Ce2354 - Environmental Engineering-Ii (For Vi - Semester)

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CE2354 – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II
(FOR VI – SEMESTER)
UNIT – I
ww PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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M.VEERALAKSHMI, M.TECH.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SIR VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VIRUDHUNAGAR

www.Vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT-I PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Urbanization has encouraged the migration of people from villages to the urban areas.
This has given rise to a number of environmental problems such as, water supply with
desirable quality and quantity, wastewater generation and its collection, treatment and
disposal. In urban areas, for industrial and domestic uses the source of water is
generally reservoir, river, lake, and wells. Out of this total water supplied, generally 60
to 80% contributes as a wastewater. In most of the cities, wastewater is let out partially
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treated or untreated and it either percolates into the ground and in turn contaminates the
ground water or it is discharged into the natural drainage system causing pollution in
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downstream water bodies.
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The importance of water quality as a factor constraining water use has often
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gone unacknowledged in the analyses of water scarcity. Water scarcity is a function not
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only of volumetric supply, but also of quality sufficient to meet the demand.
drinking water demand is perhaps the largest demand for high quality water apart from
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many industrial uses which also require high quality water. Agriculture, by far the largest
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consumer of water, also suffers when water supplies become saline. In India, water
pollution comes from the main sources, such as, domestic sewage, industrial effluents,
leachets, and run-off from solid waste dumps and agriculture land.
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Domestic sewage
and sullage is the main source of water pollution in India, especially in and around
large urban centers. The regular monitoring of the water quality in the rivers and wells int
the country revealed that the total coliform counts far exceeds the desired level in water to
be fit for human consumption [CPCB, 1997].
In the past disposal of waste from water closets was carried out manually and
wastewater generated from kitchen and bathrooms was allowed to flow along the
open drains. This primitive method was modified and replace by a system, in which these
wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water. This waste is carried through closed
conduits under the conditions of gravity flow. This mixture of water and waste products is
known as sewage.

The advantages offered by the water carriage system are:

 The carriage of wastes on head or carts is not required.
 The bad smell, which was unavoidable during open transport of sewage, is
not occurring due to transport of this polluted water in closed conduits.
 The old system may pose the health hazards to sweepers and to the near by
residents, because of the possibilities of flies and insects transmitting disease
germs from the accessible carts to the residents food eatables. This is avoided in
new system because of transport of night soil in close conduit.
 In addition, the human excreta is washed away as soon as it is produced, thus
storing is not required as required in the old system of manual disposal. Thus, no bad
smells are produced in closed conduit transport.
ww In the old system, the wastewater generated from the kitchen and bathrooms
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in sewerage system as the open drains could generate bad odours when used for
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disposal of organic waste.
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The water carriage system does not occupy floor area, as the sewers are
laid underground.
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In addition, the construction of toilets one above the other is possible in water
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carriage system and combining latrine and bathrooms together as water closets is
possible.
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However, this water carriage system also has certain drawbacks such as:
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A large network of pipes is required for collection of the sewage; hence, the capital
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cost for water carriage system is very high.
In addition, the operation and maintenance of sewerage system is very expensive.
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 Large wastewater is required to be treated before disposal.
 Assured water supply is essential for efficient operation of the water carriage system.
1.2 DEFINITIONS
Sullage: This refers to the wastewater generated from bathrooms, kitchens, washing place
and wash basins, etc. Composition of this waste does not involve higher concentration of
organic matter and it is less polluted water as compared to sewage.
Sewage: It indicates the liquid waste originating from the domestic uses of water. It
includes sullage, discharge from toilets, urinals, wastewater generated from commercial
establishments, institutions, industrial establishments andDownloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
also the ground water and storm
water that may enter into the sewers. Its decomposition produces large quantities of
malodorous gases, and it contains numerous pathogenic or disease producing bacteria,
along with high concentration of organic matter and suspended solids.
Sub Soil water: Groundwater that enters into the sewers through leakage is called sub
soil water.
Storm water: It indicates the rain water of the locality.
Sanitary sewage: Sewage originated from the residential buildings comes under this
category. This is very fouling in nature. It is the wastewater generated from the lavatory
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basins, urinals and water closets of residential buildings, office building, theatre and
other institutions. It is also referred as domestic wastewater.
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Industrial wastewater: It is the wastewater generated from the industrial and
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commercial areas. This wastewater contains objectionable organic and inorganic
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compounds that may not be amenable to conventional treatment processes.
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Night Soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.
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Sewer:
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It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is carried to a point of
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discharge or disposal. There are two types of sewer systems are commonly used for sewage
collection. Separate sewers are those which carry the house hold and industrial wastes
only. Storm water drains are those which carry rain water from the roofs and street surfaces.
While combines sewers are those which carry both sewage and storm water. House sewer
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(or drain) is used to discharge the sewage from a building to a street sewer. Main sewer or
trunk sewer is a sewer that receives sewage from many tributary branches and sewers,
serving as an outlet for a large territory. Branch sewer or submain sewer is a sewer
which receives sewage from a relatively small area. Lateral sewer is a sewer which
collects sewage directly from the household buildings. Depressed sewer is a section of
sewer constructed lower than adjacent sections to pass beneath an obstacle or obstruction. It
runs full under the force of gravity and at greater than atmospheric pressure, the sewage
entering and leaving at atmospheric pressure. Intercepting sewer is a sewer laid
transversely to general sewer system to intercept the dry weather flow of sewage and
such additional surface and storm water as may be desirable. An intercepting sewer is
usually a large sewer, flowing parallel to a natural drainage channel,
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of main or outfall sewers discharge. Outfall sewer receives entire sewage from the
collection system and finally it is discharged to a common point. Relief sewer or overflow
sewer is used to carry the flow in excess of the capacity of an existing sewer.
Sewerage: The term sewerage refers the infrastructure which includes device, equipment
and appurtenances for the collection, transportation and pumping of sewage, but
excluding works for the treatment of sewage. Basically it is a science of collecting and
carrying sewage by water carriage system through sewers.
Wastewater: The term wastewater includes both organic and mineral content of liquid
waste carried through liquid media. Generally the organic portion of the wastewater
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undergoes biological decompositions and the mineral matter may combine with water to
form dissolved solids.
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Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from
domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage
water quality
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and compromise public health and safety when discharged into water
receiving systems or land.
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1.3 SOURCES OF SEWAGE
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The wastewater generated from the household activities contributes to the major part of the
sewage. The wastewater generated from recreational activities,
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public
commercial complexes, and institutions is also discharged in to sewers. The wastewater
utilities,
discharged from small and medium scale industries situated within the municipal
limits and discharging partially treated or untreated wastewater in to the sewers also
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contributes for municipal wastewater.
1.4 SEWAGE DISCHARGE

