(PAGFAIULOY RESULTS OF THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR peo } In 1903, when Mabini was asked whether it was wise to go on with I armed resistance to American rule or not, he gave this reply in part: “...Let us cease that the people may rest; that it may work to i recover from its recent proprietary losses. Let us conform to the opinion of the majority although we may recognize that by this method we do not obtain our desires.” The Philippine-American War resulted in great loss of lives and a decreased economic productivity which affected the whole Population, rich and poor alike. Also, the Filipinos’ desire for independence was crushed for the second time. The peasant’s dream to own land was frustrated both by the Filipino elite and the Americans. Perhaps, the country’s only victory or gain from this tuel war was the birth of the Philippine Independent Coasts here many Filipino clergy became administrators of parishes and a ony of the church for the first time—independent from Rome an riars, 's rd 15 Scanned with CamScannerFitiPINo CASUALTIES AND Losses it dil re the exact figures of Fili, ee a is aie the histber of casualties fres 0 were killed in the bat yneentration camps. Records of these deathe ya epidemics andy exist, access is dificult. Most accounts of he me saad estimate that some 250,000 Filipinos died. General Fran Ball who took charge of the bloody campaigns in Batangas admit an interview that over 600,000 people in Luzon had been killed and hay died of diseases asa result ofthe war, Ifthe numbers of those killed nae Visayas and Mindanao were tobeadded, the figure couldrisetoa milign The same degree of oss could be said on the economic side. The fact tha some 90% of the carabaos died due to rinderpest which was also war related a recent studies suggest, rce production went down toone fours, of its normal production. Certainly, this level was not enough to feed E population of nearly eight million. Formerly productive industries anq agricultural activities could not have thrived under conditions of wm. What used tobe cultivated haciendas or fields of sugarcane, coffee, bare, and abaca had been turned into jungles, devastated and uncultivated, THE DISPOSITION OF THE FRIAR LANDS The support to the war, especially by the poor masses, can be measured from the figures of casualties composed mostly of peasants, From the first phase of the Revolution (1896-1898 against Spain) to the second phase (1898-1902 against the U.S.), owning a piece of land, in addition to independence, was a major goal of the struggle. Itis true, the revolutionary government in Malolos confiscated the friar lands, but these went to those who could present security in cash or kind. As a result, these lands were awarded to the ilustrados and families with means. The peasants, who tilled small plots before losing these to the various religious orders, did not get their share. When the Treaty of Paris was signed, where Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million, huge tracts of ary of SH Signing of the Treaty of Paris by U.S. Secre! John Hay, 1899 Scanned with CamScannerlands amounting to 422,000 acres became the Property of the aw ‘onial government. But the friars protested and demanded for psc sion of their land. Governor Taft quickly Negotiated with th egossee the forced sale of the estates to the U.S, with the possibility ing the friars’ lands to American corporations. In 1905, fie a smpleted the purchase of these lands from the Vatican for $6.9 oe In subsequent years, the Filipino elite, along with American pusinessmen, would be able to buy these estates as a reward for their vpoperationand support to the newly established U.S. colonial regime, ‘he peasants, who fought and from whose ranks thousands had died sce 1896, remained poor and landless. FILIPINIZATION OF THE CHURCH The story of the birth of the Aglipayan church (Iglesia Filipina Independiente) is to a great extent the story of the struggle of the Filipino clergy to Filipinize the Catholic Church in the Philippines. The struggle in a sense revived the secularization, later the Filipinization movement, by Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora twenty-six years earlier. The controversy was clearly racial in character. The Spanish friars opposed the appointment of Filipino clergy to the powerful position of heads of parishes. Since the great majority of the priests were Spaniards, it was natural that they sided with the government during the Katipunan Revolution. It was for this reason that Apolinario Mabini, in a letter to General Otis in 1898, accused the Spanish friars of helping the colonial government to oppress the Filipinos. Moreover, Mabini pointed out that the friars were arming themselves and fighting the Filipinos, something which was foreign to their spiritual calling. Consequently, Mabini refused to release the friars that were captured by the Filipino rebels. Inthe second part of the Revolution returned to the Philippines in 1898, t archbishop tried to win over the pe They sent Father Gregorio Aglipay, 2 u Ryaeatnined with ae to persuade the revolutionary leaders, ; 4 aaa especially General Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Trias, and Emil i m ‘ds against the Americans. The Riego de Dios, to side with the Spaniar’ ricans. The Spanish authorities promised to give autonomy to the Pailipines 8 the revolutionists would fight the Americans. Aglipay ile persuade the Filipino leaders to abandon their ideal of independenct. