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Diaphragm Design Manual: Fourth Edition September 2015
Diaphragm Design Manual: Fourth Edition September 2015
FOURTH EDITION
SEPTEMBER 2015
AUTHORED BY
ii
COPYRIGHT© 2015
BY
Steel Deck Institute
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
he information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized
T engineering principles but is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate,
this information should not be used or relied upon for any general or specific application without a
review and verification of its accuracy and applicability by a Registered/Licensed Professional Engineer,
Designer or Architect. Neither the Steel Deck Institute nor the author of any information contained in
this publication makes any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, respecting any of the
information contained in this publication, including, but not limited to: the accuracy, completeness,
or suitability of such information for any particular purpose or use. The Steel Deck Institute and
each such author expressly disclaims any and all warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the
information contained in this publication. By making this information available, neither the Steel
Deck Institute nor any author of any information contained in this publication is rendering any
professional services, and the Steel Deck Institute and/or any author of any information contained
in this publication assumes no duty or responsibility with respect to any person making use of the
information contained in this publication. In addition, neither the Steel Deck Institute, any of its
Members or Associate Members nor the author of any information contained in this publication shall
be liable for any claim, demand, injury, damage, loss, expense, cost or liability of any kind whatsoever,
which, directly or indirectly, in any way or manner arises out of or is connected with the use of the
information contained in this publication, whether or not such claim, demand, loss, expense, or
liability results directly or indirectly from any action or omission of the Steel Deck Institute, any of its
Members or Associate Members, or the author of any material contained in this publication. Any party
using the information contained in this publication assumes all risk and liability arising from such use.
Since hazards may be associated with the handling, installation, or use of steel and its accessories,
prudent construction practices should always be followed. The Steel Deck Institute recommends
that parties involved in the handling, installation or use of steel and its accessories review all
applicable manufacturers' safety data sheets, applicable rules and regulations of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration and other government agencies having jurisdiction over
such handling, installation or use, and other relevant construction practice publications.
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iv
FOREWARD
his manual is in continuity with the First, Second, and Third Editions of the Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm
T Design Manual and is based on research, testing and analysis done at West Virginia University since
1965. That work, sponsored by the Steel Deck Institute and its member and associate member companies,
was under the direction of Dr. Larry Luttrell, P.E., who is the technical advisor to the Steel Deck Institute.
The Institute is very grateful to Dr. Luttrell for his untiring efforts and ongoing interest in this subject.
This SDI Diaphragm Design Manual, 4th Edition, updates, expands upon, and replaces the 50/ Diaphragm Design
Manual, 3rd Edition (2004), as the main steel deck industry manual on steel roof and floor deck diaphragm
design. The Manual explains the method developed to calculate the capacity of diaphragms made with bare
steel decks and filled steel decks and the use of the diaphragm capacity tables. This Manual was developed
to conform to the requirements of the ANSI/AISI S310-13, North American Standard for the Design of Profiled
Steel Diaphragm Panels. This new Standard reflects years of work by members of the AISI Committee on
Specifications and particularly the work of the AISI Subcommittee on Diaphragms, chaired by John Mattingly,
P.E .. The Institute is very grateful to Mr. Mattingly for his tireless efforts and leadership in making the Standard
a reality. The SDI recommends that the user of this Manual obtain a copy of this Standard, which is available
as a free download from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), and refer to it when using this Manual.
This manual also conforms to the ANSI/SOl RD-201 0 Standard for Steel Roof Deck, the ANSI/SDI NC-201 0
Standard for Non-Composite Steel Floor Deck and the ANSI/SOl C-2011 Standard for Composite Steel Floor Deck-
Slabs Standards. The SDI recommends that the user of this Manual obtain a copy of these Standards and refer
to them when using this Manual. All SDI Standards are available for free download from the SDI website.
Also helpful and available to the user of this Manual are the 50/ Roof Deck Design Manual (RDDM)
and 50/ Floor Deck Design Manual (FDDM). Their concurrent use with this Manual is recommended.
The diaphragm tables have been developed for ease of use either for Allowable Strength Design (ASD) or for Load
and Resistance Fac.:tor Design (LRFD). Values in the tables must either be divided by a safety ft:~ctor or multiplied by a
resistance factor before they can be compared with the loads calculated with the corresponding design approach.
While conforming to the requirements of the Standards, this Manual also provides recommendations
of good design practices that may either not be included in the Standard or may exceed the minimum
requirements of the Standard. When recommended practice is beyond the minimum requirements of
the Standard, this will be noted. In all instances, the design of steel roof and floor deck as a component of a
building or other structure is within the scope of practice of a Licensed Professional Engineer or Architect, and
all liability for compliance with building code requirements is the responsibility of that Designer. Professional
judgment must be exercised when the user applies the data or recommendations contained in this Manual.
This Manual describes the use of steel deck diaphragms in common applications. Steel deck can be
used in applications that are not covered within the scope of this Manual. The use of deck in these
alternate applications may be permitted under provisions included in the applicable building code.
Where this Manual or other SDI publications refer to "Designer:' this means the entity that is responsible to the
Owner for the overall structural design of the project, including the steel deck. This is usually the Structural Engineer
of Record; however, it may be the Architect or other Licensed Professional acting within the scope of their license.
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vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Introduction 1 -1
SECTION 7 Symbols 7 -1
SECTION 8 References 8 -1
SECTION 1 0 Examples 10 -1
vii
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viii
•
I ®
SECTION 1
1- 1
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1~ 2
Section 1.1 Introduction
Shear diaphragms are essentially planar structural systems such as those found in the
roofs, floors, and walls of buildings. They are comprised of interconnected smaller units
attached to supporting members, such that the assemblies possess both in-plane shear
strength and stiffness. Diaphragm design addresses the issue of selecting materials
and designing connections such that the system can serve the function of transmitting
in-plane forces.
Figure 1.1 illustrates the basic concept for a group of diaphragms; the principle one being
the roof plane. The exploded view shows walls of length t onto which pressures act. A
line load can be delivered to the roof plane by any wall. The roof shown may be viewed as
a simple horizontal girder of depth b, with its end reactions provided by distributed shears
along b at the wall intersection. Though it might be quite rigid and different from the roof,
the end wall itself acts as a diaphragm between the roof and foundation levels.
The most basic design problem is illustrated in Figure 1.2 where the "short-deep beam"
or diaphragm transmits the load Oe and Ow to the side walls. R then becomes O.SL(Ow
+ Oe). From the shape of the shear diagram, five items are apparent:
1- 3 SECTION 1 I INTRODUCTION
1. The maximum average shearS = R/b is at the end.
2. Zones nearer mid-span may have smaller shears and thus less diaphragm
strength is required.
3. Diaphragm design strength can be varied by using combinations of heavier and
thinner de.ck panels and heavier and lighter fastening patterns.
4. Efficient use of materials may not be met by using a single diaphragm design for
the entire roof area.
5. The diaphragm is a short-deep beam.
Q,
t t 1 t t t t 1 t
~
·l I VI\ ,/'
rv \
[\ \
~
I
R
t t t t t t t
Qll'
1- < - - - - - - - ~-----1
R~-~
--=crrnro R
The structure illustrated in Figure 1.1 shows none of the roof supporting elements.
However, such elements are important components of the diaphragm in that they act as
stiffeners, similar to stiffeners in thin-web girders. Such elements protect the zone from
general buckling. In addition, members with suitable connections to carry the flange
forces must always bound diaphragms.
The behavior of a diaphragm is dependent on the types of panels used, the methods of
attachment, and tne geometry of the described area. It may be determined either from full
scale testing or from the identified behavior of its component parts.
Included are common roof and floor deck sections described in the SDI "Roof Deck
Design Manual" and "Floor Deck Design Manual", along with other deck sections that are
available from deck manufacturers.
1- 5 SECTION 1 I INTRODUCTION
Section 1.5 Additional Topics
Section 1.5.1
4
Deep Deck and Cellular Diaphragms
Deck deeper than 3 inches and cellular deck can be used as either unfilled or concrete
filled diaphragms·. Design information and examples can be found in the SOl White
Paper, "Deeper Steel Deck and Cellular Diaphragms" (Luttrell, 2005).
Deck which is perforated for acoustical or other purposes can be used as a diaphragm.
Provisions for this application are found in AISI S31 0. Additional information can be found
in the SOl White Paper, " Perforated Metal Deck Diaphragm Design" (Luttrell, 2011 ).
For additional information, including examples, refer to SOl "Diaphragm Analysis with
Skew Walls" (2014).
--- Joists
I
r ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·- ·o- ·- · - · - · - ·- ·- ' l '- · - -~· - · - · - · 1
i- · -·-·-·-~-·- · -·-·- · r ·- · ·- ·- -:
I t • I
A !-·- ·- ·- ·-!- - ·- ·- ·- ·r ·- · ·- ·- ~
r l~--;~~;::.~~- - -rD~;;·-r t vb 8
'{ ~ ! pan I
I
!
8-A Ysw ·, ! I !
I , ,1, I
e --
'" -,_ o - ' - • ~ • - • - •- •- . - o - I~ I - · -
--
I ... ' - I - I - I j
Geometric Control
B-A <L
Tan(e)- ct
Steel deck on cold-formed steel roof or floor framing can be designed as a diaphragm.
Because of the thin nature of the support framing, screws are used for fastening, and
the limit states checked for the fastener must include the behavior of the fastener in the
supporting member. Examples SA and 58 in AISI 0310 show the design of a
diaphragm for this condition. The diaphragm load tables contained in this manual do not
consider this limit state.
through the panels and into the tops of deck corrugations, particularly on the diaphragm
perimeter, limit warping and increase shear stiffness. The flat elements themselves
provide additional shear transfer paths. Testing may be required for determining system
shear values.
1- 7 SECTION 1 I INTRODUCTION
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1- 8
DAP
ST SECTION 2
2 - 1
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2- 2
Section 2.1 Diaphragm Strength
The diaphragm is assembled to cover a specified area in such a way as to possess both
predictable in-plane shear strength and stiffness. The principle elements are the supporting
frame, the covering panels, and the interconnecting devices or fasteners. It can be a fairly
flexible system somewhat analogous to a truss as in Fig. 2.1-1. Prior to installing the
truss diagonal or attaching the diaphragm, neither of the frames possess much strength.
In Fig. 2.1-1, R = Pxa/b where P is an external load acting along b. The truss diagonal force
is made up of two components, P and R such that the average shear parallel· to b is P/b, and
the average shear parallel to a is R/a =P/b. Presuming edge members to have small changes
in length, the average shear in the diaphragm also is P/b both horizontally and vertically.
Unattached panels may not possess the ability to resist equal unit forces in perpendicular
directions. However, when they are part of the diaphragm system, including perimeter
members, the individual corrugations are held in position by end attachments and the
corrugations are not free to close.
The shear strength of a diaphragm system can be limited by the strength of connections, local
buckling in the panels, or by general plate-like buckling of the whole diaphragm area.
% R
b
T b
;I
1
~
1 u---.... .& .. ~ ....
_j_
·-~~
d
- I f -··-·-------·-·---------4r - r
r.===========:;===========;::==========::::;J·····r P
PURUN · \
~--"
I
......................................................................... ................ .
a
SHEET
SIDE-LAP
.f r
I
f
~t-+---------if-------1
- - - - - -- - -- - ..!!;,____________ ------- ;',~
/ 1
w
Figure 2.2-2 represents the edge most half panel and the forces transferred to it from P as the
, X
ultimate value Pn is approached . With Qr =Or _ /e , equilibrium is obtained with:
w2
Where:
= number of edge connectors between cross supports
(ne =3 in Fig. 2.2-2)
= L: xe , end distribution factor with summation across a fu'll width w
w
= distance from panel centerline to any fastener in a panel at the
end support
w = panel width
02 = purlin distribution factor similar to o 1
e = panel length
np = number of purlins excluding those at ends or end laps where
connection patterns may differ
Ot = structural fastener strength (see Section 4 ).
Qt·
'-+
0
PANEL CENTER'Ll~EJ
Figure 2.2-2 - Outer Edge Panel
Note that the edge fasteners between purlins may require special details if the purlins set
above the edge member. See Example 6A of Section 10.
I
H'/2
I
I
I
0 ----+
1
I
Fe~
CENTER LINE
I 0 0 I
I
I
I
Ftll .\·p i F,,, i ~
~ -------------
·r p] •I ~-
1
I
I I
I ~ 0 0 ~ I
I
I Fp2 Fp2 :
I
ol ~Fc2
Figure 2.2-3 shows a free body of an interior panel where Os represents a side lap (stitch)
connector and P w is the transferred end-member axial force. Those purlins away from a
n f
braced frame line or rigid wall have little ability to transfer axial forces. Considering rotational
equilibrium about the lower right corner:
Q,
Q\'! --.{0}------.*""----(j 1------.
* - - --< »-----.~---{j
Qr l o --+Fe
I
I
CENTER LINE
I
I
I .r, .-o o-
Q\' l 0+----
1
Qr ! +---<0>-----~---«
1
+--
r---~:-----<Ol---"*--~
+-- +--- +-- +--- +-
Q, Q.., Qf Q.\· QI Qs Q,
FASTENERS AT ENDS
As diaphragm loads increase, the panel corners tend to locally buckle, limiting the corner
force transfer to a lower value AOt. Then:
1 . Q ·Q
sni = 2A(/\ -1)+nsas + w2 {2nPL:X~ +4Ix;} -f =[2A(/\ -1)+Bl-f
(Eqn. 2.2-4)
with
Where :
h.e v
" = 1- hfv 2::0.7
240ft"
forSI "= 1- 369ft" 2:: 0. 7
Note in Fig. 2.2-3 that the resistance over the panel length, e, is comprised of both Mp and Me,
Me often being larger than Mp. Consider three cases assuming A. = 1 and ns = 0. Use Eqn.
2.2-4 witll w =24" and fasteners at 12" on centers at the purlins and 6" on centers at the ends
as shown in Fig. 2.2-4c.
The first case has two lines of connections per five feet or a 2/5 = 0.40 index; the second has
3/10 = 0.30, and the last has a 4/15 = 0.27 index. These relative values become closer with
the addition of side lap connections, but strength is still influenced by the number of
attached support lines per unit length.
The maximum possible resultant force that could exist on a corner fastener as in Fig. 2.2-4b is:
Where:
Ov = ~=~
N£ N
N = number of fasteners per unit length consistent with .e along ends
a, = Ot value from Eqn. 2.2-4 with A=1
e
Then Q 1 = Su and letting Or approach 0 1:
B.
Qf
= (Eqn. 2.2-5)
The probability of plate-like shear buckling, producing diagonal waves across the whole
diaphragm, is small for most common installations. For thin diaphragms, with small
depth h and relatively long spans Lv, buckling may result when the fasteners are closely
spaced. Such behavior has been noted in diaphragms 0.0179 inches and thinner, in
some thin WR type panel profiles, and in certain 0.0295 inch diaphragms with very
closely spaced sidelap connections and where larger than usual Lv values were involved.
In two span diaphragms, the central support does little to limit wave formation, but when larger
numbers of spans are used, the interior purlins do limit buckling. For relatively ideal
corrugated diaphragms, Easley (1970) has presented an approach to the critical shear load.
(Eqn.2.3-1)
Where:
L= panel length
t = panel base steel thickness
I= panel moment of inertia, per width w
d= panel corrugation pitch (see Figure 2.3-1)
s= developed flute width per width d = 2(e + w) + f
test based measure of connection end restraint
That approach was modified in previous DDM editions, conservatively treating the
limiting case as being controlled by two end spans, resulting in a critical load in US units:
a) in US units
S nb Lv 2 4~ I
= 7890 33(d) l<Ips/ft
t
.
--; (Eqn. 2.3-2)
Where:
Lv = purlin spacing, ft.
= panel moment of inertia, in 4 per foot of width
t =panel base steel thickness, in.
d = panel· corrugation pitch, in.
s =developed flute width per width d, in.
E = modulus of elasticity of cold-formed steel; 29500 k
or
b) in Sl units
= L · 2 ~I 3 t 3 (d)
42
Snb· kN/m (Eqn. 2.3-3)
s
v
Where:
Lv = purlin spacing, m
= panel moment of inertia, mm 4 per mm of width
t = panel base steel thickness, mm
d = panel corrugation pitch, mm.
s =developed flute width per width d, mm.
E = modulus of elasticity of cold-formed steel; 203000 MPa
The shear strengths from Section 2.2 must be modified by resistance or safety factors as
required by AISI S31 0-13. Those resistance and safety factors for diaphragms are as follows:
Note: Resistance factors for Limit State Design (LSD) are applicable to Canada and are
included for completeness. LSD is not otherwise covered in this Manual.
sne 1
= =(2o1 + npa2 + ne )~f (Eqn. 2.5-1)
Qf
=-;==='=== (Eqn. 2.5-3)
€2N2 + B2
N2B2
(Eqn. 2.5-4)
End Laps
The overlapping edges of panels should be in close contact to allow minimum eccentricity on
fasteners in the lap. When stitch fasteners connect adjacent panels between supports,
equivalent or superior fasteners should be used on the edgemost panel at the diaphragm
perimeter. Otherwise, shear strength along the first interior sidelap may exceed that along
the perimeter member and thus diminish the contribution of the stitch fasteners.
Connections
The diaphragm shear strength and stiffness is highly dependent upon its connections. The
connection type, quantity, location and quality are just some of the variables that influence the
capacity. For considerations applicable to each fastener type, refer to Section 4.
Split Panels
Finishing out a diaphragm at its edge may require a split panel at what usually is a higher shear
zone in the structure. Formulas of this section may be used to evaluate this special case
noting the partial panel width, w. Such a partial panel should be connected in every valley at
all supports, regardless of adjacent fastener patterns. Extra stitch connectors should
be considered at the split panel side lap. An example of design of a diaphragm with a split
panel is found in AISI 0310, Example 1B.
Longitudinal Edges
In applications where joists terminate on a shear wall, the edge-most diaphragm panel may not
contact the wall. If intermediate stitch fasteners have been required on side laps, similar
intermediate fasteners must exist at the edge. These can be accommodate~ by installing a
block-like spacer on the wall, to match the joist elevation, and then making connections to the
block. A "collecting angle" may also be used as in Example Problem 6A of Section 10.
When decks are installed with multiple spans, occasional shorter panels may be required. In a
large diaphragm area, the shear strength can be determined satisfactorily by using the typical
three span panel length.
Design load tables, based on Section 2 formulas, are given in Sections 11 and 12 for typical
Steel Deck Institute profiles. The table headings describe the means of connection, the panel
width and thickness, span lengths Lv, and the fastening pattern. The "Sidelap" column in any
table gives the number of stitch or intermediate connections between structural supports. The
tabular values are nominal strength values that need to be modified by the appropriate
resistance factor (LRFD) or factor of safety (ASD) for design purposes. The tables are based
on a rational assumption for strength and conservative assumption for stiffness of a "three or
more" span condition.
3- 1
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3- 2
Section 3.1 Diaphragm Stiffness
The stiffness of a diaphragm is a direct indication of how it distorts under the influence of
shear forces in its own plane. The need to know such movement is partic.ularly important
when assessing the transfer of forces, through a diaphragm, between adjacent frames or
shear walls.
The stiffness of a diaphragm may be measured by testing an assembly such as that in Fig .
3.1-1 . As the load P increases, the shear deflection 8. is noted. The average shear strain in
the system is y = IJJa, while the average shear stress within the diaphragm is -r- =P/(Lt).
Following the classic definition for shear modulus:
t p a
0=-=-- (Eqn. 3.1-1)
y lt 11
i·---.--
SHEET 1 t
(/ .. SIDE-LAP H'
l=========::t=t=======+-==-
---=--=====1- ~-t
11'
Then the stiffness G' is defined within the linear test range of P vs. L'l as:
Typical values for G' in 0.03 inches thick material may be on the order of 50 kips/inch,
depending on the deck profile and intensity of the connection pattern used. This translates to
2
an effective modulus G = G'/t = 1667 kips/inch , well below that of the base material G =
2
11300 kips/inch . Roof diaphragms may routinely be an order of magnitude more flexible
than flat continuous plates of similar thickness.
The introduction ~f discrete connections at panel side laps further increases the deflection
relaxation under load by an amount of !J.c such that:
(Eqn. 3.2-2)
5 T E E L 0 E C K I N 5 TIT U T.E 3- 4
EDGE RESTRAINED
END CLOSURE BY NEXT UNIT
The evaluation of the l:l terms is given detailed treatment in DDM01 (Luttrell, 1981 ). All three
terms involve E, t, L, and P and lead to a modified form:
Et
G' = - -
s
2(l+v)d+Dn+C
l (Eqn. 3.3-1)
It is noted that C depends only on L once a particular profile has been selected and its
thickness and fastener arrangement established.
The warping coefficients Dn measure the warping relaxation at the ends of the diaphragm
panels. The warping is smaller with frequently spaced end connections and impact
diaphragms less when sheets are longer.
The solution for Dn may involve a mixture of warping constants D depending on fastener
arrangements at panel ends. Luttrell (1981) presents a detailed solution forD values. D-values
for warping are given in Table 3.3-2 for the more common 1.5 inch WR, IR, NR, and 3 inch DR
roof deck profiles. They were developed using the provisions of AISI S31 0, Appendix 1,
Section D1.4. For additional information on calculation of warping factors, refer to AISI S31 0,
Appendix 1 and the Commentary to Appendix 1.
D
Dn = - (Eqn. 3.3-2)
L
Table 3.3-1
Deck Dimensions for Warping Calculations (Inches)
Type h w d 2e f s
0.0295 7224
0.0358 5404
DR N.A. N.A. N.A.
0.0474 3547
0.0598 2503
The effect of Dn is reduced to pDn depending on the number of equal spans L v within the sheet
length Lp values are given in Table 3.3-3.
Table 3.3-3
p Values
Spans 1 2 3 4 5 6
p 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.71 0.64
An alternate form of G' is presented in Section 9, and, for those cases, its numerical value is
obtained by simple substitution.
3- 10
SECTION 4
4 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4- 2
Section 4.1 Connections
The major parts comprising a diaphragm are the deck panels, the structural members to which
they are connected, and the connecting devices or fasteners. The fastener types include welds,
screws, power actuated fasteners, or other mechanical devices having predictable
performance. The strength and stiffness of a diaphragm depend on the panel properties, the
span arrangements, and the connection quality. Changes from one type of connector to
another affect the diaphragm response only to the degree that connections now exhibit
different strengths and stiffnesses. Thus it is essential to know both the fastener shear strength
and shear stiffness.
Side-lap (or Stitch) Connection: A fastener connecting adjacent panels to each other
but not connecting to the frame members. Values are denoted by a subscript "s".
Superior fastener performance ensues when connected parts are in close contact, thus
keeping shear eccentricity to a minimum. Individual fastener tests are made by assembling
elements as in Figure 4.1 and testing in accordance with AISI S905. Fasteners are installed
as dictated by specifications and the system loading. During the loading sequence, both the
strength and slip are noted.
The test assembly may involve light gage material of similar thicknesses, representing a
side-lap or stitch connection, leading to:
Os = Side-lap connector strength
Ss = Side-lap connector flexibility
When the test specimen involves a thinner unit attached to a heavier unit, representing a
structural member:
Ot = Structural connector strength
St = Structural connector flexibility
4- 3 SECTION 4 I CONNECTIONS
STEEL PLATE
SHEET-TO-STRUCTURE CONNECTIONS
j ~r ,~r ~ ~
[ SHEET
T-
SHEET /
; T T •-T
In Sections 2 and 3 of this Manual, fastener shear strength values were designated as Q and
shear flexibilities asS. AISI S310 uses different designations as follows:
Groups of tests are conducted to establish repeatability and the influence of such variables as
sheet thickness and yield strength. Cross checks then may be made against full scale
diaphragm tests. Given that different fastener types have differing stiffness and strength
values, one-on-one substitutions may not be possible. The different fastener types may be
selected on cost, reliability, or workforce qualifications.
In arc-spot welds made without washers, the material strength, Fu. may not have
great significance especially when it is below 60 ksi. The welding operation raises
sheet temperatures until metallurgical changes result near the weld impairing strength built
in either by cold rolling or other controlled means.
Additional information on arc welds can be found in Section 3.2 of the SOl ROOM and FOOM.
The welding of thinner sheet materials to heavy structural units requires tight contact between
the units for proper heat transfer. Further, a proper balance between the welding time and the
electrode burn-off rate is essential to good quality welding. Typically, connections in
diaphragms are through a single thickness over interior supports in each panel and in interior
flutes. However, multiple thickness connections occur in these diaphragm configurations at
side-laps or end-laps. Increased welding times may be required at points of multiple thickness.
The AISI S310 Standard uses weld strength equations from the AISI S100 Standard, which are
found in Section 01.1.1 of AISI S31 0.
Welding machine power settings required usually are well below those needed for welding in
hot-rolled steels. Typically, E60XX or E?OXX welding electrodes are used, with 5/32-inch
diameter rods. The time required per weld may vary between 3 to 6 seconds or more
depending on the properties of parts being connected. Heavier substrates require more
welding time but increased power settings may burn out the panel faster than electrode
material can be deposited.
4- 5 SECTION 4 I CONNECTIONS
A preliminary field quality check can be made by placing a pair of welds in adjacent valleys at
one end of a panel. The opposite end of the panel can be rotated, within the panel plane,
placing the welds in shear, and continued rotation can lead to separation. This torsional test is
similar to the arc spot weld qualification test found in Clause 4 of AWS 01.3.
Separation, leaving no apparent external perimeter distress, but occurring at the sheet-to-
structure plane, may indicate insufficient welding time and poor fusion with the substrate.
Failure around the external weld perimeter, showing distress within the panel but the weld still
attached to the substrate, indicates a higher quality weld. The end of the welding operation
may not permit complete fusion on the whole perimeter. Based on testing that was performed
to develop the design provisions in SOl DDM01 , DDM02, and DDM03, fusion should be visible
over no less than three-quarters of the weld perimeter. Local interpretation of code
requirements may require more stringent criteria.