The quality of sewage and its characteristics show a marked range of hourly variation
and hence peak, average and minimum discharge are important considerations. The
process loadings in the sewage treatment are based on the daily average characteristics as
determined from a 24 hour weighted composite sample. In the absence of any data an
average quantity of
150 lpcd may be adopted for design. The hydraulic design load varies from component to
component of the treatment plant with all appurtenances, conduits, channels etc.,
being designed for the maximum discharge, which may vary from 2.0 to 3.5 times
the average discharge. Sedimentation tanks are designed on the basis of average
discharge, while consideration of both maximum and minimum discharge is important in
the design of screens and grit chambers. Secondary treatment is generally designed for
average discharge, with sufficient safety margin to accommodate the peak discharge.
1.5 EFFECT OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

The daily activities of human beings produce both liquid and solid wastes. The liquid
portion of the wastewater is necessarily the water supplied by the authority or through
private water sources, after it has fouled by variety of uses. The sources of wastewater
generation can be defined as a combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes removed
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from residences, institutions, and commercial and industrial establishments, together with
groundwater, surface water, and storm water as may be present.
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unhygienic conditions. asy
If the untreated wastewater is allowed to accumulate, it will lead to highly
The organic matter present in the wastewater will undergo
decomposition
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with production of large quantities of malodorous gases. If the
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wastewater is discharged without treatment in the water body, this will result in the
depletion of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) from the water bodies. Due to depletion of DO,
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the survival of aquatic life will become difficult, finally leading to anaerobic conditions
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in the receiving waters. The nutrients present in the wastewater can stimulate the growth
of aquatic plants, leading to problems like eutrophication. In addition, the untreated
domestic wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic
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or disease causing
microorganisms, that dwell in the human intestinal tract or which may be present in
certain industrial wastewaters. Apart from this, the wastewater contains inorganic gritty
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materials. The continuous deposition of this inorganic material may reduce the capacity
of water body considerably over a period.
Generally domestic sewage does not contain any inorganic matter or organic
compounds in highly toxic concentration. However, depending upon the type of
industries discharging in to the public sewers and the dilution that is offered by sewage;
the municipal wastewater may have these inorganic substances or toxic organic
compounds with the concentration more than the discharge limits stipulated by the
authorities. Certain compounds, such as sulphates, metals such as cromium, etc., if presents
in higher concentration, may disturb the secondary treatment of the sewage.

URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Urban stormwater management systems are meant to guide, control and modify the quantity
and quality of surface runoff. There are basically five subsystems which characterizes the
urban drainage system: (i) surface runoff subsystem (2) storm sewer subsystem (3) detention
subsystem (4) open channel transport subsystem and (5) receivers such as rivers, lakes or
oceans. In this lecture we will discuss about the various subsystems and the design of storm
sewers using various methods.
SUBSYSTEMS
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The surface runoff subsystem transforms the rainfall input into surface water runoff. The
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outputs runoff hydrograph from surface runoff subsystem is the input to the storm sewer
subsystem. Storm sewer subsystem transports runoff to either a detention subsystem or an
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open channel transport subsystem or a receiver subsystem. Output releases from a detention
subsystem can be the input to an open channel subsystem or a receiver subsystem. Output
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releases from open channel subsystem can be the input to a detention subsystem or a receiver
subsystem.
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In urban stromwater management, the determination of runoff yield and the optimal design of
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storm sewer networks are very important. Strom water runoff alleviation is a major task.
STORM SEWERS ing

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Strom sewers play an important role in urban stromwater management.A storm sewer system
may consist of a number of sewers, junctions, manholes and inlets in addition to regulating
and operating devices. The design of storm sewer includes determining the diameter, slopes t
and crown elevations of each pipe in the network. The design models can be divided as
hydraulic design models and optimization design models. The hydraulic design models
determine the sewer diameters by considering only the hydraulic parameters. In optimization
design models, the minimum sewer size that is able to carry the design discharge under full
pipe gravity conditions is determined. In these design models, the sewer system layout is
predetermined and the sewer slope is assumed to be same as that of ground slope. The
assumptions and constraints commonly used in storm sewer design are:

(i) Sewer is usually designed for gravity flow, No need of pumping stations or
pressurized sewers.
(ii) The pipes used are commercially available circular ones with a minimum diameter of
20 cm.
(iii) The design diameter should the smallest available pipe with flow capacity equal or
greater than the design discharge and satisfies all constraints.
(iv) The storm sewers must be placed well below the ground level to prevent frost, drain
basements and also to allow sufficient cushioning against breakage due to ground
surface loading. Therefore, minimum cover depths should be specified.
(v) At junctions, the crown elevation of the upstream sewer should not be lower than that
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(vi) A minimum permissible flow velocity at design discharge or at barely full pipe
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sewers.
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(vii) A maximum permissible flow velocity should be specified to prevent scouring effects.
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(viii) The downstream sewer should not be smaller than any of the upstream sewers at any
junction.
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(ix) The sewer system is a dendritic network converging towards downstream without any
closed loops.
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DISPOSAL STANDARDS
Param On land for Into inland Into public
eter irrigation Indian surface sewers Indian

pH 5.5 - 5.5waters
- 5.5 -
BOD (for five days at 200C) 10
Standards: 3
Indian 35 3306
Standards:
9.0 9.0 9.0
COD - 25 -
Suspended solids 3307200
(1974) 0 2490
Standards:
10 0
(1974) 60
0
Total dissolved solids (inorganic) 210 210 210
0 (1974)
0 0
Temperature (0C) - 4 4
0 0 0
Oil and grease 1 1 2
Phenolic compounds - 0
1 5
5
Cyanides 0
0. 0
0. 0
2
Sulphides - 2 -
2 2
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Total residual chlorine
Pesticides
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
-
5
-
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Cadmium
0.
-
0.
2
0.
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2 2 2
Chromium (hexavalent) - 0. 2
Copper - 3 3
1
Lead
Mercury
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-
0.
0.0
1
0.0
Nickel
Selenium gin
-
-
1
3
1
0.0
3
1
0.0
Zinc
Chlorides
-
60 eer 5
5
100
1
5
100
Boron
Sulphates
2
0
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0
100
5
2
0
100
Sodium (9%)
Ammoniacal nitrogen
6
0
-
-
0
5 .ne 6
0
5
Radioactive materials
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Alpha emitters (milli-
Beta emitters (micro-
0
10
10
0
10
10
0
0
10
10
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curie/ml) -8 -7 -7
curie/ml) -7 -6 -6