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo, who had just returned from Hongkong, s© an emissary to Aglipay to persuade him to join the Filipino cause: which began when Aguinaldo the governor-general and the ople to the side of Spain. Filipino secular priest who Scanned with CamScanner| part in | Communion and Bie other { sacraments of { the Catholic é church ‘anomalous — Irregular, abnormal, {deviant ‘ dilemma ~_ © situation in which a choice has to be made between two alternatives that ore both undesirable ‘Proverbial — wel) ted Aglipay to go to Northern Luzon ¢, saan sae The archbishop, Bernarding Nora atte the rev‘ ed Aglipay to investigate the condition of the Parishes ‘4 in fay ald as he was told by the archbishop and then Feturneg Manila to report his findings to Maekbishop Nozaleda, Hovey, to Manila was being besieged by Aguinaldo’s forces, ang av", i ‘it li realizing the significance of the siege of the city went to Caviteae joined the revolutionary forces. Aguinal ete Aglipay Becomes Military Vicar General Mabini, who was a Mason, felt happy over the new development Athis instance, the Revolutionary Government, late in 1898 Tecognized the validity of civil marriage. Mabini reasoned that since the Revolution had separated the Church and the State, it was logical to. recognize ciyi) marriage as valid. During the Spanish rule, civil marriage was ny recognized citherby the Church or by the State. Going one step farther the Revolutionary Government, again at the instance of | Mabini, refused to recognize the authority of the archbishop. It prohibited Filipino priests from accepting any position from the Catholic Church without first securing the approval of the Revolutionary Government. Mabini intention was to persuade the Filipino. Priests to join the revolutionary cause. On October 20, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Aglipay Military Vicar General. As such, Aglipay was the religious leader of the Revolutionary Government. Nozaleda Excommunicates Aglipay Aglipay's position in the Catholic Church and in the Revolutionary Government was anomalous. As a Catholic priest, he owed allegiance tothe Church. Butas a Filipino he owed allegiance to the Revolutionary Government. Faced by this dilemma, Aglipay chose to be Filipino first. And so, the day after his appointment as Military Vicar General, Aglipay urged the Filipino priests to organize themselves so as to occupy all vacant parishes, Moreover, he urged them to rally to the | Kevolutionary cause which, he said, was favorable to che cause of the Filipino clergy, Scanned with CamScannerwasalarmed at this development. In April 1899, he accused owl arping POwe™ and suggested to the Ecclesiastical Tribunal go fusy priest be punished. More than this, Nozaleda issued a ommunicating Aglipay effective May 5, 1899. The decree este oo my to bea usurper anda schismatic. Alipay, for his part, ed! pa nozaleds of starving the Filipino masses and of collaborating isi and the National Church + eing patriot and a nationalist, Mabini, who no longer held a xnment position was vacationing in Rosales, Pangasinan, where he jssued 2 manifesto on October 22, 1899 urging the Filipino priests to establish National Church. It was to be Catholic but under the control ‘pdsupervision of Filipino priests. According to Mabini in his manifesto tothe Bilipino clergy: ‘Americans. Let the Filipino clergy show their zeal and love for the Church; let them show their capacity to govern not only the parishes but also the diocese; let them show that the regular orders are not needed in the Philippines to maintain alive the faith in the Catholic religion, and the Pope who cannot separate from justice as a Vicar of Christ who is God has to recognize the rights and merits of the Filipino priests. This is the most opportune occasion which Divine Providence offers them to obtain the reparation of their grievances: those who aspire to be something more than mere coadjutors and pages must not let this occasion pass. Mabini was against the destruction of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. He was for its preservation. But this preservation, according to Mabini, must be based on the appointment of Filipino priests to all positions. Thus, the National Church would still be Catholic, recognizing the Pope at Rome, but a Filipino Catholic Church. It should, in the opinion of Mabini, cooperate with the Revolutionary Government and not with the Spanish colonial government. The National Church deems, that a Filipino National Church be established was hailed by the Filipino clergy. The Filipino priests nol believed, especially because the Filipino Government was favorable to their aspirations, that the time had come for them to assert their right not only to occupy parishes, but also to occupy high positions in the Church Bod Hite, mnamtaga Por this’pslpdes Aaitoay. pri October 23, 2899 dalled « zaecting of Filipino priests at Paniqui, Tarlac, In his speech, he Scanned with CamScannerid that thé i he Philippines should be fy, sai Catholic Church in tI ine ani administered by Filipino priests. Consequently, Provision that is, tution of the proposed Filipino Chutch was prepared Gy ‘ consti itution forbade the recognition of foreign Fo ios ianrninmearsee ae Fr eiscal caiiedeioa of the Filipino church was a declarsyigs a seescdeace atthe Filipino clergy from Spanish contact ‘nd supervision, But the condition