Side-Lap Welds
In adjacent diaphragm panels with nestable or flat overlapping edges, sheet-to-sheet or stitch
connections may be required away from supporting members. The placement of arc spot welds
at such side-laps is difficult; the thinner the material, the more difficult the welding
operation. Welding of side-laps is not recommended for material of 0.0295 inches or thinner. It
is quite likely that welding in such thin materials will lead to a hole, which is to be expected, but
the perimeter must be fused.
The AISI S31 0 provides side lap weld strength equations in Section 01 .2.1 for arc spot welds,
Section 01 .2.2 for fillet welds, Section 01.2.3 for flare groove welds, and 01.2.4 for arc top
seam welds.
Nominal 5/8-inch diameter arc-spot weld of good quality are more efficiently obtained in metals
thicker than 0.0280 inches than are welds through washers. Thus washers are not
recommended for panels having thicknesses of 0.0280 inches or greater. In no cases should
washers be used at interior side-laps.
For stitch connections between sheets at the side-laps, a different performance ensues. The
screw, not being anchored into a thicker more rigid element, tilts over and thus is more flexible.
Its strength may be limited by bearing-tearing in the sheets or, with sufficient ~ilting, a tear!ng-
pull out combination.
4- 7 SECTION 4 I CONNECTIONS
The AISI S310 Standard uses screw strength equations from the AISI S100 Standard,
which are found in Sections 01.1.1 and 01.2.5 of AISI S31 0 for structural and side-lap
screws, respectively.
The AISI S310 Standards uses screw flexibility values from earlier editions of the SDI
Diaphragm Design Manual (Luttrell, 2004 ). The flexibility values for both structural and side-lap
screws are found in AISI S310, Section 05.2.2.
The quality of the screw itself is generally not a concern; however, it should be installed using
properly calibrated tools to avoid overdriving. This can strip the threads at side-lap connections
or fracture the s~rew when installing into thicker supporting steel. Screws typically have a
maximum thickness of material that can be connected . In addition, there are multiple drill point
sizes available that accommodate various material thicknesses. Contact the screw
manufacturer for their recommendations on screw length and drill point selection.
Since there are no predrilled holes, the driving operation displaces material and leaves it locked
under the head or the washers, resulting in a very stiff connection. The driving depth
is controlled by the power selection for the tool used. Fastener strength is controlled by
driving depths. These can be determined by establishing tight contact between the fixed head
and the deck, or by measurements on the washered fastener, after driving , which are
set by the manufacturer.
Section 01 .1.3 of A lSI S31 0 requires that the strength of power-actuated fastener connections
be established by testing.
Button-punched side laps do stabilize panel edges but, otherwise, may contribute little to
diaphragm strength. They can vary greatly in shape and effectiveness.
The quality of button punching is difficult to maintain. The quality of the attachment depends on
the care and the energy used by the installer and the tool that is used. A conservative approach
for using the tables in Sections 11 and 12 for diaphragms with button punched side-laps is to
consider the button punches as having zero strength and then use the first line in each table.
Diaphragms, required to resist higher shears, may be required to have structural connections
immediately to either side of the upstanding side-lap at supports. Otherwise, the majority of
shear force will be transmitted across panel edges through the button punches only. (See
Figure 16 of Section 9).
Strength for these connections are found in A lSI S31 0 Section 01.2.6 and flexibility is found in
AISI S310 Section 05.2.5
4- 9 SECTION 4 I CONNECTIONS
Advanced proprietary mechanical punching devices do exist; the strength and stiffness values
can be established and appropriate load tables generated. Testing for these fasteners is
required by Section E of A lSI S31 0.
5 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5- 2
Section 5.1 Concrete Filled Diaphragms
Steel diaphragms may be reinforced with overlayments of insulating concrete,
structural concrete, or by directly attached flat panels used to produce a flat surface.
Such devices present additional paths through which shear forces may traverse the
diaphragm. Consider the diaphragm segment shown in Fig. 5.1, where the shaded areas are
shear zones in the concrete above the steel deck. The shallowest zone above the
corrugation top would present a shear area along the side lap. The concrete which fills the
corrugations prohibits or limits end warping and local corner buckling. Without local warping ,
the shear term of Eq. 2.2-4 would approach unity.
~-:.-
I --r
-i .-
1~
~
. ~ .
1-
I
I
I
I I
:..
-- - . II
~
I
- ,-- I
I·- ·- I
'"' = d - ,_
·- f- PANEL END OR
-'-- r- - - !- ·- - ·-~ END LAP
U'
"' ~ DE CK OVERLAP
I I Sl DE-LAP
DECK OVERLAP
SIDE-LAP
(b) Concrete Filled Diaphragm Showing Cover Depth Over top of Steel Deck
s n = ~pLnf + kbd rr
c"'/
1
c
(Eqn. 5.1-1)
AISI S31 0 further limits the contribution of the connectors to not be greater than 25% of the
total diaphragm strength.
13 = nsas +~(2nPI(x~
w
)+ 4 I(x~ )) from Section 2
Pnf = structural connector strength
L = panel length
k = concrete strength factor
b = unit width
de = concrete cover depth
f'c = specified compressive strength of concrete
3.5-Jf; over the shear area deL have been reported (Porter and Greimann, 1982). Shear
increases with depth and methods of attachment. Strength for these diaphragms is found in
Section 04.2 of AISI S310.
term in Eq. 5.1-1. In order to develop the strength of the diaphragm, it is vital to provide
adequate perimeter connections to get the force in and out of the diaphragm. However, since
the concrete fill may add significantly to the strength within the system, it may be necessary to
increase the number or strength of perimeter connections in order to develop the full strength
of the diaphragm field.
approaches zero. Further, the steel panel shear force is proportionately smaller with the added
concrete shear resistance.
The calculation of the stiffness of filled diaphragms is found in Section 05.4 of AISI S31 0.
Filled diaphragms are assembled from steel deck and a material that covers the steel deck. Noting
that the combination of the steel deck and the covering material can lead to increased variability,
filled diaphragms have the following resistance and safety factors, as shown in AISI S310:
Cl> a
Diaphragm Condition
(LRFD) (ASD)
For filled diaphragms subjected to earthquake loads or
0.50 3.25
subjected to load combinations which include earthquake loads.
For filled diaphragms subjected to wind loads or subjected to
0.50 3.25
load combinations which include wind loads.
For filled diaphragms subjected to load combinations not involving
0.50 3.25
wind or earthquake loads.
6- 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
6- 2
Section 6.1 Alternate Fasteners
Section E of AISI S31 0 permits the strength and stiffness of a diaphragm to be
determined by tests in accordance with that chapter. The results of small-scale tests to
determine the strength and flexibility of fasteners in accordance with AISI S905 can
be utilized with the diaphragm theory found in A lSI S31 0, or an alternate theory
can be developed. Additionally, it is permitted to perform full-scale diaphragm tests
in accordance with AISI S907.
The SOl Diaphragm Design Manual, 3rd Edition, (Luttrell, 2004) contained fastener
strength and flexibility equations based upon extensive testing and these equations can be
used for diaphragm design, with the approval of the Designer and Authority Having
Jurisdiction. It is permitted to use the safety and resistance factors shown in S310-2013
with these equations, since the commentary of AISI S310, Section 81 says the calibration
is based on the test data and calibration in SOl DDM01 ( 1981 ).
p = 2.2tF"(d -t)} kN
{ nf I 000
1
Where:
d = average visible diameter (limited to a minimum of 0.5 inches)
= specified minimum steel strength, ksi
= base steel thickness, inches
For typical steel diaphragms using ASTM A653 SS grade 33 steels having Fy = 33 ksi, Fu
=45 ksi, and d =5/8 inches:
p
{ nf
= 17.3t(~+ Fxxt)} kN
19.1 584 '
Where:
For washers with elongated or slotted holes one inch long by one-quarter inch wide and
having loads applied parallel to the weld axis:
{ 3Ft(
P - FJ}
1.5 - 1380 '
nf -
y 1 Y kN
Where:
For stitch connections between sheets at the sidelaps, the strength of the connection can
be calculated as follows:
{Pns = 0. 793dt}, kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
d = major diameter of the screw, inches
and
s = 36.0 } mm
{ r 1000/t ' kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
and
8
= 1.25 inch
(Eqn. 6.6-5)
f 1oooJt ' kip
s _ 36 } mm
{ 1 - 1000Jt ' kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
and
S = 1.25 inch
(Eqn. 6.6-7)
1
oooJt ·
1 kip
s = 36.0 } mm
{ 1 1ooo.Jt · kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
Pneutek SDK61-series
[Applicable for support steel thickness from 0.113 inches to 0.155 inches]
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
{P,, ~ 5.81{ 1+ 1 .~ 7 )} , kN
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
81
= 3.0 inch
(Eqn. 6.6-10)
1ooo.Jt' kip
s = 86.3 } mm
{ 1 1ooo.Jt ' kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
Pneutek SDK63-series
[Applicable for support steel thickness from 0.155 inches to 0.25 inches]
p =189(t- 0.152)o.a} kN
{ ~ 126 '
Where :
t = base steel thickness, inches
and
= 3.0 inch
8 (Eqn.6.6-13)
r 1ooo.Jt' kip
s = 86.3 } mm
{ 1 1ooo.Jt · kN
Where :
t = base steel thickness, inches
p = 189(t- 0.457
{ nf
)o.6} kN
· 62.2 '
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
and
8 = 3.0 irch
(Eqn.6.6-16)
r 1ooo,Jt ' kip
s _ 86.3 } mm
{ r - 1000-Jt. ' kN
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
Pneutek K66-series
[Applicable for support steel thickness from 0.281 inches and up]
and
s _ 86.3 } mm
{ 1ooo.Jt
f - I kN
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
Buildex BX-14:
and
s _ 71.9 } mm
{ f - 1000.[t' I kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches
and
s = 71.9 } mm
{ r lOOO.ft ' kN
Where :
= base steel thickness, inches
and
8
= 30.0 inch
(Eqn. 6.7-2)
s 1 ooo.[t · kip
s = 863 } mm
{ s 1ooo.Jt · kN
Where:
= base steel thickness, inches
Where:
base steel thickness of deck, inches {mm}
tsupport = thickness of the support steel, inches {mm}
and
S = 1.30 , inch (Eqfl. 6.8-2)
1
1ooo.Jt kip
S = 37.4 } mm
{ r 1OOO.Jt ' kN
Where:
t = base steel thickness, inches {mm}
6- 14
SECTION 7
7 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
7- 2
SYMBOL DEFINITION SYMBOL DEFINITION
Diaphragm width perpendicular to p Required factored diaphragm
panel span direction - may be taken u strength for LRFD
a as equal to joist length for finding Fastener required allowable
G' or S" Q shear strength
b Diaphragm dimension, or Fastener strength, panel-to-frame
Qf
Panel unit width, 12 inches for US Fastener strength, panel-to-panel
b unit or 1000 mm for Sl unit
Qs
qw' qL, qE Line loads at diaphragm edges
c Slip relaxation constant
External diameter of arc-spot weld, Rw' RL, ~ Diaphragm reactions
d or Required allowable linear dia-
s phragm shear for ASD
d Corrugation pitch
Fastener flexibility factors,
0, On, Om Panel warping constants, or sf panel-to-frame
0 Panel depth Fastener flexibility factors,
E Modulus of Elasticity, 29500 ksi
s. panel-to-panel
p ns
Nominal shear strength (resistance) 0, au Safety factor
of a side-lap connection
7- 3 SECTION 7 I SYMBOLS
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
7- 4
SECTION 8
8- 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
8- 2
REFERENCES
Easley, J. T., "Strength and Stiffness of Corrugated Metal Shear Diaphragms," Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Volume 103, January 1977, pp. 169-180.
Jankowski, Walter A. and Sherman, Donald, "The Interaction of Shear Diaphragms and
Diagonal Bracing", 9th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,
University of Missouri-Rolla, November 1988.
Luttrell, L. D., Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual. DDM01, St. Louis,
Missouri, 1981.
Luttrell, L. D., Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual. DDM03, Fox River Grove,
Illinois, 2004.
Luttrell, L. D., "Perforated Metal Deck Diaphragm Design", SDI White Paper, 2011 .
Luttrell, L. D., "Deeper Steel Deck and Cellular Diaphragms", SOl White Paper, 2005.
Mattingly, John, "Design Examples for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels Based on
AISI S310-13", AISI D310-14, American Iron and Steel Institute, 2014.
Nilson, A. H., "Shear Diaphragms of Light Gage Steel," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
Nov., 1960.
Nunna, R. and C. W. Pinkham (2012). S. B. Barnes Associates, Report No. 11-01, "Top Arc
Seam Welds (Arc Seam Weld on Standing Seam Hem) Shear Strength [Resistance] and
Flexibility for Sheet-to-Sheet Connections," February 17, 2012.
Nunna, R. (2011 ), S. B. Barnes Associates, Report No. 11-03, "Buckling of Profiled Steel
Diaphragms", October 21, 2011.
Porter, M. L. and Greimann, L. F., "Composite Steel Deck Diaphragm Slabs- Design Modes,"
Sixth International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Structures, University of Missouri-
Rolla, November 1982.
Sputo, Thomas, SOl Floor Deck Design Manual. 1st Edition, Steel Deck Institute, 2014.
Sputo, Thomas, SDI Roof Deck Design Manual. 1st Edition, Steel Deck Institute, 2013.
Yu, Wei-Wen and LaBoube, Roger, Cold-Formed Steel Design. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2010.
Diaphragm Action of Cellular Steel Floor and Deck Roof Construction, Bull. No. 3, Canadian
Sheet Steel Building Institute, Mississauga, Ont., 1972.
North Am erican Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, AISI
S100-12,American Iron and Steel Institute.
8- 3 SECTION 8 I REFERENCES
North American Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels, AISI S310-13,
E ~
Standard for Composite Steel Floor Deck-Slabs, ANSI/SOl C-2011, Steel Deck Institute.
Standard for Non-Composite Steel Floor Deck, ANSI/SDI NC-201 0, Steel Deck Institute.
Standard for Steel Roof Deck, ANSI/SDI RD-201 0, Steel Deck Institute.
Test Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Connections, AISI S905-13, American Iron and
Steel Institute.
FURTHER READING
Ammar, A. R. and Nilson, A. H., "Analysis of Light Gage Steel Shear Diaphragms," Part I and
II, Report Nos. 350 and 351, Department of Structural Engineering, Cornell University, August
1972 and July 1973.
Apparao, T.V.S.R., "Tests on Light Gage Steel Diaphragms," Report No. 328, Department of
Structural Engineering, Cornell University, December 1966.
Bryan, E. R., The Stressed Skin Design of Steel Building, Constrado Monographs, Crosby
Lockwood Staples, London, England, 1972.
Bryan, E. R. and EI-Dakhakhni, W. M., "Shear Flexibility and Strength of Corrugated Decks,"
Journal of the StrUctural Division, ASCE, Volume 94, No. ST 11, November 1968, pp. 2544-2580.
Bryan, E. R. and Jackson, P., "The Shear Behavior of Corrugated Steel Sheeting," Symposium
on Thin Walled Steel Structures, University of Swansea, September 1967, pp. 258-274.
Davies, J. M., "Calculation of Steel Diaphragm Behavior," Journal of the Structural Division,
ASCE, July 9176, pp. 1411-1430.
Davies, J. M. and Lawson, R. M., The Shear Flexibility of Profiled Sheeting, 3rd Conference on
Cold-Formed Ste~l Structures, University of Missouri-Rolla, November 1975.
Davies, J. M., "Simplified Diaphragm Analysis," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Volume
103, November 1977, pp. 2093-2109.
Easley, J. T., "Buckling Formulas for Corrugated Metal Shear Diaphragms," Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, Volume 101, July 1975, pp. 1403-1417.
Huang, H. T., Theoretical and Physical Approach to Light Gage Steel Shear Diaphragms, Ph.D.
dissertation, West Virginia University, Department of Civil Engineering, 1979. ·
Klinger, C. J., Strength and Flexibil ity of Mechanical Connectors in Steel Shear Diaphragms,
MSCE Thesis, West Virginia University, 1986.
Luttrell, L. D., Screw Connected Shear Diaphragms, 2nd Conference on Cold Formed Steel
Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, October 1973.
Luttrell, L. D. and Huang, H. T., "Theoretical and Physical Evaluations of Steel Shear
Diaphragms," 5th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Structures, University of
Missouri-Rolla, November 1980. ·
Luttrell, L. D. and Huang, H. T., Steel Deck Diaphragm Studies, Steel Deck Institute, St. Louis,
Missouri, 1981 (published with DDM01 ).
Luttrell, L. D., "Arc-Puddle Welds and Weld Washers for Attachments in Steel Deck", SOl White
Paper, 2007.
Luttrell, L. D. and Mattingly, J., A Primer on Diaphragm Design Manual, Metal Construction
Association, 2007.
Pekoz, T. and McGuire, W., "Welding of Sheet Steel," 5th International Specialty Conference on
Cold-Formed Structures, University of Missouri-Rolla, November 1980.
Ravindra, M. K. and Galambos, T.V., "Load and Resistance Factor Design for Steel," Journal of
the Structural Division, ASCE, Volume 104, No. ST 9, September 1978, pp. 1337-1353.
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-11, American Concrete Institute
Seismic Design for Buildings (Tri-Services Technical Manual), Depts. of Army, Navy, and Air
Force, U.S. Government Printing Office, Philadelphia, February 1982. ·
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10, American Society of
Civil Engineers.
8- 5 SECTION 8 I REFERENCES
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
8- 6
I
I
AND STIFFNESS PROPERTIES
SECTION 9
9- 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
9- 2
Typical Fastener Layout
1.5(WR.IR.NR)
36/lJ PA'ITERN
!t6n PA'rTERN
'!.6/5 PA'rrERN
JO" COVERAGE
?.0/6 PA'n'ERN \ j)
'!.0/4 PATTERN ~ j)
30/3 PA'ITERN ( D
*This pnucrn is also used for 1.5 in. WR composite deck.
3 DR
24/4 PATTERN
3(Jj4 PA"ITERN
24/3 PATTERN
lJ/16 FORM -~
35" COVERAGE
35/H PA'lTERN I
35n PATTERN \
35/6 PATTERN (
35/5 PATTERN
14-- - - 30" COVERAGE -
__ ,..
..... ...,. ..... n
:.on PATTERN \
h
30/5 PATTERN (
30/4 PATTERN I
9- 3 SECTION 9 I
FASTENERS, WARPING,
AND STIFFNESS PROPERTIES
General Stiffness Equations
Bare Deck:
Filled Deck:
Dxx: select the appropriate value of Dxx from Table 9-6, ft.
26 24 22 22 20 18 16 22 20 18 16
0.0179 0.0239 0.0295 0.0295 0.0358 0.0474 0.0598 0.0295 0.0358 0.0474 0.0598
60 60 60 33 33 33 33 40 40 40 40
62 62 62 45 45 45 45 52 52 52 52
---------------------------------------------------SECTION
-
9 I FASTENERS, WARPING,
9- 5
AND S TIFFNESS PROPERTIES
Table 9-6 Deck Warping Factors
WR 1.365 103 77 51 36
WR 1.365 103 77 51 36
WR 1.365 103 77 51 36
3"
Roof DR 24/4 1.333 0.556 1.500 1.608 1 - -- 603 451 296 209
Deck
1.5"
6"
Comp.
Pitch
36/4 1.333 0.556 1.000 1.365 1 -- -- 860 643 422 298
Deck
#10 screw 272 419 575 417 558 850 1205 482 645 982 1392
#12 screw 290 447 613 445 595 906 1285 514 688 1047 1484
9- 9 SECTION 9 I
FASTENERS, WARPING,
AND S·TIFFNESS PROPERTIES
Table 9-14 Nominal Screw Pull-Out Strength
Table 9-15 Nominal Arc Spot Weld Uplift Strength (Concentric Loading)
Welds Screws
Attachment Patterns c k k
36/3 3 1.7 2
24/3 2 1.7 2
36/4 3 2.7 3
24/4 2 2.7 3
36/5 3 3.7 4
24/5 2 3.7 4
36/6 3 4.7 5
36/7 3 5.7 6
Notes:
1. The k value for welds takes into account the load eccentricity on the side lap.
C is the cover width in feet. k is the effective number of connectors per deck cover width.
2. The uplift resistance U, in psf, can be calculated for a given fastener pattern using the
following equation. Pis the fastener tensile capacity. Lis the deck span in feet.
U = kP
CL
3. The shear resistance S, in plf, can be calculated for a given fastener pattern using the
following equation. This equation is not applicable to the design of shear diaphragms. V
is the fastener shear capacity.
S = kV
c
9- 12
SECTION 9A
9A- 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
9A- 2
Table 9A-1 Support Fastener Nominal Shear Strength (lbs)
Hilti X-ENP-19L 15
(0.250" minimum 1015 1321 1603 1603 1933 2529 3149 1603 1933 2529 3149
support steel)
Pneutek SDK63-
series (0.155" to 912 1325 1711 1711 1973 2403 2812 1711 1·973 2403 2812
0.250" support steel)
Pneutek K64-series
(0.187" to 0.312" 916 1332 1699 1699 2209 2985 3686 1699 2209 2985 3686
support steel)
Pneutek K66-series
(0.281" and thicker 780 1134 1814 1814 2251 3101 4076 1814 2251 3101 4076
support steel)
Buildex BX-12 962 1242 1484 1484 1734 2134 2473 1484 1'734 2134 2473
Buildex BX-14 1019 1315 1572 1572 1837 2260 2620 1572 1837 2260 2620
Simpson Strong-Tie
XL Screw (0.250" to -- - 1869 1869 2268 3003 3110 1869 2268 3003 3110
0.375" support steel)
Simpson Strong-Tie
XL Screw (0.125" to - - 1684 1684 2044 2707 3110 1684 2044 2707 3110
0.249" support steel)
Buildex BX-14 0.0187 0.0162 0.0146 0.0146 0.0132 0.0115 0.0102 0.0146 0.0132 0.0115 0.0102
Simpson
Strong-Tie XL
Screw (0.125" -- - 0.0076 0.0076 0.0069 0.0060 0.0053 0.0076 0.0069 0.0060 0.0053
to 0.375"
support steel)
1
T "' (lbs)( )
T"' (lbs)
Steel Deck
Thickness Buildex Fastener Type/Washer Diameter (d,w)
t1, (in.)
#10-16 TEKS #12-14 TEKS 1/4-14 TEKS BX14 Pin BX12 Pin
=
Fu1 45 ksi
0.400" W.O. 0.415" W.O. 0.500" W.O. 0.562" W.O . 0.562" W.D
9A- 8
EXAMP
SECTION 10
10 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY lEFT BlANK
10 - 2
Section 10.1 Introduction
The following series of design examples are arranged to illustrate selected problems
encountered in the use of diaphragms. The more common problems usually are not in the
assessment of either strength or stiffness, but in the structural analysis itself and particularly
in the determination of deflections. For indet~rminate structural systems, it is essential to
know displacements, else the proper assignment of force distribution through the system may
not be possible.
The first five examples introduce simple behavioral concepts including simple methods of
deflection calculations. The remaining examples focus more toward design evaluations and,
necessarily, they are limited to a specific loading condition. The assumed loading conditions
are for illustrative purposes. A specific building design must be based on its own design loads
that come from any direction.
Additional examples can be found in AI Sl 031 0-14, Design Examples for the Design of
Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels Based on A/Sf S310-13, published by the American Iron and
Steel Institute. This design guide is the supporting document for A lSI S31 0, North American
Standard for the Design of Profiled Steel Diaphragm Panels. The guide provides five design
examples that illustrate the application of design provisions in AISI 8310.
Additional examples can be found in the SDI White Paper, Diaphragm Analysis with Skew
Walls, (SDI, 2014).
10 - 3 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Sectjon 10.~ List of Examples
2 Stiffness 10-7
4 Deflections 10- 12
23 Calculate Strength and Stiffness for Concrete Filled Deck 10- 125
24 Calculate Strength and Stiffness for Composite Deck without Fill 10- 130
25 Calculate Strength and Stiffness for Composite Cellular Deck without Fill 10- 133
26 Calculate Strength and Stiffness for Composite Cellular Acoustical Deck without Fill 10- 138
- -
The rectangular areas of Figures 1.1 and 1.2 have different shear transfer systems. Compare
the two when all perimeter areas are pin-connected at their ends.
p = 15 kip
/J
1 - - - -- - f = 2b
Figure 1.1
s = 9kip = 4.5kip
2b b
4.5kip
and parallel to b, S = b , an equal value .
10 - 5 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
r - -- ------,J:
r:oooooooooooooo: 3
A
0 0
h
: 0
j 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
/-/ r/
4 - - - -- - - t =2h - - - -- ---+'
Ra Rh
Figure 1.2
CONNECTION
SHEET-
Section -A
S = ~ = Ra = 4.5kip
2b b b
Notes: The perimeter members are integral parts of the system and must be stable in order
to transfer forces through the system. Given the diaphragm stiffness properties, its deflection
under the load can be precisely modeled by a properly arranged truss. (See Example 3.)
A diaphragm of width a and length b is to be tested to confirm predicted strength and stiffness
values. Figure 2.1 indicates the shape of the assembly.
~-------- a
R T -~-_}-.:_ · · - -. -L
p
1
"il
P
0- /
cp
/
r· ••
GAGE
LAYOUT
cp
..................
'
,
/
fu
...J:z:: '
~Ll.l
...J
I
I
I
2
'
I
I
R- • J--..~
. --~--~~
i_j_
•••••• •••
... : /). 2
···II
Figure 2.1
a. For various stages of the gradually applied load P, record all corner movements as indicated
by the gage layout. Gages 3, 4, and 5 will indicate any movement of the supports, which must be
removed to arrive at the actual shear deflection. ll 1 will be virtually identical to ll 2 noting that axial
strains in the perimeter members will be small. Find the net shear deflection to be:
Figure 2.2
10 - 7 SECTION 10 J EXAMPLES
b. Plot P versus ~ as in Figure 2.2. G' is defined as relative to the slope of the line
through 0.4Pn in ·the substantially linear range. For small angles, the angle y of Figure
2.1 and its tangent are essentially equal. Then,
G'= S = Pa = 0.4Pna
y ~b ~b
S = pn =~
n b a
Pn =ultimate observable load.