CE2354 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING II
UNIT – II
SEWER DESIGN
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Compiled by,
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M.VEERALAKSHMI M.E;
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT II
SEWER DESIGN
TYPES OF SEWER
Following materials are generally used in the construction of sewer.
· Bricks
· Stoneware
· Cement concrete
· Cast iron
· Asbestos cement
BRICK SEWERS
i. Bricks are used for large size sewers because they are cheap
ii. These sewers are plastered outside to prevent the entry of tree roots
iii. These sewers are constructed carefully because they will deform,
and leakage problem occurs
VITRIFIED CLAYS OR STONEWARE PIPES
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Ø These pipes are manufactured in sizes upto 600mm in dia and 60cm to 90cm
Ø These pipes should be capable to withstand hydraulic pressure upto 1.5 kg/square cm
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Ø care should be taken during manufacture that they may be free from any fire and
air crack and must be capable to bear the load of soikl if buried under the ground
upto 4.5 depth.
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CEMENT CONCRETE PIPES
Ø These pipes are smooth and light in weight. These are generally jointed by collar
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joints
Ø Cement concrete pipes are manufactured in factories and they are transported to
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Ø Cement concrete pipes are not durable and have short life.
Ø These pipes are corroded by sanitary sewage gases.
takes place.
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES eer
Ø Protective coating should be used inside and outside where excessive corrosion
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Ø These are manufactured from a mixture of cement and asbestos fiber.
Ø The mixture cement and asbestos is first placed over rotating steel.
Ø Mandrel in uniform thickness and then it is passed by means of steel pressure
balls.
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Ø The steel roll compacts the mixture into dense and homogeneous mass.
Ø These pipes subjected to corrosion by acids, highly septic sewage and by high
Sulphur content soil
CEMENT IRON PIPES
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Ø These sewers are most suitable under the following conditions.
Ø When the sewer line is to be carried in exposed position.
Ø When the sewer is to be laid below or under the buildings
Ø When the sewage is to be pumped or conveyed under pressure.
Ø When the ground is build up type or unstable and there are chances of sinking
JOINTS
Circular sewer pipes which are manufactured by the industries are joined after placing in
position.These pipes of joints depend upon the internal pressure, load and material of the pipe.
The following are the requirements of joints
Ø It should be economical and easy in construction
Ø Offer resistant to penetration and should be durable, should not absorb anything.
Ø Should be easily available in required quantity.
Ø It should be non absorbent.
BANDAGE JOINT
Ø This joint is mostly used for concrete pipes.

Ø At the end of the pipe a hollow is scooped out 25mm deep, 75mm ahead.
Ø This hollow is filled with a mortar to the invert of the trench
Ø Now netting is placed on the mortar and scrim is placed on the netting
Ø On the screen 6.5mm thick cement mortar is layed.
Ø The faces of the pipes at the ends are coated with mortar.
Ø Finally neting is tightly wraped around the pipes.
Ø Finally netting is covered with mortar.
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SPICOT AND SOCKET JOINT
This joint is used mainly for cast iron pipes of all sizes.
Method of jointing is as that of joints in water supply.
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COLLAR JOINT
§ This is generally used for large diameter pipes.
§ The loose collar covers two specially shaped pipe ends as shown in
the figure.
FLUSH JOINT

Ø This is generally used for sewers passing below culverts.

Ø The pipes are specially shaped as shown in the figure to form a self centering
joint with an internal jointing space of 1.3cm wide.
Ø Cement mortar is used for filling the joint space.
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PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS

Various type of material used in the construction of sewer pipes have been
discussed.
All those materials are also used in the construction of pipes required in drainage.
In drainage works stoneware, asbestos cement, lead and iron pipes are used.
For jointing, laying and fixing of soil waste, rain water and vent pipes of various
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types of fittings are used.
Soil and rain water fittings
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DRAIN SECTIONS

SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS
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SEWER SECTIONS
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Following are the common sewer sections
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UNIT – III
ww PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
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Compiled by,
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M.VEERALAKSHMI M.E;
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT III
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

UNIT OPERATIONS & PROCESS
• Unit operations are the physical operations to remove the impurities present in the water and
waste water where as the unit processes are the chemical and biological conversion on the status
of the impurities that they will be easily removed by chemical or biological processes, both are
applied especially to make the fine colloidal particles to coalesce and grow in size to be removed
from the water
SELECTION OF TREATMENT PROCESS
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• Sewage received at the treatment works is normally greyish in colour with a slight ‘fruity' smell
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and an occasional tint of ‘bad eggs’.
• It is basically dirty water with less than 0.1% being waste that needs to be treated.
• There are four main stages in wastewater treatment; preliminary, primary, secondary (biological)
and tertiary treatment.
• The number of stages applied depends on the quality of discharge required to protect the
environment

ON-SITE SANITATION
Definition
• On-site sanitation is the whole of actions related to the treatment and disposal of domestic waste
water that cannot be carried away by an off-site sanitation system because of low density of
population (technical guidelines on sanitation).
Characteristics
• The autonomous part of on-site sanitation refers to the techniques used (purification of water), its
design, as well as its financing, implementation and maintenance.
Types of onsite sanitation
• Individual on site sanitation
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(example of soak-away, latrines, etc),
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• Grouped on site sanitation
grouped on-site sanitation (or semi off-site sanitation), when many individual houses are linked to
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a network leading to a treatment system, or small communities: grouped sanitation doesn’t always
use the soil as treatment medium
GREY WATER HARVESTING

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Grey water is water that has been used in the household for purposes other than in the toilet. For
example, water from the shower, washing machine, dishwasher, sink, can actually be collected
and re-used
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Unless you have a grey water treatment system, it is recommended that your grey water be used
for purposes like filling toilets; however, it can be used on your ornamental garden if you use
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low-impact, biodegradable soaps and alternate the grey water with several waterings of fresh
water
PRIMARY TREATMENT
- Designed to remove settle able solids and reduce the organic load (BOD) on the secondary units.
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- Primary treatment includes
- Bar screen
- Comminutor
- Grit chamber
- Primary clarifier
• To achieve these goals, a variety of treatment operation and process are utilized, which exploit
various physical and chemical phenomena to remove or reduce the undeliverable constituents
from water.

