌food‌‌
language‌ ‌ courts,‌‌fuel‌‌stations,‌‌facilities‌‌for‌‌truckers,‌‌
logistics‌‌parks.‌ ‌
● A‌‌helicopter‌‌ambulance‌‌service‌‌for‌‌
Sansad‌‌TV‌ ‌ accident‌‌victims‌‌and‌‌a‌‌heliport,‌‌which‌‌will‌‌
use‌‌drone‌‌services‌‌for‌‌business‌‌as‌‌well.‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ ● Maximum‌‌length‌‌in‌‌Rajasthan-380‌‌km‌ ‌
● Vice‌‌President‌‌&‌‌Rajya‌‌Sabha‌‌Chairman‌‌ Environmental‌‌concerns‌ ‌
M.‌‌Venkaiah‌‌Naidu,‌‌Prime‌‌Minister‌‌ ● The‌‌expressway‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌in‌‌Asia‌‌and‌‌
Narendra‌‌Modi‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌Lok‌‌Sabha‌‌ only‌‌the‌‌second‌‌in‌‌the‌‌world‌‌to‌‌feature‌‌
Speaker‌‌Om‌‌Birla‌‌will‌‌launch‌‌Sansad‌‌TV‌‌ animal‌‌overpasses‌‌to‌‌facilitate‌‌unrestricted‌‌
jointly‌‌on‌‌September‌‌15,‌‌2021.‌ ‌ movement‌‌of‌‌wildlife.‌ ‌
● Sansad‌‌TV‌‌was‌‌created‌‌by‌‌merging‌‌the‌‌ ● The‌‌expressway‌‌will‌‌also‌‌include‌‌two‌‌
Rajya‌‌Sabha‌‌TV‌‌and‌‌Lok‌‌Sabha‌‌TV.‌ ‌ iconic‌‌8-lane‌‌tunnels,‌‌one‌‌tunneling‌‌
● Ravi‌‌Capoor‌‌is‌‌the‌‌current‌‌CEO‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ through‌‌Mukundra‌‌sanctuary‌‌without‌‌
channel.‌‌He‌‌is‌‌a‌‌retired‌‌IAS‌‌officer.‌ ‌ disturbing‌‌the‌‌endangered‌‌fauna‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Programming‌‌of‌‌Sansad‌‌TV‌ ‌ region‌‌for‌‌4‌‌km‌ ‌and‌‌the‌‌second‌‌4‌‌km‌‌
● Sansad‌‌TV‌‌programming‌‌primarily‌‌ eight-lane‌‌tunnel‌‌will‌‌pass‌‌through‌‌the‌‌
includes‌‌four‌‌categories‌ ‌ Matheran‌‌eco-sensitive‌‌zone.‌ ‌
1. Functioning‌‌of‌‌Parliament‌‌&‌‌democratic‌‌ ● The‌‌expressway‌‌will‌‌result‌‌in‌‌annual‌‌fuel‌‌
institutions‌ ‌ savings‌‌of‌‌more‌‌than‌‌320‌‌million‌‌litres‌‌and‌‌
2. Governance‌‌and‌‌implementation‌‌of‌‌ reduce‌‌CO2‌‌emissions‌‌by‌‌850‌‌million‌‌kg‌‌
schemes‌‌&‌‌policies‌ ‌ which‌‌is‌‌equivalent‌‌to‌‌the‌‌planting‌‌of‌‌40‌‌
3. History‌‌&‌‌culture‌‌of‌‌India‌‌and‌ ‌ million‌‌trees.‌ ‌
4. Issues,‌‌interests‌‌and‌‌concerns‌‌of‌‌ ● This‌‌expressway‌‌will‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌a‌‌reduction‌‌of‌‌
contemporary‌‌nature.‌ ‌ 27‌‌per‌‌cent‌‌in‌‌vehicular‌‌pollution‌‌in‌‌Delhi.‌ ‌
International‌‌Day‌‌of‌‌Democracy‌ ‌ ● Union‌‌Ministry‌‌for‌‌Road‌‌Transport‌‌and‌‌
Highways,‌‌concluded‌‌the‌‌two-day‌‌review‌‌
● The‌‌launch‌‌date‌‌of‌‌Sansad‌‌Tv,‌‌September‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌work‌‌progress‌‌on‌‌the‌‌1350-km‌‌
15,‌‌coincides‌‌with‌‌the‌‌International‌‌Day‌‌of‌‌
eight-lane‌‌Delhi-Mumbai‌‌Expressway.‌ ‌
Democracy.‌ ‌
● After‌‌the‌‌review‌‌it‌‌is‌‌announced‌‌that‌‌
International‌‌Day‌‌of‌‌Democracy‌ ‌
Delhi-Mumbai‌‌Expressway‌‌will‌‌open‌‌in‌‌
● United‌‌Nations‌‌General‌‌Assembly‌‌had‌‌
March‌‌2023.‌ ‌
resolved‌‌to‌‌observe‌‌September‌‌15‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
Note-‌ ‌
International‌‌Day‌‌of‌‌Democracy‌‌in‌‌2007.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌Delhi-Mumbai‌‌Expressway‌‌is‌‌about‌‌
● The‌‌day‌‌is‌‌observed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌object‌‌of‌‌

Rs‌‌1‌‌Lakh‌‌crore‌‌project‌‌implemented‌‌
promoting‌‌and‌‌upholding‌‌the‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌
under‌‌the‌‌National‌‌Infrastructure‌‌Pipeline.‌ ‌
democracy.‌ ‌
The‌‌logo‌‌of‌‌Sansad‌‌TV‌‌has‌‌tagline-‌‌Democracy‌‌
Matters‌ ‌ National‌‌Infrastructure‌‌Pipeline‌‌

project‌ ‌
World’s‌‌longest‌‌
● Rs‌‌102‌‌Lakh‌‌crore‌‌to‌‌be‌‌invested‌‌in‌‌next‌‌5 ‌‌
years.‌ ‌
expressway‌ ‌ ● Projects‌‌will‌‌be‌‌brought‌‌in‌‌PPP‌‌model.‌‌
● World’s‌‌longest‌‌Expressway‌‌is‌‌being‌‌
Where‌‌investment‌‌ratio‌‌will‌‌be-‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌39‌ ‌
Centre-‌‌39%‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌‌has‌‌introduced‌‌a‌‌new‌‌
States-‌‌39%‌ ‌ system‌‌by‌‌which‌‌crucial‌‌decisions,‌‌
Private‌‌sector-‌‌22%‌ ‌ including‌‌orders‌‌on‌‌bail‌‌and‌‌stay‌‌of‌‌arrest,‌‌
● Private‌‌sector‌‌will‌‌be‌‌mostly‌‌utilised‌‌for‌‌
can‌‌be‌‌communicated‌‌electronically‌‌to‌‌
projects‌‌like‌‌toll‌‌roads‌‌where‌‌private‌‌
prison‌‌authorities‌‌and‌‌investigating‌‌
players‌‌may‌‌be‌‌interested.‌ ‌ agencies‌‌through‌‌a‌‌secure‌‌channel.‌ ‌
● Major‌‌Investment‌‌areas-‌ ‌Energy‌‌(24%),‌‌ ● The‌‌newly‌‌introduced‌‌system‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‌
Roads‌‌(19%),‌‌Urban‌‌(16%),‌‌and‌‌Railways‌‌ “Fast‌‌and‌‌Secured‌‌Transmission‌‌of‌‌
(13%)‌‌. ‌ ‌ Electronic‌‌Records”‌‌(FASTER)‌‌system.‌‌ ‌
● It‌‌has‌‌been‌‌announced‌‌by‌‌CJI‌‌Justice‌‌NV‌‌
Ramana.‌ ‌
Hathei‌‌chilli‌‌and‌‌
Benefits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌system‌ ‌
1. Will‌‌ensure‌‌early‌‌bails‌‌for‌‌undertrials‌ ‌
Tamenglong‌‌orange‌ ‌ ● There‌‌are‌‌nearly‌‌3.5‌‌lakh‌‌undertrials‌‌in‌‌
India;‌‌70%‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prison‌‌population‌‌is‌‌that‌‌
of‌‌undertrials.‌‌Many‌‌of‌‌them‌‌would‌‌have‌‌
● Hathei‌‌chilli,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌found‌‌in‌‌Manipur’s‌‌

served‌‌a‌‌portion‌‌or‌‌even‌‌the‌‌maximum‌‌
Ukrul‌‌district‌‌and‌‌is‌‌known‌‌for‌‌its‌‌unique‌‌

possible‌‌prison‌‌term‌‌for‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌they‌‌
flavour,‌‌and‌‌Tamenglong‌‌mandarin‌‌orange‌‌
have‌‌been‌‌accused‌‌of‌‌irrespective‌‌of‌‌their‌‌
have‌‌been‌‌granted‌‌the‌‌Geographical‌‌
guilt.‌ ‌
Indication‌‌(GI)‌‌tag.‌ ‌
2. Will‌‌ensure‌‌speedy‌‌redressal‌‌of‌‌pending‌‌
cases.‌ ‌
NationalCurriculum‌‌