of the time, namely, the Philippint Arcrican War ne ts tnnpendlig offerte ths country ie, and chaos, prevented theactual establishment of the Filipino Nan lestruction Church. Opposition to Filipinization The caniaign to Filipinize the Catholic Church in the Philippine simultaneously suffered a setback with the series of Filipino defeats the fields of battle. In January 1900, the new Apostolic Delegate to he Philippines, Monsignor Placido Chapelle, an American, arrived i, Manila. Instead of sympathizing with the Filipino priests, he announce that those who opposed the Spanish friars were the enemies of religion and public order. He threatened the Filipino priests by saying that he swould dominate them by force because, he explained, he was the Popes delegate to the Philippines, on one hand, and an American, on the other He also said thatthe heads of the revolutionary leaders should be chopped off. He added insult tothe injury by saying that the Filipino priests were incompetent and therefore, fit to occupy only menial positions in the Church, Such brutal frankness, which was quite rare among ecclesiastics won him the enmity of the Filipino clergy. The Separation from Rome Chapelle’s unwarranted frankness may be tolerated by Americans like him. But Filipinos consider. such kind of frankness not as. honesty but discourtesy and boorishness, Consequently, the Filipino priests felt insulted and, as a result, they closed ranks and continued to work for the Filipinization of the Church in the Philippines. In Rome, two no Priests, Jose Chanco and Salustiano Araullo, appeared before the Pope and told His Holiness about the problem of the Filipino clergy. The Pope, being human, did not promise anything, which was equivalent to not granting the petition of the Filipino priests to have the Church Filipinized, Meanwhile, in Spain, a Filipino writer and scholar, Isabelo de los Reyes, angrily demanded the establishment of a Scanned with CamScanneroun a on 0 ) a Filipi teat oped MT heRomanChurch..” oe coset ide los Reyes returned to Manila in 1901. He founded the 1spee njon in the Philippines in July of the same year. He called sto ard ‘Democratica (Democratic Labor Union). Anti-friar in ‘i uring the time was widespread and de los Reyes took tage of its On the night of August 3, he called a meeting of his oF union and delivered a bitter anti-friar speech. He suggested the sb ghment of Filipino Church independent of Rome, with Aglipay jme Bishop. The suggestion was loudly proclaimed by mnt and the new Church was called Iglesia Filipi (Philippine Independent Church). With the founding the separation from Rome was complete. those prese Independiente ofthis Church, rts to the New Church tn his enthusiasm, Isabelo de los Reyes made a list of what he considered to be sympathizers of the new Church. He included in his ist such “big” names as Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Martin Ocampo, qrinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Manuel Artigas, and priests such as ‘Adriano Garces, Jorge Barlin, Manuel Roxas, Toribio Dominguez, and “thers. These men were not hostile to the new Church, but they were not prepared to joint either. And so they denied any connection with the new Church. Aglipay himself was not interested in the establishment of a new Church without his knowledge. He believed that all means should be exhausted in fostering an understanding with Rome before taking any radical step. Delos Reyes was disappointed, for he thought that those men he listed as sympathizers of the new ‘Church would join it. However, the masses showed their sympathy with the Iglesia Filipina Independiente ‘were distributed and by the end of and joined in. Affiliation papers 3902, fourteen Filipino priests affiliated wih thane Church er ilipi i it, especially in locos Nor e, More Filipino peiests followed Si eee pendent Conve | follower came latrto swell thea! | Church, : | Attempts to Win Backs ET ening that he was proclaimed ‘Aglipay was irritated UPOT He was a the time conferring Supreme Bishop of toe ost House ae Santa Ana, Manila. The with a Spanish Jesuit conference atthe Jest House through Jesuits invited AsliPey fertiuna. The Jesuits chose Father canta, Guerrero 20d JO°0 chor ofabookon the Philippine Francisco Foy io Catholic Church. Aglipay actually to persuade to return tothe ey Scanned with CamScannerhad not yet left the Catholic Church, But hg me working for the Filipinization of the Church in the Philippines, which meant that Filipinos, and nop Spaniards, would administer the Catholic Chur the country. On the fifth day of the conference between Aglipay and Foradada, the latter asked Aglipay tg ca a document which was a confession of Catholic faigh This means that Aglipay was returning to the Spanish Catholic Church. Aglipay studied the document any refused to sign it. Foradada’s promise to make his bishop or archbishop if he would sign the documen, made Aglipay angry. He seized the Priest by the back ‘Alipay of the neck and shook him violently. Aglipay left the Jesuit in anger, Consecration of Aglipay as Bishop i Aglipay’s disillusionment with Fr. Foradada gave him the excuse to accept the position of Supreme Bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente. Consequently, he signified his intention to accept the position. On October 1, 1902, he presided over the meeting of the Council which was summoned to frame a constitution for the new Church. On October 26, he celebrated