HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY​ (Week 3-4 Part 3)

Science, Technology and Society 2nd Semester SY 2022-2023
Intellectual Revolutions
Earth is stationary sphere at
the center of heaven. It’s
habitable surface is a flat
circle with Jerusalem at it’s
center.
Moon, sun and stars
Stars and planets made of a held in place by
perfect substance called invisible crystalline
Aether (or ether) a 5th spheres.
heavenly element..

The 15th Century Astronomy

 The 15th Century

❖In 1453 Ottoman Turks overrun

Constantinople.
THE BEGINNING OF ❖Romans flee west into Europe and take
MODERN books with them.
ASTRONOMY The ❖This is the end of the Middle Age
Copernican ❖Most people cannot read or write and
Revolution generally believe whatever the Bible and
other trusted sources said about the world
 The 15th Century

❖It stated that the Earth was in the

center of the universe
2. Ptolemaic ❖ But the moons and planets rotated
Model- this model in circles as they went around Earth
included part of
the geocentric
model. In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism,
or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the
universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model,
the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

▪ Polish Catholic Cleric

▪ Observed night sky from an observation
tower.
▪ Trying to solve the calendar problem.
▪ Suggested a Sun centered Universe in a
book titled De Revolutionibus, which
was not published until the year he
died.
NOTE: He was well educated and had read Greek astronomy
 3. Copernican Model

▪ Heliocentric Universe
▪ De Revolutionibus
Orbiun Celestium (On
the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres)
▪ Idea was opposed by the
Catholic Church

Copernicus has no clue what stars actually are or how far they are away.
 Copernican Model Explained

Sun’s annual
Mercury and Retrograde
motion along
Earth’s Venus were motion was a
the ecliptic
rotation inferior natural
(Zodiac) was
caused planets, which phenomenon
caused by
daily explained why of one planet
Earth’s orbital
motion they are passing
motion (this
from east always seen another planet
one was
to west. near the Sun. as they orbited
difficult to
the Sun.
accept.)
Why believe Copernican model?

It was It was more It explained

aesthetically simple. One observed
more pleasing element – the complex

SUN motions as
naturally
occurring.

Copernican Revolution- was the critical realization that the Earth was not the center of the
universe
What happened
after?
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642))

▪ Galileo was an Italian mathematician and philosopher

▪ He was the first to study the sky with a telescope
▪ Italian physicist and astronomer. He was born in Pisa on
February 15, 1564. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, was
a well-known musician. Vincenzo decided that his son
should become a doctor.
▪ In 1581, Galileo was sent to the University of Pisa to
study medicine. While a student at the university,
Galileo discovered that he had a talent for mathematics.
He was able to persuade his father to allow him to leave
the university to become a tutor in mathematics. He
later became a professor of mathematics.
❖ In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of the spyglass, a device
which made distant objects appear closer. Galileo used his
mathematics knowledge and technical skills to improve upon the
spyglass and improve/build a telescope to be used for astronomy.
❖ Later that same year, he became the first person to look at the
Moon through a telescope and make his first astronomy discovery.
He found that the Moon was not smooth, but mountainous and
pitted - just like the Earth!
❖ He subsequently used his newly invented/improved telescope to
discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, to
observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun.
 Saw sunspots on
.
Sun…later made him blind

Saw mountains on Saw the moons

Galileo had
moon 4 major of Jupiter
discoveries

.
Realized that Venus had phases which
meant that it orbited the Sun
Charles Darwin)
▪ On February 12, 1809 Charles Robert Darwin was born
in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England as a son of a well-to-
do physician.
▪ He was said to be shy yet mischievous. Darwin’s mother
died on July 15, 1817, when he was only 8.
▪ In September 1818, Darwin attended Shrewsbury
Grammar School, along with Erasmus, run by the Rev.
Samuel Butler.
▪ The focus of their study was Greek and Roman grammar
and reading.
▪ He did not do well in school, and on June 17, 1825
Darwin was removed because of bad grades. Because of
this he spent the summer working in his dad’s medical
practice.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
)
▪ Freudian Revolution
▪ Austrian, doctor One of the first
psychologists to study human motivation
▪ Was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for treating
mental illness and also a theory which
explains human behavior.
▪ Like Marx, a determinist
▪ People determined by their instincts
✔ Life instinct: sex (libido)
✔ Death instinct: aggression, self-destruction
THANK YOU
Source: Old Slide taken from Ma’am Prosibeth Bacarrisas