Notes: The average shears are identical either parallel to a or b. Stiffness depends, among
other factors, on panel length and the fastener patterns. Had the panels spanned a shorter
dimension, a, a different stiffness value could have developed.
I
I
I
. ___::>--
/~~ -----
Figure 2.3
c. Suppose G' = 20 kip/inch, find the displacement ll in the wall system of Figure 2.3.
The analysis has led to S = 150 plf along the wall top. The wall is h = 18 feet high and
b =42 feet wide. ·
G' = ~ = Sh or ~ = Sh
y ~ G'
ll = 0.135 inches
Note: A structural member must exist at the top and bottom of the wall along b for continuous
shear transfer.
A diaphragm area of h =18 feet and b =20 feet has been found to have a stiffness of G' = 15
kip/inch and an unnotched design shear S = 200 plf. Find the shear deflection and compare the
evaluation to deflections in a truss of similar size. P =S b, P =4 kip.
' _ S _ PI b _ Ph =
a. G ------- L'l Ph /: :. =0.24 inches
y L'l I h L'lb G'b
b. Consider the truss in Figure 3 as having pinned connections and a steel rod of d = 0.75
inches and area AJ. The four perimeter members are presumed to have very large areas relative
to AJ. as often is the case for supplemental bracing. Then,
Ld = 26.91 feet
T =5.38 kips
e =0.133 inches
/: :. =0.179 inches
c. Find the area Ad required for the truss to have a deflection /:::.. =0.24 inches.
10 - 9 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
h = 18'-0'' -l p
h =20' -0"
\ __L
-- --~-----
1 ··-------- .. LT
: !:;,.
11=18'-0" -~
h =20' -0"
Figure 3
d. Suppose the systems in 1.(diaphragm system) and 2.(truss system) were used jointly.
Find the final displacement and how the load is shared.
G'
The diaphragm will carry Pd=-P
G' 5
Note: In mixed systems, loads are shared in proportion to the relative stiffness. Further, it can be
seen that a single diagonal could be used to model the stiffness of a diaphragm.
For further information of mixed systems, refer to Jankowski and Sherman (1988).
10 - 11 SECTION 10 j EXAMPLES
Example 4: Qefl@ctions
Given:
The diaphragm of Figure 4(d) represents the roof diaphragm indicated in Figure 4(a) where
q is the total un-factored line load from both the windward and leeward walls.
q (plj)
1 l l l l 1 1
( 1) q = 200 plf
(2) b = 40 feet
(3) L =125 feet
(4) G' = 30 kips/inch
Solution:
Joist beams are at 10 feet on center, each with area Ait = 10 square inches
T
[dy
- cLr -
Bending deflection :
5ql4
~b = EI l::.b = 0.032 inches
384
Shear deflection: From Example 2, the shear strain y is y = _§__ = dy the slope of
G' dx
the shear deflected shape. At any point x in Figure 4(c), the average shear across
the diaphragm is:
and
~s =ldy=Jb~.(~-x}x leading to
ql2
~ = --
s 8bG' l::.s = 0.326 inches
Note that the l::.b value is based on beam theory requiring the "beam" to be several times
longer than it is deep and which theory presumes a G' stiffness with an order of magnitude
greater than what is common in diaphragms . (See Section 3.1) Further note that, even if a
6 4
bending theory were applicable, the I = 1.15 x 10 inch may be considerably too small. The
more correct deflection then is design !::.max= 0.326 inches .
10 - 13 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Stiffness and Flexibility
Some design manuals specify diaphragm flexibility for the purpose of finding displacement
(32). Using the Figure 4(d) diaphragm, compare the cited Canadian reference to SOl
stiffness values.
JOISTS
--r-
11 b ~
t
DIAPHRAGM
PANELS
1
L...__ _____,
1- ---- 1----------"i
Figure 4d - Diaphragm Plan
Canadian SOl
I= 125 feet I= 125 feet
w = 200 plf q = 200plf
D =40 feet b =40 feet
R = wl/2 Ve = ql/2
Vave = R/20 Vave = 156.25 plf Vave = 12.5 kip
F = 33.33 inch/lbf G' =30 kip/inch
R
- LF 2
Vave LF 20 wl LF ql
2(10 6 ) == 2(10 6 ) = 40 2(10 6 ) = BbG'
Some authorities define diaphragms as in the following list that shows direct comparisons :
10 - 15 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Example SA:
I ;
SimQijfied Q.eflections
Given:
The general deflection for a very long and narrow diaphragm may be found from the
general equations:
d2y M
Bending -=
2 -- (a)
dx El
Shear
dy
- =-
v (b)
dx bG'
Where V = total shear force across b at any point x of Figure 5. With dv = -q , the general
dx
equation is:
2
d y· _ _ _!_(M + qEI)
dx 2 - El bG'
q (plj)
dy
(a)
For a uniformly loaded diaphragm, on a simple span, the maximum deflection at x =L/2 is:
5ql4 ql2
£'1 = 384EI + 8bG' (c)
It is important to note that the bending term presumes plane section bending and, further, a
length of "several times" the depth is expected. Equation (a) simply is not applicable to most
diaphragms because they are short, deep, and shear sensitive.
)'
o.2st I 111
~ 112 113
-oAf
1+-----0.5 f
The second term of Equation (c) may be compared to the area enclosed by half the shear
2
diaphragm of Figure 5(b) where the area is ql /8. Referring to Example 4,
2ql2
~=--
32bG'
10 - 17 SECTION 10 !.EXAMPLES
cp
qi12~T
G)
~
0.251
The change in shear deflection, between two points, equals the shear diagram area
between the same two points divided by the shear width b and the shear diaphragm
stiffness G'.
When the diaphragm stiffness is not symmetric, the use of the shear-area method (Example 5)
for calculation of deflections can lead to erroneous results. See the following Cases:
(P+Q)
B
1 3
G'1 G'2 G'2
-!- P+Q
c c c
3 @C =L
Figure 58-1
Case 1:
Determine Deflection at Load Point where the Diaphragm Stiffness, G'x• varies.
The shear is greatest and constant in the left 1/3rd of the span, L. This is a
rational configuration, where typically G' 1 > G'2· Use an energy method, in this case,
4P
0 to C 2(P+Q)/3 G'1 2P/(3G'1B) 2/3 (9G'1 B) (C)
p
C to 3C - (P+Q)/3 G'2 -P/(3G'2B) -1/3
2
(9G'2B) ( C)
Sum= o
10 - 19 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
If the diaphragm has constant stiffness then G'1 =G'2 =G' and :
If instead, the deflection is calculated using the shear-area method, the deflection o with a
constant G' is the area under the V/G'B diagram between the rigid shear wall and the
location of P and is the change in deflection between those points. The principle works
when G' is constant. However, you cannot always use this simple principle when G'
varies. If applying the principle to varying G', in this case:
Result: Note the discrepancies- left vs . right and either vs. Castigliano's theory. Results are
the same when G'1 = G'2, but not when G'1 '# G'2, Depending on the ratio G'1/G'2 this
discrepancy can be significant. When G'1 :f G'2 use an energy method of analysis.
Since the shear diagram is constant over the "x" fields, the curvature is linear, but to
exhaust the problem (since this is not always so), determine the maximum deflection .
Consider that the maximum might happen in the G'2 zone between x = C and 3C. The
solution may require iteration to determine the maximum between 0 and C.
X s
• )I
t p Q t
2P/3 +Q(2C- s)/(3C) P/3 +Q(C+s)/(3C)
Figure 58-2
Sum=o
p ( -2. +-.
8=-
9B G 1
1
G2
J(2C-s) for 0 ~ s ~ 2C and C = L/3
The deflection slope is constant and negative. The curvature is linear and deflection
decreases with "s" over this region so the maximum is at the point of load. Deflection
at s =C (x =2C) is ~ that at the load point. This is used in Case 2 as a check.
10 - 21 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Case 2:
Balance the load and note what happens when the diaphragm stiffness remains
unbalanced. Find the deflection at the load point at x = C.
B
t 1
P+2Q/3 G'1 G'2 G'2 P+Q/3
~ P+Q ~ p
c
3@C= L
c I. c )o
Figure 58-3
2P
0 to C (P+2Q/3) G'1 P/(G'1B) 2/3 (3G'1 B) (C)
Sum=o
8 =PC
- ( -2, +-,
I ) =PL
- ( -,
2 +-,
I ) Note: 3/2 of oat Case 1- s1ngle
. P
3B G I G 2 9B G I G 2
Consistent with Maxwell's Theorem
and linear deflection (1+1/2).
Using the shear-area simplified principle:
Result: Note the discrepancies- left vs. right using shear-area and either vs. Castigliano's
theory. Results are only the same when G' 1 = G'2· Depending on the ratio of G' 1 I G'2
this discrepancy can be significant. The shear-area principle does not work when load
is symmetric but the stiffness is unsymmetrical. Instead, use the energy method.
Case 3:
Balance the load and note what happens when the diaphragm stiffness is also
balanced but not constant. Find the deflection at the load point.
B
1 1
P+2Q/3 G'1 G'2 G'1 P+Q/3
~ P+Q ~ p
c c c
3 @C= L
Figure 58-4
2P
0 to C (P+2Q/3) G'1 P/( G'1B) 2/3 (3G'1B) (C)
Sum= o
10 - 23 SECTION 10 J EXAMPLES
Using the shear-area simplified principle:
Result: In the case of load and stiffness symmetry, the shear area method provides a
correct solution.
Case 4:
Use the configuration of Case 1 subjected to a uniform load (no concentrated load P).
Determine the maximum deflection.
.
Find oats for Case 4:
~
X
s
for C = L/3 ~ s ~ 3C = L
l
t Q t
wl/2 + Q(L- s)/L wl/2 + Q s/L
Figure 58-5
At mid-span, s =L/2:
L2
8 _ wL2 ( ~+~
- G~B 18G~ 72
I J Closes when G' 1 =G'2 8=--
G'B 8
w
d
8
= w( - ~ - ___;_ + 11 ~ J=0 at max
ds B 9G1 G2 l8G2
s
max -
-
(
11_ G2I L
18 9Gt
J Closes when G'1 =G'2 8 max
L
=2,
A parametric study shows that the mid-span deflection is sufficiently accurate over a large
range of G'2/G'1- within 3 1/2% for range 0.35 to 2. The maximum value of deflection
10 - 25 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
k
where 0.14
2
8 = k wL, 0.13
BG2
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
- - - Mid- span deflection
0.08 - - - Maximum deflection
0.07
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Figure 58-6
discrepancy can be significant. The shear-area principle does not work when load is a
symmetric uniform load but the stiffness is unsymmetrical. Instead, use the energy method.
diaphragm span is the area under the ~ diagram between those points. This should
BGx
only be applied where:
1. The diaphragm shear stiffness, G'x· is constant along the span for any load, or
2. The diaphragm stiffness, G'x· is symmetric but not necessarily constant along the
For other cases use an energy method to determine diaphragm deflection. The change in
deflection is the deflection where one point is a relatively rigid shear wall.
It is possible to calculate diaphragm deflections using frame analysis software that has the
ability to calculate shear deflections in addition to flexural deflections. Most, but not all,
available educational or commercial software has this capability.
In order to properly model the diaphragm, a beam is constructed using the proper shear
stiffness, and analyzed under the load case(s) .
10 - 27 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Assume for this Example the following values
c = 200ft.
8 = 200ft.
L = 600ft.
G'1 = 40 k/in.
G-2 = 20 k/in .
p = 30 kips (Case 1, 2, and 3)
w = 0.10 kips/ft (Case 4)
For both the energy solution using Castigliano's theory and the computer (stiffness) model,
the following deflections are obtained:
-I
EXTREME EDGE
{END CROSS WALL)
..,.- - REPEAT PATTERN OVER
~
'I rr'" I I
I ENTIRE AREA
~
'
I
I
I
' ~
I
,; I; I
I I I I
I I I EN DLAP
'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ;_ _:
r I
. I
I
.:~ lL .~ l~ END PURLJN
I
I
I
I
I
I
-._:
r.--. t-- SIDE~LAP
Cr ;--F
.I I
I
Oc
I
-
)-IN~
I
...... I
I
~
I
I
I
I
I
I
II I ; I ;
I I I I
9 ,. I I I I
RIOR PURLINS
~ I I
(§!
I
I
' '' I
\.,
(
- ,-
""'II
-\
'I I I
I I
I'
I
. J
'
"' (
I
I
..'
I
I
I
. ''
1 -
I
I
I
I
I
I
- .'
I
~
30"WTDE
{TYP)
SPACER
BLOCK
RIGID
FRAME
RIGID
FRAME
j
From the Section 11 table for 22 gage (0.0295 in.) deck with 5/8 inch arc spot weld support
connectors and #1 0 sidelap screws, the nominal strengths of the deck are:
Snt = 620 plf (fastener limit)
Sni = 3875 plf (panel buckling limit)
Where
This table investigates Sni and Snc· See Eqs. 2.2-4 and 2.2-5. Sne concerns diaphragm
strength control at lateral force resisting systems (shear walls) and must be designed
separately. See Eq. 2.2-2 for the design of an edge panel and Example 18, which designs
one possible detail.
10 - 31 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Example 68:
i i
Stiffness Example Usina Tables
I I I
For all listed shapes in the load tables in Sections 11 and 12, G' may be found by simple
substitution. The general stiffness, G', is determined using Eq. 3.3-3 where pis presented in
Table 3.3-2. Section 9 lists simplified equations for the calculation of shear stiffness. The
simplification adjusts the general equation to the three span case where L = 3Lv and p = 0.9. For
bare (no fill) decks, the simplified equation is:
G' = K2
K 4 + 0.3Dxx + 3K 1L v
Lvt
Where K 1, K2, K4, .and Dxx are selected from the appropriate Section 9
tables. For this example:
1
K1 = 0.424 foor (from appropriate load table)
K2 = 870 kips/inch
~ = 3.55
Dxx= = DwR = 1102 feet
Lv = Lvt = 6 feet
870
= = 13.1 kips/inch
0 3 1102
3.55 + · ( ) + 3(o.424X6)
6
Consider the structure both with and without an expansion joint at b/2 . Refer to Figure 7.1
for details.
3'-fF
4=-
27'-0''
t
~/
'-.....
Figure 7.1
There are a number of references and codes for determining wind loads on buildings.
"Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures" (ASCE 7-1 0) is one such
reference. Rather than calculate the forces in this example, the following line loads to the roof
diaphragm are as given in Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.3.
288 plf
10 - 33 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
212 p(f'
Note that the "downwind" loads: w = 398 plf = 288 + 110 = 186 + 212. The internal
pressure effects lead to no net diaphragm shears; those pressure effects simply move
throughout the diaphragm support structure to the opposite wall. Wall-to-roof
connections must be designed accordingly.
ASD
The total diaphragm shear delivered to the end walls is R =wb/2, thus R =79.6 kips.
Note that the required diaphragm shears vary with the shear diagram as in Figure 7.4.
CD CD
- 5ZONES@ 80'-0"=400'-0" -.
~
- 180'-0"
1-160' -0" __.
r- ~
'
' '
!!,.1 -------- , --------~---~
'
I '
I
' '
CD 0 0
Figure 7.4- Deflection Solutions
The roof diaphragm will be zoned into 3 different areas. Zoning is a good way to optimize the
economy of the roof diaphragm.
ASD
s =398 plf
10 - 35 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Select a WR deck with design thickness t = 0.0295 inches and with a 36/9 pattern of 5/8-inch
puddle weld and No. 10 stitch screws. The deck span is Lv = 5 feet. From the applicable table
in Section 11, with 2 stitch screws per deck span, the design strength is:
ASD
~ =
1265
n 2.35
= 538 If
P
> s::; 398 plf
ASD
To calculate the stiffness of the diaphragm, several additional data are required. From the
load table, K1 = 0.234 I foot. From Section 9, K2 =870 kips/inch, K4 =3.55, and, Dxx = 103 feet
Following Example 5 and using shear areas, the deflection for Zone 1 is calculated .
ASD
S = 47.76kips
s = 239 plf
L
ASD
~= 710
=302 If > s =239 plf
n 2.35 P
ASD
== 15.92ki ps
8 s =79.6 plf
L
Select a WR deck with design thickness t =0.0295 inches and with a 36/4 pattern of 5/8 inch
puddle weld and use zero stitch screw per deck span. This attachment will develop a design
strength of:
ASD
~= 470
n 2.35
=200 PIf >s =79.6 plf
10 - 37 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
G'= K2 G' = 13.2 kips/inch
K4 + 0.3Dxx 3K L
+ 1 v
Lv
C1 =C1 +(15.92)<ips40feet
3 2
2(200feet) G'
8.3 = 1.1 09 inches
Notes:
1. From a strength viewpoint, these diaphragms are adequate, but note the strong
influence of the fastener patterns in Zone 2 on the stiffness. This has led to a fairly
large deflection, which may be excessive, and a new design for this zone may be
necessary.
2. Examine wind load effects from other directions. Usually it will be most severe when
loads are received from the long walls and delivered to the short walls.
3. Note the potential economic advantage of selecting a particular fastener pattern and
then using different panel thickness for the various roof zones.
Expansion Joints
Consider the building to have an expansion joint at b/2 such that either end is substantially
independent. The "chord" forces, formerly developed in spandrel beams along the b
dimension, must now be developed in the windward and leeward sidewalls; these walls now
act as diaphragms.
= 200' -0" Rw
IJ/2
~ "<f ~ 200' -0'
Consider the loading case from Figure 7.3 applied to the "open ended" structure of Figure
7.5a. The problem is divided into two parts: first, the windward and leeward forces are
considered; and secondly, the side wall forces will be superimposed.
+
+D+
+
+
+D+
+
+-
'-'---'---'-+-'--'--'-....___._...__.._, Rw
186 pif
R~ I
I
10 - 39 s Ec T J 0 N 10 I EXA M p L Es
The average shear along the end wall is:
At some distance from the end wall, such as 100 feet, the total shear force is:
V =[R- 100 feet (212 + 186) plf] V =39.8 kips
The shear is
8100 = -
v S10o =199 plf
L
The sidewall reaction forces RL and Rw as shown in figure 7.5c, formerly chord forces, are:
1
RL = - (212 + 186)Jif(200feet)(1 OOfeet) RL = 39.8 kips
L .
Rw and RL vary from zero at the expansion joint to a maximum at the end wall. If the wall
stiffness is consistent along b, the variation is virtually linear. The maximum shear then is
twice the average shear.
S= i RL ) s =398 plf
~ 2 00feet
At any point in a diaphragm, the average shears in the system, parallel to the deck span,
exactly equal those perpendicular to the span. The perimeter beams have axial forces and
are an integral part of the system, eliminating an accordion-like collapse of the deck.
The maximum total shear force on any one line parallel to b is:
R1 -- Re R1 = 27.6 kips
2
with the maximum diaphragm shear being :
S - R1 81 = 138 plf
1
- 200feet
With changes along the end wall , the shear diagram also changes, as in Figure 7.5c. At the
one-third point of the end wall, the shear diaphragm is 46 plf.
Addition of Shears
The small element forces, shown near the left corners of Figures 7.5b and 7.5c, have
directions dependent on the shear diagram. As shown here and following the values from the
preceding section, the upper left block would have a maximum shear of 398 + 138 =536 plf
and the lower block could have a value of 398 - 138 =260 plf. However, the wind direction
may reverse leaving either block at a maximum of 536 plf. This approach is used in the
following table.
The addition of shears from different load conditions is direct since the orthogonal values
always are equal. Therefore, it is good practice to consider either deck thickness or fastener
patterns to meet the actual conditions; there is little reason for the roof diaphragm to be
everywhere identical. Consider the present case with the roof subdivided into nine zones as
indicated in Figure 7.5a.
Maximum Shears (plf) for Zone
Loading Condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figure 7.5b 398 265 133 398 265 133 398 265 133
Figure 7.5c 138 138 138 46 46 46 138 138 138
Totals 536 403 271 444 311 179 536 403 271
10 - 41 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
The deck selection can be managed as per previous examples. However, too many zones
could become troublesome to manage during the construction but, perhaps, three would not be.
S E -- wx
L
Considering the other direction, the shear parallel to the side walls is the chord force that is
developed over a unit distance. The "chord forces" at any point x are:
M wx 2
P=-=-
L 2L
Similar formulations can be developed for other loadings or other diaphragm configurations .
This detail may be applicable to wind-loaded diaphragms but is not applicable to seismically
loaded diaphragms. Evaluation by a competent design professional is needed to determine
if any detail is applicable for a specific application.
BEAM
(j_
I
I \
'I
SECTION A
SHEAR (TENSION! TIES
10 - 43 SECTION 10 J EXAMPLES
The function of the expansion joint is to permit relatively free movement, t::..L, as in Figure
8.1 . A pair of crossed tension members, essentially parallel to the joint and connected to the
main beams, would virtually eliminate f::..s but not impede t::..L. They would be designed as
counters or tension members.
~ --~L
3si de .~ II
II
----- - TOP FLANGE
OF BEAM
PLATE WITH
SLOTTED HOLE
A slotted stub apparatus, welded to one beam and slotted on the opposite end, could
transfer shears from one side to the other, shears arising from unbalanced loadings for
example . The stub design and performance will depend on connections, the flange width of
the support beam, and the frequency of top flange bracing. The torque imposed on the
beam must be considered.
The expansion joint perhaps should not extend completely across the roof. Consider a roof
structure such as that in Figure 8.2. The end loads, wE, now have a path to the opposite
side, particularly in the mid-region. Given the tributary area supported by the beam lines,
about one-half the WE forces will not introduce shears on the long walls; they are balanced
by opposing forces at the opposite wall.
.. _
l
R
R/3
.JOIST
BEAM
1-- - b ---41
II - - - - - - - ...
1
I
I
I
I
"""""""" I
I
I
_j_
a
I .JOIST
1- .L..---~
--<I> I - p
~ -~
(b)
-1~
DETAIL A
Figure 8.3
10 - 45 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
The stiffness of the diaphragm system G' is known. Noting the load P on Figure 8.3,
stiffness is defined as
G' = :~ ={:): = S:
Along line 4-4, just to the right of the expansion joint, the average shear force is R/3. The
average shear is:
S=R/3=B_
L 3L
when the right side joists deliver their accumulated forces to the beam lines, the remaining
diaphragm between beams acts as a link. With Detail A at the third point of the diaphragm,
the line 4-4 unit shear is:
S=R/3=R
L/3 L
Given:
The building roof plan, shown in Figure 9-1, is a roof receiving w = 135 plf in its plane. The 3
shear walls are considered as being shear rigid in their own planes. Evaluate the
roof system.
2
5@30' -0" = 150'-0"
3 4
-----·15 6
A,
!COLUMN
IIIII
r
N(Wf
i. ·-- 81
c -r-
IIIII 3@24 '-0" = 72'-0 "
SHEAR
WALL)
JOIST I[• rJ" -0" . 'f YP._ j
STRUCTURAL
-
MEMB£RS.TYP.
D 1/
1/
IIIII I\
\ _ DECK PANELS
24'-0 " LONG. TYP.
Figure 9-1
Solution:
The most likely critical area is at the short shear wall in line 3. It receives loads both directly
and from the line 3 "collector beam" anchored to it as in Figure 9-2.
,---- DECK
~- JOISTS
NO MOVEMENT ~
+1- THRUST
<1
X.06 kip
<1
Figure 9-2
I I I I I I I I 1
~ t R/J
~X
tR
t a
y
I 2a 3a ~
4.05 kipDlrrr=o-- 6.075 kip~ 1
Figure 9.3
60
Ra = w-feet Ra = 4.050 kips
2
Following Example Problem 5 and using shear diagram areas to find deflections:
Ll - 6.075kip(45ft/2)- 1.898
Deflection· at Line 4.5: 45
' - 72ft(G') - G'
A review of Figure 9-2 will lead to the obvious need for little or no slip being allowed at the
beam anchorage. Otherwise, potentially crippling local stresses will be delivered to the
diaphragm. The joists at the wall must be anchored to deliver the 84 plf diaphragm shear.
Wall Movements
Shear walls tend toward in-plane rotation due to eccentricity between the base level and
the top-of-wall shears. In heavy walls, gravity forces usually will prohibit any uplift at the
base, but such tendencies must be checked.
10 - 49 SECTION 10 J EXAMPLES
The limits that are placed on wall deflections, normal to the wall, reflect architect1,1ral
considerations relative to appearance. Further, the limits must be such that the walls do not
experience undue strains or curvature. For example, local deflections between girt lines in
metal wall assemblies often are limited to values of 1/120 to 1/180 times the girt spacing.
Suppose the roof diaphragm in this example has the rather low stiffness of G' = 12 kips/inch
and the wall height h = 30 feet.
11 - 4.05kip( ~}
2
- (48ft)G'
A2 =0.105 inches
6.q75kip( ~5 )n
11 4 5
"
- ----,----.-=---__::___
- (72ft)G'
~.5 =0.158 inches
If the walls are masonry, the deflection limit frequently is fixed at,
H2 f
11 =---
w 0.01Ew tw
Where:
H = \Yall height, feet
f = allowable flexural compressive stress, psi
Ew =modulus of elasticity, psi
tw = wall thickness, inches
The modulus of elasticity of concrete masonry unit walls can be calculated using the
following expression for normal weight block:
Limiting the stress to a typical value off =0.3 f'c =600 psi, and presuming the 30 feet high
wall to be 12 inches thick,
30 2 (600) .
11w = { 6
y ) = 2.921nches
0.0\1.54x10 A12
Obviously the A = 0.16 inches is less than the latter value simply implying that moderately
high wall movements may not cause undue wall stress.
Given:
Adjacent diaphragm zones may differ in stiffness because of different panel lengths. Figure 10-1
shows a case where diaphragm panels change direction. Two possible sections ·are shown.
Case 1. The C-shaped channel is used to permit the roof to have a common top
elevation. Local warping may occur in the diaphragm over the channel and
this can be minimized by frequent connection, perhaps in every valley to
resist the design shear. This is shown in Figure 10-2.