his first Mass as Supreme Bishop. On January 18, 1903, he was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the bishops of Cagayan, Pangasinan, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Cavite, and Manila. The new Church was still Catholic but independent of Rome. It was the Catholic nature of the new Church that made the American Protestants in Manila refuse to join Aglipay in the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Another attempt to win back Aglipay to the Catholic fold was made around 1910. This time, Aglipay, now the Supreme Bishop of the new Church, was invited by the Jesuite to the house of F. Theo Rogers, publisher of the Philippines Free Press. Father Joaquin Villalonga, a kind and energetic missionary, had a heart-to-heart talk with Aglipay. In spite of Villalonga’s kind words and assurances of Bod faith, Aglipay, who was at the time accompanied by a young Aglipayan priest, the Rev, Fr. Santiago Fonacier, refused to return to the Roman Catholic fold. “The Philippine Independent Church,” he said, ‘will live on, and neither the Pope nor the Jesuits will be able 5° impede it. Aglipay will live and die ag Poor as when he was born, but he will never betray the inteveste of his people!” : Aalipay let. The attempts towinhim bere ere y ignnedn ‘cic to the Roman Catholic £ Scanned with CamScannerce of the New Church iglesia Filipina Independiente, popularly known as the Te ch, was a child of the Revolution. As such, i was in agibay the nationalistic spirit that dominated the Filipino patriots line wi pr not only for political, but also for religious independence. stnfong vouton vasa viclent reaction to Spanish injustices, Je glipayan movement Was 2 reaction to the Spanish refusal to ognize the right of the Filipino priests to administer the Catholic church in the Philippines. That many of the Filipino priests dared to Chutemovement to be independent from Rome was proof that they, foo, were patriotic, like their countrymen in arms against Spain and (oor against the United States. For more than three hundred years, thespanish priests in the Philippines ignored the Filipino clergy and vigsidered them incapable of holding high positions in the Church. ‘his discrimation was quashed by the Filipino priests inspired by GomBurZa and headed by Aglipay, who showed their capacity to ciminister parishes and manage the Church. By founding the Philippine Independent Church Aglipay and his companions actualized a centuries-old goal of vibrant and dynamic Filipinism. ne Stupy GUIDE What were the goals of the Filipinos in the war against the US.? Which among these goals greatly suffered? Why? Explain your answer. . Explain how Agli Aguinaldo. What Northern Luzon? What was Nozaleda’s pur pay came to join the revolutionary forces of was Aguinaldo’s purpose in sending Aglipay to pose in sending him to nv the same place? 3. Was Aglipay justified in joining Aguinaldo? Why? 4. What was Aguinaldo's motive in appointing Aglipay as Military Vicar General? Consult an encyclopedia or surf the Internet and see what it says about Military Vicar General. 5. Why did Nozaleda excommunicate Aglipay? Was he right in doing 50? Explain your answer. role in the formation of the National Church? 6. What was Mabini’s in simple language why Mabini urged the Filipino priests to Explain establish a National Church. ‘What was the National Church? * the Spanish Catholic Church? Mj In what way was it different from Scanned with CamScannerin Chapelle’s opposition to the Filipinization ofthe 5. ane in he Philigpines What doyou think was his reson opposition? What was the effect of his attitude on the Pligg priests? 19 9. Recount how the separation from Rome was effected, Who was th real founder of the Philippine Independent Church? Why aiage establish it? 10. Whowas the first Supreme Bishop of the new Church? Explain ny he was elected as such. 11. Why did the Jesuits try to win back Aglipay to the Roman Cathoi fold? Why did Fr. Foradada fail to persuade Aglipay to re the Roman Catholic Church? What trait did Aglipay show, to accept Foradada’s offer? 12. Discuss the importance of the Philippine Independent Church. Why was it a child of the revolution? main with intefusing SuccEstep Activities 1. Who suffered the most losses in the Philippine-American War? Explain your answer. Discuss your answer in class, 2. Discuss the following in class: @) Aglipay was justified in joining the revolutionary movement, (b) Nozaleda was justified in excommunicating Aglipay, © The founding of the Philippine Independent Church was timely, La ~ Read the biographies of Isabelo de los Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay. Tell the story of their lives in class. Be sure to add their biographies ‘0 your little dictionary of Filipino biographies, - Analyze the painting of Edgar Talusan Fernandez in the chapter opener. What message do you read from the Painting. Do you agree with these messages or impressions? Why or why not? Scanned with CamScannerAMERICAN COLONIAL RULE: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE (1899 - 1907) G25 ‘Winning the war did not guarantee that the Filipinos were willing to accept American colonial rule. From the very start, American policymakers and authorities realized that winning the hearts and minds of a conquered people was more important and certainly not easy to accomplish. ‘The United States intended to occupy the Philippines with theleast violence and to govern