• Those operation used in this treatment of water in which change is brought about by means of or
through application of physical forces are known as Unit operation (UO). Those process used for
the treatment of water in which change is brought about by means of chemical reaction are known
as Unit Process (UP).
• After preliminary treatment the sewage flows into large round or rectangular tanks.
• In these the heavier organic material sinks to the tank floor and is swept by a scraper blade to a
submerged outlet.
• From here it is pumped as slurry to a storage tank for subsequent treatment.
• Most of the solids in wastewater are removed in this process and concentrated into a thick slurry
which has a volume less than 1% of the sewage received at the works.
• This slurry is known as sewage sludge and it is dealt with separately. The liquid element (settled
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sewage) flows over a weir to the next stage of treatment
Water treatment involves removal of undesirable constituents from water and them disposal of
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PHYSICAL WATER TREATMENT OPERATIONS
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1)Screening
2) Comminution
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3) Flow equalization
4) Mixing gin
5) Flocculation
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6) Sedimentation
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7) Floatation
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8) Elutriaition
9) micro screening
10) vacuum filtration

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11) air drying
CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES
1) Chemical precipitation
2) Adsorption
3) Combustion
4) Electrodialysis

5) Gas transfer
6) Disinfection
7) Ion exchange
BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
• In biological water treatment processes the removal or conversion of organic solids is brought
about by the biological activities.
• They remove colloidal or dissolved bio-degradable organic substances in wastewater.
• Organic substances are converted into gases that can escape to the atmosphere and as biological
cell tissues that can be removed by settling.
Types:
ww1) Aerobic process
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2) Anaerobic
3) Aerobic- anaerobic process
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SCREENING
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• On entering a sewage treatment works, dirtywater passes through screens to remove paper, wood
and other large articles that could damage machinery or block pipe systems.
• Screens consist of vertical bars spaced close together or perforated plates that are cleaned by
rakes or water jets.
• The cleared material (known as screenings) is washed and safely disposed of at a landfill site.
• The amount of screenings which can block sewers before the treatment works with unpleasant
results.
• Only toilet paper should be flushed down the toilet. Water companies run ‘Bag It and Bin It’
campaign to encourage the public not to flush cotton buds or plastic and sanitary items.

• In some European countries the sewer pipes are so small that not even paper may be flushed.
BAR SCREEN
VENDOR-PROVIDED EQUIPMENT
• Purpose: to remove large objects (sticks, cans, etc) which may cause flow obstructions.
• Depending on the size of the plant, bar screens are either hand or mechanically cleaned.
• Hand cleaned: used primarily at small plants.
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GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA ing
• Bar Width: 1/4 to 5/8 in .ne
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Spacing: 5/8 to 3 in
Depth: 1 to 1.5 inches

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• Slope: 30 – 45o from the vertical
• Approach velocity – 1.25 fps @ minimum flow (as determined by the Manning Eqn.), the
purpose in controlling the approach velocity is to prevent deposition of grit in the channel.
• Velocity through the screen - < 3 fps, to prevent excessive headloss and to prevent forcing of
screenings through the openings.
• Quantities of screenings – 0.5-5 ft3/ MG, average 2 ft3/MG
• Disposal of screenings – landfill or incineration
• Density: 80% moisture (60 pcf) right off the screen, dry (12 pcf)

• hL = 0.5 – 2.5 ft (max)
• hL=(Vs2-vc2)/(2g * 0.7)
• Vs= velocity through the bars
• vc= approach velocity in the upstream channel
GRIT CHAMBERS
• Purpose: to remove inorganic material referred to as grit. Grit includes sand, eggshells, bone
chips, coffee grounds, etc.
• Grit is removed to prevent abrasion of pumps and to reduce deposits in pipe lines, channels, and
digesters.
GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA
ww• Specific gravity of grit: 2.65
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Diameter of grit: 0.22 mm
Settling velocity: 0.075 fps
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Equivalent overflow rate: 48,400 gpd/ft2
• Quantity of girt: 1/3 to 24 ft3/MG

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• Ave = 4 ft3 /MG
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Disposal of grit: land fill or incineration (Grit must be washed before disposal)
• Grit chamber storage: eer

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Small plant: provide storage below the design invert depending on the quantity and
frequency of removal.
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Large plant: continuous removal, the conveyor hopper is designed based on the size of
CLARIFIER
the equipment.
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Types:
• Square Clarifier (Detritus Tank)
• Aerated Tanks
Square Clarifier (Detritus Tank)
• Detritus tanks are designed so that the horizontal velocity is 1.0 fps at maximum flow. This
means that at low flow, the velocity is less than 1.0 fps, and therefore, organic material will
accumulate.
• Organics are removed by counter current washing as the grit moves up an incline for disposal.

ww• Basic Design Criteria
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td < 1 min
Overflow rate: 48,400 gpd/ft2
– En
Vh: 0.75-1.25 fps (keeps organics in suspension)
Aerated Tank gin

•
eer
Upon discovering that grit accumulated in the bottom of activated sludge aeration basins, it has
became common practice to use aerated grit chambers.
• ing
Aeration also provides pretreatment of the waste by removing odors and inducing flocculation of
the organic material making primary clarification more effective
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t

Benefits of Pre-aeration
• By providing preaeration, primary treatment is improved through:
– Grit removal
– Flocculation
– Odor Control
– Grease Separation
– Design the detention time and aeration rate to control all four
GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA
• Rate of aeration: 5 cfm/ft length (provide for variable rates of aeration which is adjusted
ww•
according to the flow and efficiency of grit removal).
Width to Depth Ratio: a critical factor in providing an effective spiral-rolling action in the grit
w.E chamber
– W:D = 1 – 2.2 : 1
•
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Depth = 10 – 15 ft (starting point: set depth first)
•
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Length:Width Ratio = 3:1, final dimensions are adjusted so that the detention time is 3-10
minutes
Primary Clarifier
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•
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Purpose: to remove settleable organics and floating scum (grease and oils).
• Efficiencies:
– Suspended solids 50 – 65% ing

– BOD 30 – 35% .ne
• Primary clarifiers are either circular or rectangular. They are very similar to sedimentation basins
used in water treatment except that scum removal is always provided in addition to sludge
collection.
t
• Type II Settling Clarifier: during settling organic solids come in contact with each other and
aggregate increasing the particle size and settling rate. Aggregation increases with time,
therefore detention time is important.
• Td: 90 – 150 min at average flow (Avg 2 hr)
• Overflow rate: 600 – 1,200 gpd/ft2
• Weir loading rate: 10,000 – 15,000 gpd/ft.