Case 2. The top elevation is uniform. The flat plate is used to retard warping or simply
to close off the gap. This is shown in Figure 10-3.
,1. ------
p
Figure 10-1
10 - 51 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
SECTION A - CASE 1
Figure 10-2
~ FLAT PLATE
SECTION A - CASE 2
Figure 10-3
Solution:
G' = P a or (a)
/),. b l + b2
In Zone 1:
81 =£1_= G'1~
b1 a
In Zone 2:
82 = P2 = G'2 ~
b2 a
Noting that:
Given:
The building in Figure 11-1 has a semi-rigid interior frame. Such frames often are designed to
support their tributary area and here could be presumed to resist about half (or w(a)) of the
lateral load. Find the more correct distribution.
Figure 11-1
--1 r- ~
w
I --- I F
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
1- a -~+f---- a --1 k = Fl ~
I
I
I I I
I I I
~~I I
\1 0~ :
1
I
:
I
:~wa
I
I I
w-SHEARS
I
I
I
I
k~ 12ll
: IQl I III 00 I I I I k~ I
I I I
FRAMF: SHF:ARS
Figure 11-2
With the column and beam sizes known for the frame and referring to Figure 11-2 it has 1
k = ~ = 1.75kip /inch
~
Following Example 4 to find the deflection at the frame by using shear areas:
1
~ = -bGI
-(wa~-
2 2
k~ a)
~(1+~)= wa2
2bGI 2bG 1
The diaphragm transfers loads away from the semi-rigid frame, and the transfer can be
important to frame member sizes.
Given:
The building in Figure 12 has three semi-rigid interior frames and shear rigid end walls.
w = 145 plf
.,_ j
fv
•-
1
- -- - - 4a - --
I I I
---> ~ 2@b/2 ~
I I I I I
INTERIOR FRA ME
211·a~ :~11
I I I •
I r •-Sf}FARS r 2wa
I I H I I I
: I I
1
1'~ , l r m r I fj + r; 12
fj + f2 12 1
p II1 F 12 1
2 I
I
I
TRUSS ANALOGY
FRAME SHEARS
Figure 12
The roof is covered with a diaphragm having G' = 30 kips/inch and the frames have a
stiffness of k = 2 kips/inch.
Solution
The shear diagram is drawn in 2 separate parts, for k- and w-forces, to make area
calculations easier. Using shear diagram areas for deflection, as was done in Example 5:
~1 = - -(2wa + wa { ~)-
1
(F + F2 )a
1
2
bG' '\2
Since k =F/1:1 at any frame,
bG'~ 3
= -wa 2- ( k~ +k~-2 ) a
1 2 1 2
Solving (a) and (b) leads to ~ 1 =0.137 inches and ~ 2 =0.183 inches, and then to F1 = k ~ 1
=0.276 kips and F2 =0.366 kips.
It is observed that even with this moderately flexible diaphragm, little of the frame tributary
load of w(a) = 5.51 kips is transferred to the foundation through the frames. Most of
the load goes through the diaphragm area, to the end walls, and then to the
foundation. Frame member sizes then may be smaller than when the design was based
on tributary area loads.
and the restraining force at the ends of each displaced diaphragm segment is -kd. It is
10 - 57 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
noted that the chords of the diaphragm provide no continuity between the frames, so there
is no restraining .force related to the semi-rigid frames. The numbering system for the
displacements is noted in Figure 12.
115.?84 -56.842
s = -56.842 115.684 -56.842
[
0 J
0 -56.842 115.684
- 5.51]
P = -5.51 kips
[
-5.51
The deflections are then calculated by inverting the stiffness matrix and multiplying it by the
force matrix:
0.137]
~= 0.183 inches
[
0.137
These deflections, of course, are the same as those obtained by the previous solution.
EAd ( .
Sw =-L- Slna
)2
d
The restraining force is simply -Sw applied to opposing ends of the panel being displaced .
The stiffness matrix of the truss elements is:
and the stiffness matrix of the frame and diaphragm system is:
115.684 - 56.842 0 J
S = -56.842 115.684 - 56.842 kips/inch
[
0 - 56.842 115.684
This matrix is identical to the previously solved example. The problem could, of course, be
solved using a standard structural analysis problem.
Given:
The building in Figure 13.1 has the same roof plan as in Figure 9.1, but the roofs are at
different levels. The east and west walls, Lines 1 and 6 are shear rigid, but the structural steel
system has little lateral stiffness of its own. The wall at Line 3 is a diaphragm with a stiffness of
Gwan' = 20 kips/ inch and both roofs levels have the same stiffness of Groot'= 50 kips/inch.
Solution:
Line 3 Diaphragm
This system receives loads at two levels and may transfer forces between roof levels 1 and 2.
This two degree-of-freedom problem requires mixed springlike stiffness, following Figure 13.2.
_..ll--8u
I LEVEL I
! -1r-812
LEVEL 2 _.] 1-- 822
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
1+-- - 72 . -0 "
48'0'-t.'O
"
(!J) LEVEL 2 STIFFNESS
Roof Level2
From the Figure 13.3 shear diagram and using Example 5 definitions for the right-side
deflection of Diaphragm 2:
(a)
10 - 61 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
w, = 216 plf w, = 360 plf
I I 1~ -+
l l l ! l
I
c2 c,
0
0
1- - - ~
R2
- - - - +1
r, +-J-----------i]'-0"
~
v,
I __l_ t2 RJ ~ ---- f,
_ j
~ V2+R2 -
\12 ~
'C(]j]R2
SHEAR DIAGRAM
Figure 13.3- Roof Areas 1 and 2
Roof Level1
Following the abqve approach for the displacement at R1 :
~1 = L1 1
(w 1L 1 -2R 1) (b)
2b1G roof
Shear Summary
Refer to Figure 13.3.
s = v2 = 394 plf
48feet
s = v1 = 482 plf
72feet
The lower roof receives loads from the upper level and the transfer is through the cross wall
of Figure 13.2. That wall has:
Special Details
The eave forces, T1, T2, and C1, must be transferred to the foundation through their
sidewall diaphragms as in Example 7. The force C2 may be resisted either in its own wall
diaphragm or distributed into the higher parallel wall by a distribution beam. This transfer
problem is analogous to the thrust delivery of Example 9 and its illuslralion in Figure 9.4
The roof to wall shear transfers at Line 3 may be made following the scheme presented in
Figure 13.4. Positive connections are made through the angles or similar dev.ices to transfer
only 118 plf between roof levels and could be rather small.
The Line 3 cross wall , being both flexible and near the mid-length of the building, does not
receive shear on the same scale as does the rigid short wall in Figure 9. This is because the
wall does have flexibility to move somewhat away from the load. The 24-foot diaphragm
length, being short, does have a moderately high average shear and it might be required
that this diaphragm segment be reinforced. This could be accomplished by supplemental
diagonal bracing designed following Example 3.
10 - 63 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
TRANSFER ANGLE
. WALL
DIAPHRAGM
Stiffness Method
As in the previous example, the split-level diaphragm can be solved by the stiffness method .
Referring to Figure 13.5a and 13.5b, the following stiffness matrix is developed:
8 21 _ -G' (72feet)
- wall 16feet
8 12 _ G' (72feet)
- wall 16feet
F = -w 120feet _ 80feet 21 6
1 1 F2 --W2-2- F = (- · ) kips
2 -8,64
Forces within the diaphragm can be calculated using basic principles of stiffness analysis.
For example, the forces are calculated as follows:
Given:
Multistory structures may have floor layouts where a central core is used as the principal element
for resisting lateral forces. A core, such as that indicated for the building of Figure 14.1 where
certain columns have been omitted for clarity, may attract forces over a rather short length, b,
near the center of the structure. For unsymmetrical load cases, torsion will be present and it may
be necessary to add secondary bracing in the walls such as that indicated in the figure.
Figure 14.1
Consider one floor as in Figure 14.2, where the core is to resist all lateral loads, w.
Examine the shear distribution in the core vicinity.
Solution:
(1) To the left of Line 3 (or the right of Line 4 ), the average diaphragm shear force is
2wa and the average diaphragm shear across the floor width is:
S= 2wa (a)
3b
10 - 67 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
If the only attachment to the core wall were in the diaphragm and along dimension b,
the average local diaphragm shear is more intense and would be:
S = 2wa (b)
b
1 2 3 4 5 6
w-' I I I I I
I
I
•
I
•
I
COR£
1 J@b
i r i i r
l
w(p(f)
5@a
2~
Figure 14.2 - Floor Plan and Shear Diagram
(2) If the beams in Line 3 or 4 are attached to the core at their ends, a corner stress
problem can be eliminated . For example, the Beam YZ on Line 3 attracts shears
from the left for a total axial force of:
C = 2wa + wa (d)
3 2
The anch<?rage is similar to that in Example 9 in which very little movement at the
beam ends could be permitted.
2a
2wa-
2wa 2
~= 2 =-- (e)
3bG' 3bG'
2wa 2
~=-- A = 0.03 inches
3bG'
10 - 69 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Example 15: Diaphragm With Open Areas
Diaphragms with open areas must be designed to account for force transfer around the
openings. The transfer must be arranged such that high local force concentrations are avoided.
w = 0.200 kiplft
1 I I I l I I 1
"') T
A --t
lJ
::cs
a
ve
a~ ve e:,'
-
"'
c· D~ ~
i
I
II
..c::
..c:: I'
I
~ I
Consider the diaphragm of Figure 15a that has an opening 60 feet x 40 feet nearer the left end
as shown. With w = 0.200 kips/foot, G' = 30 kips/inch, L = 300 feet and b = 120 feet, determine
the shear forces around the opening, the maximum deflection, and design the force transfer
mechanism. The maximum shear is:
. 30 kip 24 kip
v(. ~
!J c/
II I
~ Ve
30 kiJJ
Figure 15b- Shear Diagram
The regions marked ab and cd on the shear diagram are for areas having the established
stiffness G' over the full width b. Within the 60-foot zone marked be having the open area,
unique stiffness also exists. For the purpose here, this zone is considered to be two-thirds
as stiff as the full width diaphragms.
_!_(24 k)
3
r
~(24 k)
2 ; (12k) 11; (12k)
30 k
~ (24 k) 1 ~ (12 k)
4
j - vl2
r 3 -30 k
•
1r 3
•
VL1 VL2 VL3
30ft
I. 60ft
.I 210ft
Note: The vertical shear flow at the hole edge (x = 30 ft and 90 ft) is not free and transfers
into the outer 40 ft deep sections because of the vertical member that drags the
shear - L:Fy = 0 along that line. This force is internal and need not be checked in
global statics with shear flowing to the shear walls at x =0 and 300 ft. The horizontal
forces, VL 2, are at free edges at the hole. Positive shear sign convention is shown.
VL1 = (27k)
30
ft = 6.75 k ~
120ft
10 - 71 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
The 4.5 k imbalance offsets the shear flow at the opening: 120(4.5) = 40(13.5)
If the long walls can not resist this imbalance, redistribution occurs and:
V 6 at left = 28.36 k
The system in Figure 15c will be used in this example and is the typical case. The reactions
and shear flows are statically admissible.
Then, following the Example 5 simplified deflection method with V/(bG') variations as shown
in Figure 15d, the deflections are:
At b:
~b = 30 kip s + 24 kip s x 30 feet = 0.00833 + 0.00667 ( ) = .
30 0 225
in.
(b)
2(120 feet) 30 kips/inch 2
(),()()(13
0.0083
The maximum shear deflection is at the point where the V/(bG') diagram is zero. That point
is at x to the left of mid-span such that the area to the left and right are equal.
00833
L'lmax = 0· (150 + x) = 0.73inches (d)
2
An analysis check using an energy method indicates:
Xmax = 9 feet
r ·s
0
= 24/80 = 0 300"(IP./ft
~ 1
:§- -1- +
t
t
~
t :§'
~
"I .j. A
c
B t~c
t
~·
II
"'' c D ~
.....
"''~ "'+
+t~
~ "'+ I· t~
11
S = 12180 = 0 .ISOkiJ!t_/
The forces in the vicinity of the opening may be determined from Figure 15e, which shows
the average shears to either side of the frame lines containing AC and 80. From the shear
diagram and noting the shear length available:
10 - 73 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
l I I I I 1 ~=0. /kip(fi
The zone above AB or below CD must be in equilibrium through the axial forces SH in
members AB and CD as in Figure 15f. These SH forces must be transferred into adjacent
diaphragms over distances m, as in Figure 15g, sufficiently great to avoid corner crippling. In
lieu of a more detailed analysis, presume that half of the w =0.200 kips/foot line load is acting
on the upper zone and half on the lower zone as with downwind suction. Then from Figure 15f,
equilibrium can be established by summation of moments about the upper left corner:
SH = -1 (0.1 OOkips I foot x 60feet x 30feet + 6kips x 60feet) = 13.5 kips (e)
40 . .
This agrees with VL 2 determined at Figure 15c, which uses the same assumptions. Half of
this force can be transferred into adjacent diaphragms through extensions, such as BE, and
over the length of m in Figure 15g. Assume the load is a wind load.
"'rr1111 1111
A B E
c D
Jl Ill .
Suppose the diaphragm design thickness is t = 0.0295 inches, m = 15 feet, and that #12
screws are used for connections. From Section 9:
ASD
These screws are in addition to the screws required to resist a diaphragm shear of
0.25 kips/foot at the shear wall or 0.3 kips/ft above A. With m = 15 feet, the SH force is
delivered as shear per unit length in the diaphragm along both sides of the extension:
1 13 5 1
S = SH -- =[ · k] = 0.225 ki s/foot (g)
2 2m 2 2(15ft) P
It is clear that large openings should be arranged such that their corners lie on major beam lines
thus allowing the transfer length, m, to be great and the concentrated shear forces to be small.
With m fixed at 15 feet in the above example, the delivered shear into the panels, 0.225 kips/foot,
will add vectorially to the shear per unit length in the diaphragm panels 'near the opening.
This shear per unit length increases the diaphragm shears due to external loads on one
side of the support of length m and reduces the shear on the opposite side.
0.225 kips/foot ~· ll •
c
13.5 k
0225 kips/foot~ • Ij
Diaphragm Shear in Panels Due to Drag Forces at Point C
10 - 75 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Allowing for redistribution at nominal diaphragm shear, consider the shear near the center of the
length, m, and determine an approximate required shear per unit length in the panels along m.
Since the diaphragm above AB must be designed for a 0.300 kips/foot un-factored shear,
determine the length of m required to create a combined component of similar magnitude - 0.438
kips/foot is 46% greater. The physical limit is m =30 feet on the left side. From (g) above, try m =
30 feet:
5 1 13 5 1
S= H - - = [ · k] = 0.113 ki s/foot
2 2m 2 2(30 ft) p
Should the physical restriction of 30 feet not control, m = 30 to 40 feet is practical to balance the
required diaphragm design relative to that above AB, 0.300 kips/foot.
The 21 fasteners from Equation (f), along the BE-type extensions, must be included above those
required for the basic design of the AB or CD zones.
Screws also are required in the vertical members above A and B and below C and D to transfer
4 kips and 2 kips respectively, as shown in Figure 15c. These forces are 1/6 the shear at those
lines because 1/3 is in the diaphragm's panels. Using the method of equation (f) and assuming
that a deck panel's bottom flat lands on the vertical member, equation (f) requires 12 screws and
6 screws. Screws are also required at the edge conditions in members AC and BD to transfer 8
kips and 4 kips respectively. Using the method of equation (f) requires 24 screws and 12 screws.
Other edge conditions are shown in Example 18.
W == 3 ro /2 " =3'-0"
~1 II\ ., .,
I ,l'f2'4"
~~ 12"
AISC DIMENSIONS
ASD
The allowable required shear is:
S = 0.75 kips/foot
Fe' = 3000 psi
de = 2.5 inch cover
We= 150 pcf
Welds: E60XX, 5/8 inch diameter, all positions
10 - 77 SECTION 10 J E X AMPLES
t =0.0358 inches
w =36 inch cover width
No. 10 stitch screws, 2 per deck span
Minimum L =3Lv =27 feet 0 inches (three or more span conditions)
The 5440 pounds-per-foot value represents the maximum nominal strength available away
from perimeter members.
With the safety factor of 0 = 3.25 for filled diaphragms under wind load,
ASD
ASD
518" WELDS
.--- AT NOMINAL
12"dc
AT ALL
SUPPORTS
j
(LEFT LAP
TYPE IN
FIG. lrii>J
F
t
A B
Along member AC of Figure 16b with Lv = 9 feet = 108 inches, 9 intermediate welds within
Lv would allow e = 10.80 inches to meet the required spacing. However, along member AB,
the spacing was fixed at an average of 12 inches. The inclusion of at least one extra weld,
within Figure 16a, would be required at panel ends on the diaphragm perimeter. With the
fastener spacing across panel ends at 12 inches, the required shear would be:
ASD
(10.80 I 12) (0.75) = 0.675 kips/foot
Shear studs may be used on the perimeter for force transfer with the values established
following Section 15 and commentary of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction, Fourteenth
Edition. Given the general dimension of Figure 16a, coefficients are developed for shears
perpendicular and parallel to the deck:
Nr = 1 stu~ per valley, in weak position
Wr =6 inch rib opening
hr = 2 inch rib height
Hs =3.5 inch stud height
On= 17,200 pounds
Suppose it is desired to develop the maximum shear strength of 5.44 kips/foot through
perimeter studs . ·Then using the value On in lieu of the Ot value earlier, the maximum stud
spacing at the edge would be
12 17 2
e= ( · ) = 37.9 inches
5.44
It is clear that the typical stud spacing for a composite steel beam is sufficient for the
diaphragm transfer.
It is expected that this diaphragm is a very rigid diaphragm because the concrete both
carries much of the shear and retards end warping in the steel panels.
K1 = 0.431
K2 = 1056. kips/inch
K3 =2380 kips/inch
K4 = 3.14
1056
G' = + 2380 = 2451 kips/inch
3.14 + 3(0.431)(9)
The G' =2451 kips/inch value defines a very stiff composite system .
Calculate the strength and stiffness of this wide rib roof deck installation.
DECK SIDE
END OF LAPS 36" C/C
-.---- L SHEET
1
II
I
II
I
I
o I
I '
Z•-
• II -= =[B = '=====j=====::===:
-9(/) z
<(
:
I
I o
0 ro • ~
tO I()
" ' I() a.. .
a::M(§)v W : I
s 6 c: (/)II
"
(.!)
0
I
I
I
I
II
f-<llll.. - • --LJ.! - ·I - - - - -1 -- I
a.
(/)
- - - -, -----~ ---- - 1
("'")
II
....J
1 :
END OF
---1 w =36" f--- 1---6 spa . @ 6" = 36" -----1
SHEET
® = %" 0 ARC SPOT WELQ
E60 ELECTRODES
BETWEEN SUPPORTS
Figure 17-1
10 - 81 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Solution:
- - - <i. EXTERIOR
SUPPORT
Figure 17-2
_ Ddlv 1.5(6)
1 1
A= Max · 240.Jt = 240.J0.0358 = 0.8018 ~Governs
{
0.7
= -w1-Lx 2 =-
2
1
36
P
2 2
-{18 +6 2 +6 2 +18 )=0.5556
2
36/4 PATTERN AT
INTERIOR SUPPORT
f- 6"~ SYMMETRICAL
f - -- - 18" _ _ --;i ABOLJT
I CENTERLINE
f-- -- - - -- - w = 36" - -- -- -- 1
Figure 17-3
10 - 83 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
= analogous section modulus of panel exterior support connection
group in an interior or edge panel
1 2 =-1-(18 2 +12 2 +6 2 +6 2 +12 2 +18 2)=0 7778
= -w2
- 2:x a 362 .
36/7 PATTERN AT
EXTERIOR SUPPORT I 6" ·
- 1 2" ~ SYMMETRICAL
ABOUT
r- -- - 18" ·I CENTERLINE
,_ _ _____ w = 36" - - - - -------<-1
Figure 17-4
Where Pnt = 2088 lbs
=M.1n {0.7d-1.5t=0.3838inches
0.55d = 0.3438inches ~Governs
For ~ ~0.815 [f
t vF:
da = d-t = 0.625-0.0358) ~ 0 . 815 ~29500
( t ' t 0.0358 45
16.46 :s; 20.87 Yes
= Mm
. {pnf-w = 41761bs
Pnf-s = 20881bs
= 2088 lbs
And Pns = 558 lbs
#10 SCREW
h = 0.0358"
Fu1 = 45 KSI
tz = 0.0358"
d = 0.190 in. -J f- Fuz = 45 KSI
Figure 17-5
10 - 85 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
2
2 8 54 616
= ( ) ( · )2 [2088]= 0.4 [2088]= 9641bslfeet
(18y(2y +(8.s4Y reet
N = number of support connections per unit width at an interior or edge
panel's end
N = 2 fasteners per foot
Note: N is determined by the number of fasteners at the end of the panel per
unit width. In this case, 3617 pattern
112 1 1 1 1 1 112
Figure 17-6
N =(112 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 112) I 3 feet =2
(Edgemost fasteners are shared with adjacent sheets)
~ =8.54 As previous
L =18 feet As previous
= ~1 "X
W LJ ee
= (18 +12+6 + 6 +12+18) = 2 .000
36
e
= _1
W
"x
L.... pe
18 6 6 18
= ( + + + ) =1.333
36
(AISI 8310 Eq . 01-11)
e
36/4 PATTERN AT
INTERIOR SUPPORT
- SYMMETRICAL
ABOUT
f---- - 18" - - -
CENTERLINE
t - - - -- -- -- w = 36" - -- -- ---i
Figure 17-8
Snf =Min (Sni.._§_nc.._§_nel =Min {945, 964, 1243) = 945 plf {AISI 8310 Section 01)
Where :
a. = 1 for U.S. customary units
4
19 = 0.191 inches /foot Obtained from SDI ROOM
t = 0.0358 inches
d = 6 inches Pitch for wide rib deck
s = 2(e + w) + f = 8.19 inches (AISI S310 Eq. 02.1-2)
= 2(0.78+ 1.53) + 3.56
f =top flat width of panel measured between points of intercept
w = web flat width of panel measured at points of intercept
d = 6.00 Inches
e = 0.78 Inches
f = 3.56 Inches
w = 1.53 Inches
e !-- I
t - - - d- -1
Figure 17-9
I
I
I
I
I I
__________
I -
--L 696
~
1
L ---
CENTERLINE
SYMMETRY
_
--L 696
~
I
_ _ I _____ _
I I
I I
I I
•
---r-- •
---r--
1 I
! ~ INTERIOR 1
)/ JOISTS I
I
APnr =1674
Figure 17-10
2
_LMocL = 0 = (2x 1674w)+ (2x 2088w)+[2 x1392( ; ) +[4 x 696(;) +(12x 558w)-(SNwL)
2031
.........__ - ~ ~ - - - -
2031 543
~ ---- 2031
~ .............,_ ~
,.._ ""'
.......
I I
'
EXTERIOR
JOIST
Figure 17-11
= 17348lbs = 9641bs/foot
18feet
-------
2088 940 2088
I
2088
I
2088
I l
- - 1392 I I
I I
I I
-+- 696 -+- 696 696
•
: /
/ CENTERLINE
SYMMETRY
i
I
------- -- - -- - ~ - ~ ---- --- -- _ L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _
--------~-------
SnL
Figure 17-12
= 22380lbs = 12431bs/feet
18feet
29500(0.0358)
G' = ------.,-------~...:....._----"------ x 1 = 86.1 kips/inch
2(1 + 0.3{ ·~ ) + 0.9(4.28)+ 4.86
8 9
Where:
K =1
11 =0.3
s =8.19 inches
d =6 inches Previously determined
10 - 91 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
=D = 925inches = 4 .282 (AISI 8310, App. 1 Eq. 1.4-1)
L (12 x 18 )inches
0 = 925inches (AISI S310 Tab. C-1.2)
Vc =0.9 (AISI S310, App. 1 Tab. 1-3-1)
= ~t[ 2x2.0+2xl.333+2(12)l.~S
36
2 12
x xlS ] x0.00608=4.86
w =36 inches
=2.00 36/7 pattern at exterior supports
=1.33 36/4 pattern at exterior supports
=2 interior supports
= 1'2 12 - #1 0 side-lap screws
· ~
11
St = = 0.00608 inches per kip (AISI S31 0 Eq. 05.2.1.1-1)
1000 t
30
= · .Jt
= 0.0159 inches per kip (A lSI S31 0 Eq. 05.2.2-2)
1000 t
Given:
Same conditions as in Example 17 except the edge condition is now a partial panel filler strip.
Edge deck sheet is full width. This example shows one potential configuration of a filler detail
and other configurations are possible.
0
4 - #12 Screws
0 1/) (/)
...... 3 1-
'**' 0 C/)
L()
I Q)
L..
(..)
FILLER SHEET fu 0--,
'<""' (/) 6" X 6'-0" X 20 Ga .
0
Figure 18-1
10 - 93 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
'i. 20 Ga. WR20
I
I
I
I
I
I
!... 3" .. j. 3"- - i
Solution:
Connections are not the same along the filler's longitudinal edges. Calculate the single
corrugation sheet strength for each case. Filler profile and thickness match the WR Deck
Case 1: Edge over H88 support with butt joint at filler end
Determine 8ru
940
= 4( 2088 ) = 1.8008 (AI81 8310 Eq. D1-6)
Where:
N = 1 fastener/0 .25 feet = 4 fasteners/foot Weld tributary width = 3 in.
Determine 8ne
1 1
= -:Lxee = - (3 + 3) = 1.0 (AI81 8310 Figure D1-1 & Eq. D1-10)
We 6
4 - #12 screws to H88 2 ~ x 2 ~
8ne uses A= 1
(AI81 8310 Eq. D1-5)
ae
2
= 21 " Xe2 = 21 {.\3 2 + 3 2) = 0.50
~ (AI81 8310 Eq . D1-8)
w 6
10 - 95 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
n5 a5 = 13( 558) = 13
558
Pnf = Pnfs = 558 lbs As in Example 17
Where:
N = 1 fastener/0.25 feet= 4 fasteners/foot
Corner screw tributary width = 3 in.