the country with much regard for the interest and welfare of the Filipinos. Their plan was to set upa civil government immediately. However, this was prevented by the war. It took them almost a decade to completely pacify the Filipinos after resorting to repressive measures, like the passage of Martial Law and Brigandage ‘Act and the use of reconcentration tactics, All of these measures stopped guerrilla warfareat the cost of hundreds of thousands of deaths ‘i “ly on the Filipino side. After the war, the United hat ee a forts and programs such as public initiated benevolent ef Sanenton aad “ ections. Anall-lipino Lower House was created, two edu lent cor i the US. Congress, and US. i joners were appointed to the U: : ae ae rpolashipe ‘vere initiated to stabilize American rule in govern the country. oon Scanned with CamScannerTue Mutary RULE il in ands of the Americans, «| After Manils fell nae of the United States throw administered by the Presi ‘lens Bh the writary, Thus, President McKinley ordered the mi itary command, ett Wesley Merritt, to establish a military government inth, Philippines with Merritt as the first military governor. In Aupusy 1898, he was ordered to go to Paris to testify before the peace comslasoners regarding the conditions in the Philippines, Noy was succeeded by General Elwell Otis as military gover remained in his post up to May 1900, and was succeeded by Arthur MacArthur who governed until May 1901. As representative ofthe President of the Unite Philippines, the military governor exercised wide | included the executive, legislative, and judicial. In 189 + governor was divested of his judicial powers, which we to the judiciary. Slowly, his other powers were taken a In 1900, his legislative powers were transferred to Commission, and by 1901 his executive power was the civil governor, when the local government was The military governor's duties included the pa Provinces which had not yet recognized the authority of the United States and the maintenance of peace and order in areas already pacified. In the latter case, the military Bovernor ordered the organization of town and provincial governments, Baliwag, Bulacan, was the first town under the American colonial rule to hold local elections on May 7, 1898. It was also the military government that introduced the public school system in the Philippines with some soldiers acting as teachers, be county TOF. Otis ¥ General cd States in the Powers which 9, the military Te transferred way from him, the Philippine finally given to stablished, ification of the AMERICAN Pouicy 1y THE PHILIPPINES e 198, even, before the conclusion of the Treaty s, American policy ere was no mistaki rearing the Philippines was already clear. ere edge ict that McKinley wanted the entire Philpines forthe United States. Inorder te help him formulate this Cony McKinley created what is nose Known as the first Philippine Sramission. This was called the Schurman Commission, normed ne chairman, Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, President of c Scanned with CamScannertended all over the Philippines in a peaceful ma extracted t0 “secure, with the least possible delay iwiseand generous Protection of lifeand Property,” ag he customs and traditions of the Filipinos, The enjoined to tell the Filipinos about America’s “just intentions. nner. It was also the benefits of a wellas to respect Commission was t and benevolent” the Schurman Commission The Commission arrived in Manila in March 1899, Immediatel it conducted an investigation into the condition of the a For this purpote, it interviewed the highly-educated and weal Filipinos, the ilustrados. While this group of Filipinos was willing to cooperate with the U.S., the great majority led by Aguinaldo, persisted in fighting for recognition of Philippine independence and the Malolos Republic. A month after its arrival, the Commission issued the following recommendations to implement American rule: (1) the enforcement of American Sovereignty over the entire Philippines; (2) training for self-government of the Filipinos compatible with the maintenance of order and with awise, just, and economical administration of public affairs; (3) protection of the civil rights of the Filipinos; and (4) the promotion of the welfare of the Filipinos. With its work finished, the Schurman Commission returned to the United States and McKinley appointed a second commission, known as the Taft Commission. Its chairman was William Howard Taft. The Taft Commission had the task of fulfilling the “benevolent intentions” of the Americans. The Taft Commission Created in 1900, the Taft Commission was instructed by McKinley to establish a government for the Filipinos and that the steps toward attaining this goal should be in accordance with the customs and traditions of the people. Free primary education was tobe introduced by the Commission in the Philippines and that the English language .edium of instruction. was based on President McKinley's instructions to the Schurman and the Taft Commissions. This policy consisted the principle that the ‘Americans came to the Philippines not as conquerors but as friends, mericat MA x: Scanned with CamScannerwhose aim was to work for the benefit and welfare ople. hs aah fact-finding Schurman Commission, the Taft Commis may be described as an organizing commission, It did noe leave the Philippines but stayed on to organize the civil government, oF the Flliping THE CIviL GOVERNMENT Early