Framework‌‌
‌ Ayushman‌‌Bharat‌‌Digital‌‌

What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ Mission‌ ‌
● A‌‌12-member‌‌steering‌‌committee‌‌has‌‌
been‌‌set‌‌up‌ ‌for‌‌developing‌‌a‌‌new‌‌
● Prime‌‌Minister‌‌Narendra‌‌Modi‌‌announced‌‌
National‌‌Curriculum‌‌Framework‌‌(NCF).‌ ‌
the‌‌nationwide‌‌roll-out‌‌of‌‌Ayushman‌‌
● The‌‌committee‌‌will‌‌be‌‌headed‌‌former‌‌
Bharat‌‌Digital‌‌Mission‌‌on‌‌September‌‌27.‌ ‌
Indian‌‌Space‌‌Research‌‌Organisation‌‌
● It‌‌is‌‌part‌‌of‌‌Digital‌‌India‌‌Mission.‌ ‌
(ISRO)‌‌chairman‌‌K.‌‌Kasturirangan.‌ ‌
Key‌‌components‌‌of‌‌Ayushman‌‌Bharat‌‌Digital‌‌
● K‌‌Kasturirangan‌‌also‌‌chaired‌‌the‌‌drafting‌‌
Mission-‌ ‌
committee‌‌for‌‌the‌‌National‌‌Education‌‌
1. Health‌‌IDs‌‌for‌‌every‌‌citizen‌ ‌
Policy,‌‌2020‌‌which‌‌recommended‌‌the‌‌
● A‌‌health‌‌ID‌‌for‌‌every‌‌citizen‌‌that‌‌will‌‌also‌‌
development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌new‌‌NCF.‌‌ ‌
work‌‌as‌‌their‌‌health‌‌account,‌‌to‌‌which‌‌
National‌‌Curriculum‌‌Framework‌ ‌
personal‌‌health‌‌records‌‌can‌‌be‌‌linked‌‌and‌‌
● It‌‌will‌ ‌revise‌‌curriculum‌‌of‌‌school‌‌

viewed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌help‌‌of‌‌a‌‌mobile‌‌
textbooks.‌ ‌
application.‌ ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌meant‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌guiding‌‌document‌‌for‌‌
2. Healthcare‌‌Repository‌ ‌
the‌‌development‌‌of‌‌textbooks,‌‌syllabi‌‌and‌‌
● A‌‌Healthcare‌‌Professionals‌‌Registry‌‌
teaching‌‌practices‌‌in‌‌schools‌‌across‌‌the‌‌
(HPR)‌‌and‌‌Healthcare‌‌Facilities‌‌Registries‌‌
country.‌ ‌
(HFR)‌‌that‌‌will‌‌act‌‌as‌‌a‌‌repository‌‌of‌‌all‌‌
● NCERT‌‌will‌‌revise‌‌the‌‌textbooks‌‌as‌‌per‌‌
healthcare‌‌providers‌‌across‌‌both‌‌modern‌‌
guidelines‌‌of‌‌NCF.‌ ‌
and‌‌traditional‌‌systems‌‌of‌‌medicine.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌last‌‌such‌‌framework‌‌was‌‌developed‌‌in‌‌
● This‌‌will‌‌ensure‌‌ease‌‌of‌‌doing‌‌business‌‌for‌‌
2005.‌ ‌
doctors/hospitals‌‌and‌‌healthcare‌‌service‌‌
‌
providers.‌ ‌
FASTER‌ ‌ Right‌‌to‌‌government‌‌aid‌ ‌
Right‌‌to‌‌Cultural‌‌and‌‌Educational‌‌rights‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌40‌ ‌
Article‌‌30‌‌–‌‌Right‌‌of‌‌Minorities‌‌to‌‌Establish‌‌and‌‌ meal‌‌scheme‌‌and‌‌PM‌‌POSHAN‌‌will‌‌be‌‌
Administer‌‌Educational‌‌Institutions‌ ‌ that‌‌PM‌‌POSHAN‌‌will‌‌cater‌‌to‌‌pre‌‌primary‌‌
● Article‌‌30(1):‌‌All‌‌religious‌‌and‌‌linguistic‌‌
education‌‌also‌‌unlike‌‌MDM‌‌scheme‌‌that‌‌
minorities‌‌have‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌and‌‌ catered‌‌only‌‌Primary‌‌school‌‌children.‌ ‌
administer‌‌educational‌‌institutions‌‌of‌‌their‌‌ ● The‌‌extension‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme‌‌to‌‌pre‌‌
choice.‌ ‌ primary‌‌level‌‌ie‌‌balvatika‌‌level‌‌has‌‌been‌‌
● Article‌‌30(2):‌‌The‌‌State‌‌should‌‌not,‌‌when‌‌ done‌‌on‌‌recommendation‌‌of‌ ‌National‌‌
granting‌‌aid‌‌to‌‌educational‌‌institutions,‌‌ Education‌‌Policy‌‌(NEP),‌‌2020.‌‌ ‌
discriminate‌‌against‌‌any‌‌educational‌‌ ● However‌‌recommendation‌‌NEP‌‌2020‌‌of‌‌
institution‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ground‌‌that‌‌it‌‌is‌‌under‌‌the‌‌ starting‌‌breakfast‌‌has‌‌not‌‌been‌‌accepted.‌ ‌
management‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minority,‌‌whether‌‌based‌ Mid‌‌Day‌‌Meal‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
on‌‌religion‌‌or‌‌language.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌scheme‌‌provides‌‌that‌‌every‌‌child‌‌
within‌‌the‌‌age‌‌group‌‌of‌‌six‌‌to‌‌fourteen‌‌
years‌‌studying‌‌in‌‌classes‌‌I‌‌to‌‌VIII‌‌who‌‌
enrolls‌‌and‌‌attends‌‌the‌‌school,‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌
provided‌‌hot‌‌cooked‌‌meal.‌ ‌
● ‌450‌‌calories‌‌and‌‌12‌‌gm‌‌of‌‌protein‌‌for‌‌
primary‌‌(I-‌‌V‌‌class)‌‌and‌‌700‌‌calories‌‌and‌‌
20‌‌gm‌‌protein‌‌for‌‌upper‌‌primary‌‌(VI-VIII‌‌
class).‌ ‌
Funding‌‌pattern‌ ‌
‌ ● Centrally‌‌sponsored‌‌scheme‌‌ ‌
Current‌‌context‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Centre‌‌bears‌‌the‌‌entire‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌food‌‌
● UP‌‌government‌ ‌framed‌‌a‌‌regulation‌‌ grains‌‌and‌‌their‌‌transportation,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌
under‌‌The‌‌Intermediate‌‌Education‌‌Act,‌‌ looks‌‌after‌‌the‌‌management,‌‌monitoring‌‌
1921‌‌that‌‌denied‌‌government‌‌aid‌‌to‌‌many‌‌ and‌‌evaluation‌‌under‌‌the‌‌scheme,‌‌
educational‌‌institutions‌‌including‌‌minority‌‌ components‌‌such‌‌as‌‌cooking‌‌costs,‌‌
education‌‌institutions.‌ ‌ payments‌‌to‌‌cooks‌‌and‌‌workers‌‌are‌‌split‌‌in‌‌
● In‌‌2018‌‌Allahabad‌‌High‌‌Court‌‌declared‌‌the‌‌ a‌‌60:40‌‌ratio‌‌with‌‌states.‌
regulation‌‌as‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌Article‌‌30(2)‌‌and‌‌
hence‌ ‌unconstitutional.‌ ‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ Zojila‌‌tunnel‌ ‌
● UP‌‌government‌‌challenged‌‌the‌‌Allahabad‌‌ ● It‌‌will‌‌be‌‌constructed‌‌between‌‌Srinagar‌‌
High‌‌Court‌‌judgement‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌ and‌‌Ladakh.‌ ‌
Court.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌14.2‌‌km‌‌Zojila‌‌tunnel‌‌will‌‌be‌‌India’s‌‌

● The‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌‌has‌‌held‌‌that‌‌the‌‌ longest‌‌road‌‌tunnel,‌‌and‌‌Asia’s‌‌longest‌‌
government‌‌aid‌‌to‌‌an‌‌institution‌‌is‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌ bi-directional‌‌tunnel‌‌and‌‌will‌‌allow‌‌
of‌‌policy‌‌and‌‌it‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌fundamental‌‌right.‌ ‌ all-weather‌‌connectivity‌‌between‌‌Ladakh‌‌
● All‌‌that‌‌Article‌‌30(2)‌‌states‌‌is‌‌that‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ and‌‌Srinagar.‌ ‌
ground‌‌that‌‌an‌‌institution‌‌is‌‌under‌‌the‌‌ ● It‌‌will‌‌be‌‌on‌‌NH1.‌ ‌
management‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minority,‌‌whether‌‌based‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
on‌‌religion‌‌or‌‌language,‌‌grant‌‌of‌‌aid‌‌to‌‌that‌‌ ● Recently‌‌the‌‌Union‌‌Transport‌‌and‌‌
educational‌‌institution‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌ Highways‌‌Minister‌‌reviewed‌‌the‌‌
discriminated‌‌against,‌‌if‌‌other‌‌educational‌‌ construction‌‌work‌‌at‌‌the‌‌Zojila‌‌tunnel,‌‌
institutions‌‌are‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌aid.‌ ‌ likely‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ready‌‌by‌‌September‌‌2026.‌ ‌
PM‌‌POSHAN‌ ‌
● The‌‌Union‌‌government‌ ‌has‌‌rebranded‌‌the‌‌
26‌‌year‌‌old‌‌national‌‌Midday‌‌meal‌‌scheme‌‌

as‌‌the‌‌PM‌‌POSHAN‌‌(Poshan‌‌Shakti‌‌
Nirman)‌‌scheme.‌‌ ‌
● One‌‌main‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌Midday‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌41‌ ‌
Agristack‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌Agristack?‌ ‌
● The‌‌AgriStack‌‌is‌‌a‌‌collection‌‌of‌‌digital‌‌
databases‌‌of‌‌agriculture.‌ ‌
● Under‌‌AgriStack’,‌‌the‌‌government‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌
provide‌‌‘required‌‌data‌‌sets’‌‌of‌‌farmers’‌‌
personal‌‌information‌‌to‌‌Microsoft‌‌to‌‌
develop‌‌a‌‌farmer‌‌interface‌‌for‌‌‘smart‌‌and‌‌
well-organized‌‌agriculture’.‌ ‌
‌ ● This‌‌will‌‌help‌‌in‌‌tackle‌‌issues‌‌such‌‌as‌‌poor‌‌
‌ access‌‌to‌‌credit‌‌and‌‌wastage‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
agricultural‌‌supply‌‌chain.‌ ‌
Economy‌ ‌ ● Under‌‌the‌‌programme,‌‌each‌‌farmer‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
country‌‌will‌‌get‌‌what‌‌is‌‌being‌‌called‌‌an‌‌

FID,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌farmers’‌‌ID,‌‌linked‌‌to‌‌land‌‌
Sharp‌‌growth‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌Indian‌‌
records‌‌to‌‌uniquely‌‌identify‌‌them.‌ ‌
Economy‌ ‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Agriculture‌‌Ministry,the‌‌
Centre‌‌has‌‌created‌‌a‌‌National‌‌Farmers’‌‌