Determine Sne
Sne = [(2a1 + npaz)Pnr + nePnts] I L (AISI 8310 Eq. D1-3)
= [(2 x 1 + 0)558 + 13 x 558] I 6 = 1395 lbs/foot
Where:
= -1 L Xee =-16 (3+3)=1 (AISI 8310 Figure 01-1 & Eq. D1-10)
We
945
= =2.2 ksi < 4.56 ksi OK
12(0.0358)
Where:
h = 6 -1.22 = 4.78 in. See detail for top flat edge dimension
a -- (72 - 2 ) -- 5 m'
screw spacmg at b utt JOin
• · · t
14
a/h =5/5.5 =0.91
5
"
~
4
3 """"
2
0
""""'
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
a/h
Figure 18-3
10 - 97 SECTION 10 I EXAMPLES
Web
1 534
h/t = · = 42.85 kv = 5.34 (simply supported plate)
0.0358
<~Ek, =
2
9500(5.34) = 69.09 (AISI 5100 Eq. C3.2.1-2)
Fy 33
Let tributary width resisting shear= 2h + screw diameter= 2.216 in. < 14 in.
945 14112
Vn = ( ) 13.9ksi < 16 ksi OK
(2.216X.0358 XIOOO)
Adjusting for local shear at screws. Limits further reduction of screws at this detail.
Check St. Venant shear stress in filler strip web at Sn = 945 plf.
Bottom flat is attached to and bears on a rigid HSS and top flat is attached to a deck
flute that has greater torsional rigidity than the t = .0358 in. web. Twisting will be
minimal at the web. Require extra support connections in the last deck panel near the
shear wall to increase the lateral warping and frame action resistance of the deck - Use
36/7 at all joist supports in edge deck.
Vsv = 0 ksi
~ 2(yJ
2
= (5 · 5)(945)6 - FxmaxLJ
i=O Y7
Screw spacing = 5.00 in.
~ 2 2
(Yi) = 2( 3500
) in.= 2oo in .
i=O Y7 35
Where
Yo= 0, Y1 = 5, Y2 = 10, ..... , Y1 = 35
F = 31185in.lb = 156 lbs
xmax 200 in.
Figure 18-4
Determine the resultant force on the corner screw- Force additive to Snc check
+--0
,,;r + 945(6 ft/15 fasteners)= 3781b
R = ~ (392) 2 + (378) 2 = 5451b < 558 lb OK Governs
Estimate bending stress in top flat sheet due screw resistance of Fx at Sn =· 945 plf.
2
~ = 31185 in.lb = 1008 si OK S = .0358(72) = 30.93 in.3
b 30.93 in. 3 P 6
Determine the secondary forces in the connections at the HSS support and caused by shear
eccentricity- M 1 = 0 from above.
M2 = 0 +(0.44 in.)(9451b/ft) = 415 in. lb/ft (1.22- 0.78 = 0.44 in.)
Fxmax = (
21
~n. )s31bs =50 lbs
35rn.
at screw
Figure 18-5
Determine the resultant force on the corner weld at the HSS support.
Determine the resultant force on the top screw at the HSS support.
501b
.__0
,. ,.~ I ~ (P 945
.) = (940 lb) = 819 lb
" t Snr nt 1085
nd 2
Pnf-w =--t-0.75F,, = 3849lb
Determine Sni
940
= 4( ) = 2.049 (AISI S310 Eq. D1-1)
1835
Determine Sne
Sne =[(2a1 + npa2)Pnt + nePnts] I L (AISI S310 Eq . D1-3)
~ =26 + 4(0.50) = 28 Equals the twice the number of side-lap screws along
deck with one common using strength based on
Pnr = 279 lbs
--- -\ --~
screw shank into the deck - opposing forces. The full strength
can be developed at the filler to screw bearing in each ply. The
0
additive y-axis component (along the deck length) at the shear
plane between the bottom sheet and the deck is considered in Sni·
Figure 18-6
L w;,
Warping·Factor Development
6 in.
0.78 in.
3.56 in.
-height of deck
- pitch of deck
- half of length of bottom flat
- length of top flat
g
w
s
s/d
=
=
=
=
0.44 in.
1.534438 in.
8.188876 in.
1.364813 in.
- horizontal web offest
- length of web
- length around cell
DECK -WR
J
- -
4f2(f+w) = WT = 258.2595 in' d11 = o, = 9.903315 in' kt1 = C1 = 2.5553931/in' dt1 = 0 4 (1) = 10.545218 in'
16e2(2e+w) = WB = 30 1225 in' d12 = 0 2 = 4.951658 in' kt2 = C2 = 0.253032 1/in' dt2 = 0,(2) = 59.74008 in"
2e/f =A = 0.438202 d13 = o, = 2.867158 in' kt3 = C3 = 0.1331061/in' dt3 = 0 4 (3) = 96.71619 in"
s =V = 8.188876 in' kb2 = C4 = 0.061532 1/ln' db2 = 0 4 (4) = 129.3556 in"
kb3 = C5 = 0.0307661/in' db3 = 0 4 (5) = 217,5492 in"
ktc3= C6 = 0.0683331/in' dtc3 = 0,(6) = 159.4689 in"
g1
g2
g3
g4
=
=
=
=
G4(1)
G4(2)
G4(3)
G4(4)
=
=
=
=
10.54518
176.1641 in 4
543.5625 in 4
1158.601 in 4
;" J kb4
kt4
kbc
ktc4
= C41 = 0.020511 1/in'
= C42 = 0.090305 1/in'
= C43 = 0.015383 1/in'
= C44 = 0.0395 1/in'
db4
dt4
lbc4
dtc4
=
=
=
=
041
042
043
044
=
=
=
=
294.8669
129.3786
365.8728
240 54 72
-
in2s
in2s
in2s
in2s
287
2395
28
0.0149
1819
26
0.017~
218
24
0.0239
141
1179
22
0.0295
103
860
20
0.0358
77
643
18
0.0474
51
422
16
0.0598
36
298
>< one valley
two valleys
4926 3741 2425 1768 1323 868 613 three valleys number of cells
7874 5980 3876 2827 2114 1388 979 four valleys 6 @ 1 flute
3440 2613 1693 1235 924 606 428 one valley 0 @2flute
28735 21823 14145 10315 7715 5064 3574 two valleys 0 @ 3flute
59108 44890 29096 21217 15871 10417 7351 three valleys 0 @4flute
94492 71762 46513 33919 25372 16653 11752 four valleys 6 L flutes
--
4f2(f+w) = WT = 258.2595 in' d11 = o, = 9.903315 in' kt1 = C1 = 2.555393 1/in' dt1 =0,(1) = 10.54518in"
16e2(2e+w)= WB = 30.1225 in' d12 = 0 2 = 4.951658 in' kt2 = C2 = 0,253032 1/in' dt2 = 0 4 (2) = 59.74008 in"
2e/f =A = 0.438202 d13 = o, = 2.867158 in' kt3 = C3 = 0.1331061/in' dt3 = o.,(3) = 96 .71619 in"
s =V =8. 1888876 kb2 = C4 = 0.0615321/in' db2 = 0,(4) = 1293556in"
inJ kb3 = C5 =0.0307661/in' db3 = 0,(5) = 217 5492 in"
ktc3 = C6 = 0.0683331/in' dtc3 = 0 4 (6) = 159.4689 in"
--
g1 = G4(1) = 10.54518 in4 kb4 = C41 = 0.020511 1/in' db4 = 041 = 294.8669 in2s
g2 = G4(2) = 176.1641 in" kt4 = C42 = 0.090305 1/in' dt4 = 042 = 129.3786 in2s
g3 = G4(3) = 543.5625 in 4 kbc = C43 = 0 015383 1/in' lbc4 = 043 = 365.8728 in2s
g4 = G4(4) = 1158.601 in 4 ktc4 = C44 = 0,0395 1/in' dtc4 = 044 = 240.54 72S in"
-
-
O,(t") = OW1(t 15 ) = 6.256805 in2s
0 2(t' 5 ) = OW2(t' 5 ) = 52.262 in2s
O,(t' 5 ) = OW3(t' 5 ) = 107.5046 in2s
O,(t' ') = OW4(t' 5 ) = 171.8591 in2s
28
0.0149
287
2395
26
0.0179
218
1819
24
0.0239
141
1179
22
0.0295
103
860
20
0.0358
77
643
18
0.0474
51
422
16
0.0598
36
298
><one valley
two valleys
4926 3741 2425 1768 1323 868 613 three valleys number of cells
7874 5980 3876 2827 2114 1388 979 four valleys 0 @ 1 flute
3440 2613 1693 1235 924 606 428 one valley 6 @ 2 flute
28735 21823 14145 10315 7715 5064 3574 two valleys 0 @ 3flute
59106 44890 29096 21217 15871 10417 7351 three valleys 0 @4flute
94492 71762 46513 33919 25372 16653 11752 four valleys 6 ~flutes
i i
f-.-- 12" --~--~1------ 12" - --..~1. . . .----- 12" ~
36/4 WELD AT EVERY OTHER FLUTE
= U:-~ = ul
= o, U2 = 6 u4
D = 6(7?lS) = 77l5 inches
6
h
" 1:47 in. -height of deck g = 0.44 in. - horizontal web offset
d 6 in. - pitch of deck w = 1.534438 in. - length of web
e
" 0.78 in. - half of length of bottom flat s = 8.188876 in. - length around cell
"
f = 3.56 in. - length of top flat s/d = 1.364813 in.
- ,--
4f2(f+w) = WT = 258.2595 in' d11 = o, = 9.903315in' kt1 = C1 =
2.5553931/in' dt1 = 0 4 (1) = 10.54518 in"
16e2(2e+w)= WB = 30.1225 in' d12 = 0 2 = 4.951658 in' kt2 = C2 = 0.253032 1/in' dt2 = 0 4 (2) = 59.74008 in"
2e/f =A = 0.438202 d13 = o, = 2.867158 in' kt3 = C3 = o 1331061/in' dt3 = 0 4 (3) = 96.71619 in"
s =V = 8.188876 in' kb2 = C4 =
0.0615321/in' db2 = 0,(4) = 129.3556in 25
kb3 = C5 = 0.030766 1/in' db3 = 0 4 (5) = 217.5492 in"
ktc3 = C6 = 0.0683331/in' dtc3 = 0 4 (6) = 159.4689 in"
----
g1 = G4(1) = 10.54518 in 4 kb4 = C41 = 0.020511 1/in' db4 = 041 = 294.8669 in2.s
g2 =
G4(2) = 176.1641 in 4 kt4 = C42 = 0.090305 1/in' dt4 = 042 = 129.3786 in1s
g3 = G4(3) = 543.5625 in 4 kbc = C43 = 0.015383 1/in' lbc4 = 043 = 365.8728 in2s
g4 = G4(4) = 1158 601 in 4 ktc4 = C44 = 0.0395 1/in' dtc4 = 044 = 240.5472 in2s
-
O,(t") = OW1 (t") = 6.256805 in 25
O,(t' 5 ) = OW2(t' 5 ) = 52.262 in2s
0 3 (t 1 5 ) = OW3(t' 5 ) = 107 5046 in2s
O,(t' 5 ) = OW4(t'') = 171.8591 in2s
28
0.0149
287
2395
26
0.0179
218
1819
24
0.0239
141
1179
22
0.0295
103
860
20
0.0358
77
643
18
0.0474
51
422
16
0.0598
36
298
>< one valley
two valleys
4926 3741 2425 1768 1323 868 613 three valleys number of cells
7874 5980 3876 2827 2114 1388 979 four valleys 2 @ 1 flute
3440 2613 1693 1235 924 606 428 one valley 4 @2flute
28735 21823 14145 10315 7715' 5064 3574 two valley~ 0 @ 3flute
59106 44890 29096 21217 15871 10417 7351' three valle_ys 0 @4 flute
94492 71762 46513 33919 25372 16653 117S2 rour vpHays· 6 I: flutes
1692 1285 833 607 454 298 210 fee t cover= 36 inches
20303 15419 9994 7288 5452 3578 2525 inches
36/5 WELD
U1 = 2, Uz = 4
PERFORATIONS: %2"
ROUND HOLES IN A
STAGGERED PATTERN
'''-
~-29/
------.. --~
II
~~'
/32
~- wp -
.. 1.53" --
w
dp = 5/32 inches
Cp = Hole center to center spacing
= 3/8 inches
Po = Ratio of the area of perforations to the total area in the perforated band
d2
= 0.9069--f= 0.1574 (AISI S31 0 Eq. C-1 .6-1)
cP
k = Ratio of perforated-element stiffness of that of a solid element of the same
thickness
= 1 - 2.175p0 = 0.6576 (AISI S310 Eq. C-1.6-2)
w =Web flat width of panel measured at points of intercept
Aw = Ratio of perforated width to full element width
29 132
= w I w= -0.5908 (AISI S310 Eq. C-1.6-3)
p 1.534
=·1+A
3
w
(~-1)=
k
1+(0.5908)
3
(
1
0.6576
-1)= 1.1073
-
4f2(f+w) =WT =260.9475 in' d11 =o, =9.979701 in' kt1 = C1 =
2.522723 1/in' dt1 = 0 4 (1) = 10.61991 in"
16e2(2e+w) = WB = 30.63865 in' d12 = o, = 4.989851 in' kt2 = C2 =
0.2509661/in' dt2 = 0 4 (2) = 59.95313 in"
2e/f =A =0.438202 d13 = o, = 2.891322 in' kt3 = C3 =
0.1320511/in' dt3 = 0.1(3) = 97.04336 in"
s =V =8.294923 in' kb2 = C4 = 0.0610611/in' db2 = 0,(4) = 129.5517 in"
kb3 =C5 = 0 0305311/in' db3 =o,(sf = 217.8791 in"
ktc3 =C6 = 0.0678 1/in' dtc3 = 0 4 (6) = 159.9926 in"
-
g1 = G4(1) = 10.61991 in• kb4 = C41 = 0.020354 1/in' db4 = 041 = 295.314 in2s
g2 = G4(2) = 176.6761 in<~ kt4 = C42 = 0.089598 1/in' dt4 = 042 = 129.8078 in2s
g3 = G4(3) = 545.0296 in• kbc = C43 = 0.015265 1/in' tbc4 = 043 = 366.4275 in2s
g4 = G4(4) = 1161.652 in 4 ktc4 = C44 = 0.039194 1/in' dtc4 = 044 = 241.3265 in2s
28
0.0149
289
2402
26
0.0179
219
1824
0.0239
24
142
1182
22
0.0295
104
862
20
0.0358
78
645
18
0.0474
51
423
16
0.0598
36
299
>< one valley
two valleys
4939 3571 2431 1773 1326 870 614 three valleys number of cells
7895 5996 3886 2834 2120 1391 982 four valleys 6 @ 1 flute
3464 2631 1705 1244 930 611 431 one valley 0 @ 2 nute
28818 21886 14186 10345 7738 5079 3584 two valleys 0 @ 3 nute
59268 45011 29174 21275 15914 10446 7371 three valleys 0 @4flute
94740 71951 46636 34008 25438 16697 11783 four valleys 6 ~flutes
6(930)
D with perforations = =930 inches (0.6% more warping)
6
D without perforations = 924inches
,-----
4f2(f+w) = WT = 260.9475 in' d1 1 = o, = 9.979701 in' kt1 = C1 = 2.522723 1/in' dt1 = 0,(1) = 10.61991 in"
16e2(2e+w) = WB = 30.63865 in' d12 = 0 2 = 4.989851 in' kt2 = C2 = 0.2509661/in' dt2 = 0, (2) = 59.95313 in 25
2e/f =A = 0 438202 d13 = o, = 2.891322 in' kt3 = C3 =
0.1320511/in' dt3 = 0,(3) = 97.04336 in"
s = v = 8.294923 in' kb2 = C4 =
0.0610611/in' db2 = 0,(4) = 129.5517 in"
kb3 = C5 = 0.0305311/in' db3 = 0 4(5) = 217.8791 in 25
ktc3 = C6 " 0.0678 1/in' dtc3 = 0.(6) = 159.9926 in"
--
g1 = G4(1) = 10.61991 in4
kb4 = C41 = 0.020354 1/in' db4 = 041 = 295.314 in2 s
g2 = G4(2) = 176.6761 in 4 kt4 = C42 = 0.089598 1/in' dt4 = 042 = 129.8078 in2s
g3 = G4(3) = 545.0296 in 4 kbc = C43 = 0.015265 1/in' lbc4 = 043 = 366.4275 in2s
g4 = G4(4) = 1161 .652 in4 ktc4 = C44 = 0.039194 1/in' dtc4 = 044 = 241.3265 in25
28
0.0149
289
2402
26
0.0179
219
1824
24
0.0239
142
1182
22
0.0295
104
862
20
0.0358
78
645
18
0.0474
51
423
18
0.0598
36
299
>< one valley
two valleys
4939 3571 2431 1773 1326 870 614 three valleys number of cells
7895 5996 3886 2834 2120 1391 982 four valleys 2 @ 1 flute
3464 263't 1705 1244 930 6 11 431 one valley 4 @2flute
28818 21886 14186 10345 7738 5079 3584 two valleys 0 @ 3flute
59268 45011 29174 21275 15914 . 1044,6 7371 lllree valleys 0 @4flute
94740 71951 46636 34008 25438 16697 11783 rou rvalle),& 6 l: flutes
i i
~ 6!1 ---..
... +.
..-.
, - 12" ~~---
... - 12" -:+-- 6" ~
36/5 WELD
u1 = 2. U2 = 4
D with perforations
= 2(930)+4(7738) 5469 inches (0 .3% more warping)
6
D without perforations =5451 inches
[1 == 0.78 in.
3.56 in.
- half of length of bottom fiat
- length of top fiat
s
s/d
=
=
8.294923 in.
1.382487 in.
- length around cell
4f2(f+w) = WT = 260.9475 in' d11 = 0 1 = 9.979701 in' kt1 = C1 = 2.522723 1/in' dt1 = 0,(1) = 10.61991 in"
16e2(2e+w) = WB = 30 .63865 in' d12 = 0 2 = 4.989851 in' kt2 = C2 =
0.2509661/in' dt2 = 0,(2) = 59.95313 in 25
2e/f =A = 0.438202 d13 = o, = 2.891322 in' kt3 = C3 = 0.1320511/in' dt3 = 0,(3) = 97.04336 in"
s =V = 8.294923 in' kb2 = C4 =
0.0610611/in' db2 = 0,(4) = 129.5517 in"
kb3 = C5 =
0.0305311/in' db3 = 0.(5) = 217.8791 in"
ktc3 = C6 = 0.0678 1/in' dtc3 = 0 4 (6) = 159 9926 in"
g1 = G4(1) = 10.61991 in 4 kb4 = C41 = 0.020354 1/in' db4 = 041 = 295.314 in2 s
g2 = G4(2) = 176.6761 in4 kt4 = C42 = 0.089598 1/in' dt4 = 042 = 129.8078 in2s
g3 = G4(3) = 545 .0296 in4 kbc = C43 = 0.015265 1/in' lbc4 = 043 = 366.4275 in2s
g4 = G4(4) = 1161 .652 in 4 ktc4 = C44 = 0.039194 1/in' dtc4 = 044 = 241.3265 inzs
289
2402
28
0.0149
26
0.0179
219
1824
24
0.0239
142
1182
22
0.0295
104
862
20
0.0358
78
645
18
0.0474
51
423
16
0.0598
36
299
>< one valley
two valleys
4939 3571 2431 1773 1326 870 614 three valleys number of cells
7895 5996 3886 2834 2120 1391 982 four valleys 0 @1 flute
3464 2631 1705 1244 930 611 431 one valley 6 @ 2fiute
28818 21886 14186 10345 7738 5079 3584 two valleys 0 @ 3flute
59268 45011 29174 21275 15914 10446 7371 three valleys 0 @4flute
94740 71951 46636 34008 25438 16697 11783 four valleys 6 ~flutes
~ 12" ----ll~l
36/4 WELD AT EVERY OTHER FLUTE
ul = u3 = u4 = o, U2 = 6
= 6(7738)
D with perforations = 7738 inches (0.3% more warping)
6
D without perforations = 7715 inches
I
I
I
I
r DECK SIDE LAPS
I I
I
0I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
___
I I
Co
...... ____ _II I
I ...
. II
f-- -:: =::tI - - - - -1 =====f I
--
Z=- I
I
I I
-OC/) I I
0 a:l _, ~ I I I
I
Nl.()c.ol{) I
I
I
I
I
I
0:::8@)""" ' I
I
I
I
I
I
~a en II I
I
I
I
I
I ® = %" 0 ARC SPOT WELD
II c
1-rou... -
5}
---
::~
- - -1
-, -
----
--- -1
I
-1 - - - - -
I
I
-----r I
I
- --
--- E60 ELECTRODES
("") I qD II
II 0 =CONNECTOR AT SIDE LAP
II
_J I
I
q)
I
:
I 3- #10 SCREWS/ SPAN
I I
I
0
I
I I I
de Computed in Example 17
(nr)
15
1 ·
If - :$0.15 then (AISI S31 0 Eq. 03.1.1-1)
pnt
Else
P
___!!!!__
)1.s + (n- T)1.s :$ 1. 0
1
(AISI S31 0 Eq. 03.1.1-2)
( Pnr P11l
Ot =2.50
ntT)
( Pnf
15
. =(2 5 333
· x
1412
)
15
. =0.4527 7 ReductionRequired
0.8
'+-
c:
0....
~ 0.6
c:
0....
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
ntT/Pnt
Figure 20-3
Where :
A =1 As in Example 17
l\ =0.8018 As in Example 17
(AI81 8310 Eq. 01-5)
=(9)(0.3994) + 2(2)(0.5556) + 4(0.5556)
=8.039
ns =number of side-lap connections along a total plane length and not into
supports
=3 screws I span x 3 spans =9
= pns = 558/1397 = 0.3994
Pnft
=0.5556 As in Example 17
= 2( )2 ( )2 1397lbs I foot
( 18 ) 1 + 8.039
Determine Sn
. {593plf
= Mm = 570 plf
570plf
Note : Sa = 0 signifies that the available uplift resistance is consumed . There remains some
diaphragm strength contributed by the side-laps screws once the shear gets into the sheets .
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Figure 20-4
Given: Same as Example 20 except deck attachment at supports are #12 screws
Solution:
Determine Tension Force Per Fastener. T
K =NO. OF SCREWS
ACROSS SHEET
=12+1+1+12
=3.00
.0= 2.35
.Qd =2.35
(AISI S31 0 Eq. D3.1.2.1-2)
= 1.5 (0.0358)(0.430)(45)
= 10391bs
h =0.0358"
Fu1 = 45 KSI
tc -- t2 -- 3/
/16
II
od =2.35
0 = 2.55
= 0.7448
[ n
T
1.15- -
= nd -
Pnat
l
pnf = 700 lbs (AISI S100 Eq. E4.4.1-1)
Pnot = 0.85tcdFu2
=0.85(0.1875)(0.216)(65000)
= 22381bs
Pnt =940 lbs Calculated in (a)
pn.ft QtT
-+- =1.3 (AISI S310 Eq. 03.1.2.1-10)
pnf pnts
o, = 3.0
=(1.3- ntT]Pnr
pnt
=0.9786(940 lbs) =920 lbs
=2800 lbs Table A-1
Screw Pullover
Shear-Tension Interaction
1.2
'+-
0.8
r::
c..
~r:: 0.6
c..
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
T/Pnov
Figure 21·3
.....c: 0.8
a..
........ 0.6
.t=
c:
a..
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
T/Pnov
Figure 21-4
The sections covering tension and shear in the screw itself require the use of test values.
The ultimate strengths defined in Table 21-1 will be used in this design example.
Table 21-1
-------
STEEL DECK INSTITUTE 10 -120
Note A.1-1
1. These shear and tensile strengths in Table A.1-1 have been taken from the product
literature for a specific product and may not be appropriate for other screw types or
products from other screw manufacturers. Other screw types are acceptable provided
the shear and tensile strengths are available from the manufacturer or from test.
2. The AISI Specification allows the use of test values in lieu of the design expressions
in E4.3 and E4.4.
AISI Sections E4.3.2 and E4.4.3 can be difficult to apply in practice and for the purpose of
this manual the following conservative interpretation applies:
For E4.3.2, the shear strength of the screw constitutes an additional limit on Pns
such that Pns ~(Ultimate Shear Strength of the Screw) I (1.250) with 0 =3.0.
For E4.4.3, the tensile strength of the screw constitutes an additional limit on Pnot
Such that Pnot ~(Ultimate Tensile Strength of the Screw) I (1.250) with 0 = 3.0.
= [2(1Xo.so1s-1)+13.oss] 581
18
=410 plf
Where:
=1 As in Example 20
=0.8018 As in Example 20
(AlSl S310 Eq. 01-5)
=9(0.9604) + 2(2)(0.5556) + 4(0.5556)
= 13.088
ns = number of side-lap connections along a total plane length and not into
supports
=3 screws I span x 3 spans =9 screws
2
(1)2(13.088) 581
= 2
(18 ) (1)
2
+ (13.088 ) 2
= 342 plf
N = 1 fastener per foot
Determine Sn
410
= Min { =342 plf
342
Given:
As in Example 17, except deck is acoustical fluted with 5 rows of 5/32 inch cJ) on 3/8
inch centers.
DECK WEB
~ .......... ____.
ACOUSTICAL PE RFORATION PATTERN
Solution:
Determine Stiffness using AISI S310 Eq. 05.1.1-1
(a) Dn determined in accordance with AISI S310 Appendix 1.