in March 1901, the Congress of the Uniteg States passed the Army Appropriations Act. Senator John Spooner of Wisconsin inserted an amendment in the appropriations act which authorized the President of the United States to establish a civil government in the Philippines. This amendment, known as the Spooner Amendment, became the basis of the civil government in the Philippines. After the passage of the Arm Appropriations Act, the administration of the Philippines was passed on to the U.S. Congress. On July 4, 1901, the civil government was Resistance to Taft’s Policy Governor Taft realized the enormity of his Problems, particularly | the peace and ordersituation inthe country. Notall the Provinces of the Philippines were pacified. Guerrilla fighting continued and reached its the Visayas, the Filipino patriots 'e war and due to rinderpest that killed 90% of m animal—the carabaos, Consequently, with scarce food supply, People suffered from hunger and malnutrition. This weakened the mass supp, Scanned with CamScanner‘The period in fact saw the gt ai - e passage ; te eentration Act which provided See ofrepressivelave jit eofatonno tohave"thieves’andoutaus Sano ig as discourage the civilian population from paella tate ae a So subject them to zoning, According to upprtingthe 5 ‘section 17 of General Orders 100 authorized the mal Blount fond Sec and armed natives in order for them toi military to gore ize Americal military authority. Moreover, the ae aay S200 ples to be seized from the unarmed natives and brou oe fond OPPO pat were seized from the armed and host Boe Th tile natives were 7 destroyed: further explain the reconcentration policy of the American itary Blount mentioned: to those not familiar with reconcentration tactics it should be jained that reconcentration ‘means this: You notify, by proclamation and otherwise, all persons within an area that on and after acertain day they must all leave their homes and come within a certain rescribed zone Or radius of which a named town as the centre, there roremain until further orders, rice foundin the possession of families outside the protected zone.. _ be moved with them to the town (which vnas the center of the zone) and that found apparently cached for snemy'suse should be confiscated, ‘and also destroyed if necessary. der No. 19 issued on December 24, 1901, vder to make the existing condition of War ‘ent and unprofitable to the people that My york for the reestablishment of peace According to Circular O1 “these rules were made in ©} and martial law so inconvem) they will earnestly desire an‘ and civil government.” ‘Tosuppress Filipino n: and crush guertilla warfare, ationalist feelings the Philippine Commission, whose members were mostly Americans, assed severe laws. On December 20, 1900, martial law was declared to “interrupt, and if possible, completely des which supplies and information are sent to insu Succeeding laws suppressed any act that Thus, the Sedition Law, passed in 1901, pr tite advocating independence or separation from the United states WO" punished severely by death or imprisonment. Brigandage Act was passed providing for severe PEN tyto thos in the company, or were members, oe i carabaos, which were in great § warfare under these circumstances Was Suppressed: ee Little ‘The Pilipino guerrillas were forced '0 Perea 20 an edand Taft appealed t? the: by little, peace and order improv Scanned with CamScannerficient funds to give economic reli al 2 listened to his appeal and approp ¢t™ Filipinos. so vilipinos start a new life. As mentioned «4 #6,000,000 to help the Filip! she parcheas areal, 1903, Taft went to Rome to negotiate the pi of t] socal in 1903, Tal hese could be distributed to tenants. Taft succeeds eh friar lands a ‘a 1000 acres of the friar lands and resold these est Pareles easy installment plan. Tenants, at this time, wer 2 sally renters of friar lands hired to cultivate these lands, They were fein ilustrado and middle class elite under Spanish rule, Thus, the agrarian or land troubles in many parts of the Philippines especially in Central Luzon, remained unsolved oa Governor Taft is remembered for his principle, ‘the Philippines for the Filipinos.” Taft noted that some Americans were greedy and wanted to exploit the Filipinos for their own. selfish ends; so in February 1993 in lloilo City, Taft boldly announced that Americans and foreigners should leave the Philippines at once if they “found fault with the way the government was being run.” He also insisted that the government was being run for the Filipinos. He criticized Americans who were ' impatient with his policy of attraction and with his doctrine of “the Philippines for the Filipinos.” It seemed his policies and programs were only good as rhetorics. The combination of peace and war methods does not work. Cong suffering Banishment of the Patriots Even before the fall of the Aguinaldo government, many wealthy inos were already collaborating with the enemy. Filipinos like Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda, Felipe Buencamino, Cayetano Arellano, and others were telling the Schurman Comrnission that the Filipinos were not prepared for self-government. On the other hand, there were patriots who refused to collaborate with the enemy. Mabini, the most irreconcilable of all, wrote articles attacking the Americans. He urged the Filipinos to continue the struggle for Philippine independence, Because of patriots like Mabini, who would rather suffer