What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ Database‌‌with‌‌records‌‌of‌‌5.5‌‌crore‌‌
● India’s‌‌Gross‌‌Domestic‌‌Product‌‌(GDP)‌‌ farmers,‌‌which‌‌it‌‌hopes‌‌to‌‌increase‌‌to‌‌8 ‌‌
grew‌‌by‌‌20.1%‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌quarter‌‌of‌‌ crore‌‌farmers‌‌by‌‌December‌‌2021,‌‌by‌‌
2021-22‌ ‌ linking‌‌it‌‌to‌‌State‌‌land‌‌record‌‌databases.‌ ‌
● But‌‌with‌‌the‌‌24.4%‌‌contraction‌‌recorded‌‌in‌‌ Benefits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌the‌‌digital‌‌database?‌ ‌
the‌‌corresponding‌‌quarter‌‌a‌‌year‌‌ago,‌‌but‌‌ ● Companies‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Microsoft,‌‌Amazon‌‌
economic‌‌activity‌‌remained‌‌well‌‌below‌‌the‌‌ and‌‌Patanjali‌‌had‌‌been‌‌asked‌‌to‌‌develop‌‌
pre-pandemic‌‌levels.‌ ‌ technology‌‌solutions‌‌for‌‌farmers‌‌using‌‌
● It‌‌mainly‌‌happened‌‌due‌‌to‌‌2nd‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌ data‌‌from‌‌the‌‌database.‌‌ ‌
Covid‌‌that‌‌hit‌‌India‌‌in‌‌Q1‌‌of‌‌FY‌‌2021-22.‌ ‌ ● Rural‌‌area‌‌e-market‌‌may‌‌be‌‌started‌‌where‌‌
● The‌‌first‌‌quarter‌‌GDP‌‌was‌‌even‌‌lower‌‌than‌‌ products‌‌could‌‌be‌‌directly‌‌sourced‌‌from‌‌
that‌‌of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌quarter‌‌of‌‌2018-19.‌ ‌ farmers‌‌and‌‌SHGs‌‌and‌‌supplied‌‌to‌‌rural‌‌
population.‌ ‌
● This‌‌will‌‌boost‌‌rural‌‌economy‌‌and‌‌
augment‌‌employment‌‌in‌‌rural‌‌areas.‌ ‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌42‌ ‌
PLI‌‌Scheme‌ ‌ ‌
● With‌‌the‌‌view‌‌to‌‌make‌‌India‌‌a ‌‌
manufacturing‌‌hub,‌‌the‌‌government‌‌
launched‌‌the‌‌PLI‌‌scheme‌‌for‌‌mobile‌‌
phones‌‌(electronic‌‌manufacturing)‌‌and‌‌it‌‌
was‌‌extended‌‌to‌‌pharma‌‌products‌‌and‌‌
medical‌‌equipment‌‌sectors,‌‌specialty‌‌
steel,‌‌etc.‌ ‌
● PLI‌‌Scheme‌‌is‌‌an‌‌outcome-‌‌and‌‌
output-oriented‌‌scheme‌‌where‌‌incentives‌‌
will‌‌be‌‌paid‌‌only‌‌if‌‌the‌‌manufacturers‌‌make‌‌
certain‌‌amount‌‌of‌ ‌goods.‌ ‌
PLI‌‌Scheme‌‌for‌‌Textiles‌ ‌
● The‌‌scheme‌‌envisages‌‌two‌‌levels‌‌of‌‌
investment‌‌with‌‌different‌‌sets‌‌of‌‌
‌ incentives-‌ ‌
1. Investment‌‌of‌‌Rs‌‌100‌‌crores‌ ‌
2. Investment‌‌of‌‌Rs‌‌300‌‌crores‌ ‌
PLI‌‌Scheme‌‌for‌‌Textiles‌ ‌ ● Applicants‌‌would‌‌have‌‌two‌‌years‌‌as‌‌
investment‌‌period‌‌and‌‌2024-2025‌‌would‌‌

What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ be‌‌the‌‌‘performance’‌‌year.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌Union‌‌Cabinet‌‌approved‌‌a‌‌₹10,683‌‌ ● The‌‌incentive‌‌flow‌‌would‌‌start‌‌in‌‌
crore‌‌Production‌‌Linked‌‌Incentive‌‌(PLI)‌‌ 2025-2026‌‌and‌‌extend‌‌for‌‌five‌‌years.‌ ‌
scheme‌‌for‌‌the‌‌textile‌‌sector.‌ ‌
● Focus‌‌areas-Man-made‌‌fibre‌‌(MMF)‌‌
apparel,‌‌MMF‌‌fabrics,‌‌and‌‌10‌‌segments‌‌or‌‌ MITRA‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
products‌‌of‌‌technical‌‌textiles.‌ ‌
Background‌ ‌
● Currently-Two-thirds‌‌of‌‌India’s‌‌textile‌‌
● The‌‌Finance‌‌Minister‌‌has‌‌proposed‌‌setting‌‌
exports‌‌now‌‌are‌‌cotton‌‌based.Whereas‌‌
up‌‌of‌‌a‌‌scheme‌‌of‌‌Mega‌‌Investment‌‌
66-70%‌‌of‌‌world‌‌trade‌‌in‌‌textiles‌‌is‌‌

Textiles‌‌Parks‌‌(MITRA)‌‌Scheme‌‌in‌‌her‌‌
MMF-based‌‌and‌‌technical‌‌textiles.‌ ‌
budget‌‌speech‌‌2021-22.‌ ‌
MITRA‌‌Scheme‌ ‌
● MITRA‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌enable‌‌the‌‌textile‌‌industry‌‌
to‌‌become‌‌globally‌‌competitive,‌‌attract‌‌
large‌‌investments,‌‌and‌‌boost‌‌employment‌‌
generation‌‌and‌‌exports.‌ ‌
● It‌‌will‌‌create‌‌world-class‌‌infrastructure‌‌with‌‌
plug‌‌and‌‌play‌‌facilities‌‌to‌‌enable‌‌create‌‌
global‌‌champions‌‌in‌‌exports.‌ ‌
‌ ● It‌‌will‌‌be‌‌launched‌‌in‌‌addition‌‌to‌‌the‌‌

Production‌‌Linked‌‌Incentive‌‌Scheme‌‌(PLI).‌ ‌
● It‌‌will‌‌give‌‌our‌‌domestic‌‌manufacturers‌‌a ‌‌
level-playing‌‌field‌‌in‌‌the‌‌international‌‌
textiles‌‌market‌‌&‌‌pave‌‌the‌‌way‌‌for‌‌India‌‌to‌‌
become‌‌a‌‌global‌‌champion‌‌of‌‌textiles‌‌
exports‌‌across‌‌all‌‌segments”.‌ ‌
Current‌‌Article‌ ‌
● The‌‌Textiles‌‌Ministry‌‌will‌‌follow‌‌a ‌‌
"challenge‌‌method"‌‌to‌ ‌
select‌‌States‌‌for‌‌the‌‌proposed‌‌Mega‌‌
‌ Investment‌‌Textiles‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌43‌ ‌
● Parks‌‌(MITRA)‌‌scheme.‌ ‌
● States‌‌willing‌‌to‌‌have‌‌MITRA‌‌Park‌‌will‌‌

have‌‌to‌‌fulfill‌‌criterias‌‌like-‌ ‌
1. Allot‌‌1000‌‌acre‌‌land‌‌for‌‌the‌‌park‌ ‌
2. Connectivity‌ ‌
3. Ensure‌‌nearby‌‌availability‌‌of‌‌Raw‌‌
materials‌ ‌
Reforms‌‌in‌‌Telecom‌‌sector‌ ‌
● The‌‌Cabinet‌‌approved‌‌several‌‌measures‌‌
to‌‌support‌‌telecom‌‌sector‌‌which‌‌is‌‌under‌‌
huge‌‌loss.‌ ‌ ‌
Important‌‌measures‌ ‌
1. Foreign‌‌direct‌‌investment‌‌(FDI)‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

sector‌‌has‌‌also‌‌been‌‌allowed‌‌up‌‌to‌‌100%‌‌ 45th‌‌GST‌‌council‌‌meeting‌ ‌
under‌‌the‌‌automatic‌‌route,‌‌from‌‌the‌‌
GST‌‌council‌ ‌
existing‌‌limit‌‌of‌‌49%.‌‌
‌
● The‌‌101st‌‌Amendment‌‌Act‌‌of‌‌2016‌‌paved‌‌
2. Equity‌‌option‌‌for‌‌paying‌‌dues-option‌‌of‌‌
the‌‌way‌‌for‌‌the‌‌introduction‌‌of‌‌a‌‌new‌‌tax‌‌
converting‌‌remaining‌‌dues‌‌to‌‌equity.‌ ‌
regime‌‌(i.e.‌‌goods‌‌and‌‌services‌‌tax‌‌-‌‌GST)‌‌
3. Adjusted‌‌Gross‌‌revenue‌‌(AGR)‌ ‌
and‌‌GST‌‌council.‌ ‌
● Change‌‌in‌‌definition‌‌ ‌
GST‌‌Council‌ ‌
● 4‌‌year‌‌moratorium.‌ ‌
● Created‌‌according‌‌to‌‌Article‌‌279(1).‌ ‌
Telecom‌‌companies‌‌came‌‌under‌‌huge‌‌stress‌‌due‌‌
● One-half‌‌of‌‌the‌‌total‌‌number‌‌of‌‌members‌‌
to‌‌AGR‌‌dues‌ ‌
of‌‌the‌‌Council‌‌is‌‌the‌‌quorum‌‌for‌
conducting‌‌a‌‌meeting.‌‌ ‌
● Every‌‌decision‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Council‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
taken‌‌by‌‌a‌‌majority‌‌of‌‌not‌‌less‌‌than‌‌three‌‌
fourths‌‌of‌‌the‌‌weighted‌‌votes‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
members‌‌present‌‌and‌‌voting‌‌at‌‌the‌‌
meeting.‌ ‌
● The‌‌vote‌‌of‌‌the‌‌central‌‌government‌‌shall‌‌
have‌‌a‌‌weightage‌‌one-third‌‌of‌‌the‌‌total‌‌
‌ votes‌‌cast‌‌in‌‌that‌‌meeting.‌ ‌
Vodafone‌ ‌had‌ ‌declared‌ ‌that‌ ‌it‌ ‌will‌ ‌shut‌ ‌down‌ ‌its‌‌
● The‌‌votes‌‌of‌‌all‌‌the‌‌state‌‌governments‌‌
operation‌‌
in‌‌
India‌‌
with‌‌
the‌‌
government‌‌ insisted‌‌ on‌‌ combined‌‌shall‌‌have‌‌weightage‌‌of‌‌
collection‌‌of‌‌AGR‌‌dues‌ ‌ two-thirds‌‌of‌‌the‌‌total‌‌votes‌‌cast‌‌in‌‌that‌‌

