Binder-7-Intro To Data Vis With Seaborn

Introduction to
Seaborn
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D ATA V I S U A L I Z AT I O N W I T H S E A B O R N
Erin Case
Data Scientist
What is Seaborn?
Python data visualization library
Easily create the most common types of

plots
1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/
INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Why is Seaborn useful?

Advantages of Seaborn
Easy to use
Works well with pandas data structures
Built on top of matplotlib

Getting started
Samuel Norman Seaborn ( sns )
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
"The West Wing" television show

Example 1: Scatter plot
height = [62, 64, 69, 75, 66,
68, 65, 71, 76, 73]
weight = [120, 136, 148, 175, 137,
165, 154, 172, 200, 187]
sns.scatterplot(x=height, y=weight)
plt.show()

Example 2: Create a count plot
gender = ["Female", "Female",
"Female", "Female",
"Male", "Male", "Male",
"Male", "Male", "Male"]
sns.countplot(x=gender)
plt.show()


Let's practice!
Using pandas with
Seaborn
Erin Case
Data Scientist
What is pandas?
Python library for data analysis
Easily read datasets from csv, txt, and other types of les
Datasets take the form of DataFrame objects

Working with DataFrames
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("masculinity.csv")
df.head()
participant_id age how_masculine how_important

0 1 18 - 34 Somewhat Somewhat
1 2 18 - 34 Somewhat Somewhat
2 3 18 - 34 Very Not very
3 4 18 - 34 Very Not very
4 5 18 - 34 Very Very

Using DataFrames with countplot()
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("masculinity.csv")
sns.countplot(x="how_masculine",
data=df)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Adding a third
variable with hue
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Tips dataset
import pandas as pd
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
tips.head()
total_bill tip sex smoker day time size

0 16.99 1.01 Female No Sun Dinner 2
1 10.34 1.66 Male No Sun Dinner 3
4 24.59 3.61 Female No Sun Dinner 4

A basic scatter plot
sns.scatterplot(x="total_bill",
y="tip",
data=tips)
plt.show()

A scatter plot with hue
y="tip",
data=tips,
hue="smoker")
plt.show()

Setting hue order
y="tip",
data=tips,
hue="smoker",
hue_order=["Yes",
"No"])
plt.show()

Specifying hue colors
hue_colors = {"Yes": "black",
"No": "red"}
y="tip",
data=tips,
hue="smoker",
palette=hue_colors)
plt.show()

Using HTML hex color codes with hue
hue_colors = {"Yes": "#808080",

"No": "#00FF00"}
y="tip",
data=tips,
hue="smoker",
palette=hue_colors)
plt.show()

Using hue with count plots
sns.countplot(x="smoker",
data=tips,
hue="sex")
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Introduction to
relational plots and
subplots
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Questions about quantitative variables
Relational plots
Height vs. weight

Relational plots
Height vs. weight
Number of school absences vs. nal grade

Relational plots
Height vs. weight
Number of school absences vs. nal grade
GDP vs. percent literate



Introducing relplot()
Create "relational plots": sca er plots or line plots
Why use relplot() instead of scatterplot() ?
relplot() lets you create subplots in a single gure

scatterplot() vs. relplot()
Using scatterplot() Using relplot()
import seaborn as sns import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
sns.scatterplot(x="total_bill", sns.relplot(x="total_bill",
y="tip", y="tip",
data=tips) data=tips,
kind="scatter")
plt.show()
plt.show()

Subplots in columns
sns.relplot(x="total_bill",
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
col="smoker")
plt.show()

Subplots in rows
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
row="smoker")
plt.show()

Subplots in rows and columns
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
col="smoker",
row="time")
plt.show()

Subgroups for days of the week

Wrapping columns
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
col="day",
col_wrap=2)
plt.show()

Ordering columns
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
col="day",
col_wrap=2,
col_order=["Thur",
"Fri",
"Sat",
"Sun"])
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Customizing scatter
plots
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Scatter plot overview
Show relationship between two quantitative variables
We've seen:
Subplots ( col and row )
Subgroups with color ( hue )
New Customizations:
Subgroups with point size and style
Changing point transparency
Use with both scatterplot() and relplot()

Subgroups with point size
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
size="size")
plt.show()

Point size and hue
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
size="size",
hue="size")
plt.show()

Subgroups with point style
y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
hue="smoker",
style="smoker")
plt.show()

Changing point transparency
# Set alpha to be between 0 and 1

y="tip",
data=tips,
kind="scatter",
alpha=0.4)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Introduction to line
plots
Erin Case
Data Scientist
What are line plots?
Two types of relational plots: sca er plots and
line plots
Sca er plots
Each plot point is an independent

observation
Line plots
Each plot point represents the same

"thing", typically tracked over time

Air pollution data
Collection stations throughout city
Air samples of nitrogen dioxide levels

Scatter plot
sns.relplot(x="hour", y="NO_2_mean",
data=air_df_mean,
kind="scatter")
plt.show()