than prosper under the colonizers, the Americans decided to banish Filipino leaders who refused to collaborate with them. Consequently, they exiled some patriots to Guam like Mabini, Artemio Ricarte, Maximo Hizon, Julian Gerona, Pablo Ocampo, Melchora Aquino or Tandang Sora, and many others. The Philippine Bill of 1902 In 1902 the U.S. Congress passed a law known as the Cooper Law distnee epptie Ret of 1902. The law boosted Governor Taft's United States 4 ts s law approved all the acts of the President of the "Bative to the Philippines. It also provided for a bill of a, ¥ f | Scanned with CamScanneranteed Filipinos the right of free speech, free press, gest petition for the redress of grievances. Executive Be freedom ore provided for, such as the Department of Commerce nts jepartment of the Interior, the Department of Finance pf Pole nd the Department of Public Instruction. The Filipino Justice go given the right to send two representatives, known gett Mee missioners, to the United States Congress so they could s ie interest of the Philippines in that body. However, while discuss matters pertaining to the Philippines, they could yne of the most important provisions of the Cooper Act was nt ofa Philippine Assembly to be run by Filipinos two ‘and order had been proclaimed throughout the President of the United States. they could potvote| theestablishme after peace pilippines bY the The Census of 1903 With guerrilla warfare under control, Governor Taft recommended tp President Theodore Roosevelt that peace and order be officially procaimed in the Philippines. After ‘the proclamation, the civil ment under Taft decided to take the census ofthe Philippines. sich, 1903 was declared as Census Day. This was the ist scientific fensus ever to be taken in the Philippines. The earlier census taken by the Spanish friars during the Spanish regime was deemed nace and sae ple A reliable census of te country wasnnecessary before clection® farthe Philippine Assembly could take place. The census takers Yee ‘er of inhabitants of the locality where instructed to note down the numb they were assigned, to list the number and kind of industries, diseases, tnd all Kinds of information about the people and the country. In 1905, the results of the census taking were published in four volumes. Itshowed that the population of the Philippines as of March 2, 1903 was 7,635,426. Political Parties ‘Aspart of the preparations ; Philippine jena some measure Of freedom was given to the ilipi ‘d to form political parties as Filipinos, For example, they were allowe rt ea ae isto ‘was not based on independence. Thus, Trinidad for the election of members to the First ‘rm the first officially recognized 4 to fo H, Pardo de Tavera was allowed tied the Federal Party whose pan partyin aoe it erexation ‘of the Philippines as one of the platform was based on Te of America. FHPINO! ‘who opposed this states of the United 7 gt Nacionalista Pay (1901), the Liberal platform founde’ fet Democrata Party (1902), and others. These Party (1902), the Ft iatform ofindependence, ‘The Nacionalista Pa ee non Fpmediate independence, Theres favored step- arty camP' Ay Scanned with CamScannerendence, Later, the Federal Party, wh srtenaeen of re its name to Progresista Party, tn a91n paltial partis favoring independence decided to merge 14° a i ime the second Nationalista Party. This party was leq , re Iawyersike Sergio Osmefa of Cebu and Manuel L, Huezon ofa The Nacionalista Party became popular because o ts platform 9. th immediate granting of independence. This showed that some py iting politicians remained pro-independence despite the collaborations stand of others such as the Federalistas or Progresistas, The Election of 1907 Inaccordance with the Cooper Act or the Philippine Bill of 1902, the Filipinos could lect delegates to the Philippine Assembly two years after peace and order had been proclaimed in the country. The Filipino political parties prepared for the coming election to the Assembly, The issue presented before the people was whether or not they wanted immediate independence, as announced by the Nacionalista Party, or eventual independence, as proclaimed by the Progresista Party. In the election of July 30, 1907, the people gave their verdict: they were infavorofimmediate independence. This was attested by an overwhelming vote for the Nacionalista Party which won nine seats. The Progresista Party won only sixteen seats, while the Independents won five seats. Pros. Theodore Roosevelt TH First PHILIPPINE AssEMBLy The Philippine. Assembly, which was to become the Lower House of the Legislative body of the country, and the Philippine Commission being the Upper House, was inaugurated in the old Opera House at Rizal Avenue on October 16, 1907, William H. Taft, then Secretary of War, was the guest speaker. In his speech, he said in, part: The avowed policy ofthe national adminiserar, Pein hee ‘administration under these two *) and Roosevelt] has been and is to th : govern the islands, having regard to the interest and welfare of the Filipino people . the iny i cndinatPgwe ovement ofthe people both industrially The Assemb] its offi ate end y elected its officers, where, Sergio Osmesia, who Yrnine years old then, was elected Speaker; while os Scanned with CamScannervas elected Majority Floor Leader, The uot L o ramostly YOunBMEN, adopted the rules of the lead Hee ‘dethemin their deliberations. The Philippine Assembl 4 ree significant Ste toward