CIRCULAR PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
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UNIT-IV
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
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Compiled by, eer
M.VEERALAKSHMI M.E; ing
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR .ne
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING t
VIRUDHUNAGAR

UNIT-IV
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

OBJECTIVE.
Selection of Treatment Methods.
Principles, Functions, Design and Drawing of Units.
Activated Sludge Process and Trickling filter.
Other treatment methods.
Oxidation ditches, Waste Stabilization Ponds
Reclamation and Reuse of sewage.
ww Recent Advances in Sewage Treatment.
w.E Construction and Operation & Maintenance of Sewage Treatment Plants.
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE.
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Secondary treatment is the removal of dissolve and suspended biological matter.
OBJECTIVES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT

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The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from primary treatment
to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. Secondary treatment follows primary treatment and
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involves the removal of biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological
treatment processes.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHODS

ing
• Aerobic systems
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•
•
Anaerobic systems
Natural systems t
• Physico-chemical methods
AEROBIC
SYSTEMS
WASTE
PHYSICO- WATER ANAEROBIC
CHEMICAL
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
METHODS
METHODS
NATURAL
SYSTEMS

AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEM
An aerobic treatment system is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank
system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion .These systems are commonly found in rural areas
where public sewers are not available, and may be used for a single residence or for a small group of
homes.Unlike the traditional septic system, the aerobic treatment system produces a high quality
secondary effluent, which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation.
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
Anaerobic treatment is a biological process ideally suited for the pretreatment of high-strength
wastewaters that are typical of many industrial facilities. The anaerobic process utilizes naturally-
occurring bacteria to break down biodegradable material in an industrial wastestream.The anaerobic
process is time-tested and does not require the purchase of special bacteria or nutrients. Because the
bacteria are anaerobic they do not require oxygen like the organisms in an aerobic process. Reactors are
enclosed or covered to prevent the introduction of air and the release of odors.
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TYPES OF SYSTEMS(ANAEROBIC SYSTEM)
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PACKED ANAEROBIC BED REACTORS (PABRS)
These systems are designed for providing treatment for high-strength, low-solids wastewaters.
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PABRs are hybrid systems consisting of both suspended-growth and fixed-film sections, which makes
these systems capable of handling relatively high organic and hydraulic loads at short retention times.
HYBRID ANAROBIC LAGOONS (HALS)

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gin
HALs are suspended-growth systems designed to provide treatment of very high strength, high-
solids wastewaters. They feature advanced mixing and flow management to promote high removal
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efficiencies, even under significant load variations. HALs are often designed to handle high-solids
wastewaters that may otherwise require physical-chemical pretreatment prior to a biological process.
PACKAGED ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS ing

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These modular anaerobic systems, available in suspended-growth or fixed-film configurations, are
suited for small wastewater flows of 2,000 to 20,000 GPD. These units can be delivered complete to a
project site, requiring only simple electrical and piping connections. The modular design allows for easy
expansion and movement to new locations. t
FACTORS FOR SELECTION OF TREATMENT METHODS
AFFORDABILITY
Depends upon financial ability of the community
Electric power available
Spare of the land needed for setting up the plan.
ACCEPTABILITY
Pollution control authorities
Public who have to live near the treatment plant

MANAGEABILITY
Refers to the routiene operation of the plant.
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ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. gin
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The process involves air or oxygen being introduced into a mixture of primary treated or screened
ing
sewage or industrial wastewater (called wastewater from now on) combined with organisms to develop a
biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage. This material, which in healthy sludge is
.ne
a brown floc, is largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria but also has an important protozoan flora
mainly composed of amoebae, Spirotrichs, Peritrichs including Vorticellids and a range of other filter
feeding species.
TRICKLING FILTER
Types of trickling filter

t
 Low rate trickling filter or standard rate trickling
 High rate trickling filter or high capacity trickling filter
LOW RATE TRICKLING FILTER
The trickling filter system is relatively simple and inexpensive. It is an aerobic sewage treatment
method in which the sewage is distributed by a revolving sprinkler suspended over a bed of porous
material as seen in the figure.The sewage slowly moves through the porous bed and the effluent is
collected at the bottom. This porous material becomes coated with a dense slimy bacterial growth which
provides a home for a heterogeneous microbial community which includes bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
as well as other organisms. As the sewage drains through the porous bed, this microbial community
absorbs and breaks down dissolved organic nutrients in the sewage; this reduces the BOD. Aeration of the

sewage occurs by the movement of air through the porous bed. The sewage may need to be recirculated
several times through the filter in order to reduce the BOD sufficiently.
ww
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HIGH RATE TRICKLING FILTER
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High rate trickling filters are similar to standard rate trickling filters. The exception is that the rate
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of loading for high rate trickling filter is more.This is effected by adopting the process of recirculation of
sewage. Recirculation is the process of repassing a part of the filter effluent into the primary settling tank
and the filter.
Advantages gin
Improves the quality of raw sewage. eer
Increase rate of loading.
ing
Reduce odour and fly nuisance.
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Improves treatment efficiency.
OTHER TREATMENT METHODS t

OXIDATION DITCH
In some areas, where more land is available, sewage is treated in large round or oval ditches with
one or more horizontal aerators typically called brush or disc aerators which drive the mixed liquor
around the ditch and provide aeration. They have the advantage that they are relatively easy to maintain
and are resilient to shock loads that often occur.Oxidation ditches are installed commonly as 'fit & forget'
technology, with typical design parameters of a hydraulic retention time of 24 - 48 hours, and a sludge
age of 12 - 20 days. This compares with nitrifying activated sludge plants having a retention time of 8
hours, and a sludge age of 8 - 12 days.
STABILIZATION PONDS OR OXIDATION POND.
Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons.They are used for simple
secondary treatment of sewage effluents. Within an oxidation pond heterotrophic bacteria degrade organic

matter in the sewage which results in production of cellular material and minerals. The production of
these supports the growth of algae in the oxidation pond. Growth of algal populations allows furthur
decomposition of the organic matter by producing oxygen.Typically oxidation ponds need to be less than
10 feet deep in order to support the algal growth. Oxidation pond is a body of water employed to retain
sewage or organic waste water until the wastes are rendered stable and inoffensive for discharge into
receiving waters or on land.The waste water in the pond is purified through physical,chemical and
biological processes involving the action algae and bacteria under the influence of sunlight and
air.Oxidation pond is suitable where the temperature is high with bright sunshine and the land is flat and
impervious.
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RECENT ADVANCES IN SEWAGE TREATEMENT
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MEMBRANE PROCESSES
A number of pressure-driven eer

membrane processes are finding increased use for ing
advanced water treatment, including
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Microfiltration (MF),
Ultrafiltration (UF),
t
Nanofiltration (NF), and
Reverse osmosis (RO)
CONSTRUCTION,OPERATION AND MAINTENCE OF SEWAGE TREEATMENT