Line plot
data=air_df_mean,
kind="line")
plt.show()

Subgroups by location

Subgroups by location
data=air_df_loc_mean,
kind="line",
style="location",
hue="location")
plt.show()

Adding markers
kind="line",
style="location",
hue="location",
markers=True)
plt.show()

Turning off line style
kind="line",
style="location",
hue="location",
markers=True,
dashes=False)
plt.show()

Multiple observations per x-value

Sca er plot

sns.relplot(x="hour", y="NO_2",
data=air_df,
kind="scatter")
plt.show()

Line plot

data=air_df,
kind="line")
plt.show()

Shaded region is the con dence interval
Assumes dataset is a random sample
95% con dent that the mean is within this

interval
Indicates uncertainty in our estimate

Replacing confidence interval with standard deviation
data=air_df,
kind="line",
ci="sd")
plt.show()

Turning off confidence interval
data=air_df,
kind="line",
ci=None)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Count plots and bar
plots
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Categorical plots
Examples: count plots, bar plots
Involve a categorical variable
Comparisons between groups

catplot()
Used to create categorical plots
Same advantages of relplot()
Easily create subplots with col= and row=

countplot() vs. catplot()
sns.countplot(x="how_masculine",
data=masculinity_data)
plt.show()

countplot() vs. catplot()
sns.catplot(x="how_masculine",
data=masculinity_data,
kind="count")
plt.show()

Changing the order
category_order = ["No answer",
"Not at all",
"Not very",
"Somewhat",
"Very"]
kind="count",
order=category_order)
plt.show()

Bar plots
Displays mean of quantitative variable per
category

sns.catplot(x="day",
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="bar")
plt.show()

Confidence intervals
Lines show 95% con dence intervals for the
mean
Shows uncertainty about our estimate
Assumes our data is a random sample

Turning off confidence intervals
sns.catplot(x="day",
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="bar",
ci=None)
plt.show()

Changing the orientation
sns.catplot(x="total_bill",
y="day",
data=tips,
kind="bar")
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Creating a box plot
Erin Case
Data Scientist
What is a box plot?
Shows the distribution of quantitative data
See median, spread, skewness, and outliers
Facilitates comparisons between groups

How to create a box plot
g = sns.catplot(x="time",
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="box")
plt.show()

Change the order of categories
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="box",
order=["Dinner",
"Lunch"])
plt.show()

Omitting the outliers using `sym`
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="box",
sym="")
plt.show()

Changing the whiskers using `whis`
By default, the whiskers extend to 1.5 * the interquartile range
Make them extend to 2.0 * IQR: whis=2.0
Show the 5th and 95th percentiles: whis=[5, 95]
Show min and max values: whis=[0, 100]

Changing the whiskers using `whis`
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="box",
whis=[0, 100])
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Point plots
Erin Case
Data Scientist
What are point plots?
Points show mean of quantitative variable
Vertical lines show 95% con dence

intervals

Line plot: average level of nitrogen dioxide Point plot: average restaurant bill, smokers vs.
over time non-smokers

Point plots vs. line plots
Both show:
Mean of quantitative variable
95% con dence intervals for the mean
Di erences:
Line plot has quantitative variable (usually time) on x-axis
Point plot has categorical variable on x-axis

Point plots vs. bar plots
Both show:
Mean of quantitative variable
95% con dence intervals for the mean

Point plots vs. bar plots

Creating a point plot
sns.catplot(x="age",
y="masculinity_important",
hue="feel_masculine",
kind="point")
plt.show()

Disconnecting the points
kind="point",
join=False)
plt.show()

Displaying the median
sns.catplot(x="smoker",
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="point")
plt.show()

Displaying the median
from numpy import median
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="point",
estimator=median)
plt.show()

Customizing the confidence intervals
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="point",
capsize=0.2)
plt.show()

Turning off confidence intervals
y="total_bill",
data=tips,
kind="point",
ci=None)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Changing plot style
and color
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Why customize?
Reasons to change style:
Personal preference
Improve readability
Guide interpretation

Changing the figure style
Figure "style" includes background and axes
Preset options: "white", "dark", "whitegrid", "darkgrid", "ticks"
sns.set_style()

Default figure style ("white")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Figure style: "whitegrid"
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Other styles
sns.set_style("ticks")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Other styles
sns.set_style("dark")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Other styles
sns.set_style("darkgrid")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Changing the palette
Figure "pale e" changes the color of the main elements of the plot
sns.set_palette()
Use preset pale es or create a custom pale e

Diverging palettes

Example (default palette)
"Not at all",
"Not very",
"Somewhat",
"Very"]
kind="count",
plt.show()

Example (diverging palette)
sns.set_palette("RdBu")

"Not at all",
"Not very",
"Somewhat",
"Very"]
kind="count",
plt.show()

Sequential palettes

Sequential palette example

Custom palettes
custom_palette = ["red", "green", "orange", "blue",
"yellow", "purple"]
sns.set_palette(custom_palette)