close Filipino-Americay asthe he Filipinos, for the first time since the Malolo: ll i Je given representation in lawmaking, This a cont ousl) performed by the Philippine Commission, which was mi ated by its American members. With the inauguration as assembly the lawmaking body of the Philippines was jnto two: the Upper House composed mostly of americans: and the Lower House or the Assembly, composed easly of Filipinos. ‘the Work of the Assembly ‘Under the able leadership of Speaker ‘osmefa, the ‘Assembly outlined its activities pased on the following goals: (1) cooperating withthe United States on the basis of mutual respect; (2) making the Assembly an instrument in achieving the autonomy of the Philippines; (@) passing of laws intended to hasten the economic, social, and political development of the people; and (4) substituting the oppressive policy of the past with progressive policies. ‘Among the achievements of the Assembly were the establishment of an agricultural bank; the construction of new railway lines; the installation of telegraph and telephone lines; the construction of school houses, roads, bridges, and irrigation canals; the creation of the Bureau of Labor for the protection of the laboring class; the establishment of the School of Fine Arte ofthe University of the Philippines; and the establishment of the National Library. The Resident Commissioners In compliance with the provisions 0°" actol 1st the Philippine Assembly elected two resident commissioner the United States Congress. The first resident commissioners ao Pablo Ocampo (1907-1909) and Benito Legarda 907 Bl 5 Manuel L. Quezon, then Majority Floor Leader, was alee dent commissionerin 1909 to replace Ocampo. I? 1912, Manuel Earnshew replaced Legarda. The other resident commissioners ee es coder R. Yangco (1917-1920), Jaime C- de 917-1 3 ta Osias Gabaldon (1920-1928), Pedro Guevarr’ (1923-1935), ee (1929-1934), and Francisco Delgado (4934-1935). These 5 of the Philippine Act of 1902, Scanned with CamScanner4 for laws that ssioners worke! a i fought & fort ; one hand, and hich w commis: Philipp presented to Congress The Public School System B he Deparement of Public! Instruction» students to the Un e After four years of college and liv ippines as teach as civil servants in the bureaucrac pensonadas met American standards mm Scanned with CamScanner—jedin the program. In time, most of these pens ati be oat loyal and friendly to eat “Sam ing been direct beneficiaries of the benevolent but wear ies, would later support American stay in the Philippines, . soe ation of Wome ing the Spanish period, the position of women was relegated atus of mere housewives whose duties were to rear cullen 3 ‘the husband. Few Filipino women were highly educated. Even spaced women Were destined for the hoe Under th rercans, women Were allowed to enroll in colleges and universiti established by them, Thus, women studied to become ae pharmacists, dentists, lawyers, physicians, and scientists. Their eration from the drudgery of household work gave them the spportunty not only to help their husbands, but also to contribute erexpertise and knowledge to benefit their families and countrymen — also be granted the right to vote and run for public office rothe st ee ee Stupy GUIDE —_______StupyGurpe ___— . Explain the American policy in the Philippines. Why do you think Mckinley instructed the Schurman Commission to respect the customs of the Filipinos? 2. What event changed the military government to civil government? In what way or ways was civil government etter than military government insofar as the Filipinos were concerned? . Discuss the achievements of the military government. What was the Schurman Commission? Why was it created? Of the steps to establish American rule in the Philippines, which do you think is the most important insofar as the Filipinos were concerned? a 6, Was Governor Taft's policy of attraction regarding the Philippines successful or not? State ‘briefly, in your own wordss ‘what this policy ‘was and explain your answer 7 pether it was a success OF NOt: ‘triots banished to Guam? Mabini and the other Filipino pat i exiled due to ‘opposition to “American rule? aae e MES Scanned with CamScanner10. ii 5 12. 13. 14. 1: What steps were taken by the American authorities to SUPP Kes, patriotism among the Filipinos, especially during the Petiod ot guerrilla warfare? What was the Cooper Law? In what way or ways did it fay, the Filipinos? What kind of poitial parties were approved by the America authorities? Why was the Federal Party influential in i: government? What does the election of 1907 mean insofar as the idea of he Filipinos was concerned? Why was the first Philippine Assembly significant? State the achievements of the Assembly. In your opinion, what wa the greatest achievement of the Assembly? Explain your answer Compare the position of women during the Spanish period and the American period. Which do you prefer? Why? SuGcestep Activities Go to the library and read about the first American teachers in the Philippines. You can read a book or article on the so-called “Thomasites.” Why were they called “Thomasites?” - Compare the school systems during the Spanish period and the ‘American period. Compare the percentage of literacy between the two periods. Read on the life and heroism of Artemio Ricarte, Maximo Hizon, Julian Gerona, Pablo Ocam| 1p0, and Melchora Aquino, Add them to your list of biographies, Ah. Scanned with CamScanner