PLANTS
Self depended
Cost effective
Power saving
Eco friendly system with Ground recharge

ABOUT NEW STP:
Advanced proven technology
MAR (Multistage bio-aerobic reactor) technology
FEATURES OF NEW STP:
Odorless operation with self regulating system
Non–clogging design, better oxygen transfer efficiency
Simple to operate with low maintenance
compact plant with high loading rates
SIMPLICITY IN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:
ww Easy to operate and maintain under widely fluctuating conditions
w.E Easy to install
Enable easy operation, even by unskilled operator
asy No disposal problem:
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The new STP system produces quality water
gin
After reuse, excess water will be recharged in earth
PREVENTIVE MEASURES RELATING TO TREATMENT PLANT MAINTENANCE
eer
Regulating water consumption to decrease treatment plant loading
per year ing

Taking care of regular precipitation tank emptying and excess sludge removal, usually 1–3 times
Inspecting the treatment plant once a month. .ne

Having the treatment plant serviced once a year.
Taking care to prevent any harmful substances from entering the treatment plant.
t
Keeping information about the treatment plant up-to-date (plan, installation, siting, inspections,
precipitation tank emptying and sludge removal and possibly any malfunctions and repairs).
TREATMENT PLANT MAINTENANCE
Inspection visit procedures
The property owner carries out general inspection:
Inspecting the appearance and odour of water in the treatment plant basins.
inspecting the effluent monitoring container sample
checking the amount of chemical

Adding the following information to the log: number of loads treated, problem situations,
procedures carried out and other observations.
excess sludge is removed, chemical added, and the precipitation tank emptied as needed.
The time needed for the inspection is 5–30 minutes.
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CE2354 – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II
UNIT – V
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w.E DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SLUDGE
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gin
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Prepared by,
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M.VEERALAKSHMI, M.TECH., et
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SIR VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VIRUDHUNAGAR

Treated Effluent Disposal
The proper disposal of treatment plant effluent or reuse requirements is an essential part of
planning and designing wastewater treatment facilities. Different methods of ultimate
disposal of secondary effluents are discussed as follows.
Natural Evaporation
The process involves large impoundments with no discharge. Depending on the climatic
conditions large impoundments may be necessary if precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Therefore, considerations must be given to net evaporation, storage requirements, and
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possible percolation and groundwater pollution. This method is particularly beneficial where
recovery of residues is desirable such as for disposal of brines.
w.E
Groundwater Recharge
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Methods for groundwater recharge include rapid infiltration by effluent application or
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impoundment, intermittent percolation, and direct injection. In all cases risks for
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groundwater pollution exists. Furthermore, direct injection implies high costs of treating
effluent and injection facilities.
Irrigation ee rin
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Irrigation has been practiced primarily as a substitute for scarce natural waters or sparse
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rainfall in arid areas. In most cases food chain crops (i.e. crops consumed by humans and
those animals whose products are consumed by humans) may not be irrigated by effluent.
However, field crops such as cotton, sugar beets, and crops for seed production are grown
with wastewater effluent.
Wastewater effluent has been used for watering parks, golf courses and highway medians.
Recreational Lakes
The effluent from the secondary treatment facility is stored in a lagoon for approximately 30
days. The effluent from the lagoon is chlorinated and then percolated through an area of
sand and gravel, through which it travels for approximately 0.5 km and is collected in an

interceptor trench. It is discharged into a series of lakes used for swimming, boating and
fishing.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture, or the production of aquatic organisms (both flora and fauna), has been
practiced for centuries primarily for production of food, fiber and fertilizer. Lagoons are
used for aquaculture, although artificial and natural wetlands are also being considered.
However, the uncontrolled spread of water hyacinths is itself a great concern because the
flora can clog waterways and ruin water bodies.
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Municipal Uses
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Technology is now available to treat wastewater to the extent that it will meet drinking water
quality standards. However, direct reuse of treated wastewater is practicable only on an
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emergency basis. Many natural bodies of water that are used for municipal water supply are
also used for effluent disposal which is done to supplement the natural water resources by
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reusing the effluent many times before it finally flows to the sea.
Industrial Uses gin

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Effluent has been successfully used as a cooling water or boiler feed water. Deciding factors
for effluent reuse by the industry include (1) availability of natural water, (2) quality and
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quantity of effluent, and cost of processing, (3) pumping and transport cost of effluent, and
et
(4) industrial process water that does not involve public health considerations.
Discharge into Natural Waters
Discharge into natural waters is the most common disposal practice. The self-purification or
assimilative capacity of natural waters is thus utilized to provide the remaining treatment.
Self Purification Of Natural Streams

The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process that often
involves physical, chemical, and biological processes working simultaneously. The
amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water is one of the most commonly used
indicators of a river health. As DO drops below 4 or 5 mg/L the forms of life that can
survive begin to be reduced. A minimum of about 2.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen is

required to maintain higher life forms. A number of factors affect the amount of DO
available in a river. Oxygen demanding wastes remove DO; plants add DO during day
but remove it at night; respiration of organisms removes oxygen. In summer, rising
temperature reduces solubility of oxygen, while lower flows reduce the rate at which
oxygen enters the water from atmosphere.
Factors Affecting Self Purification
1. Dilution: When sufficient dilution water is available in the receiving water body,
where the wastewater is discharged, the DO level in the receiving stream may not reach
ww
to zero or critical DO due to availability of sufficient DO initially in the river
water before receiving discharge of wastewater.
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2. Current: When strong water current is available, the discharged wastewater
will be thoroughly mixed with stream water preventing deposition of solids. In small
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current, the solid matter from the wastewater will get deposited at the bed following
3. En
decomposition and reduction in DO.
Temperature: The quantity of DO available in stream water is more in cold
temperature than in hot temperature.
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at the higher temperature,
temperature than in winter.
4. Sunlight: Algae produces
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hence, the self-purification
oxygen in
will take less time at hot
presence rin
of sunlight due to
photosynthesis.
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Therefore, sunlight
through photosynthesis.
5.
helps in purification of stream by
Rate of Oxidation: Due to oxidation of organic matter discharged in the

et
adding oxygen
river DO depletion occurs. This rate is faster at higher temperature and low at lower
temperature. The rate of oxidation of organic matter depends on the chemical composition
of organic matter.
Oxygen Sag Analysis

The oxygen sag or oxygen deficit in the stream at any point of time during self
purification process is the difference between the saturation DO content and actual
DO content at that time.