Custom palettes
custom_palette = ['#FBB4AE', '#B3CDE3', '#CCEBC5',
'#DECBE4', '#FED9A6', '#FFFFCC',
'#E5D8BD', '#FDDAEC', '#F2F2F2']
sns.set_palette(custom_palette)

Changing the scale
Figure "context" changes the scale of the plot elements and labels
sns.set_context()
Smallest to largest: "paper", "notebook", "talk", "poster"

Default context: "paper"
kind="point")
plt.show()

Larger context: "talk"
sns.set_context("talk")
kind="point")
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Adding titles and
labels: Part 1
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Creating informative visualizations

FacetGrid vs. AxesSubplot objects
Seaborn plots create two di erent types of objects: FacetGrid and AxesSubplot
g = sns.scatterplot(x="height", y="weight", data=df)

type(g)
> matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot

An Empty FacetGrid

FacetGrid vs. AxesSubplot objects
Object Type Plot Types Characteristics
FacetGrid relplot() , catplot() Can create subplots
AxesSubplot scatterplot() , countplot() , etc. Only creates a single plot

Adding a title to FacetGrid
g = sns.catplot(x="Region",
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box")
g.fig.suptitle("New Title")
plt.show()

Adjusting height of title in FacetGrid
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box")
g.fig.suptitle("New Title",
y=1.03)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Adding titles and
labels: Part 2
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Adding a title to AxesSubplot
FacetGrid AxesSubplot
g = sns.catplot(x="Region", g = sns.boxplot(x="Region",
y="Birthrate", y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data, data=gdp_data)
kind="box")
g.fig.suptitle("New Title", g.set_title("New Title",

y=1.03) y=1.03)

Titles for subplots
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box",
col="Group")

Titles for subplots
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box",
col="Group")
y=1.03)

Titles for subplots
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box",
col="Group")
y=1.03)
g.set_titles("This is {col_name}")

Adding axis labels
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box")
`
g.set(xlabel="New X Label",
ylabel="New Y Label")
plt.show()

Rotating x-axis tick labels
y="Birthrate",
data=gdp_data,
kind="box")
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
plt.show()

Let's practice!
Putting it all
together
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Getting started
To import Seaborn:
To import Matplotlib:
To show a plot:
plt.show()

Relational plots
Show the relationship between two quantitative variables
Examples: sca er plots, line plots
sns.relplot(x="x_variable_name",
y="y_variable_name",
data=pandas_df,
kind="scatter")

Categorical plots
Show the distribution of a quantitative variable within categories de ned by a categorical
variable
Examples: bar plots, count plots, box plots, point plots
sns.catplot(x="x_variable_name",
y="y_variable_name",
data=pandas_df,
kind="bar")

Adding a third variable (hue)
Se ing hue will create subgroups that are
displayed as di erent colors on a single plot.

Adding a third variable (row/col)
Se ing row and/or col in relplot() or
catplot() will create subgroups that are
displayed on separate subplots.

Customization
Change the background: sns.set_style()
Change the main element colors: sns.set_palette()
Change the scale: sns.set_context()

Adding a title
Object Type Plot Types How to Add Title
FacetGrid relplot() , catplot() g.fig.suptitle()
AxesSubplot scatterplot() , countplot() , etc. g.set_title()

Final touches
Add x- and y-axis labels:
g.set(xlabel="new x-axis label",

ylabel="new y-axis label")
Rotate x-tick labels:
plt.xticks(rotation=90)

Let's practice!
Well done! What's
next?
Erin Case
Data Scientist
Where does Seaborn fit in?

Where does Seaborn fit in?

Next Steps: Explore and communicate results
Next steps:
Seaborn advanced visualizations
Matplotlib advanced customizations

Next steps: Gather data
Next steps:
Python
SQL

Next steps: Transform and clean
Next steps:
Ge ing data into pandas DataFrames
Cleaning data
Transforming into tidy format

Next steps: Analyze and build models
Next steps:
Statistical analysis
Calculating and interpreting con dence intervals

Congratulations!

Binder-7-Intro To Data Vis With Seaborn

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Introduction to

Easily create the most common types of

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Works well with pandas data structures

Built on top of matplotlib

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Datasets take the form of DataFrame objects

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

participant_id age how_masculine how_important

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

total_bill tip sex smoker day time size

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

hue_colors = {"Yes": "#808080",

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Height vs. weight

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Height vs. weight

Number of school absences vs. nal grade

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Height vs. weight

Number of school absences vs. nal grade

GDP vs. percent literate

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Why use relplot() instead of scatterplot() ?

relplot() lets you create subplots in a single gure

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

import seaborn as sns import seaborn as sns

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

1 Waskom, M. L. (2021). seaborn: statistical data visualization. h ps://seaborn.pydata.org/

INTRODUCTION TO DATA VISUALIZATION WITH SEABORN

Subplots ( col and row )