0 = 930 inches (See Example 19)
0 930 inches
Dn = - = = 4.306 (AISI S31 0 App.1, Eq. 1.4-1)
L 12 x 18 inches
DE?termine Strength
The nominal diaphragm shear strength is not affected since fasteners are installed in
unperforated regions. (AISI 8310 01.4)
Given:
Calculate Strength and Stiffness of 2 x 12 x 18 gage (0.0474 inch) Composite Deck
with 2Y2-inch Structural (NW) Concrete Topping Slab
fc = 3 ksi v CENTERLINE
SYMMETRY
I
I
I
4%"i
--=1
36 11 - -- - -- - - - . -1
COVER
Figure 23-1
( 1) 2 inch deep composite deck attached to supports with 4 - % inch visible diameter arc
spot welds as shown
(2) Button-punch side laps 12" c/c
(3) Deck spans 10' - 0"; Sheet length, L, is 3 Lv =30 feet
(4) Structural steel supports
Solution:
Check Limits AISI S310 Section D4
(a) 0.5" ~ deck ~ 3" OK
(b) 0.014" ~ uncoated deck thickness ~ 0.075" OK
(c) Fasteners (welds, screws, power actuated) OK
(d) 33 ksi ~ Fy ~ 80 ksi OK
45 ksi ~ Fu ~ 82 ksi OK
(e) Minimum concrete cover =2 inches OK
(f) WWF permitted OK
(g) Maximum concrete cover =6 inch OK
(h) Light-weight insulating cover NA
Where:
~ =Factor defining connection interaction contribution to diaphragm shear
strength per unit length
(AISI S310 Eq. 01-5)
=~ + 2(2)(0.455) + 4(0.455)
= 3.6397
5 TE E L D E C K I N 5 T I T U TE 10 - 126
Pnt-w = nd~ 0.75Fxx = n(0.4
125
Y(0.75X6oooo)
4 4
= 60141bs (AISI S100 Eq. E2.2.2.1-1)
For _a~
d
t
0.815 -
Fu
$: (AISI S100 Eq. E2.2.2.1-2)
da
( t
= d-t = 0.75-0.0474 J.5(0. 815
t o.o474 vrEJ
45
14.82 s 20.87 Yes
Pnt-s = 2.2tdaFu = 2.2(0.0474)(3/4- 0.0474)(45) = 3297 lbs
Pnt =min (6014,3297) = 3297 lbs
k = factor for structural concrete strength
w1.s
=--- (AISI S310 Eq. D4.2-3a)
585000
1451. 5
=--
585000
= 0.002985
b = unit width of diaphragm with concrete fill
= 12 inches
de = concrete thickness above top deck
= 2.5 inches
f'c = concrete compressive strength
= 3000 psi
n = safety factor for diaphragm strength
= 3.25 (AISI S310, Section 04.1)
- 5305plf
= 1632 plf
3.25
It can be seen be.low that the studs already provided for composite beam action can be
sufficient to transfer the diaphragm shear into the framing when spaced at 12 in. on center
29500(0.0474)kips/inch k. . h
2376 1
= 2(1+0.3XI.206)+20.81 + lps me
= 58.4 + 2376
=2434 kips I inch
f
~·
e
f = 5.00" (Top Flat)
d = 12" - - --l w = ~F + 22 = 2.236" (Web Flat)
Figure 23-2
inch
2 x 120-- x 3spans
_ 29500 kip ( 0.0474) span x 0.005282 inch
2 x 1.1806 + 2 x 1.1806 + 2(31{ ~~ )
36 1 5 kip
- inch
=
1·15 o. = 1·15(1) = 0.00528 inches I kip
1000$ 1000.J0.0474
Ss = side-lap connection flexibility
30 30 1
= a = () = 0.1378 inches I kip
1000-Jt 1000.J0.0474
(AISI S310 Eq. 05.2.5-1)
K3 =Stiffness contribution of concrete fill
=3.5dcf'c 07
' (AISI S310 Eq. 05.4.1-3a)
:: 3.5 X (2.5) X 3000°'7
= 2376 kips I inch
Given:
Demonstrate the Strength and Stiffness of 2 inch x 12 inch x 18 gage (0.0474 inch)
Composite Deck . :. . Bare Deck Only
CENTERLINE
<)
V
I
II
SYMMETRY
(i)
0 = %" 0 ARC SPOT WELD
L 4%" .I 4%"
16 Yz."- ----r----- 16 Yz"
_J
r--- -- - - - - 36" - - - - - -- - - i
COVER
(1) 2" deep deck attached to supports with 4-% inch¢> arc spot welds as shown
(2) Button - punch side laps 12" on center
(3) Deck span, Lv. 10'-0"
(4) Sheet length is 3Lv = 30'-0"
(5) Structural steel supports
Solution:
Determine Nominal Shear Strength
Determine Sn1 - lnterior Panel
= 398 plf
N =number of support connections per unit width at an interior or edge panel's
end
=1.333 welds I foot
Sn = nominal shear strength [resistance] per unit length of diaphragm system
= Min f
s.m = 334plf =334 plf
lsnc = 398plf
s = ~ =
334
= 142 plf
n 2.35
(Factor of Safety assumed as for wind loads per AISI S100 Table D5)
Determine Stiffness
G' =Diaphragm stiffness
(AISI S310 Eq. D5.1.1-1)
- [ 29500(0.0474) ]1
- 2(1 + o.3XI.2o6)+ o.9(2.272)+ 2o.81
4f2(f + w) = WT =723.6068 in 3 d11 = 0 1 = 25.96285 in 3 kt1 = C1 =1.194019 1/in 3 t1 = 0.(1) =20.2557 in2 5
16e2(2e + w)= WB =723.6068 in 3 d12 =02 = 12.98142 in 3 kt2 =C2 =0.072364 1/in 3 t2 =D (2) =165.8294
4
in 25
2elf =A =1 d13 =0 =7.32822 in 3
3
kt3 =C3 =0.037313 1/in' t3 =op) =272.5279 in 25
s =V =14.47214 in 3 kb2 = C4 = 0.038517 1/in 3 b2 = 0.(4) = 266.1153 in2 5
kb3 = C5 = 0.019258 1/in 3 b3 = D4 (5J =
447.5508 in 25
ktc3= C6 =
0.018953 1/in' c3 = D4 (6) =
452 .9538 in 25
g1 = G4(1) = 20.2557 in• kb4 =C41 = 0.012839 1/in' db4 =041 =606.6117 in2 5
g2 =G4(2) = 597.774 in 4 kt4 = C42= 0.025137 1/in' dt4 =042 =366.4956 in2 5
g3 = G4(3) = 1893.111 in• kbc =
= C43 0.009629 1/in' lbc4 =043 = 752 .6877 in25
g4 = G4(4) =4070.223 in 4
ktc4 = C44= 0.010904 1/in' dtc4 = 044 =685.6605 in2 5
0.0149
5706
28
387
26
0.0179
294
4333
24
0.0239
190
2809
22
0.0295
139
2048
20
0.0358
104
1532
18
0.0474
68
1006
16
0.0598
48
710
>< one valley
two valleys
12047 9149 5930 4324 3235 2123 1498 three valleys
19426 14753 9~62 6973 5216 3424 2416 four valleys number of cells
4640 3524 2284 1666 1246 818 577 one valley 0 @ 1 flute
68473 52002 33705 24579 18385 12068 8516 two valleys 0 @ 2 flute
144565 109790 71162 51893 38817 25479 17980 three valleys 0 @ 3 flute
233114 177038 114749 83679 62593 41085 28993 four valleys 0 @ 4 flute
3 l: flutes
feet
inches cover= 36 inches
Given:
Demonstrate Strength and Stiffness of 2 inch x 12 inch x 18 gage (0.0474 inch) Hat Section
With 18 gage (0.0474 inch) flat pan- Bare Deck Only
.j/r CENTERLINE
' SYMMETRY
® = %" 0 ARC SPOT WELD
i
'
I
L16
1 - - - -- - -- -
Y," - ---+--- -
36" - -- - -- -- 1
COVER
Figure 25-1
(1) 2" cellular deck (18 ga./ 18 ga.) attached to supports with 4-% inch ct> arc spot welds
as shown
(2) Button- punch side laps 12" c/c
(3) Deck span, Lv, 10'-0"
(4) Sheet length, L, is 3Lv =30'-0"
(5) Structural steel supports
(6) AISI S31 0 Section D1.5 restrictions are satisfied
Solution:
Determine Nominal Shear Strength
Determine Sni - Interior Panel
= [2(1Xo.7-1)+3.6397] 5179
30
=525 plf
A =1 Determined in Example 24
A =0.7 Determined in Example 24
Pnf-w
= nd~ 0.75Fxx = n(0.3828 )2 (0.75X6o)
4 4
=51791bs (AISI S100 Eq. E2.2.2.1-1)
-1.5t = 0.7(3/4)-1.5(2 x 0.0474) = 0.3828 inches
=MIn. {0.7d
0.55d = 0.55(3/4) = 0.4125 inches
For~~ 0.815 fi
t ~F:
( ~=
t
d-t
t
= o.75-2(0.0474)J~(o. 815
2(0.0474)
IEJ
f45
6.91 ~ 20.93 Yes
Pnt-s =2.2tdaFu =2.2(2 X 0.0474)(3/4- 2 X 0.0474)(45)(1000)
= 6149 lbs (AISI S100 Eq. E2.2.2.1-2)
=M .In {5179
6149
= 5179 lbs
Nzf32
Snc = p (AISI S310 Eq. D1-2)
LzN2 + pz nr
(1.333Y(3 .6397f
= =
y
(3o (1.33 y + (3.6397Y 5197 628 plf
Sn
. {Sni
= Mm
= 525plf = 525 plf
snc = 628plf
s - sn
- - -- 525plf = 223 plf
n 2.35
(Factor of Safety assumed as for wind loads per AISI S1 00 Table D5)
= Et = 29500(0.0474)
=80.60 kips I inch
Aa +C 0.983+16.31
Where: s = 10.472"
d =12"
wd= 8"
t b = 0.0474"
t = 0.0474"
® =Resistance Weld
f f =5.00"
~
e=12"
w = 2.236 11
e e s = 2e + 2w + f = 10.472"
___0!.. . _)--;---~
(29500X0.0474) _ __ _______,2(,36 X 0.003735
36 3735
= 2(1.1806)+2(1.1806)+2(31{o.oo )
\ 0.1378
(Note that t =top deck in this case) (AISI S31 0, Section 5.3.1)
=16.31
Same as Example 23
= 1.1806
=2 Same as Example 23
=31 Same as Example 23
1.15a
= AISI S310 Eq. 05.2
1000$
= 1.15(1)
1ooo.J2 x o.o4 74
(Note that t = bottom deck because side lap connection is in the bottom plate)
= 0.003735 inches I kip
= 0.1378 inches I kip Same as Example. 23
'----------.------>
>
I
000000000000000
0000000000000000 1
ooooooo o ooooooo --L
ooo oo o ooo o o o o oo o l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 ~
000000 0 0 0 0000000 ~~
000000000000000
000000000 000000
Solution:
Nominal Shear Strength
No change from Example 25 since fasteners are in unperforated areas.
Determine Stiffness
G' =diaphragm stiffness used in design
Where:
E = 29500 ksi
= base steel thickness of top deck in cellular deck
= 0.0474 inches
= material shear deformation component for cellular deck
_ 2.6(s' I d) = 2.6(10.472112)
(AISI S310 Eq. 05.3.1-2)
- 1.+ (~) .!£_ 1+( 10.472)0.0474
d' t 10.620 0.0474
= 1.142
= 10.620 inches
wd = distance between longitudinal rows of fasteners connecting the top deck to
the bottom plate
= 8 inches See Example 25
wdp = total width of perforation bands in bottom plate width, wd
= 5.03125 inches See sketch
kb = ratio of shear stiffness of perforated zone in the bottom plate· of cellular deck
to a solid zone of the same thickness, tb
= 0.6576 See Example 19
c = 16.31 See Example 25
Summary
2 inches x 12 inches x 0.0474 inches Unperforated G' =:= 53.8 kips/inch
2 inches x 12 inches x 0.0474 inches Cellular G' = 80.9 kips/inch
2 inches x 12 inches x 0.0474 inches Acoustical Cellular G' = 80.1 kips/inch
10 - 140
SECTION 11
11 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
11 - 2
LOAD TABLES
THE LOAD TABLES ARE SHOWING NOMINAL STRENGTH VALUES. THE VALUES MUST NOT BE
USED WITHOUT APPLYING THE PROPER SAFETY OR RESISTANCE FACTOR.
The following load tables are for typical panel configurations and connector types. Different
panel widths and fastening patterns are possible. Specific design applications may dictate an
arrangement, not listed, that would require the designer to make direct use of the strength and
stiffness formulas in Sections 1 through 5. Assistance is available from SDI member companies.
The tables are arranged showing the fastener types and resistance factor at the top along with the
fastener patterns as defined in Section 9. For each steel base metal design thickness given, factored
nominal shear strengths are listed under the specific span lengths. The column "S.ide-lap Conn/Span"
shows the number of connectors between structural supports at the sheet edge. For example, the row
labeled "S"would represent six even spaces or stitch fasteners at 12-inch centers within a 6-foot deck span.
Nominal diaphragm shears due to panel buckling are tabulated at the bottom of the pages
to check whether the panel buckling governs over connector strength for diaphragm design.
Steel yield and tensile strength, and weld electrode strength (where appropriate), are shown in each table.
The D-values are the warping constants for the particular connector pattern and panel profile.
They may be substituted directly into the G' stiffness equation in Section 9. D-values, K2- K3-
and K4 -values are listed in Section 9. K1-values are found with the appropriate load table.
The concrete thickness above the deck is 2-1 /2" in all applicable tables. The minimum permitted
by the SDI Standards is 1-1 /2" for non-composite deck and 2" for composite deck; however,
2-1/2" is commonly the minimum thickness above the deck permitted by many fire-rated floor
assemblies. Some assemblies require a greater thickness. When more than 2-1/2" of concrete
is above the top of the deck, the nominal strength reported in the tables is conservative.
ROOF DECK
Frame Fastener
Side-Lap Fastening 3/41n. 5/81n.
Deck Type No.12
Connection Pattern Arc Spot Arc Spot
Screws
Welds Welda
36/9
36/7
36/5 11·5 11·8
Welds 36/4 thru thru
11·7 11·10
30/6
1·1/2" 30/4
Roof Deck
36/9
36/7
36/5 11·11 11·16
No. 10 Screws 36/4 tltru thru
11·14 11·18
30/6
30/4
Frame Fastener
-
Type Fastening Weld with
Deck Type Pattern No.12
of Fill Weld
Screws
Washer
36/8
36/7
Without 36/5
9/16" Fill 30/7
X 30/5 11·23 11·26
2·1/2" 30/4 thru thru
Form 11·25 11·28
Deck NW&LW
30/4
Concrete
Typal · 30/4
Insulating Fill
Frame Fastener
Side-Lap Typs 5/81n.
Deck Type of Fill No.12
Connection Arc Spot
Screws
Welds
None
NW 11·29
Welds Concrete thru
11·31
1·1/2" X 6" LW
Concrete
2" X 12"
None
311 X 1211 NW 11·32 11-36
No. 10 Screws Concrete thru thru
11·35 11-39
LW
Concrete
12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl n"'' Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~" 1 S,,, ~""Sno}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snr/ Odr• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
------------ -------------------------
11 - 7 SECTION 11 I GENERIC DIAPHRAGM
LOAD TABLES
ROOF DECK
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Qdt• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~dtSnt• ~dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn,t Odl• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~d'S"'' ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Odr• Snb/ Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min (<J!drSnr• <PdbSnb}
2
Design Strengths: ·
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri ndr• Snb/ Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~0 rSnr. ~dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required slrength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S 0 ri Odt• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 1/ft
0 790 695 615 545 490 0.366
1 885 785 700 635 570 515 470 0.301
2 970 865 780 705 645 590 540 495 455 0.255
36/9 3 1050 945 855 775 710 655 610 560 515 0.222
4 1120 1015 925 845 775 715 665 620 575 0.196
5 1185 1080 985 905 835 775 720 670 630 0.176
6 1240 1135 1045 965 890 830 770 720 680 0.159
0 505 435 380 335 300 0.549
1 615 540 480 430 385 345 315 0.414
2 720 635 565 510 465 420 385 355 325 0.333
36/7 3 810 720 645 585 535 490 455 420 385 0.278
4 890 800 720 655 600 555 510 475 445 0.239
5 960 870 790 725 665 615 570 530 495 0.209
6 1025 935 855 785 725 670 625 585 545 0.186
0 445 390 350 310 275 0.659
1 540 480 430 390 355 325 295 0.474
2 615 555 505 460 420 390 360 335 310 0.370
36/5 3 680 620 570 520 480 445 415 390 365 0.304
4 735 675 625 580 535 500 465 435 410 0.257
5 780 725 675 625 585 550 515 485 455 0.223
6 815 765 715 670 630 590 555 525 495 0.197
0 340 300 265 235 210 0.823
1 430 385 345 315 290 265 240 0.554
2 500 455 415 380 350 325 300 280 260 0.417
36/4 3 555 510 470 435 405 380 355 330 310 0.334
4 595 555 520 485 455 425 400 375 355 0.279
5 625 590 555 525 495 465 440 415 395 0.240
6 650 620 590 560 530 500 475 450 430 0.210
0 455 390 340 300 270 0.732
1 575 500 445 395 350 315 290 0.538
2 680 600 530 480 435 395 360 330 305 0.425
30/6 3 775 685 615 555 505 465 430 395 365 0.351
4 860 770 695 630 575 530 490 455 425 0.299
5 935 845 765 700 640 590 550 510 475 0.261
6 1000 910 830 760 700 650 605 565 530 0.231
0 415 365 325 290 260 0.823
1 505 450 405 370 335 310 280 0.585
2 580 525 475 435 400 370 345 320 300 0.454
30/4 3 640 585 540 495 460 425 395 370 350 0.371
4 685 635 590 550 510 475 445 420 395 0.314
5 725 675 635 595 555 520 490 460 435 0.272
6 755 710 670 630 595 560 530 500 475 0.240
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buck ling, Sm, p/[
Deck I Soan ft
Profile in 4/ft 3 3.5 4 4,5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
NR 0.114 11246 8263 6326 4998 4049 3346 2812 2396 2066
IR 0.125 12191 8956 6857 5418 4389 3627 3048 2597 2239
WR 0.173 15500 11388 8719 6889 5580 4612 3875 3302 2847
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odt• Snb I Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• •PdbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min (Snrl ndr• Snbl Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snt I Odt• Snb I Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~"'S"" q>dbsnlll
-----------------
11 - 17 SECTION 11 J GENERIC DIAPH·RAGM
LOAD TABLES
HOOF DECK
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Requimrl strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri 0"'' Snb/ 0""}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• •l•<tbSnbl
Support fastening: 3/4 in. arc spot welds or equivalent Fu= 45 ksi Loading ~., n.,
F,= 33 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00
Side-lap fastening: 5/8 ln. arc spot welds or equivalent
F,.= 60 ksi Wind 0.70 2.35
Other 0.60 2 65
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {8,1/ n.,, 8 00 / n.,J
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {$.1S,,. ~~.,S,,)
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds or equivalent F = 45 ksi Loading ~or nor
"
F= 33 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00
Side-lap fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds or equivalent '
F"= 60 ksi Wind 0.70 2 35
Other 0.60 2 65
12
Nominal Shear Strength. S, 1, plf
Fastener Side-lap Span, fl. K,
Layout Conn/Span 9.0 9.5 10.0 10,5 11 .0 11 ,5 12.0 12.5 13.0 1/ft
2 645 0 392
3 815 775 735 700 670 640 610 0.293
4 985 935 890 850 810 775 745 715 685 0.234
5 1130 1075 1030 985 945 905 870 840 805 0.195
3DR20 6 1265 1210 1160 1110 1065 1025 985 950 915 0.167
0.0358 7 1395 1335 1280 1230 1180 1135 1095 1055 1020 0.146
24/4 8 1515 1455 1395 1340 1290 1245 1200 1160 1120 0. 130
9 1630 1565 1505 1450 1395 1345 1300 1255 1215 0117
10 1735 1670 1605 1550 1495 1445 1395 1350 1310 0.106
11 1830 1765 1700 1645 1590 1535 1485 1440 1395 0.097
12 1920 1855 1790 1735 1675 1625 1575 1525 1480 0.090
4
I, in /ft Nominal Slteor StrongHt d11e to Panal BuokUng, plf s,•.