Recent‌‌Announcements‌ ‌ meeting.‌ ‌
AGR‌‌related‌‌Reforms‌ ‌ Function-It‌‌is‌‌main‌‌decision‌‌making‌‌body‌‌that‌‌has‌‌
● AGR‌‌calculations‌‌would‌‌exclude‌‌all‌‌ been‌‌formed‌‌to‌‌finalize‌‌the‌‌tax‌‌rates‌‌of‌‌GST.‌ ‌
non-telecom‌‌revenue‌‌from‌‌now-‌‌
redefinition‌‌of‌‌adjusted‌‌gross‌‌revenue‌‌
(AGR),‌‌prospectively,‌‌not‌‌retrospectively.‌ ‌
● A‌‌four-year‌‌moratorium‌‌on‌‌all‌‌spectrum‌‌
and‌‌AGR‌‌dues.‌ ‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌44‌ ‌
● The‌‌reason‌‌behind‌‌excessive‌‌black‌‌strips‌‌
is‌‌inbreeding.‌ ‌
Inbreeding-‌‌breed‌‌from‌‌closely‌‌related‌‌people‌‌or‌‌

animals,‌‌especially‌‌over‌‌many‌‌generations.‌ ‌
● Excessive‌‌inbreeding‌‌happens‌‌in‌‌Simlipal‌‌
because‌‌of‌‌its‌‌small‌‌size‌‌ie‌‌only‌‌a ‌‌
2,750-sq‌‌km‌‌. ‌ ‌
● The‌‌closest‌‌breeding‌‌tiger‌‌population‌‌to‌‌

Simlipal‌‌is‌‌around‌‌800‌‌km‌‌away.‌ ‌
Similar‌‌incident‌‌in‌‌Kaziranga‌ ‌
‌ ● Four‌‌golden‌‌tigers‌‌have‌‌been‌‌spotted‌‌at‌‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ the‌‌Kaziranga‌‌National‌‌Park‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
● Finance‌‌Minister‌‌Nirmala‌‌Sitharaman‌‌ ● The‌‌reason‌‌behind‌‌anomalous‌‌color‌‌in‌‌
chaired‌‌the‌‌45th‌‌Meeting‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Goods‌‌ tiger‌‌in‌‌Kaziranga‌‌is‌‌also‌‌inbreeding.‌ ‌
and‌‌Services‌‌Tax‌‌(GST)‌‌Council‌‌in‌‌ ● ‘Kazi‌‌106F’,‌‌described‌‌as‌‌the‌‌country’s‌‌
Lucknow.‌ ‌ first‌‌Golden‌‌Tiger,has‌‌emerged‌‌as‌‌the‌‌
● This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌that‌‌a‌‌GST‌‌Council‌‌ social‌‌media‌‌sensation‌‌right‌‌after‌‌its‌‌
meeting‌ ‌physical‌‌meeting‌‌of‌‌the‌‌GST‌‌ picture‌‌tweeted‌‌by‌‌an‌‌IFS‌‌officer‌‌went‌‌
Council‌‌following‌‌the‌‌outbreak‌‌of‌‌ viral.‌ ‌
COVID-19.‌‌ ‌ ● It‌‌resides‌‌in‌‌world‌‌heritage‌‌Kaziranga‌‌
● Petroleum‌‌products‌‌are‌‌outside‌‌GST.‌ ‌ National‌‌Park‌‌of‌‌Assam.‌‌ ‌
● Due‌‌to‌‌high‌‌Diesel‌‌and‌‌Petrol‌‌ ● It‌‌is‌‌also‌‌known‌‌as‌‌‘Tabby‌‌tiger’‌‌or‌
prices-Kerala‌‌High‌‌Court‌‌order‌‌suggested‌‌ ‘Strawberry‌‌tiger’.‌ ‌
the‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌inclusion‌‌of‌‌Petroleum‌‌
products‌‌to‌‌be‌‌placed‌‌before‌‌GST‌‌Council.‌ ‌
GST‌‌Council‌‌response‌ ‌
● Sitharaman‌‌shared‌‌that‌‌the‌‌GST‌‌Council‌‌
Aroma‌‌Mission‌ ‌
members‌‌made‌‌it‌‌clear‌‌that‌‌they‌‌do‌‌not‌‌ ● Aroma‌‌Mission‌‌was‌‌started‌‌by‌‌Council‌‌of‌‌
want‌‌petroleum‌‌products‌‌to‌‌be‌‌included‌‌ Scientific‌‌and‌‌Industrial‌‌Research‌‌(CSIR)‌‌
under‌‌GST.‌‌ ‌ in‌‌2016.‌ ‌
● She‌‌said‌‌that‌‌the‌‌council‌‌will‌‌report‌‌back‌‌ ● Objective-‌‌promote‌‌the‌‌cultivation‌‌of‌‌
to‌‌Kerala‌‌HC‌‌that‌‌the‌‌matter‌‌has‌‌been‌‌ aromatic‌‌crops‌‌that‌‌could‌‌be‌‌used‌‌
discussed‌‌&‌‌Council‌‌felt‌‌it‌‌was‌‌not‌‌the‌‌time‌‌ increase‌‌aroma‌‌of‌‌food.‌ ‌
to‌‌bring‌‌petroleum‌‌products‌‌under‌‌GST.‌ ‌ ● It‌‌will‌‌benefit‌‌farmers‌‌also‌‌by-‌ ‌
‌ a. Higher‌‌profits‌ ‌
‌ b. Utilization‌‌of‌‌waste‌‌lands‌‌ ‌
Diesel‌‌and‌‌petrol‌‌prices‌‌have‌‌hit‌‌record‌‌highs‌‌ c. Protection‌‌of‌‌their‌‌crops‌‌from‌‌wild‌‌and‌‌
across‌‌the‌‌country,‌‌with‌‌petrol‌‌going‌‌Rs‌‌100‌‌per‌‌ grazing‌‌animals‌ ‌
litre.‌ ‌ ● It‌‌was‌‌brought‌‌to‌‌fulfill‌‌the‌‌goal‌‌of‌‌doubling‌‌

In‌‌Rs‌‌100/ltr‌‌the‌‌central‌‌government‌‌charges‌‌ farmers‌‌income‌‌by‌‌2022.‌ ‌
about‌‌Rs‌‌32/ltr‌‌as‌‌Excise‌‌duty‌‌and‌‌high‌‌VAT‌‌by‌‌
States.‌ ‌
Black‌‌Tigers‌ ‌
● Many‌‌dark‌‌black‌‌striped‌‌tigers‌‌are‌‌found‌‌in‌‌

Similipal‌‌Tiger‌‌Reserve.‌ ‌
● A‌‌team‌‌of‌‌scientists‌‌has‌‌decoded‌‌the‌‌

reason‌‌behind‌‌black‌‌striped‌‌Tigers‌‌in‌‌

Simlipal.‌‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌45‌ ‌
● Competition‌‌Commission‌‌recently‌‌imposed‌‌
penalties‌‌totalling‌‌more‌‌than‌‌₹873‌‌crore‌‌
on‌‌United‌‌Breweries‌‌Ltd.‌‌(UBL),‌‌Carlsberg‌‌
India,‌‌All‌‌India‌‌Brewers’‌‌Association‌‌
(AIBA)‌‌and‌‌11‌‌individuals‌‌for‌‌cartelisation‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌sale‌‌and‌‌supply‌‌of‌‌beer.‌ ‌
Cartelisation‌ ‌
● "Cartel"‌‌includes‌‌an‌‌association‌‌of‌‌
producers,‌‌sellers,‌‌distributors,‌‌traders‌‌or‌‌
service‌‌providers‌‌who,‌‌by‌‌agreement‌‌
amongst‌‌themselves‌‌limit,‌‌control‌‌or‌‌
attempt‌‌to‌‌control‌‌the‌‌production,‌‌
distribution,‌‌sale‌‌or‌‌price‌‌of,‌‌or,‌‌trade‌‌in‌‌

‌ goods‌‌or‌‌provision‌‌of‌‌services.‌ ‌
Purple‌‌Revolution‌‌
‌ SAUBHAGYA‌‌Yojana‌ ‌
● Around‌‌500‌‌farmers‌‌across‌‌villages‌‌in‌‌
● The‌‌objective‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme‌‌was‌‌
Doda‌‌district‌‌in‌‌Jammu‌‌had‌‌their‌‌incomes‌‌
achieving‌‌Universal‌‌Household‌‌
quadrupled‌‌after‌‌shifting‌‌from‌‌maize‌‌to‌‌
Electrification‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country,‌‌through‌‌last‌‌
lavender‌‌cultivation‌‌which‌‌is‌‌being‌‌called‌‌

mile‌‌connectivity‌‌and‌‌providing‌‌access‌‌to‌‌
Lavender‌‌or‌‌purple‌‌revolution.‌ ‌
electricity‌‌to‌‌all‌‌un-electrified‌‌households‌‌
in‌‌rural‌‌areas‌‌and‌‌poor‌‌households‌‌in‌‌
● Union‌‌Minister‌‌Dr‌‌Jitendra‌‌Singh‌‌proposes‌‌
urban‌‌areas.‌ ‌
Integrated‌‌Aroma‌‌Dairy‌‌Entrepreneurship‌‌
● It‌‌is‌‌upgraded‌‌version‌‌of‌ ‌Deendayal‌‌
for‌‌Jammu‌‌&‌‌Kashmir‌‌to‌‌augment‌‌the‌‌
Upadhyaya‌‌Gram‌‌Jyoti‌‌Yojana‌‌(DDUGJY)‌‌
income‌‌of‌‌farmers.‌ ‌
which‌‌envisaged‌‌the‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌basic‌‌
electricity‌‌infrastructure‌‌in‌‌villages.‌ ‌
Competition‌‌Commission‌‌
● It‌‌is‌‌implemented‌‌by‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌Power.‌ ‌
Why‌‌in‌‌news?‌ ‌
of‌‌India‌ ‌ ● Pradhan‌‌Mantri‌‌Sahaj‌‌Bijli‌‌Har‌‌Ghar‌‌
Yojana‌‌-‌‌Saubhagya‌‌was‌‌announced‌‌by‌‌