Oxygen deficit, D = Saturation DO – Actual DO
The saturation DO value for fresh water depends upon the temperature and total
dissolved salts present in it; and its value varies from 14.62 mg/L at 0oC to 7.63
mg/L at 30oC, and lower DO at higher temperatures.
The DO in the stream may not be at saturation level and there may be initial oxygen
deficit
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‘Do’. At this stage, when the effluent with initial BOD load Lo, is discharged in to
stream, the DO content of the stream starts depleting and the oxygen deficit (D)
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increases. The variation of oxygen deficit (D) with the distance along the stream, and
hence with the time of flow from the point of pollution is depicted by the ‘Oxygen Sag
maximum deficit. asy

Curve’ (Figure 12.1). The major point in sag analysis is point of minimum DO, i.e.,
The maximum or critical deficit (Dc) occurs at the inflexion points
of the oxygen sag curve.
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Deoxygenation and Reoxygenation Curves
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When wastewater is discharged into the stream, the DO level in the stream goes on
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depleting. This depletion of DO content is known as deoxygenation. The rate of
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deoxygenation depends upon the amount of organic matter remaining (Lt) to be oxidized
at any time t, as well as temperature (T) at which reaction occurs. The variation of
depletion of DO content of the stream with time is depicted by the deoxygenation
curve in the absence of aeration. The ordinates below the deoxygenation curve (Figure
12.1) indicate the oxygen remaining in the natural stream after satisfying the bio-chemical
oxygen demand of oxidizable matter.
When the DO content of the stream is gradually consumed due to BOD load,
atmosphere supplies oxygen continuously to the water, through the process of
re-aeration or reoxygenation, i.e., along with deoxygenation, re-aeration is continuous
process.

The rate of reoxygenation depends upon:
i) Depth of water in the stream: more for shallow depth.

ii) Velocity of flow in the stream: less for stagnant water.
iii) Oxygen deficit below saturation DO: since solubility rate depends on
difference between saturation concentration and existing concentration of DO.
iv) Temperature of water: solubility of oxygen is lower at higher temperature and
also saturation concentration is less at higher temperature.
Mathematical analysis of Oxygen Sag Curve: Streeter – Phelps equation
ww The analysis of oxygen sag curve can be easily done by superimposing the rates of
w.E
deoxygenation and reoxygenation as suggested by the Streeter – Phelps analysis. The rate
of change in the DO deficit is the sum of the two reactions as explained below:
asy
dDt/dt=K’Lt– R’Dt En
dDt/ dt = f ( deoxygenation and reoxygenation)
….(1)
Where,
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Dt = DO deficit at any time t,
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Lt = amount of first stage BOD remaining at any time t
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K’ = BOD reaction rate constant or deoxygenation constant (to the base e)
R’ = Reoxygenation constant (to the base e) g.n
t = time (in days)
et
dDt/ dt = rate of change of DO deficit
Now,
Lt = Lo.e  K 't

Where, Lo = BOD remaining at time t = 0 i.e. ultimate first stage
Do = Initial oxygen deficit at the point of waste discharge at time t = o t =

time of travel in the stream from the point of discharge = x/u
x = distance along the stream u = stream
velocity
This is Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag equation. The graphical representation of this equation is
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shown in Figure 12.2.
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Point of waste discharge
Saturation DO
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Do
Dt En
Dc
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DO Concentration
X
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Xc Critical point
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Distance downstream, X
Figure 12.2 Oxygen sag curve of Streeter-Phelps equation
Note: Deoxygenation and reoxygenation occurs simultaneously. After critical point, the rate
of re-aeration is greater than the deoxygenation and after some distance the DO will reach to
original level and stream will not have any effect due to addition of wastewater. At time t=0 at
x = 0.

SLUDGE
• The polluted solid-liquid matter that is skimmed off or removed from wastewater during
primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.
• It contains 0.25 to 12% organic to inorganic solid content
• Constituents
– Organic material, nutrients, pathogens, metals, toxic substances
Goals of Sludge Management
• Stabilize sludge
• Kill pathogens
ww• Decrease water content from 0.5-2% solids to 6 to 12% solids
w.E
SLUDGE PROCESSING
(a) Thickening
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(b) Conditioning, Stabilization, Disinfection
(c) Dewatering
(d) Drying En
(e) Composting
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(f) Incineration
(g) Final Disposal
[A] SLUDGE THICKENING
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•
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Thickening: Capacity of sludge to increase concentration of solid in sludge
•
•
Purpose: To decrease volume
Benefits:
– Reduces required capacity of downstream equipment
et
– Reduce chemicals for conditioning
– Reduce heat required by digesters
– Reduce volume for transportation
• Equipment types
– Gravity
– Gravity Belt Thickener (GBT)
– Flotation
– Rotary drum
– Centrifuge
[B] SLUDGE CONDITIONING
 Sludge particles are negative (anionic) in surface charge

 The negative surface charge leads to electrostatic repulsive forces which hamper the
settling process of the sludge particles.
 Cationic conditioning agents minimizes the electrostatic repulsive force and starts floc
formation
 Chemical conditioning is similar to flocculation/coagulation process
[C] SLUDGE DEWATERING
• Mostly done in filtration type of units where solid particles from a fluid are retained on a
filtering medium which allows the water to pass through it.
ww• Five types of equipment

– Belt Filter Press (18-25%)
w.E – Centrifuge (30-35%)

– Recessed Chamber Press
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– Vacuum Filtration
– Drying Beds
[D] SLUDGE DRYING
En
•
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Direct: Sludge in contact with heat surface, e.g. fluidized bed dryer, revolving drum
dryers
•
•
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Indirect: There is no direct contact between heat source and sludge, e.g. Disc dryer
rin
More expensive than mechanical methods such as pressing or centrifugation
•
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Yields greater volume reduction and a storable free flowing and hygienic product.
et
• End product can be used as
– fertilizer/soil conditioner in agriculture and forestry
– fuel in cement kilns, power plants and incinerators
– top soil, landscaping, and landfilling use.
[E] SLUDGE COMPOSTING
• Can be applied to either digested or non-digested sludge
• Need to have sufficient mixture of organic matter content and water

• Carbon to nitrogen ratio: 25-30
• May be used as pretreatment to incineration
• Advantages
– reduction in volume of materials to be transported for distribution in agricultural
fields