0.989 7060 6337 I 5719 I 5187 4726 4324 3971 3660 I 3384
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S,,. plf '
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft K,
Layout Conn/Span 10.0 10.5 11 .0 11.5 12,0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 11ft
3 955 910 870 830 795 0.337
4 1160 1105 1055 1005 965 925 890 855 825 0.269
5 1335 1280 1225 1175 1130 1090 1045 1010 970 0.224
6 1505 1440 1385 1330 1280 1235 1190 1150 1110 0.192
3DR18 7 1660 1595 1535 1475 1420 1370 1325 1280 1240 0.168
0.0474 8 1810 1740 1675 1615 1560 1505 1455 1405 1360 0.149
24/4 9 1955 1880 1810 1750 1690 1630 1580 1530 1480 0.134
10 2085 2010 1940 1875 1815 1755 1700 1645 1595 0.122
11 2210 2135 2065 1995 1930 1870 1815 1760 1705 0.112
12 2325 2250 2180 2110 2045 1980 1920 1865 1815 0103
13 2435 2360 2285 2215 2150 2085 2025 1970 1915 0.096
I, in41ft Nominal Shear Strength duo to Panel BLH,Jkling , 5, 0 , ptr
1.323 8782 I 7966 7258 6640 I 6099 I 5620 I 5196 4819 4481
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min (S, 1/ nor. S, 0 / n••}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<j>01S,,, $••s,.}
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds or equivalent F.,= 45 ksl Loading ~~., n.,
F,= 33 ksl Seismic 0.55 3 00
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws or equivalent
Fu = 60 ksl Wind 0.70 2.35
Other 0.60 265
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf
Fa stoner Side-lap Span, ft. Kr
Lnyoul Conn/Span 8 85 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11 5 12 1/ft
2 380 360 340 0.587
3 435 405 385 365 345 330 315 300 290 0.476
4 485 455 430 410 385 370 350 335 320 0.401
5 535 505 475 450 430 410 390 375 355 0.346
3DR22 6 590 555 525 495 470 450 430 410 390 0.305
0 0295" 7 640 605 570 540 515 490 465 445 425 0.272
24/4 8 695 655 615 585 555 530 505 480 460 0.246
9 745 700 665 630 595 570 540 520 495 0.224
10 800 750 710 670 640 605 580 555 530 0.206
11 845 800 755 715 680 645 620 590 565 0190
12 890 840 800 760 720 685 655 625 600 0177
4
I, in 1ft Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel BUo~llng, S,,, plf
0,808 6643 5884 6249 4711 4252 3656 I 351•1 I 3215 l 2952
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf '
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S,1, plf '
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. Kr
Layout Conn/Span 10.0 10.5 11 ,0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 1/ft
3 600 570 545 520 500 0.604
4 685 650 620 595 570 545 525 505 490 0.508
5 770 735 700 670 640 615 590 570 550 0.439
6 855 815 775 745 710 685 655 635 610 0.386
3DR18 7 940 895 855 815 785 750 720 695 670 0.345
0.0474 8 1025 975 930 890 855 820 790 760 730 0.311
24/4 9 1110 1055 1010 965 925 890 855 820 790 0.284
10 1195 1140 1085 1040 995 955 920 885 855 0.261
11 1265 1210 1160 1115 1065 1025 985 950 915 0.241
12 1340 1280 1230 1180 1135 1090 1050 1010 975 0.224
13 1410 1350 1295 1245 1195 1155 1110 1075 1035 0 210
l,in'm Nom1nal Shear Strength due lo Panel Bucldlng, S,,, plf
1.323 8782 7966 7258 6640 6099 I 5620 I 5196 4819 I 4481
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min (S,r/ n., S., 0/ 0 00)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~, 11 S, 1 , ~~.,s,,)
Support fastening: #12 screws or equivalent f.,; 45 ksi Loading ~UI n"
f ,; 33 ksi Seismic 0.65 2 50
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws or equivalent
Wind 0 70 2.35
Other 0 65 2.50
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11,5 12 11ft
2 225 210 200 0.625
3 280 260 245 235 220 210 200 195 185 0 502
4 330 310 295 280 265 250 240 230 220 0.419
5 380 360 340 320 305 290 275 265 255 0.359
3DR22 6 420 400 380 360 345 330 315 300 290 0.315
0.0295" 7 465 440 420 400 380 365 350 335 325 0.280
24/4 8 500 480 455 435 415 400 380 365 355 0.252
9 540 515 490 470 450 430 415 400 385 0.229
10 575 550 525 500 480 460 445 425 410 0.210
11 610 580 555 535 510 490 475 455 440 0.194
12 640 610 585 565 540 520 500 485 465 0.180
I, in'lft Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, S,,, plf
0.808 6643 5884 5249 4711 4252 3856 3514 1 3215 I 2952
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S,1, plf
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 90 95 10.0 10.5 11 .0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 11ft
2 255 0.689
3 315 300 285 270 260 250 235 0.553
4 380 360 340 325 310 295 285 270 260 0 461
• 5 440 420 395 380 360 345 330 315 305 0.396
3DR20 6 490 470 445 425 410 395 375 360 350 0.347
0.0358 7 540 515 495 475 455 435 420 405 390 0 308
24/4 8 590 560 540 515 495 475 460 440 425 0.278
9 635 605 580 560 535 515 495 480 465 0.253
10 675 650 620 600 575 555 535 515 500 0,232
11 715 690 660 635 615 590 570 550 535 0,214
12 755 725 700 675 650 625 605 585 565 0.199
I, in'lft Nomii'Ja Sheer Slrengll1 due to Panel s uckling, s••.pll
0 989 7060 6337 5719 I 5187 I 4726 4324 1 3971 1 3660 3384
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf '
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13,5 14,0 1/ft
•3 410 390 375 360 345 0 636
4 495 475 450 430 415 395 380 365 355 0.531
5 575 550 530 505 485 465 445 430 415 0.455
6 650 620 595 570 550 530 510 495 475 0.399
3DR18 7 715 685 660 635 610 590 570 550 530 0.355
0.0474 a 780 750 720 695 670 645 625 605 585 0.319
24/4 9 845 810 780 755 725 700 680 655 635 0.291
10 900 870 835 810 780 755 730 705 685 0.266
11 955 925 890 860 830 805 780 755 730 0.246
12 1010 975 940 910 880 855 825 BOO 780 0.229
13 1060 1025 990 960 930 900 875 850 825 0.213
l,ln'lft Nomina Sh\lar Strength due to Panel Bucknng, s,•.plf
1.323 a1a2 I 7966 725a I 6640 I 6099 5620 I 5196 I 4819 4481
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf ·
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 11 0 11 .5 12.0 12,5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14,5 15,0 1/ft
3 510 485 465 0.7 14
4 620 590 565 545 525 505 485 470 455 0.596
5 720 690 665 640 615 595 570 550 535 0 512
6 810 780 750 725 700 675 655 630 610 0.448
3DR16 7 900 865 835 805 780 750 730 705 685 0.399
0.0598 8 985 950 9f5 885 855 825 800 775 755 0359
24/4 9 1065 1025 990 960 930 900 870 845 820 0 326
10 1140 1100 1065 1030 1000 970 940 910 885 0.299
11 1210 1170 1135 1100 1065 1035 1005 975 950 0.276
12 1280 1240 1200 1165 1130 1095 1065 1035 1010 0.257
13 1340 1300 1260 1225 1190 1155 1125 1095 1065 0.240
I. in'ift Nomina Shear Stre ngth due to Panel Buckling, S,,, pit
1'.672 10299 I 9423 8654 7975 I 7374 6838 I 6358 I 5927 5538
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <; Min {$. 18, 1, $,,S,,)
Support fastening: 16-gage weld washer F""= 60 ksl Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
with 3/8 in. hole - E60 Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
12
Type Nominal Shear Strength, S 01 , plf '
9/16" x 2-1/2" x 24 Ga. Fu= 62 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Design thickness = 0.0239 in. F,= 60 ksi Loading ~dl nd, Loading $dr nd,
Support fastening: 16-gage weld washer F,= 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
with 3/8 in. hole - E60 Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Type Nominal Shear Strength, Snr. plf1·2
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Fill Layout Conn/Span 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 1/ft
0 1550 1280 1090 945 835 745 670 0.393
1 1700 1415 1210 1050 930 830 750 685 625 0.314
35/8 2 1835 1545 1325 1155 1020 915 830 755 695 0.262
3 1965 1665 1435 1255 1115 1000 905 830 760 0.224
4 2085 1775 1540 1350 1200 1080 980 900 825 0 196
0 1485 1240 1060 925 815 730 660 0.420
1 1620 1365 1175 1025 910 815 740 675 620 0.331
35/7 2 1745 1485 1280 1125 1000 900 815 745 685 0.273
3 1855 1590 1385 1220 1085 980 890 815 750 0.232
4 1960 1695 1480 1310 1170 1055 960 880 815 0.202
0 1115 940 810 710 630 565 510 0.572
1 1230 1055 915 805 720 645 585 540 495 0.419
35/5 2 1330 1155 1010 895 800 725 660 605 560 0.330
3 1415 1245 1100 980 880 800 730 670 620 0.273
No Fill 4 1490 1325 1180 1060 955 870 795 735 680 0.232
(Bare Deck) 0 1430 1175 995 865 760 675 605 0.524
1 1585 1315 1120 970 855 765 690 625 570 0.407
30/7 2 1735 1445 1235 1075 950 850 770 700 640 0.333
3 1870 1575 1350 1180 1045 935 850 775 710 0.282
4 1995 1690 1460 1280 1135 1020 925 845 780 0.244
0 1110 925 785 685 605 540 485 0.699
1 1245 1050 900 785 695 625 565 515 470 0.506
30/5 2 1370 1165 1010 885 785 710 640 585 540 0.396
3 1480 1275 1110 980 875 790 715 655 605 0.325
4 1575 1370 1205 1070 955 865 790 725 665 0.276
0 945 795 685 600 530 475 430 0.787
1 1065 910 790 695 620 555 505 465 425 0.550
30/4 2 1165 1010 885 785 705 635 580 530 490 0.422
3 1250 1100 975 870 780 710 650 595 550 0.343
4 1325 1180 1055 945 855 780 715 660 610 0.289
0 6015 5795 5645 5540 5460 5395 5350 0.787
2-1/2" 1 6225 5960 5785 5660 5565 5490 5430 5385 5345 0.550
NW Cone. 30/4 2 6435 6130 5925 5780 5670 5585 5515 5460 5415 0.422
(Above Deck)
3 6535 6295 6065 5900 5775 5675 5600 5535 5485 0.343
4 6535 6465 6205 6020 5880 5770 5685 5610 5555 0.289
0 4575 4355 4205 4100 4020 3955 3905 0.787
2-1/2" 1 4615 4520 4345 4220 4125 4050 3990 3945 3905 0.550
LW Cone. 30/4 2 4615 4615 4485 4340 4230 4145 4075 4020 3975 0.422
(Above Deck)
3 4615 4615 4615 4460 4335 4235 4160 4095 4045 0.343
4 4615 4615 4615 4580 4440 4330 4245 4170 4115 0.289
0 1560 1335 1190 1080 1000 940 890 0.787
1 1770 1505 1330 1200 1105 1035 975 925 885 0.550
Type I
30/4 2 1980 1670 1465 1320 1210 1125 1060 1005 955 0.422
lnsul. Fill
3 2190 1840 1605 1440 1315 1220 1140 1080 1025 0.343
4 2400 2005 1745 1560 1420 1315 1225 1155 1095 0.289
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See Table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span, ft
Profile In 41ft 2 I 2.5 I 3 I 3.5 I 4 I 4.5 I 5 I 5.5 I 6
9/16 0.017 5355 I 3425 I 2380 I 1745 1 1335 L 1055 I 855 I 705 I 595
2
Desrgn Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Requirec;j strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<~drSnr. ·~dbSnb}
9/16" x 2 1/2" x 24 Ga. Fu= 62 ksl Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Design thickness = 0.0239 in. Fy= 60 ksl Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Support fastening: #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: #1 0 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Minimum support thickness: 0.06 in. Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
9/16" x 2 1/2" x 22 Ga. Fu= 62 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Design thickness = 0.0295 ln. Fy= 60 ksi Loading ~dl nd, Loading ~dl nd,
Support fastening: #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Minimum support thickness: 0.074 in. Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
Type Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf1•2
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Fill L;,jyout Conn/Span 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 1/ft
0 1100 910 770 670 590 525 475 0.494
1 1295 1090 930 815 720 645 585 535 490 0.385
35/8 2 1465 1250 1080 950 845 760 690 630 580 0.315
3 1615 1395 1215 1075 960 870 790 725 665 0.267
4 1735 1520 1340 1195 1075 970 885 815 750 0.231
0 1055 880 750 655 580 520 470 0.527
1 1230 1045 905 790 705 630 575 525 485 0.404
35/7 2 1380 1190 1040 920 820 740 675 620 570 0.328
3 1500 1320 1165 1040 935 845 770 710 655 0.276
.4 1605 1425 1275 1145 1035 940 865 795 735 0.238
0 790 670 575 505 445 400 365 0.719
1 940 815 715 630 565 510 465 425 390 0.508
35/5 2 1050 930 830 745 670 610 560 515 475 0.393
3 1135 1025 925 640 765 700 645 595 555 0.321
No Fill 4 1195 1100 1005 925 850 780 725 675 625 0.271
(Bare Deck) 0 1015 635 705 610 540 460 430 0.659
1 1220 1020 670 760 670 600· 540 495 450 0.497
30/7 2 1405 1190 1025 895 795 715 650 590 545 0.399
3 1560 1340 1165 1030 915 825 750 665 635 0.334
4 1690 1475 1295 1150 1030 930 850 780 720 0.266
0 785 655 555 485 430 360 345 0.878
.1 965 620 710 625 555 495 450 410 380 0.613
30/5 2 1110 965 845 750 670 605 550 505 465 0.470
3 1220 1060 960 860 775 705 645 595 550 0.382
4 1305 1175 1060 960 875 800 735 680 630 0.321
0 670 565 485 425 375 335 305 0.988
1 820 715 625 555 495 445 405 370 345 0.664
30/4 2 930 830 740 665 600 545 500 460 425 0.500
3 1010 915 835 760 690 635 585 540 505 0.401
4 1065 985 910 835 770 715 660 615 575 0.335
0 5695 5535 5430 5355 5295 5255 5220 0.988
2-1/2" 1 5980 5765 5620 5520 5440 5380 5335 5295 5260 0.664
NW Cone. 30/4 2 6270 5995 5810 5680 5585 5510 5450 5400 5355 0.500
(Above Deck) '3 6535 6225 6005 5845 5730 5635 5565 5505 5455 0.401
4 6535 6455 6195 6010 5870 5765 5680 5610 5550 0.335
0 4250 4095 3990 3915 3855 3815 3780 0.988
2-1/2" 1 4540 4325 4180 4080 4000 3940 3895 3855 3820 0.664
LW Cone. 30/4 2 4615 4555 4370 4240 4145 4070 4010 3960 3915 0.500
(Above Deck)
3 4615 4615 4565 4405 4290 4195 4125 4065 4015 0.401
4 4615 4615 4615 4570 4430 4325 4240 4165 4110 0.335
0 1235 1075 970 895 840 795 760 0.988
1 1525 1305 1165 1060 985 925 875 835 805 0.664
Type I 30/4
lnsul. Fill 2 1810 1535 1355 1225 1130 1050 990 940 900 0.500
3 2100 1765 1545 1390 1270 1180 1105 1045 995 0.401
4 2385 1995 1740 1555 1415 1305 1220 1150 1090 0.335
1
Nominal shear strenath of bare deck shown above mav be limited bv shear bucklina. See Table below.
I Buckling I ~db
0.80 2.00
=
Design thickness 0.0358 in. 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphrag~ Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds 40 ksi Loading <Jldr ndr Loading <Jldr ndr
Side-lap fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Design thickness= 0.0474 ln. 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds 40 ksi Loading ~df nd, Loading ~df nd,
Side-lap fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Design thickness = 0.0598 in. 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: 5/8 ln. arc spot welds 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Design thickness =0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dr ndr Loading ~dr ndr
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws F•• = 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2 35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Design thickness= 0.0474 ln. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dl ndr Loading ~dl ndr
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws F,= 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Design thickness = 0.0598 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: 5/8 in. arc spot welds Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~d( .ndr Loading ~d( ~~
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws F,.= 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
=
Design thickness 0.0295 ln. F=
u 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: #12 screws F=
y 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: #10 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
12
Type Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf •
. I ~db
2.00
Design thickness= 0.0474 in. 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: #12 screws 40 ksi Loading ~df nd, Loading ~df nd,
Side-lap fastening: #1 0 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
11 - 40
SECTION 12
12 - 1
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
12- 2
LOAD TABLES
THE LOAD TABLES ARE SHOWING NOMINAL STRENGTH VALUES. THE VALUES MUST NOT BE
USED WITHOUT APPLYING THE PROPER SAFETY OR RESISTANCE FACTOR.
The following load tables are for typical panel configurations and connector types. Different
panel widths and fastening patterns are possible. Specific design applications may dictate an
arrangement, not listed, that would require the designer to make direct use of the strength and
stiffness formulas in Sections 1 through 5. Assistance is available from SDI member companies.
The tables are arranged showing the fastener types and resistance factor at the top along with the
fastener patterns as defined in Section 9. For each steel base metal design thickness given, factored
nominal shear strengths are listed under the specific span lengths. The column "S_ide-lap Conn/Span"
shows the number of connectors between structural supports at the sheet edge. For example, the row
labeled"S"would represent six even spaces or stitch fasteners at 12-inch centers within a 6-foot deck span.
Nominal diaphragm shears due to panel buckling are tabulated at the bottom of the pages
to check whether the panel buckling governs over connector strength for diaphragm design.
Steel yield and tensile strength, and weld electrode strength (where appropriate), are shown in each table.
The D-values are the warping constants for the particular connector pattern and panel profile.
They may be substituted directly into the G' stiffness equation in Section 9. D-values, K2- K3-
and K4 -values are listed in Section 9. K,-values are found with the appropriate load table.
The concrete thickness above the deck is 2-1 /2" in all applicable tables. The minimum permitted
by the SDI Standards is 1-1 /2" for non-composite deck and 2" for composite deck; however ,2-
1/2" is commonly the minimum thickness above the deck permitted by many fire-rated floor
assemblies. Some assemblies require a greater thickness. When more than 2-1 /2" of concrete
is above the top of the deck, the nominal strength reported in the tables is conservative.
ROOF DECK
Frame Fastener
Pneutek Hilti Simpson
Side-Lap Fastening 5/8 in.
Deck Type No. 12 ENP2K
Connection Pattem Arc Spot
Screws SDK61 SDK63 K64 K66 ENP2 X-ENDK22 X-ENP
Welds XL
Series Series Series Series ENPH2 X-EDN19 -19 L5
X-HSN24
36/9
36/7
36/5 12-5 12-9 12-13 12-17 12-21 12-25 12-29 12-33 12-37 12-41
1-1/2"
No. 10 Screws 36/4 thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru
Roof Deck
12-8 12-12 12-16 12-20 12-24 12-28 12-32 12-36 12-40 12-48
30/6
30/4
3"
No. 10 Screws 24/4 12-49 12-50 12-51 12-52 12-53 12-54 12-55 12-56 12-57 12-58, 12-59
Roof Deck
Frame Fastener
Pneutek Hiltl
Side-Lap Fastening Weld with
Deck Type No. 12 ENP2K
Connection Pattern Weld
Screws SDK61 SDK63 K64 K66 ENP2 X-ENDK22 X-ENP-
Washer Series Series Series Series ENPH2 X-EDN19 19 L5
X-HSN24
35/8
35/7
Without 35/5
9/16" Fill 30/7
X 30/5 12-60 12-63 12-66 12-69 12-72 12-75 12-78 12-81 12-84
2-1/2" 30/4 thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru
Form 12-62 12-65 12-68 12-71 12-74 12-77 12-80 12-83 12-86
Deck NW&LW
30/4
Concrete
Type I
30/4
Insulating Fill
Frame Fastener
Pneutek Hilt I
Side-Lap Type 5/8 in.
Deck Type No. 12 ENP2K,
Connection of Fill Arc Spot Screws SDK61 SDK63 K64 K66 ENP2 X-ENDK22 X-ENP-
Welds Series Series Series Series ENPH2 X-EDN19 19 L5
X-HSN24
None
NW
Welds Concrete
1-1/2" X 6" LW
Concrete 12-87 12-91 12-95 12-99 12-103 12-107 12-111 12-115 12-119
2" X 12" thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru thru
None 12-90 12-94 12-98 12-102 12-106 12-110 12-114 12-118 12-122
3" X 12" NW
No. 10 Screws Concrete
LW
Concrete
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plr
Deck I Soan, ft
Profile in 4/ft 3 3.5 4 4,5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
NR 0.114 11246 8263 6326 4998 4049 3346 2812 2396 2066
IR 0.125 12191 8956 6857 5418 4389 3627 3048 2597 2239
WR 0.173 15500 11388 8719 6889 5580 4612 3875 3302 2847
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Odr• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri 0"" Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {•PdrSnr· ~dbsnbl
F=
u 45 ksi Loading ~dl nd,
F=
y 33 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00
1.5(WR, IR, NR)18
FXX= 60 ksi Wind 0.70 2.35
Design thickness= 0.04741n.
Other 0.60 2.65
Support fastening: 5/8 ln. arc spot welds or equivalent
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hilti, or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl nd,, Snb/ Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min (ojld,Snr• ojldbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (SeJVice Applied Load)<= Min (Snr/ nd, Snb/ ndb)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<!>drSnr• <!>dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {S 111 I D"'' Snb I Ddb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drS 111 , ~dbsnbl
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, S00 , pl[
Deck I Soan, fl
Profile in 41ft 5 5,5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
NR 0.184 8280 6843 5750 4900 4225 3680 3234 2865 2556
IR 0.201 8964 7408 6225 5304 4573 3984 3501 3102 ' 2767
WR 0.279 11390 9413 7909 6739 5811 5062 4449 3941 3515
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odt• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {•l'drSnr• $"oSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn1 / rldr• SniJ/ rldb}
LRFD Required str~ngth (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~,nSn 1 , 'PdDSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snr/ fldr• Snb/ fldb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Odr• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl ndf• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl nd,, Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {.PdrSnr• .PdbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odr• Snb I ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {$drSnro ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~ 01 S., 1 , ~dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odt• Snb I ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {$drSnr• $dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S 111 / ndl• S,b/ Udb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drS 111 , $dbSnb}
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
~db
I Buckling I 0.80 2.00
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odr• Snb I Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Qdf• Snb/ Qdb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {$drSnr• ~dbSnb}
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ Odb)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb)
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I O"r' Sno I Odb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Soan, ft
Profile in 41ft 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
NR 0.114 11246 8263 6326 4998 4049 3346 2812 2396 2066
IR 0.125 12191 8956 6857 5418 4389 3627 3048 2597 2239
WR 0.173 15500 11388 8719 6889 5580 4612 3875 3302 2847
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn,l nd~o Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d 1 Sn~o $dbsnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Qdt• S.,b I Qdb)
LRFD Required strength (Faclored Applied Load) <= Min {~>drSnr• <l>obSn 11 }
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snr l Odr• Snb / nob}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Sob, plf
Deck I Soan ft
Profile
4
in /ft 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
NR 0.114 11246 8263 6326 4998 4049 3346 2812 2396 2066
IR 0.125 12191 8956 6857 5418 4389 3627 3048 2597 2239
WR 0.173 15500 11388 8719 6889 5580 4612 3875 3302 2847
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri Odr. Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <=Min {~drSnr• $dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snti Qdl• Snb/ nub}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~dtSn 1 , ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S 0 ri nd, Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min (tf>drSnr. <!>dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl ndt• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {<l>drSnr• <l>dbSnb}
1
Nominal shear strength shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snr/ Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {•~d,Snr• ·~dbSnb}
45 ksi Loading ~d 1 n d,
1.5(WR, IR, NR)16
Design thickness = 0.0598 in. 33 ksi Seismic 0.65 2.50
Support fastening: Hilti X-ENP-19 L5
Wind 0.70 2.35
Other 0.65 2.50
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
0.250 in. and thicker Support Steel
12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr. plf '
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn1/ 0 01 , Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d,Snr· ~dbsnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn11nd, Srtol ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<!>d,sn, <l>dbsnbl
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb, plf
Deck I Span, rt
4
Profile in/ft 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
IR 0.151 9177 7251 5873 4854 4079 3475 2997 2610 2294
WR 0.210 11665 9216 7465 6170 5184 4417 3809 3318 2916
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S 01 / Ddr. Snb/ Dctb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<PdrSnr• ~dbSnu}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min (Snrl Odt• Snb/ Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min (~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<l>drSnr• '~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I D"r' SnbI Ddb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<l>urSnr. tPdbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn,l Odl• Snb/ Odb)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d'S"'' ~dbSnbl
2
Design Strengths: .
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snr/ nd,, Snb/ n""}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr• ·~dbSnb}
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {S,, In.,, s,., I noo)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {$.15,1• $..,S,b)
'~"'
Support fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, 45 ksi Loading l1dl
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service 1\pplicd Load) <= Min (S,, /!1 01 , S,, /!1 00}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load} <= Min (•I•"'S., 1, ~'"'5, 0 }
2
Design Strengths:
ASO Required strength (Service Applied Lo~d) <= Min {S,,I nd,, S,, In,,)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min (~"'S, 1 , $00 S,,)
1
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf ·'
Fastener Side-lap Span, It K,
Layout Conn/Span 11.0 11 .5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13,5 14.0 14.5 15.0 1/ft
3 675 645 620 0.928
4 790 760 725 695 670 645 620 600 580 0,738
5 910 870 835 BOO 770 740 715 690 665 0.613
6 1025 980 940 900 B65 835 B05 775 750 0.524
3DR16 7 1140 1090 1045 1005 965 930 895 865 835 0.457
0.059B a 1250 1200 1155 1110 1065 1025 990 955 925 0.406
24/4 9 1350 1300 1250 1205 1160 1120 1080 1045 1010 0.365
10 1450 1395 1340 1290 1245 1205 1165 1125 1090 0.331
11 1545 1485 1430 13BO 1330 12B5 1245 1205 1170 0.303
12 1635 1575 1520 1465 1415 1370 1325 12B5 1245 0.2BO
13 1725 1665 1605 1550 1495 1450 1400 1360 1320 0,260
I, in'lft Nominal Sl1aar Stref\gtl1 d\rB to Panel Buckling , s,.,, pi(
1.672 10299 9423 I 8654 I 7975 I 7374 I 6B3B 6358 5927 5538
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min (S. 11 n,., s., In",}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~ 01 S. 1 , ~,,s.,}
12
Nominal Shear Strength. S,,, plf
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Con~/Span 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10 5 11 11.5 12 11ft
2 445 420 395 0.877
3 525 495 465 440 420 400 380 365 350 0.651
4 605 570 535 510 4B5 460 440 420 400 0 51B
5 685 645 610 575 545 520 495 475 455 0.430
3DR22 6 765 720 6BO 640 610 5BO 555 530 510 0.368
0,0295" 7 B40 795 750 710 675 640 610 5B5 560 0.321
24/4 B 910 660 B20 775 735 700 670 640 615 0.2B5
9 975 925 B60 B35 BOO 760 725 695 665 0.256
10 1040 965 940 B95 B55 615 7B5 750 720 0.233
11 1100 1045 995 950 905 B70 635 BOO 770 0.213
12 1160 1105 1050 1005 960 920 880 845 615 0197
4
I, in 1ft Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, s,,, plf
0.808 6643 1 5B64 5249 4711 I 4252 3656 1 3514 3215 2952
2
Nominal Shear Strength, S,,, plf1.
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft K,
Layout Conn/Span 11.0 11 .5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15,0 11ft
3 625 765 755 0.928
4 940 900 860 B25 795 765 735 710 690 0.73B
5 1055 1010 970 930 B95 B60 630 BOO 775 0.613
6 1175 1120 1075 1030 990 955 920 690 B60 0.524
3DR16 .7 1290 1235 1160 1135 1090 1050 1015 960 945 0.457
0.0596 8 1405 1345 1290 1235 1190 1145 1105 1065 1030 0.406
24/4 9 1525 1455 1395 1340 1290 1240 1195 1155 1115 0.365
10 1640 1570 1505 1445 13B5 1335 1290 1245 1200 0,331
11 1755 1680 1610 1545 1465 1430 13BO 1330 12B5 0.303
12 1B55 1760 1715 1650 1565 1525 1470 1420 1375 0.280
13 1955 18BO 1B05 1740 16BO 1620 1565 1510 1460 0 260
4
I, in /ft .Nommal Sltear Streng Ht due to Panel Buck ling, s,,, pll'
1.672 1o299 I 9423 I B654 I 7975 7374 I 6B3B 635B 1 5927 553B
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S, 1/ n,,, S, 0 / n",)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {$dfS, 1, 4> 00 S.,,}
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf '
0.0295" 7 795 755 715 680 645 615 585 560 535 0.277
24/4 8 860 815 775 740 705 675 645 615 590 0.250
9 925 880 835 795 760 ?30 700 670 640 0.228
10 985 935 890 850 815 780 745 720 690 0.209
11 1045 995 950 905 865 830 795 765 735 0_193
12 1100 1050 1000 955 915 880 845 810 780 0_179
4
I, in /ft Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, s,,, plf
0.808 6643 I 5884 5249 4711 4252 3856 3514 3215 2952
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf •
0.0474 8 1100 1055 1010 965 925 890 855 825 795 0.317
24/4 9 1185 1135 1090 1045 1005 970 935 900 865 0.288
10 1270 1215 1170 1125 1080 1040 1005 970 935 0_265
11 1350 1295 1245 1195 1155 1110 1070 1035 1000 0.245
12 1430 1375 1320 1270 1225 1180 1140 1100 1065 0.227
13 1505 1445 1390 1340 1290 1245 1205 1165 1130 0.212
4
I, in /ft Nomina. Shear Strength due io Panel Buck lng, Sot>, plf
1 323 8782 7966 7258 6640 6099 5620 I 5196 4819 4481
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf •
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 11 .0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14,5 15.0 11ft
3 670 640 615 0.703
4 790 755 720 695 665 640 620 595 575 0,588
5 905 865 830 795 765 735 710 685 665 0.506
6 1020 975 935 900 865 830 800 775 750 0.443
3DR16 7 1140 1090 1045 1000 965 925 895 865 835 0.395
0.0598 8 1245 1195 1150 1105 1060 1020 985 950 920 0.356
24/4 9 1345 1295 1245 1200 1155 1115 1075 1040 1005 0.324
10 1445 1390 1335 1290 1240 1200 1160 1125 1090 0297
11 1540 1480 1425 1375 1325 1285 1240 1200 11,65 0_275
12 1630 1570 1515 1460 1410 1365 1320 1280 1240 0.255
13 1720 1655 1600 1545 1490 1445 1400 1355 1315 0.238
4
I, in 1ft NomlnFJI Shear Streng th due to Panel Buckling, s,.,,
plf
1.672 10299 9423 8654 7975 I 7374 6838 6358 5927 5538
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {S,, In", s,, In,,)
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~"S"" ~ 00 S,,}
Support fastening: Hiltl ENP2K, X-EDN19, F,= 45 ksl Loading ~df !1dr
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf '
Fastener Side-lap Span , ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 11 .0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13 ,0 13.5 14 0 14 5 15 0 11ft
3 690 660 630 0.703
4 805 770 740 710 680 655 630 610 590 0.588
' 5 920 880 845 810 780 750 725 700 675 0.506
6 1040 995 950 915 880 845 815 785 760 0.443
3DR16 7 1155 1105 1060 1015 975 940 905 875 845 0.395
0.0598 8 1270 1215 1165 1120 1075 1035 1000 965 930 0.356
24/4 9 1370 1315 1265 1220 1175 1130 1090 1055 1020 0.324
10 1470 1410 1360 1310 1260 1220 1180 1140 1105 0 297
11 1565 1505 1450 1395 1350
1305 1260 1220 1180 0.275
12 1660 1595 1540 1485 1430 1385 1340 1300 1260 0 255
13 1750 1685 1625 1570 1515 1465 1420 1375 1335 0 238
I. in'lft Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, plf s....
1.672 10299 9423 8654 7975 I 7374 6838 I 6358 1 5927 I 5538
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required oilenglh (Service Applied Load)<= Min {8, 1/ ii 01 , s,./ !!""}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d 1 S, 1 • $,10 S, 0}
Support fastening: Simpson Strong-Tie XL screw F"= 45 ksi Loading $ur l1ur
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, F,= 33 ksi Seismic 0.65 2.50
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0 70 2.35
Other 0.65 2.50
0.125 in. to 0.249 in. thick Support Steel
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf
Fastener Side-lap Span. ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 1/fl
2 425 400 380 0.625
3 505 475 450 425 405 385 365 350 335 0 502
4 585 550 520 490 465 445 425 405 390 0.419
5 665 625 590 560 530 505 480 460 440 0.359
3DR22 6 740 700 660 625 595 565 540 515 495 0.315
0.0295" 7 815 775 730 690 655 625 595 570 545 0.280
24/4 8 885 835 795 755 720 685 655 625 600 0.252
·9 945 900 855 815 775 745 710 680 650 0229
10 1010 960 910 870 830 795 765 730 705 0.210
11 1070 1015 970 925 885 845 810 780 750 0.194
12 1125 1070 1025 975 935 895 860 825 795 0.180
4
I, in 1fl Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, S,,, plf
0.808 6643 5884 I 5249 I 4711 4252 I 3856 I 3514 3215 2952
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf ·
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S,1, plf '
Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Layout Conn/Span 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12,0 12,5 13.0 13.5 14.0 11ft
3 650 620 590 565 540 0.636
4 750 715 685 655 625 600 575 555 535 0.531
5 855 810 775 740 710 680 655 630 610 0.455
6 955 910 870 830 795 765 735 705 680 0.399
3DR18 7 1055 1005 960 920 880 845 810 780 755 0.355
0.0474 8 1160 1105 1055 1005 965 925 890 860 825 0.319
2414 9 1250 1195 1145 1095 1050 1010 970 935 900 0.291
10 1335 1280 1225 1180 1135 1090 1045 1010 970 0.266
11 1420 1360 1305 1255 1205 1165 1120 1085 1045 0.246
12 1505 1440 1385 1330 1280 1235 1190 1150 1110 0.229
13 1585 1520 1460 1405 1350 1305 1260 1215 1175 0.213
I, in'lft Nominal Shear Streng th due to Panel Buckling . s,,. plf
1.323 8782 7966 I 7258 I 6640 I 6099 L 562o 1 5196 1 4819 4481
12
Nominal Shear Strength, S, 1, plf ·
Fastener Side-lap Span. fl. K,
Layout Conn/Span 11 .0 11 5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 11ft
3 710 680 650 0.714
4 825 790 760 725 700 675 650 625 605 0.596
5 945 900 865 830 800 770 740 715 690 0.512
6 1060 1015 970 935 895 865 830 805 775 0.448
3DR16 7 1175 1125 1080 1035 995 960 925 890 860 0.399
0.0598 8 f295 1235 1185 1140 1095 1055 1015 980 950 0.359
24/4 9 1400 1345 1290 1240 1195 1150 1110 1070 1035 0.326
10 1500 1440 1385 1335 1285 1245 1200 1160 1120 0.299
11 1595 1535 1480 1425 1375 1325 1285 1240 1205 0.276
12 1695 1630 1570 1510 1460 1410 1365 1320 1280 0.257
13 1785 1720 1655 1600 1545 1490 1445 1400 1355 0.240
I, in 4/fl Nominal Shear Sirength due to Panel Bu~;kllng . s,..