It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌statutory‌‌body‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Government‌‌of‌‌ the‌‌Prime‌‌Minister‌‌Narendra‌‌Modi‌‌on‌‌25th‌‌
India.Its‌‌responsibility‌‌is‌‌to‌‌enforce‌‌Competition‌‌ September‌‌2017.‌ ‌
Act‌‌2002.‌ ‌ ● SAUBHAGYA‌‌completes‌‌FOUR‌‌years‌‌of‌‌
Objectives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Commission:‌ ‌ successful‌‌implementation.‌ ‌
● To‌‌prevent‌‌practices‌‌having‌‌adverse‌‌effect‌‌ Implementation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌scheme‌ ‌
on‌‌competition.‌ ‌ ● 82‌‌crore‌‌households‌‌have‌‌been‌‌electrified‌‌
● To‌‌promote‌‌and‌‌sustain‌‌competition‌‌in‌‌ since‌‌the‌‌launch‌‌of‌‌SAUBHAGYA.‌‌These‌‌
markets.‌ ‌ figures‌‌are‌‌till‌‌March‌‌31st‌‌of‌‌this‌‌year.‌ ‌
Significance‌‌of‌‌Competition‌‌Commission‌‌of‌‌India-‌ ‌
a. In‌‌a‌‌liberal‌‌economy‌‌its‌‌very‌‌important‌‌to‌‌

provide‌‌level‌‌playing‌‌fields‌‌to‌‌every‌‌ SATAT‌‌scheme‌ ‌
business.‌ ‌
b. This‌‌helps‌‌in‌‌expansion‌‌business,‌‌ ● It‌‌stands‌‌for‌‌Sustainable‌‌Alternative‌‌
employment‌‌generation,‌‌avoiding‌‌ Towards‌‌Affordable‌‌Transportation‌‌ ‌
monopoly.‌ ‌ ● Under‌‌this‌‌government‌‌will‌‌encourage‌‌
c. Thus‌‌customers‌‌are‌‌benefited.‌ ‌ natural‌‌gas‌‌production‌‌from‌‌municipal‌‌
CCI‌‌ensures‌‌that‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌monopoly‌‌of‌‌a‌‌few‌‌ waste‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌forest‌‌and‌‌agri‌‌waste.‌‌
companies‌‌over‌‌market.‌‌Thus‌‌it‌‌ensures‌‌that‌‌no‌‌ Animal‌‌husbandry‌‌and‌‌marine‌‌wastes‌‌are‌‌
big‌‌company‌‌takes‌‌advantage‌‌of‌‌its‌‌position‌‌to‌ also‌‌included.‌ ‌
suppress‌‌new‌‌start‌‌ups.‌ ‌ ● Total‌‌of‌‌5000‌‌CBG‌‌plants‌‌will‌‌be‌‌set‌‌up‌‌by‌‌
Current‌‌news‌ ‌ 2023-24‌ ‌
● The‌‌gas‌‌produced‌‌at‌‌CBG‌‌plants‌‌can‌‌be‌‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌46‌ ‌
used‌‌as‌‌fuel‌‌to‌‌power‌‌automobiles.‌ ‌ the‌‌4th‌‌and‌‌8th‌‌centuries.‌ ‌
● SATAT‌‌Scheme‌‌is‌‌an‌‌initiative‌‌of‌‌Ministry‌‌
● Both‌‌Shankhalipi‌‌and‌‌Brahmi‌‌are‌‌stylised‌‌
of‌‌Petroleum‌‌and‌‌Natural‌‌Gas.‌ ‌ scripts‌‌used‌‌primarily‌‌for‌‌names‌‌and‌‌

Current‌‌news‌ ‌ signatures.‌ ‌
● Indraprastha‌‌Gas‌‌Limited‌‌(IGL)‌‌signed‌‌a ‌‌ ● Scholars‌‌have‌‌tried‌‌to‌‌decipher‌‌shell‌‌script‌‌

Memorandum‌‌of‌‌Understanding‌‌with‌‌ but‌‌have‌‌not‌‌been‌‌successful.‌‌ ‌
South‌‌Delhi‌‌Municipal‌‌Corporation‌‌
(SDMC)‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌waste‌‌to‌‌energy‌‌plant‌‌
in‌‌Delhi‌‌to‌‌convert‌‌Municipal‌‌Solid‌‌Waste‌‌

Assam‌ ‌
into‌‌Compressed‌‌Biogas‌‌(CBG)‌‌for‌‌use‌‌as‌‌
fuel‌‌for‌‌running‌‌vehicles.‌
Humder‌‌Moner‌‌Katha‌ ‌
Culture‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● Chief‌‌Minister‌‌Dr.‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma‌‌
attended‌‌an‌‌interactive‌‌programme‌‌titled‌‌
Shankhalipi‌‌script‌ ‌ "Humder‌‌Moner‌‌Kotha"‌‌with‌‌intellectuals‌‌
and‌‌leading‌‌citizens‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Tea‌‌Tribes‌‌

● The‌‌Archaeological‌‌Survey‌‌of‌‌India‌‌(ASI)‌‌ community.‌‌ ‌
has‌‌found‌‌1500‌‌year‌‌old‌‌temple‌‌at‌‌Bilsarh,‌‌ ● Objective-To‌‌prepare‌‌a‌‌roadmap‌‌for‌‌all‌‌
Etah-Uttar‌‌Pradesh,‌‌a‌‌known‌‌Gupta‌‌period‌‌ round‌‌development‌‌of‌‌the‌‌community‌ ‌
settlement.‌ ‌ Important‌‌decision‌‌taken‌ ‌
● This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌3rd‌‌structural‌‌temple‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ ● Seven‌‌sub-groups‌‌to‌‌be‌‌formed‌‌to‌‌prepare‌‌
Gupta‌‌period‌‌to‌‌be‌‌discovered‌‌(other‌‌are‌‌ roadmap‌‌for‌‌development‌‌of‌‌Tea‌‌Tribes‌‌
Dashavatara‌‌Temple,Deogarh‌‌and‌‌ community.‌ ‌
Bhitargaon‌‌Temple,‌‌Kanpur‌‌Dehat).‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌built‌‌for‌‌Brahmins,‌‌Jains‌‌and‌‌
Buddhists.‌ ‌ Mascot‌‌for‌‌Indian‌‌Oil‌ ‌
● The‌‌staircase‌‌bore‌‌inscription‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Shankhalipi‌‌script‌‌and‌‌the‌‌title‌‌of‌‌‘Sri‌‌ ● The‌‌one-horned‌‌rhino‌‌has‌‌been‌‌made‌‌the‌‌
Mahendraditya’‌‌which‌‌was‌‌accorded‌‌to‌‌ brand‌‌mascot‌‌of‌‌Indian‌‌Oil‌‌Corporation‌‌
Kumaragupta‌‌I‌‌(ruled‌‌over‌‌north-central‌‌ Limited.‌ ‌
India‌‌during‌‌the‌‌5th‌‌century).‌ ‌ Brief‌‌Information‌‌about‌‌IOCL‌ ‌
● Guptas‌‌were‌‌the‌‌first‌‌to‌‌build‌‌structural‌‌ ● The‌‌Indian‌‌Oil‌‌Corporation‌‌Limited‌‌started‌‌
temples,‌‌a‌‌distinct‌‌change‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ from‌‌a‌‌0.75‌‌MMTPA‌‌refinery‌‌that‌‌was‌‌set‌‌

ancient‌‌rock-cut‌‌temples.‌ ‌ up‌‌in‌‌Guwahati‌‌in‌‌1962.‌‌
‌
Rock‌‌Cut‌‌vs‌‌structural‌‌temples‌ ‌ ● The‌‌company‌‌today‌‌has‌‌nine‌‌oil‌‌refineries‌‌
Digboi,‌‌Guwahati,‌‌Barauni,‌‌Mathura,‌‌
Gujarat,‌‌Haldia,‌‌Bongaigaon,‌‌Panipat‌‌and‌‌
Paradip‌‌across‌‌the‌‌country,‌‌besides‌‌a‌‌joint‌‌
venture‌‌refinery‌‌in‌‌Chennai.‌ ‌
Panel‌‌to‌‌enquire‌‌Bhagjan‌‌

Oil‌‌Well‌‌fire‌ ‌
Background‌ ‌
● Well‌‌Number‌‌5‌‌of‌‌Baghjan‌‌oilfield‌‌
exploded‌‌on‌‌27th‌‌May‌‌2021.‌ ‌
● The‌‌fire‌‌continued‌‌for‌‌more‌‌than‌‌100‌‌days.‌ ‌
‌ ● National‌‌Green‌‌Tribunal‌‌had‌‌constituted‌‌
● ‌ rahmi‌‌derivatives‌‌that‌‌look‌‌like‌‌conch‌‌
B an‌‌enquiry‌‌panel‌‌to‌‌investigate‌‌the‌‌reason‌‌

shells‌‌or‌‌shankhas.‌ ‌ behind‌‌the‌‌Fire.‌ ‌
● ‌They‌‌are‌‌found‌‌in‌‌inscriptions‌‌across‌‌
● It‌‌was‌‌a‌‌10‌‌member‌‌panel‌‌to‌‌be‌‌headed‌‌

north-central‌‌India‌‌and‌‌date‌‌to‌‌between‌‌ by‌‌chief‌‌secretary‌‌of‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌47‌ ‌
● The‌‌Supreme‌‌court‌‌has‌‌restructured‌‌the‌‌
enquiry‌‌panel‌‌to‌‌enquire‌‌Bhagjan‌‌Oil‌‌Well‌‌ ‌Elephants‌‌killed‌‌on‌‌

fire.‌ ‌
● The‌‌new‌‌panel‌‌will‌‌be‌‌a‌‌5‌‌member‌‌body‌‌ Railway‌‌track‌ ‌
headed‌‌by‌‌retired‌‌judge‌‌of‌‌Gauhati‌‌High‌‌
Court‌‌Justice‌‌BP‌‌Katakey.‌ ‌
● The‌‌National‌‌Green‌‌Tribunal‌‌(NGT)‌‌had‌‌
The‌‌SC‌‌said-‌ ‌
tasked‌‌the‌‌Central‌‌Monitoring‌‌Committee‌‌
"we‌‌are‌‌of‌‌the‌‌view‌‌that‌‌it‌‌would‌‌not‌‌be‌‌

