Ethics is the discipline that deals with what we ought to do, and why. Ethical theories, on the other
hand, provide frameworks for making decisions. Ethical theories help people make better choices. They
help individuals and organizations figure out how to live well. While there are many other perspectives
on ethics, here examines the four philosophers who envisioned humans as autonomous, logical beings
with the capacity to make their own decisions and choose their own fate. This essay explains how
individuals should act on a specific dilemma, in which the doctor contemplated whether he should
expose what really happened to both parties, his doctor friend and the patient, based on the
perspectives of four famous thinkers: Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and John Rawls.

          Aristotle's ethical theory states that since obtaining "eudaimonia" is the highest good, obtaining it
should be the purpose of all activities. The only way to maximize happiness in the hypothetical situation
would be to disclose both parties, as disclosing one party before the other would reduce happiness as a
result. If the doctor told the patient alone, there's a potential that his doctor friend who performed the
first surgery would be startled and get resentful of him for not letting the latter remedy his mistake.
However, if the doctor only discloses it to his friend, the patient, who did not intend for this to happen
and who is not at all responsible for the accident, would then have to bear the burden of the second
operation. This would not sit well with the doctor, whose nurses during the operation saw what took
place and could have informed the patient out of goodwill.

          Additionally, Kant established universal categorical imperatives as the core component of all proper
moral behavior, adding, "Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can simultaneously
will that it become a universal law." In light of this, it is only acceptable that both parties be informed of
the actual events that occurred during the first and second operations so that they, too, may arrive at a
mutually agreeable compromise. Moreover, it is the doctor's duty to expose the truth. It is only
proper that everyone involved in a scenario confess their mistakes and support the truth in order to
establish what is beneficial, not only for one party but for everyone.

          According to John Stuart Mill's utilitarian ethical theory, it would nevertheless be the greatest good
for the greatest number of people for the doctor to inform both parties of what actually occurred
because doing so would save the second doctor from having to lie and allow him to carry out the follow-
up surgery with no repercussions, the first doctor would avoid having to face a trial, fine, or possible
revocation of his medical license, and the patient would benefit by having the option to exercise his or
her preferential right over his or her body, which will eventually influence the decision of whether to do
the second procedure. The nurses who helped with the second procedure will likewise be free of guilt
and won't feel uncomfortable telling the patient what happened during the second operation.

          At last, taking into account John Rawls' ethical theory, which maintains that justice and fairness are
to be seen as citizens holding equal basic rights, it is only reasonable and fair that both parties are
informed, since doing so enables each party to enjoy their individual rights and to exercise them when
doing so may have impacted other rights.

          Ethical theories are developed by philosophers in order to give rational guidance on ethics.
philosophers whose ethical theories are constantly debated include Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John
Stuart Mill, and John Rawls. While there are different interpretations of the four philosophers' theories,
all their approaches address of how the doctor must behave in this moral situation. Each of them has put
forward theories that illuminate various ideas about what is right or wrong and why. If I would choose
the best ethical theory that suit the situation the best, I would choose Kant's ethical theory. Regardless
of a person's preferences or special circumstances, categorical imperatives are rules or moral standards
that everyone must abide by. It is his duty to expose the truth despite any consequences that may occur
to his friend. He must not tell lies so the truth will not become meaningless.