plf
1.672 10299 I 9423 I 8654 I 7975 7374 I 6838 I 6358 I 5927 I 5538
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min (S, 1 1 n.,. S,, I 0 00 )
LRFD Required slrenglh (Factored Applied Load) <= Min (~" 1 S, 1 , '~" 0 S,,)
0.0295" 7 850 800 755 715 680 650 620 590 565 0.280
24/4 8 920 875 825 785 745 710 675 645 620 0.252
9 990 935 890 845 805 770 735 700 670 0.229
10 1050 1000 950 905 865 825 790 755 725 0.210
11 1115 1060 1005 960 915 880 840 810 775 0_1 94
12 1175 1115 1065 1015 970 930 890 855 825 0,180
4 Nominal Shear Strength due to Panel Buckling, S,b, plf
I, in 1tt
0.808 6643 5884 5249 I 4711 I 4252 3856 3514 3215 2952
0.0474 8 1195 1140 1090 1040 995 955 920 885 855 0.319
24/4 9 1300 1235 '1180 1130 1080 1040 1000 960 925 0.291
10 1390 1330 1275 1215 1165 1120 1075 1035 1000 0.266
11 1475 1410 1355 1300 1250 1200 1155 1110 1070 0.246
12 1560 1495 1435 1375 1325 1275 1230 1185 1145 0.229
13 1645 1575 1510 1450 1400 1345 1300 1255 1215 0.213
4
I, in /fl Nom •na Shea r Strength due to Penal B1,1ckllng, S""' plf
1.323 8782 7966 I 7258 I 6640 I 6099 5620 5196 4819 4481
2
Nominal Shear Strength, S"'' plf1.
Fastener Side-lap Span, fl. K,
Layout Conn/Span 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13,5 14.0 14.5 15.0 1/fl
3 710 680 650 0.714
4 825 790 760 725 700 675 650 625 605 0.596
5 945 900 865 830 800 770 740 715 690 0.512
6 1060 1015 970 935 895 865 830 805 775 0.448
3DR16 7 1175 1125 1080 1035 995 960 925 890 86o 0.399
0.0598 8 1295 1235 1185 1140 1095 1055 1015 980 950 0.359
2414 9 1400 1345 1290 1240 1195 1150 1110 1070 1035 0.326
10 1500 1440 1385 1335 1285 1245 1200 1160 1120 0.299
11 1595 1535 1480 1425 1375 1325 1285 1240 1205 0.276
12 1695 1630 1570 1510 1460 1410 1365 1320 1280 0.257
13 1785 1720 1655 1600 1545 1490 1445 1400 1355 0.240
I, in'lfl No01lna l Shear Stmng lh due to Panel Buckling, S,b, plf
1.672 10299 9423 8654 7975 7374 6838 6358 5927 5538
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {8, 11!101 , S,ul n,u}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~.,s, .. $.bsnbl
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck
Profile
I
1n4 /ft 1.5 I 2 I 2.5 I 3 -,Span. ft
3.5 I 4 I 4.5 I 5 l 5.5
9/16 0.013 6270 I 3525 I 2255 I 1565 I 1150 I 880 I 695 I 560 I 465
~ Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odr. Snb I Odb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr. <!>dbSnb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Sn1,, plf
Deck I Soan, ft
Profi le ln4/ft 2 I 2.5 I 3 I 3.5 I 4 I 4.5 I 5 I 5.5 I 6
9/16 0.017 5355 I 3425 I 2380 I 1745 I 1335 I 1055 I 855 I 705 I 595
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min (Snr i Odr. Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span It
Profile In 41ft 2 I 2.5 I 3 I 3.5 I 4 I 4.5 I 5 I 5.5 I 6
9/16 0.021 7350 I 4705 I 3265 -1 2400 I 1835 I 1450 I 1175 I 970 1 815
,
• Des1gn Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <=Min {S,, I !10 ,, S,b I !1,10 )
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d 1 S, 1 , <PubSnbl
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load)<= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ·~dbSnb}
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load) <= Min {Snr I Odr· Snb I ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {.PdrSnr• .PdbSnb}
F=
u 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
=
Design thickness 0.0598 ln. F=
y 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Support fastening: 518" arc spot welds F.,= 60 ksi Seismic 0.55 3.00 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Other 0.60 2.65 Other 0.50 3.25
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Fill Layout Conn/Span 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1/ft
1 1100 0.725
2 1300 1115 970 855 0.557
3 1475 1290 1130 995 890 805 730 0.452
1-1/2"x6" 36/4 4 1635 1440 1280 1140 1020 920 840 775 720 0.381
No Fill 5 1790 1580 1410 1270 1145 1035 945 875 810 0.329
(Bare Deck) 6 1935 1715 1540 1390 1265 1155 1050 970 900 0.289
7 2070 1845 1660 1505 1375 1260 1160 1070 995 0.258
8 2195 1965 1775 1615 1475 1360 1260 1170 1085 0.233
1 1080 0.725
2 1290 1095 945 835 0.557
3 1475 1280 1105 975 880 800 730 0.452
2" X 12" 36/4 4 1635 1440 1270 1120 1005 915 840 775 720 0.381
No Fill 5 f790 1580 1410 1260 1135 1030 945 875 810 0.329
(Bare Deck) 6 1935 1715 1540 1390 1265 1150 1050 970 900 0.289
7 2070 1845 1660 1505 1375 1260 1160 1070 995 0.258
8 2195 1965 1775 1615 1475 1360 1260 1170 1085 0.233
1 1035 0.725
2 1250 1070 940 835 0.557
3 1465 1255 1100 975 880 800 730 0.452
3" X 12" 36/4 4 1635 1440 1260 1120 1005 915 840 775 720 0.381
No Fill 5 1790 1580 1410 1260 1135 1030 945 875 810 0.329
(Bare Deck) 6 1935 1715 1540 1390 1265 1150 1050 970 900 0.289
7 2070 1845 1660 1505 1375 1260 1160 1070 995 0.258
8 2195 1965 1775 1615 1475 1360 1260 1170 1085 0.233
1 6070 0.725
2 6285 6085 5940 5825 0.557
3 6500 6270 6100 5965 5860 5775 5700 0.452
2-1/2" 36/4 4 6535 6455 6260 6110 5990 5890 5805 5740 5680 0.381
NW Cone. 5 6535 6535 6420 6250 6115 6005 5915 5835 5770 0.329
(Above Deck) 6 6535 6535 6535 6395 6245 6125 6020 5935 5860 0.289
7 6535 6535 6535 6535 6375 6240 6130 6035 5955 0.258
8 6535 6535 6535 6535 6500 6355 6235 6135 6045 0.233
1 4615 0.725
2 4615 4615 4500 4385 0.557
3 4615 4615 4615 4525 4420 4330 4260 0.452
2-1/2" 36/4 4 4615 4615 4615 4615 4550 4450 4365 4295 4240 0.381
LW Cone. 5 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4565 4475 4395 4330 0.329
(Above Deck) 6 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4580 4495 4420 0.289
7 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4595 4515 0.258
8 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4605 0.233
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Soan ft
Profile in 4 /ft 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1.5" X 6" 0.353 11220 8245 6310 4985 4040 3335 2805 2390 2060
2" X 12'1 0.632 . 17915 13160 10075 7960 6445 5330 4475 3815 3290
3" X 12" 1.600 34905 25645 19630 15510 12565 10385 8725 7435 6410
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {<PdrSnr• ~dbSnb}
Design thickness = 0.0295 ln. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hllti, Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dr ndr Loading ~dr ndr
or Simpson Strong-Tie #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hlltl,
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Design thickness = 0.0358 ln. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
or Simpson Strong-Tie #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti,
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2 50 Other 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K1
Fill Layout Conn/Span 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1/ft
0 495 390 0.907
1 645 535 450 0.610
2 770 650 560 490 425 375 0.459
1-112"x6" 36/4 3 875 750 655 575 515 460 410 375 345 0.368
No Fill 4 960 840 740 655 590 535 485 445 405 0.307
(Bare Deck) 5 1030 915 815 730 660 600 550 505 465 0.264
6 1090 980 880 795 725 660 605 560 520 0.231
8 1175 1080 990 910 835 770 715 665 620 0.185
0 485 380 0.907
1 645 535 435 0.610
2 770 650 560 480 420 370 0.459
2" X 12" 36/4 3 875 750 655 575 515 460 410 375 345 0.368
No Fill 4 960 840 740 655 590 535 485 445 405 0.307
(Bare Deck) 5 1030 915 815 730 660 600 550 505 465 0.264
6 1090 980 880 795 725 660 605 560 520 0.231
8 1175 1080 990 910 835 770 715 665 620 0.185
0 465 365 0.907
1 645 520 430 0.610
2 770 650 560 480 420 370 0.459
3" X 12" 36/4 3 875 750 655 575 515 460 410 375 345 0.368
No Fill 4 960 840 740 655 590 535 485 445 405 0.307
(Bare Deck) 5 1030 915 815 730 660 600 550 505 465 0.264
6 1090 980 880 795 725 660 605 560 520 0.231
8 1175 1080 990 910 835 770 715 665 620 0.185
0 5430 5325 0.907
1 5625 5480 5385 0.610
2 5815 5635 5510 5425 5360 5310 0.459
2-1/2" 36/4 3 6010 5785 5640 5535 5455 5395 5345 5305 5270 0.368
NW Cone. 4 6200 5940 5770 5645 5550 5480 5420 5375 5335 0.307
(Above Deck) 5 6395 6095 5895 5755 5645 5565 5500 5445 5400 0.264
6 6535 6250 6025 5865 5745 5650 5575 5515 5465 0.231
8 6535 6535 6280 6085 5935 5820 5730 5655 5590 0.185
0 3990 3885 0.907
1 4185 4040 3945 0.610
2 4375 4195 4070 3985 3920 3870 0.459
2-1/2" 36/4 3 4570 4345 4200 4095 4015 3955 3905 3865 3830 0.368
LW Cone. 4 4615 4500 4325 4205 4110 4040 3980 3935 3895 0.307
(Above Deck) 5 4615 4615 4455 4315 4205 4125 4060 4005 3960 0.264
6 4615 4615 4585 4425 4305 4210 4135 4075 4025 0.231
8 4615 4615 4615 4615 4495 4380 4290 4215 4150 0.185
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
Deck I Span, ft
Profile rn4/ft 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1-1/2"x6" 0.210 11660 7465 5180 3805 2915 2300 1865 1540 1295
2" X 12" 0.377 18610 11910 8270 6075 4650 3675 2975 2460 2065
3" X 12" 0.932 35640 22810 15840 11635 8910 7040 5700 4710 3960
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl ndr. Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
Design thickness= 0.0474 ln. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df nd, Loading ~df Odr
or Simpson Strong-Tie #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti,
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
or Simpson Strong-Tie #12 screws Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hlltl,
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K,
Fill Layout Conn/Span 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1/fl
1 760 0.788
2 935 820 720 635 0.594
3 1095 965 860 775 695 630 575 0.476
1 1/2" X 6" 36/4 4 1235 1100 985 890 815 745 680 630 585 0.397
No Fill 5 1360 1220 1100 1000 915 845 780 725 675 0.341
(Bare Deck) 6 1475 1330 1210 1105 1015 940 870 810 760 0.299
7 1570 1430 1310 1200 1110 1025 955 890 835 0.266
8 1655 1520 1400 1290 1195 1110 1035 970 910 0.239
1 750 0.788
2 935 815 705 625 0.594
3 1095 965 860 765 690 625 575 0.476
2" X 12" 36/4 4 1235 1100 985 890 815 745 680 630 585 0.397
No Fill 5 1360 1220 1100 1000 915 845 780 725 675 0.341
(Bare Deck) 6 1475 1330 1210 1105 1015 940 870 810 760 0.299
7 1570 1430 1310 1200 1110 1025 955 890 835 0.266
8 1655 1520 1400 1290 1195 1110 1035 970 910 0.239
1 720 0.788
2 935 800 700 625 0.594
3 1095 965 860 765 690 625 575 0.476
3" X 12" 36/4 4 1235 1100 985 890 815 745 680 630 585 0.397
No Fill 5 1360 1220 1100 1000 915 845 780 725 675 0.341
(Bare Deck) 6 1475 1330 1210 1105 1015 940 870 810 760 0.299
7 1570 1430 1310 1200 1110 1025 955 890 835 0.266
8 1655 1520 1400 1290 1195 1110 1035 970 910 0.239
1 5705 0.788
2 5920 5775 5665 5580 0.594
3 6135 5960 5825 5725 5640 5575 5520 0.476
2-1/2" 36/4 4 6350 6140 5985 5865 5770 5690 5625 5570 5520 0.397
NW Cone. 5 6535 6325 6145 6010 5900 5810 5730 5670 5615 0.341
(Above Deck) 6 6535 6510 6310 6150 6025 5925 5840 5765 5705 0.299
7 6535 6535 6470 6295 6155 6040 5945 5865 5795 0.266
8 6535 6535 6535 6435 6285 6160 6055 5965 5890 0.239
1 4265 0.788
2 4480 4335 4225 4140 0.594
3 4615 4520 4385 4285 4200 4135 4080 0.476
2-1/2" 36/4 4 4615 4615 4545 4425 4330 4250 4185 4130 4080 0.397
LW Cone. 5 4615 4615 4615 4570 4460 4365 4290 4230 4175 0.341
(Above Deck) 6 4615 4615 4615 4615 4585 4485 4400 4325 4265 0.299
7 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4600 4505 4425 4355 0.266
8 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4615 4525 4450 0.239
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span, ft
4
Profile ln /ft 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1-1/2" X 6" 0.353 11220 8245 6310 4985 4040 3335 2805 2390 2060
2" X 12" 0.632 17915 13160 10075 7960 6445 5330 4475 3815 3290
3" X 12" 1.600 34905 25645 19630 15510 12565 10385 8725 7435 6410
z Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl ndr. Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Re<i]uired strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr. ~dbSnb}
Design thickness = 0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek SDK61 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df n d, Loading ~dl n d,
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hllti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.113in. to 0.155 in. Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0358 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek SDK61 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.113 in. to 0.155 in. Support Steel
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.113 in. to 0.155 in. Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0598 ln. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek SDK61 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dr ndr Loading ~dl ndr
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.113 in. to 0.155 in. Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek SDK63 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dJ ndr Loading ~dJ ndr
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hilt!, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wi.nd 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.155 ln. to 0.250 ln. Support Steel
Support fastening: Pr~eutek SDK63 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df n"r
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.155 in. to 0.250 in. Support Steel
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr. plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K1
Fill Layout Conn/Span 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1/ft
0 685 540 2.093
1 835 690 570 0.985
2 970 810 695 590 510 450 0.644
1-1/2" X 6" 36/4 3 1085 920 795 695 610 535 480 435 400 0.478
No Fill 4 1190 1020 890 785 700 620 560 505 465 0.381
(Bare Deck) 5 1280 1115 975 865 775 700 635 575 530 0.316
6 1360 1195 1055 940 845 770 700 645 595 0.270
8 1485 1335 1200 1080 980 895 820 760 705 0.209
0 670 525 2.093
1 835 680 555 0.985
2 970 810 685 580 505 450 0.644
2" X 12" 36/4 3 1085 920 795 690 600 535 480 435 400 0.478
No Fill 4 1190 1020 890 785 700 620 560 505 465 0.381
(Bare Deck) 5 1280 1115 975 865 775 700 635 575 530 0.316
6 1360 1195 1055 940 845 770 700 645 595 0.270
8 1485 1335 1200 1080 980 895 820 760 705 0.209
0 640 505 2.093
1 835 655 545 0.985
2 970 810 675 580 505 450 0.644
3" X 12" 36/4 3 1085 920 795 690 600 535 480 435 400 0.478
No Fill 4 1190 1020 890 785 700 620 560 505 465 0.381
(Bare Deck) 5 1280 1115 975 865 775 700 635 575 530 0.316
6 1360 1195 1055 940 845 770 700 645 595 0.270
8 1485 1335 1200 1080 980 895 820 760 705 0.209
0 5635 5485 2.093
1 5825 5640 5515 0.985
2 6015 5795 5645 5540 5460 5395 0.644
2-1/2" 36/4 3 6210 5950 5775 5650 5555 5485 5425 5375 5340 0.478
NW Cone. 4 6400 6100 5900 5760 5650 5570 5500 5445 5400 0.381
(Above Deck) 5 6535 6255 6030 5870 5750 5655 5580 5515 5465 0.316
6 6535 6410 6160 5980 5845 5740 5655 5585 5530 0.270
8 6535 6535 6415 6200 6035 5910 5810 5725 5660 0.209
0 4190 4045 2.093
1 4385 4200 4075 0.985
2 4575 4355 4205 4100 4020 3955 0.644
2-1/2" 36/4 3 4615 4505 4335 4210 4115 4040 3985 3935 3895 0.478
LW Cone. 4 4615 4615 4460 4320 4210 4130 4060 4005 3960 0.381
(Above Deck) 5 4615 4615 4590 4430 4305 4215 4140 4075 4025 0.316
6 4615 4615 4615 4540 4405 4300 4215 4145 4090 0.270
8 4615 4615 4615 4615 4595 4470 4370 4285 4215 0.209
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span. ft
4
Profile in /ft 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1-1/2" X 6" 0.210. 11660 7465 5180 3805 2915 2300 1865 1540 1295
2" X 12" 0.377 18610 11910 8270 6075 4650 3675 2975 2460 2065
3" X 12" 0.932 35640 22810 15840 11635 8910 7040 5700 4710 3960
2
Design Strengths :
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl fldr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSn,. ~dbSnb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• pJ[
Deck I Span ft
4
Pronle in/ft 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1-1/2" X 6" 0.353 11220 8245 6310 4985 4040 3335 2805 2390 2060
2" X 12" 0.632 17915 13160 10075 7960 6445 5330 4475 3815 3290
3" X 12" 1.600 34905 25645 19630 15510 12565 10385 8725 7435 6410
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl ndt• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~dtSnr. ~dbSnb}
=
Design thickness 0.0358 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Di aphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek K64 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df nd,
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.187 in. to 0.312 in. Support Steel
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K1
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snn· plf
Deck I Span , ft
Profile ln 4 /ft 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1-1/2" X 6" 0.210 11660 7465 5180 3805 2915 2300 1865 1540 1295
2" X 12" 0.377 18610 11910 8270 6075 4650 3675 2975 2460 2065
3" X 12" 0.932 35640 22810 15840 11635 8910 7040 5700 4710 3960
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {S 01 / ndr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d,sn, $dbSnb}
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span ft
Profile
4
ln /ft 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1-1/2" X 6" 0.279 11385 7905 5810 4445 3515 2845 2350 1975 1680
2" X 12" 0.500 18190 12630 9280 7105 5610 4545 3755 3155 2690
3" X 12" 1.267 35460 24625 18090 13850 10940 8865 7325 6155 5245
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl !ldr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
Design thickness = 0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek K66 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dJ nd, Loading ~dJ nd,
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hlltl, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.281 ln. and thicker Support Steel
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Snr• plf '
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span, ft
Profile In41ft 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1-1/2" X 6" 0.173 8715 5575 3870 2845 2175 1720 1390 1150 965
2" X 12" 0.296 13440 8600 5970 4385 3360 2655 2150 1775 1490
3" X 12" 0.735 25800 16515 11465 8425 6450 5095 4125 3410 2865
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snrl Odr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
Design thickness= 0.0474 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek K66 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~dl ndr Loading ~dl ndr
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hllti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.281 ln. and thicker Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0598 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Pneutek K66 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df nd, Loading ~df nd,
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elc,o, Hlltl, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.281 ln. and thicker Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hlltl ENP2 or ENPH2 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hiltl, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.250 in. and thicker Support Steel
Design thickness= 0.0474 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hilti ENP2 or ENPH2 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilt!, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
0.250 in. and thicker Support Steel Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
=
Design thickness 0.0598 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hilti ENP2 or ENPH2 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hllti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
0.250 in. and thicker Support Steel Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
12
Type Nominal Shear Strength, Snr. plf •
~db
I Buckling I 0.80 2,00
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Span ft
4
Profile in/ft 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1-1/2" X 6" 0.173 8715 5575 3870 2845 2175 1720 1390 1150 965
2" X 12" 0.296 13440 8600 5970 4385 3360 2655 2150 1775 1490
3" X 12" 0.735 25800 16515 11465 8425 6450 5095 4125 3410 2865
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Sn,l ndf• SAb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~d,Snt• ~dbSnb}
X-EDNK22, and X-HSN24 Fy= 40 ksi Loading 'Pdl o.dl Loading ~dl o.dl
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, El~o, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #1 0 screws
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.125 in. to 0.250 in. Support Steel
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Sn" plf ·
of Fastener Side-lap Span, ft. K1
Type 12
Nominal Shear Strength, Sn, plf ·
1
Nominal shear strength of bare deck shown above may be limited by shear buckling. See table below.
2
Nominal Shear Due to Panel Buckling, Snb• plf
Deck I Soan, ft
Profile In 41ft 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1-1/2" X 6" 0.279 11385 7905 5810 4445 3515 2845 2350 1975 1680
2" X 12" 0.500 18190 12630 9280 7105 5610 4545 3755 3155 2690
3" X 12" 1.267 35460 24625 18090 13850 10940 8865 7325 6155 5245
2
Design Strengths:
ASD Required strength (Service Applied Load)<= Min {Snri rldr• Snb/ ndb}
LRFD Required strength (Factored Applied Load) <= Min {~drSnr• ~dbSnb}
Design thickness = 0.0295 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hilti X-ENP-19 L5 Fy= 40 ksi Loading $dr ndr Loading $dr ndr
Side-lap fastening: Bulldex, Elco, Hllti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.125 in. to 0.375 in. Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0358 in. F.,= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hilti X-ENP-19 L5 Fy= 40 ksi Loading •l•dl nd, Loading ~df Our
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws
Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.125 in. to 0.375 in. Support Steel
Design thickness = 0.0474 in. Fu= 52 ksi Bare Deck Diaphragm Filled Diaphragm
Support fastening: Hiltl X-ENP-19 L5 Fy= 40 ksi Loading ~df ndr Loading ~df ndr
Side-lap fastening: Buildex, Elco, Hilti, Seismic 0.65 2.50 Seismic 0.50 3.25
or Simpson Strong-Tie #10 screws Wind 0.70 2.35 Wind 0.50 3.25
Other 0.65 2.50 Other 0.50 3.25
0.125 in. to 0.375 in. Support Steel