constituted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌MoEFCC‌‌dealing‌‌with‌‌
appropriate‌‌to‌‌task‌‌the‌‌Chief‌‌Secretary‌‌personally‌‌
Project‌‌Elephant‌‌to‌‌look‌‌into‌‌the‌‌deaths‌‌of‌‌
in‌‌taking‌‌up‌‌this‌‌task,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌more‌‌or‌‌less‌‌of‌‌

wild‌‌elephants‌‌on‌‌the‌‌railway‌‌lines.‌ ‌
adjudicatory‌‌nature‌‌combining‌‌expert‌‌domain‌‌
Outcome‌‌of‌‌the‌‌study‌ ‌
knowledge‌‌of‌‌issues‌‌pertaining‌‌to‌‌environmental‌‌
● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌Environment,‌‌
concerns".‌ ‌
Forest‌‌and‌‌Climate‌‌Change‌‌(MoEFCC),‌‌
186‌‌elephants‌‌were‌‌killed‌‌after‌‌being‌‌hit‌‌
by‌‌trains‌‌across‌‌India‌‌between‌‌2009-10‌‌
online‌‌e‌‌learners‌‌licence‌ ‌ and‌‌2020-21.‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ The‌‌following‌‌states‌‌have‌‌maximum‌‌deaths:‌ ‌
● Chief‌‌Minister‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma‌‌ ● Assam‌‌accounted‌‌for‌‌the‌‌highest‌‌number‌‌
launched‌‌the‌‌contactless‌‌online‌‌Learner‌‌ of‌‌elephant‌‌casualties‌‌on‌‌railway‌‌tracks‌‌
Licence‌‌Facility‌‌from‌‌Home‌‌and‌‌mVahan‌‌ (62),‌‌
‌
with‌‌Fitness‌‌Everywhere‌‌App.‌ ‌ ● West‌‌Bengal‌‌(57),‌‌ ‌
Contactless‌‌online‌‌Learner‌‌Licence‌‌Facility‌‌from‌‌ ● Odisha‌‌(27),‌‌and‌ ‌
Home‌ ‌ Monitoring‌‌the‌‌Killing‌‌of‌‌Elephants‌‌(MIKE)‌‌
● Learner's‌‌licence‌‌can‌‌now‌‌be‌‌obtained‌‌ programme‌ ‌
online‌‌by‌‌taking‌‌computerized‌‌test‌‌sitting‌‌ ‌
at‌‌home‌‌without‌‌visiting‌‌DTO‌‌Office.‌ ‌ ● The‌‌Monitoring‌‌the‌‌Killing‌‌of‌‌Elephants‌‌
● The‌‌applicant‌‌will‌‌have‌‌to‌‌apply‌‌through‌‌ (MIKE)‌‌programme‌‌launched‌‌in‌‌2003‌‌is‌‌an‌‌
Sarthi‌‌portal.‌ ‌ international‌‌collaboration‌‌that‌‌tracks‌‌
M‌‌Vahan‌‌with‌‌Fitness‌‌Everywhere‌‌App‌ ‌ trends‌‌in‌‌information‌‌related‌‌to‌‌the‌‌illegal‌‌
● Vehicles‌‌registered‌‌in‌‌Assam‌‌will‌‌be‌‌able‌‌ killing‌‌of‌‌elephants‌‌from‌‌across‌‌Africa‌‌and‌‌
to‌‌get‌‌a‌‌fitness‌‌certificate‌‌renewed‌‌in‌‌any‌‌ Asia,‌‌to‌‌monitor‌‌effectiveness‌‌of‌‌field‌‌
DTO‌‌Office‌‌of‌‌Assam.‌ ‌ conservation‌‌efforts.‌ ‌
English‌‌version‌‌of‌‌Sarathi‌‌

Book‌ ‌
Sarathi‌‌Book‌ ‌
● Written‌‌in‌‌1911.‌ ‌
● Sarathi'‌‌a‌‌well‌‌known‌‌book‌‌on‌‌moral‌‌
precept‌‌in‌‌Assamese.‌ ‌
● It‌‌was‌‌written‌‌by‌‌Satyanath‌‌Borah.‌ ‌
● The‌‌English‌‌version‌‌of‌‌the‌‌iconic‌‌
‌
Assamese‌‌book‌‌Sarathi‌‌written‌‌by‌‌
renowned‌‌litterateur‌‌Satyanath‌‌Borah‌‌was‌‌
●
formally‌‌released.‌ ‌
The‌‌book‌‌has‌‌been‌‌translated‌‌by‌‌Tridib‌‌

Skill‌‌University‌ ‌
Borah,‌‌the‌‌great‌‌grandson‌‌of‌‌Satyanath‌‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
Borah.‌ ‌ ● A‌‌first-of-its-kind‌‌institute‌‌in‌‌the‌‌northeast‌‌

Assam‌‌Skill‌‌University‌‌(ASU)‌‌at‌‌Mangaldoi‌‌
in‌‌Darrang‌‌district‌‌is‌‌being‌‌opened.‌ ‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌48‌ ‌
● The‌‌university‌‌is‌‌being‌‌built‌‌at‌‌an‌‌
Note-No‌‌direct‌‌question‌‌will‌‌be‌‌asked‌‌either‌‌in‌‌
estimated‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌140‌‌million‌‌dollars‌‌ Prelims‌‌or‌‌Mains‌‌from‌‌this‌‌particular‌‌topic‌‌yet‌‌we‌‌

(approximately‌‌Rs‌‌1,000‌‌crore)‌‌and‌‌is‌‌ can‌‌use‌‌this‌‌particular‌‌accident‌‌as‌‌an‌‌example‌‌to‌‌

scheduled‌‌to‌‌be‌‌completed‌‌by‌‌September‌‌ prove‌‌that‌‌inland‌‌water‌‌transportation‌‌in‌‌Assam‌‌is‌‌
2026.‌‌ ‌ yet‌‌not‌‌very‌‌robust‌‌and‌‌failsafe.‌ ‌
● The‌‌fund‌‌has‌‌already‌‌been‌‌secured‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
ratio‌‌of‌‌80:20‌‌from‌‌ADB‌‌and‌‌Assam‌‌
government‌‌respectively.‌‌ ‌ Mission‌‌Basundhara‌ ‌
● The‌‌institute‌‌will‌‌cater‌‌to‌‌over‌‌10,000‌‌

students‌‌from‌‌the‌‌northeast‌‌and‌‌will‌‌focus‌‌ ● “Mission‌‌Basundhara”‌‌is‌‌a‌‌mission‌‌mode‌‌
on‌‌the‌‌Act‌‌East‌‌Policy‌‌to‌‌bring‌‌investments‌‌ project‌‌initiated‌‌by‌‌Assam‌‌government‌‌for‌
to‌‌Assam.‌ ‌ land‌‌reforms.‌ ‌
● Focus‌‌will‌‌be‌‌on-‌ ‌
1. Survey‌‌of‌‌non-cadastral‌‌villages(where‌‌no‌‌
Electric‌‌vehicle‌‌Policy‌‌of‌‌
2.
survey‌‌has‌‌been‌‌undertaken‌‌till‌‌date).‌ ‌
Resolving‌‌land‌‌related‌‌disputes‌ ‌
Assam‌ ‌ 3. Complete‌‌all‌‌pending‌‌partition‌‌and‌‌
mutation‌‌cases‌‌in‌‌a‌‌mission‌‌mode‌‌by‌‌
opening‌‌a‌‌portal‌ ‌
4. Organizing‌‌Rajah‌‌Adalat‌‌(Rajah‌‌Adalat‌‌is‌‌
conducted‌‌in‌‌Assam‌‌to‌‌dispose‌‌off‌‌the‌‌
cases‌‌related‌‌to‌‌land‌‌revenue).‌ ‌
● “Mission‌‌Basundhara”‌‌would‌‌be‌‌formally‌‌
launched‌‌on‌‌2nd‌‌October‌‌2021.‌ ‌
● All‌‌such‌‌pending‌‌matters‌‌will‌‌be‌‌resolved‌ ‌
within‌‌May‌‌10,‌‌2022,‌‌which‌‌will‌‌mark‌‌the‌‌

first‌‌anniversary‌‌of‌‌the‌‌present‌‌

government.‌ ‌
‌
Lemon‌‌Village‌ ‌
● Cheleng‌‌Chuk,‌‌a‌‌remote‌‌village‌‌in‌‌
Naharkatia‌‌circle‌‌of‌‌Dibrugarh,‌‌is‌‌being‌‌
developed‌‌as‌‌a‌‌model‌‌‘lemon‌‌village’‌‌to‌‌
boost‌‌employment‌‌and‌‌per‌‌capita‌‌
incomes.‌ ‌
● Assam’s‌‌two‌‌famous‌‌varieties‌‌of‌‌lemon‌‌– ‌‌
‌ ‘gol‌‌nemu’‌‌and‌‌‘kaji‌‌nemu’‌‌are‌‌found‌‌
abundantly‌‌in‌‌the‌‌village.‌ ‌
● 125‌‌families‌‌of‌‌the‌‌village‌‌will‌‌be‌‌made‌‌
Collision‌‌of‌‌ferries‌ ‌ self-sufficient‌‌through‌‌cultivation‌‌and‌‌sale‌‌
of‌‌lemons.‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ ● In‌‌the‌‌first‌‌phase,‌‌around‌‌2,200‌‌lemon‌‌
● The‌‌head-on‌‌accident‌‌between‌‌a‌‌larger‌‌ saplings‌‌will‌‌be‌‌planted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌village‌‌with‌‌
government‌‌vessel‌‌(which‌‌belonged‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ the‌‌aim‌‌to‌‌eventually‌‌plant‌‌10,000‌‌lemon‌‌
state's‌‌inland‌‌water‌‌transport)‌‌and‌‌a ‌‌ plants.‌ ‌
smaller‌‌private‌‌ferry‌‌occurred‌‌around‌‌
roughly‌‌100m‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Nematighat‌‌bank‌‌in‌‌
●
Jorhat‌‌district.‌‌
‌
Over‌‌50‌‌people‌‌are‌‌feared‌‌drowned‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
Ayush‌‌college‌‌in‌‌Assam‌ ‌
accident.‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
● National‌‌Disaster‌‌Response‌‌Force‌‌(NDRF)‌‌ ● AYUSH‌‌means‌‌traditional‌‌medicine‌‌

is‌‌engaged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌rescue‌‌operation.‌ ‌ system-Ayurveda,‌‌Yoga,‌‌Naturopathy,‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌49‌ ‌
Unani,‌‌Siddha,‌‌Sowa-Rigpa‌‌and‌‌ institutions‌‌of‌‌higher‌‌education‌‌in‌‌different‌‌