– allows the facilitation of storage

– easier to spread
– control in the nutrients in the compost
– compost is more hygienic than raw sludge application
• Disadvantage
– costly
– requires aeration
– requires a market
[F] SLUDGE INCINERATION
• A method used for drying and reducing sludge volume and weight. Since incineration
ww requires auxiliary fuel to obtain and maintain high temperature and to evaporate the water
w.E contained in the incoming sludge, concentration techniques should be applied before
incineration.
•
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Sludge incineration is a two-step process involving drying and combustion after a
preceding dewatering process, such as filters, drying beds, or centrifuges.
• Multiple Hearths
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– Top – Drying
– Middle – Incineration gin
•
– Lower – Cooling
Flue gas – need to be treated
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[G] SLUDGE DISPOSAL
• Agriculture: For raw and treated sludge g.n
– Things to consider:
• Heavy Metal content
et
• Dry solid content
– Advantage:
• Utilization of nutrients in soil (organics, nitrogen, phosphorus)
• Cheaper (raw sludge)
– Disadvantage: need for storage facility (investment)
• Landfilling
DEWATERING
FILTERS
 Filtration is the removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through
a filtering medium, or septum, on which the solids are deposited. However, the
mechanical separation (filtration or clarification) of primary sludge is only partially

effective as a treatment because 30 to 40 % of BOD and COD are water soluble and
cannot be so removed.
 Filtration is generally complete in 1 to 2 days and results in solids concentration as
high as 15 to 20%. The rate of filtration depends drainability of the sludge, which in turn
is related to the specific resistance [1]
TYPES OF DEWATERING FILTERS

[2] [A] Rotary drum vacuum filters
(RDVF)
ww  The filtration, washing, partial drying and discharge of the sludge all take
w.E place simultaneously.

 Process involves sucking of liquid through a moving septum to deposit a cake of
 asy solids.
The cake is moved out of the filtering zone, washed, sucked dry, and dislodged from
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the septum, which then reenters the slurry to pick up another load of solids.
gin
Advantages and disadvantages of rotary drum filters
Advantages
Filter is entirely automatic. ee Disadvantages
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Maximum available pressure difference is
limited as it being a vacuum filter.
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Large capacity, hence large quantities can be Difficulty in filtration of hot liquids because
filtered. of their tendency to boil.
et
Cakes of varying thickness can be built by Initial cost of filter and vacuum equipment is
varying speed which results in removal of high.
fine or coarser solids easily.
Low maintenance cost. These are inflexible and do not perform well
if their feed stream conditions are changing.
[B] Filter press

 It contains a set of plates designed to provide a series of chambers or compartments
in which solids may collect.
 The plates are covered with a filter medium such as canvas.

 Slurry is admitted to each compartment under pressure; liquor passes through the
canvas and out a discharge pipe, leaving a wet cake of solids behind.
 During operation, when the frames are full of solids and no more slurry can enter.
The press is then said to be jammed.
 Wash liquid may then admitted to remove soluble impurities from the solids.
[C] Horizontal belt filter
 It is suitable for coarser particles as compared to rotary-drum filters.
 Feed slurry flows onto the belt from a distributor at one end of the unit; filtered
and washed cake is discharged from the other.
ww  It is suitable for waste treatment as it is available in various sizes. They are available
in sizes ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 m wide and 4.9 to 33.5 m long, with filtration areas
w.E up to
110
m2.
[D] Rotating-leaf filter asy
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 During filtration, the slurry enters, the filtrate exits, and solids are retained on leaves
 gin
and covered with a filter cloth.
Upon completion of filtration, the washing and drying bottom closure opens.


ee
The drive motor starts and rotates the stack of filter leaves.
rin
Centrifugal force causes the solids to move off the filter leaves, strike the inside wall

of the tank and flow down to solid exit.
Sizes are available up to 540 ft2 per unit. g.n
[E] Deep bed filter

et
Filters with deep beds of sand, diatomaceous earth, coke, charcoal, and other inexpensive
packing materials are normally used.
 Without preseparation the bed becomes loaded quickly.
 When the particle and bacteria in sizes smaller than the interstices of the bed, plus
suspended BOD, are remove from the liquid, exceptional clarity is obtained.
 The dissolved substances, including dissolved BOD are not removed.
THERMAL DRYERS
Heat treatment followed by filtration is economical for dewatering sludge without using
chemicals. Thermal drying of the sludge is economical only if a market for the product is

available. Several types of thermal dryers used by the chemical process industry can be applied
to sludge drying. The sludge is always dewatered prior to drying, regardless of the type of dryer
selected.
TYPES OF DRYERS [2]
[A] Flash dryer
 It operates by promoting contact between the wet sludge and a hot gas stream.
 Drying takes place in less than 10 sec of violent action, either in a vertical tube or in a
cage mill.
 A cyclone, with a bag filter or wet scrubber, if necessary, separates the solid from the gas
ww
phase.
The vapors are returned through preheaters to the furnace, minimizing odor problems.
w.E


A portion of the solid product is often returned to precondition the wet sludge.
Being of only moderate thermal efficiency, this type of furnace is appropriate only for
asy
low sludge flows and where heat is available cheaply [3]
[B] Screw conveyor dryers
 En
It uses a hollow shaft and blades through which hot gas or water is pumped.

gin
The heat is transferred to the sludge as it is conveyed through the dryer.
ee rin
g.n
et


Ce2354 - Environmental Engineering-Ii (For Vi - Semester)

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CE2354 – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II

ww PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

SIR VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

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UNIT-I PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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The advantages offered by the water carriage system are:

Storm water: It indicates the rain water of the locality.

1.4 SEWAGE DISCHARGE

1.5 EFFECT OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

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URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

STORM SEWERS ing

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ww of the downstream sewer.

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Param On land for Into inland Into public

eter irrigation Indian surface sewers Indian

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CE2354 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING II

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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ww Ø These pipes are manufactured from vitrified clay or stoneware.

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Ø This is generally used for sewers passing below culverts.

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PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS

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SEMI CIRCULAR SECTIONS

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CE2354 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING II

ww PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

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PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

SELECTION OF TREATMENT PROCESS

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Types of onsite sanitation

• Individual on site sanitation

GREY WATER HARVESTING

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• From here it is pumped as slurry to a storage tank for subsequent treatment.

w.E them in easiest and safest manner.

PHYSICAL WATER TREATMENT OPERATIONS

10) vacuum filtration

CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES

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BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

• They remove colloidal or dissolved bio-degradable organic substances in wastewater.

ww1) Aerobic process

3) Aerobic- anaerobic process

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• Hand cleaned: used primarily at small plants.

Depth: 1 to 1.5 inches

• Quantities of screenings – 0.5-5 ft3/ MG, average 2 ft3/MG

• Disposal of screenings – landfill or incineration