Homoeopathy‌‌(abbreviated‌‌as‌‌AYUSH)‌‌ ‌ categories‌‌and‌‌domains‌‌of‌‌knowledge.‌ ‌
● The‌‌central‌‌government‌‌has‌‌increased‌‌the‌‌ ● The‌‌Ministry‌‌of‌‌Human‌‌Resource‌‌
financial‌‌support‌‌from‌‌Rs‌‌9‌‌crore‌‌to‌‌Rs‌‌70‌‌ Development‌‌(MHRD)‌‌had‌‌developed‌‌it‌‌in‌‌
crore‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌more‌‌Ayush‌‌colleges‌‌are‌‌ 2015.‌ ‌
opened‌‌across‌‌the‌‌country.‌ ‌ ● Objective:‌‌To‌‌encourage‌‌institutes‌‌to‌‌
Special‌‌announcements‌‌for‌‌Assam‌ ‌ compete‌‌against‌‌each‌‌other‌‌and‌‌
● Union‌‌minister‌‌of‌‌Ayush‌‌Sarbananda‌‌ simultaneously‌‌work‌‌towards‌‌their‌‌growth.‌ ‌
Sonowal‌‌made‌‌2‌‌special‌‌announcements‌‌ Broad‌‌Parameters:‌ ‌
for‌‌Assam.‌ ‌ ● Teaching,‌‌Learning‌‌and‌‌Resources.‌ ‌
1. Upgrading‌‌the‌‌Government‌‌Ayurvedic‌‌ ● Research‌‌and‌‌Professional‌‌Practices.‌ ‌
College,‌‌Jalukbari,‌‌Assam‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Centre‌‌of‌‌ ● Graduation‌‌Outcomes.‌ ‌
Excellence‌‌with‌‌the‌‌support‌‌of‌‌up‌‌to‌‌Rs‌‌10‌‌ ● Outreach‌‌and‌‌Inclusivity.‌ ‌
crore.‌ ‌ ● Peer‌‌Perception.‌ ‌
2. Starting‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Panchkarma‌‌Technician‌‌
course‌‌affiliated‌‌to‌‌Central‌‌Ayurveda‌‌
Research‌‌Institute‌‌(CARI),‌‌Guwahati‌‌with‌‌
10‌‌seats‌‌for‌‌10+2‌‌students‌‌to‌‌produce‌‌
skilled‌‌manpower‌‌for‌‌Panchkarma‌‌therapy‌‌
in‌‌NE‌‌region.‌ ‌
Revamping‌‌of‌‌Inland‌‌Water‌‌

Transport‌ ‌
● After‌‌boat‌‌accident‌‌at‌‌Nimatighat‌‌in‌‌Jorhat‌‌
district‌‌the‌‌state‌‌govt‌‌has‌‌taken‌‌many‌‌
steps‌‌to‌‌revamp‌‌inland‌‌water‌‌transport‌‌
system‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌
Steps‌‌taken‌ ‌
1. Implementation‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Rs‌‌770‌‌crore‌‌World‌‌
Bank‌‌scheme‌‌for‌‌development‌‌of‌‌water‌‌ ‌
transport‌‌system‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌ ‌ Rankings‌‌of‌‌Assam‌‌Universities‌ ‌
2. Two‌‌new‌‌companies‌‌have‌‌been‌‌formed‌‌for‌‌ The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌the‌‌scores‌‌secured‌‌by‌‌the‌‌other‌‌

maintaining‌‌river‌‌ports‌‌and‌‌running‌‌ Universities‌‌of‌‌North‌‌East‌‌India:‌ ‌
passenger‌‌vessels-Assam‌‌Port‌‌Company‌‌ ● Gauhati‌‌University-‌‌Rank‌‌45‌ ‌
and‌‌Assam‌‌Shipping‌‌Company‌ ‌ ● Tezpur‌‌University-‌‌Rank‌‌46‌ ‌
3. A‌‌regulatory‌‌authority‌‌to‌‌look‌‌into‌‌safety‌‌of‌‌ ● Assam‌‌University-‌‌Rank‌‌93‌ ‌
the‌‌passenger‌‌vessel‌‌will‌‌be‌‌made‌‌ ● North‌‌Eastern‌‌Hill‌‌University‌‌(NEHU)-‌‌
functional.‌ ‌ Rank‌‌59‌ ‌
4. A‌‌modern‌‌jetty‌‌with‌‌German‌‌design‌‌will‌‌be‌‌ ● However,‌‌Mizoram‌‌University,‌‌Dibrugarh‌‌
developed‌‌at‌‌a‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌Rs‌‌115‌‌crore‌‌in‌‌ University‌‌and‌‌Rajiv‌‌Gandhi‌‌University‌‌in‌‌

Guwahati‌‌opposite‌‌to‌‌the‌‌MMC‌‌Hospital.‌‌It‌‌ Arunachal‌‌Pradesh‌‌failed‌‌to‌‌secure‌‌a ‌‌
will‌‌be‌‌a‌‌floating‌‌jetty‌‌and‌‌the‌‌water‌‌level‌‌ position‌‌within‌‌the‌‌100.‌ ‌
would‌‌not‌‌affect‌‌it.‌‌ ‌
Low‌‌cost‌‌bamboo‌‌concrete‌‌

NIRF‌‌Rankings‌‌of‌‌Assam‌‌
tech‌ ‌
Universities‌ ‌ What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌
National‌‌Institutional‌‌Ranking‌‌Framework‌‌(NIRF)‌ ‌ ● ‌A‌‌low-cost‌‌Concreting’‌‌‘Bamboo‌‌

● National‌‌Institutional‌‌Ranking‌‌Framework‌‌ Reinforced‌‌Cement‌‌Concreting‌‌(BRCC)‌‌
(NIRF)‌‌has‌‌been‌‌developed‌‌for‌‌ranking‌‌
technology,‌‌developed‌‌by‌‌an‌‌engineer‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌50‌ ‌
from‌‌Assam,‌‌has‌‌been‌‌granted‌‌patent‌‌by‌‌
the‌‌Indian‌‌Patent‌‌Office,‌‌ascribing‌‌the‌‌
patent‌‌number‌‌373964.‌ ‌ Last‌‌capital‌‌of‌‌Kachari‌‌

● The‌‌technology‌‌has‌‌been‌ ‌developed‌‌by‌‌
civil‌‌engineer‌‌Manoj‌‌Kumar‌‌Das.‌ ‌ Kingdom‌ ‌
● The‌‌load‌‌bearing‌‌members‌‌of‌‌civil‌‌

construction‌‌–‌‌like‌‌beams‌‌and‌‌columns‌‌– ‌‌
● The‌‌Khaspur‌‌Rajbari,‌‌which‌‌was‌‌the‌‌last‌‌
can‌‌be‌‌built‌‌with‌‌the‌‌use‌‌of‌ ‌
capital‌‌of‌‌the‌‌18th‌‌century‌‌Dimasa‌‌Kachari‌‌
whole‌‌bamboo‌‌culm‌‌at‌‌a‌‌cost‌‌40‌‌per‌‌cent‌‌
kingdom‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Barak‌‌valley‌‌will‌‌be‌‌

lesser,‌‌but‌‌with‌‌equivalent‌‌strength‌‌and‌‌
preserved‌‌and‌‌turned‌‌into‌‌a‌‌tourist‌‌

durability‌‌as‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Reinforced‌‌
destination.‌ ‌
Cement‌‌Concrete‌‌(RCC)‌‌structures.‌‌ ‌
Important‌‌Spots‌ ‌
Benefits‌‌of‌‌BRCC‌ ‌
● The‌‌sun‌‌gate,‌‌lion‌‌gate,‌‌main‌‌gate,‌‌the‌‌

● Can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌for‌‌housing‌‌schemes‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
king’s‌‌temple,‌‌Rani‌‌Chandrabha‌‌Hasnu‌‌
government‌‌like‌‌PMAY.‌ ‌
Park,‌‌named‌‌after‌‌a‌‌Kachari‌‌queen,‌‌are‌‌
● Disaster‌‌Mitigation‌‌technique-Can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌
among‌‌several‌‌relics‌‌dotting‌‌the‌‌place.‌ ‌
in‌‌earthquake‌‌prone‌‌areas‌‌like‌‌Assam-‌‌
since‌‌BRCC‌‌structures‌‌will‌‌cause‌‌less‌‌
damage‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌Earthquake.‌ ‌
Negotiation‌‌with‌‌ULFA(I)‌ ‌
Sahitya‌‌Akademi‌‌Awards‌ ‌ Union‌‌Home‌‌Minister‌‌Amit‌‌Shah‌‌has‌‌authorised‌‌
Assam‌‌CM‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma‌‌to‌‌hold‌‌talks‌‌
with‌‌the‌‌insurgent‌‌group‌‌United‌‌Liberation‌‌Front‌‌
● Six‌‌writers‌‌from‌‌Assam‌‌have‌‌been‌‌
of‌‌Asom‌‌(ULFA).‌ ‌
selected‌‌for‌‌the‌‌prestigious‌‌Sahitya‌‌
● The‌‌Centre‌‌will‌‌engage‌‌only‌‌after‌‌initial‌‌

Akademi‌‌Awards,‌‌2020‌‌for‌‌their‌‌
breakthrough.‌ ‌
contribution‌‌in‌‌the‌‌field‌‌of‌‌literature.‌ ‌
● Assam‌‌govt‌‌has‌‌maintained‌‌some‌‌
Short‌‌stories‌‌category‌ ‌
communication‌‌with‌‌ULFA‌‌chief‌‌Paresh‌‌
● Apurba‌‌Kumar‌‌Saikia-for‌‌book‌‌Bengsata‌‌
Baruah‌‌after‌‌the‌‌formation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌new‌‌
in‌‌Assamese‌ ‌
govt.‌‌
‌
● Late‌‌Dharanidhar‌‌Owari‌‌book‌‌Gwthenay‌‌
● But‌‌the‌‌communication‌‌has‌‌remained‌‌
Lamayao‌‌Gwdan‌‌Agan‌‌penned‌‌in‌‌Bodo‌‌
unofficial‌‌so‌‌far.‌ ‌
language‌ ‌
Yuva‌‌Puraskar‌ ‌
● Dwijen‌‌Das-poetry‌‌section‌‌for‌‌his‌‌book‌‌
Megh-Ghora‌ ‌ Edward‌‌Pritchard‌‌Gee‌ ‌
● Bodo‌‌writer‌‌Newton‌‌K‌‌Basumatary‌‌- ‌‌ ● Edward‌‌Pritchard‌‌Gee‌‌was‌‌a‌‌British‌‌
Abwi-Abou‌‌Arw‌‌Ang.‌ ‌ environmentalist‌‌and‌‌tea‌‌planter,‌‌who‌‌lived‌‌
Bal‌‌Sahitya‌‌Puraskar‌ and‌‌worked‌‌in‌‌Assam.‌‌ ‌
● Madhurima‌‌Gharphalia‌‌for‌‌her‌‌short‌‌story‌‌ ● Gee‌‌travelled‌‌extensively‌‌through‌‌the‌‌
book‌‌Phosong‌ ‌ jungles,‌‌protected‌‌reserve‌‌forests‌‌and‌‌
● Ajit‌‌Boro,‌‌has‌‌been‌‌selected‌‌for‌‌the‌‌Bal‌‌ wildlife‌‌sanctuaries‌‌of‌‌India.‌‌
‌
Sahitya‌‌Puraskar,‌‌2020‌‌in‌‌the‌‌essays‌‌ ● He‌‌observed,‌‌recorded‌‌and‌‌photographed‌‌
category‌‌(Gothosa‌‌Bisombi)‌ ‌ various‌‌species‌‌in‌‌their‌‌natural‌‌habitat‌‌and‌‌
Sahitya‌‌Akademi‌‌Awards‌ ‌ published‌‌many‌‌articles‌‌on‌‌them‌‌in‌‌
● Conferred‌‌by‌‌Government‌‌of‌‌India‌ ‌ different‌‌volumes‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Journal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
● Established‌‌in‌‌1954,‌‌the‌‌award‌‌comprises‌‌ Bombay‌‌Natural‌‌History‌‌Society.‌‌ ‌
a‌‌plaque‌‌and‌‌a‌‌cash‌‌prize‌‌of‌‌₹‌‌1,00,000‌ ‌ ● He‌‌was‌‌a‌‌member‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Indian‌‌Board‌‌for‌‌
Wildlife‌‌from‌‌1952‌‌
‌
Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌51‌ ‌
Garukhuti‌‌project,‌‌on‌‌the‌‌cleared‌‌land.‌ ‌
● The‌‌project‌‌would‌‌promote‌‌afforestation‌‌
Double‌‌oil‌‌and‌‌gas‌‌ and‌‌agriculture‌‌activities‌‌to‌‌generate‌‌
employment‌‌for‌‌indigenous‌‌youth.‌ ‌
production‌‌in‌‌NE‌ ‌ Extent‌‌of‌‌encroachment‌‌of‌‌land‌‌in‌‌Assam‌ ‌
● Land‌‌has‌‌long‌‌been‌‌at‌‌the‌‌centre‌‌of‌‌ethnic‌‌
contestations‌‌in‌‌Assam,‌‌with‌‌the‌‌common‌‌
● The‌‌Centre‌‌plans‌‌to‌‌double‌‌the‌‌oil‌‌and‌‌gas‌‌
belief‌‌that‌‌the‌‌“indigenous”‌‌Assamese‌‌
production‌‌in‌‌the‌‌region‌‌from‌‌the‌‌current‌‌9 ‌‌
were‌‌losing‌‌its‌‌land‌‌to‌‌“migrants‌‌from‌‌
MMTOE(‌‌"Million‌‌Metric‌‌Ton‌‌of‌‌oil‌‌
Bangladesh.‌ ‌
equivalent")‌‌to‌‌18‌‌MMTOE‌‌by‌‌2025.‌ ‌
● Often,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌alleged‌‌that‌‌government‌‌lands,‌‌
● To‌‌attain‌‌the‌‌goal‌‌Centre‌‌has‌‌approved‌‌oil‌‌
lands‌‌around‌‌satras‌‌(monasteries)‌‌and‌‌
and‌‌gas‌‌projects‌‌worth‌‌Rs‌‌1‌‌lakh‌‌crore‌‌
forest‌‌lands‌‌around‌‌national‌‌parks‌‌and‌‌
and‌‌all‌‌these‌‌–including‌‌the‌‌NRL‌‌
sanctuaries‌‌have‌‌been‌‌encroached‌‌upon.‌ ‌
expansion‌‌project‌‌–‌‌are‌‌expected‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
● In‌‌2019,‌‌as‌‌per‌‌Parliamentary‌‌Affairs‌‌
completed‌‌by‌‌2025.‌ ‌
Minister,‌‌22%‌‌of‌‌forest‌‌land‌‌was‌‌under‌‌
Upcoming‌‌projects‌‌of‌‌NRL‌ ‌
encroachment.‌ ‌
Projects‌‌of‌‌NRL(***)‌ ‌
● As‌‌per‌‌the‌‌HS‌‌Brahma‌‌Committee,‌‌formed‌‌
1. Bamboo-based‌‌bio-refinery-Produce‌‌
by‌‌the‌‌previous‌‌government‌‌to‌‌make‌‌
Ethanol-Blending‌‌with‌‌Petrol-technology‌‌
recommendations‌‌on‌‌land‌‌rights,‌‌63‌‌lakh‌‌
from‌‌Finland-It‌‌will‌‌be‌‌India’s‌‌first‌‌Biofuel‌‌
bighas‌‌of‌‌government‌‌land‌‌was‌‌under‌‌
Refinery‌ ‌
“illegal‌‌occupation”.‌ ‌
2. Expansion-Increase‌‌production‌‌three‌‌
times‌‌from‌‌3‌‌MMTPA‌‌to‌‌9‌‌MMTPA‌ ‌ ● HS‌‌Brahma‌‌committee‌‌recommended‌‌to‌‌
3. Paradip‌‌Numaligarh‌‌Crude‌‌Pipeline‌‌ recognise‌‌land‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌indigenous‌‌
project‌ ‌ people.‌ ‌ ‌
Digboi‌‌refinery‌‌expansion‌ ‌
● Petroleum‌‌Minister‌‌Hardeep‌‌Singh‌‌Puri‌‌
today‌‌agreed‌‌to‌‌“support”‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ Relief‌‌to‌‌paper‌‌mill‌‌

IOCL’s‌‌Digboi‌‌refinery,‌‌a‌‌demand‌‌put‌‌forth‌‌
by‌‌Chief‌‌Minister‌‌Himanta‌‌Biswa‌‌Sarma.‌ ‌ employees‌ ‌
Digboi‌‌refinery‌ ‌
● An‌‌agreement‌‌between‌‌the‌‌Assam‌‌
● Commissioned‌‌in‌‌1901,first‌‌refinery‌‌in‌‌
government‌‌and‌‌the‌‌two‌‌union‌‌of‌‌the‌‌two‌‌
Asia.‌ ‌
paper‌‌mills‌‌of‌‌Hindustan‌‌Paper‌‌
● The‌‌Digboi‌‌refinery,‌‌taken‌‌over‌‌by‌‌the‌‌
Corporation‌‌that‌‌have‌‌been‌‌closed‌‌
IOCL‌‌in‌‌1981,‌ ‌
down-Cachar‌‌Paper‌‌Mill‌‌at‌‌Panchgram‌‌
● It‌‌has‌‌a‌‌crude‌‌processing‌‌capacity‌‌of‌‌0.65‌‌
and‌‌Nagaon‌‌Paper‌‌Mill‌‌at‌‌Jagiroad.‌ ‌
MMTPA.‌ ‌
● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌agreement-The‌‌Assam‌‌
government‌‌will‌‌acquire‌‌the‌‌assets‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
two‌‌closed‌‌mills‌‌of‌‌Hindustan‌‌Paper‌‌
Eviction‌‌drive‌‌in‌‌Assam‌ ‌ Corporation‌‌Ltd,‌‌and‌‌provide‌‌a‌‌relief‌‌

What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌news?‌ ‌ package‌‌of‌‌Rs‌‌570‌‌crore‌‌to‌‌its‌‌employees.‌ ‌
● An‌‌eviction‌‌drive‌‌in‌‌Sipajhar‌‌in‌‌Assam’s‌‌
Darrang‌‌district‌‌took‌‌a‌‌violent‌‌turn‌‌after‌‌

clashes‌‌broke‌‌out‌‌between‌‌the‌‌police‌‌and‌‌
protesters.‌ ‌
● It‌‌left‌‌two‌‌dead‌‌and‌‌several‌‌injured.‌‌
‌
● The‌‌eviction‌‌drive‌‌in‌‌Dholpur‌‌of‌‌Sipajhar‌‌
was‌‌aimed‌‌at‌‌removing‌‌“illegal‌‌
encroachers'‌‌'‌‌to‌‌free‌‌up‌‌government‌‌land‌‌
for‌‌“landless‌‌indigenous‌‌communities”.‌ ‌
Why‌‌eviction‌‌drive‌‌is‌‌being‌‌taken‌‌up?‌ ‌
● The‌‌state‌‌Budget‌‌earmarked‌‌Rs‌‌9.6‌‌crore‌‌
for‌‌an‌‌‘agriculture‌‌project’,‌‌called‌‌the‌‌

Phone‌‌-‌‌6901259799/9864174653‌ ‌ Page‌‌-‌‌52‌ ‌

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elements‌‌chromium,‌‌Sodium‌ ‌and‌‌ out.‌ ‌

● Man‌‌Portable‌‌and‌‌shoulder‌‌launched‌ ‌ AMOGHA‌2 ‌ -‌L‌ and‌‌

Treatment‌‌against‌‌Nipah‌‌Virus‌ ‌ Vidyanjali‌‌2.0‌ ‌portal‌ ‌

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