FAG.

Nt
CATE
ONITI
COmb tei
( ekiniltcn
( CldsAi hcaticn
3) Oganizat'en e CPU, g she Bus Aschie ttuse,
O uticn srt
memey Stusage Systems

Systm &Appucation Sohtwobe

Ccmpttu 0bblicalon in e-Buiheu, Bio-Inati
health case, Remtte LensingGIS Melo Le
and climalelogy Ctmptlt 2amin
ullie dia&nd nimat

Opexoulin
ngSHem
Ct untian
(25 fun tim p e
(A) Paoce memen
(5 9noelu ttienttu MS Léxd, MS botfot
MS Excel
 PAGENO 0 2

COMPUTER

Cnmbuttn n ele tie

A
Dezinstion 1akes data aud
dN ice ha
1heus&,
nLNctims a anAmput hsto
keuroodin tnuy
daa_And pAeMdu
ÞAoceu
Output
(OR)
anelectimc denice
A Cempuis U
1har Can accept Sture
nd brD cess ermation
0sult
DAduce he segudtd
kncum a Kadasa
The elec1itme dtice 0Ltu
Antutios Rn0un s
d th Sut_

The Coopuu Cempi Cenisu)

2Pama / Bout
Mt
Copmn
CP
i Keybcard
0suongl
i)

Sannex
Sheake

OUT PUT
UN T
NPUT CeU
UNIT
Stun
dences
Tman Memony
 PAGENO.: O3|
DATE:

The uunttioma_Cmpoment a lmplis

Consi CPU Otput i t , SttragL dentes.
Snput Unit

The inpur unt -fakes e upu and Cmeta

Jne binay m 80 that t Can bs nderctuvel
by the Cmputeas
Beyboasdt mOuL magnetie n k Chaaa LZ
aderCMPCRR) OMR 0ce, e e

The CPU i he Cconpd Centre t h e Cmptu

t Qutdu direc0aid gavelns ekmmante
St tha brain the Cmapu The Ceu ha tu
Covnp.enen dch 03 9esponsibl k diktien
uun dims, ie Contlunt cu) L Äxth meic Loate

The 0upur utt à amed bthe

Outpuu deanes atlached ta Hhe Cobuutu The
Outp Cenai estn the CPU_ t km d
bina signalsLihith needs Coetim Lin tme
keomn Mdtn Can be eai undlerstrcd lhhumman
be Chaana rapkeal a adio Aual.

meocr COmbule ct Callod

main mem e h m a merocr 9t QeneLall
t twiad Cone
 PAGE NO.:

ChaxacterisliCs i
he mOn. Chasacuiitia Cmapu
emiiemedhelas

LE SPEED: i Cempuis
Conopasad ehuman beigs A Cm pua
Can bLapmo a1askLin a minut nat nay
hat mas
taka da ed manually
A modexn Cerco autes Can exetua millicnu
n s t u t i ons heAaCnd The sbeed
aeenmpulir Cal LulataRd n MHz CMga Hexte)
tme
me miLLiem sIaueticns bs seCm
At puset, a peutaulCUmptCan Rkum
hilieu p eatues Ainust meectmd

(2 AcCura t
T h e The a&tusa o a Cmpui i s ve h
Ond RNe
Ame a Cmu m Rach
ColClatio th Lan accuka
ue e umam U.0 0n 1echnieal eakrta,
he CinpunA Can bA OCCuA

Stooge
Cépuuteas Can LOie a lage
inkumatim An V k t e Amdu Apate 6

The Lomadin Can be s10md as umg

Os dsd b a n dCanh t
eNen ates Levesal xa
4 Nesalisii
Comp uNS a Que NOLOdi Je Ln nanue
eans t Can
with
mm a wide ang
dyohs
8 hetd. acCusa and
usedneu dilgence ( Vatk c
CcmDuus se
RNey eld uch uod
QL
acoudin nesat a-Mis Reeppii 1auk
he ecds td den, ptay 2ames, et
One TOOmmen t Can b usd to
h 0theR mOÓLn t
play usic nd n hetween yeu Can
Letx. bnt

9tigante
Cmulu m e dudnea and
Lak Centedyodim. As Canop asa e unan acina
it Can wek m n n s ithut Ceating

Reliai
Ceopu Dutbut i 9eNau N liable n
inpue d ata tsed *

Co pules
hetA bCoKect nd 1 basem
EdA be
utau ttidaf
ui able and (o iet

A abve
Popeliu males e
1able
CembuCR.
 Liitutoms / hLaknexs

The Cerbule eridu man taeilitiu

Oand bepit 1
he uiLA._Besude has0me
LinitertttnsLei th a k given heleus
( Zexo T8 The Compul Aas A2eno 18,
wleliaent 9t has to
b toldJhat do d nd in h ' ch Aagwirea,

datk decisrCn moaking_bt

Ctabulau Canmtdecido by heia tun.
h y does not D0ALLLA
sLat auer Kunm an bir
() +eeings The
Capudn has nu
}eelings
becaua
4 Gaxbrge in GaxbageOut
NThe nbu CGIGO)
e CArmbuCt Hhe
dola und ptKm Msu &ns CuC
U_alAo bL 89A mens
insdmudion ntised dataa
b Co&eck o 9lALu Can net
 VJAYANT
PAGENO::CO
DATE(

ClaAsi icatim o Combute

BLed DataDala-Hadled Techniques.

(AANALOG COMPUTERS
A_Commbutiing machtne Aat k n te
Aciple mdasusing h d e n hemeaulime.
btalnd ixanslat ixto desded olaa is
Ketwm as naLras Cobluter

The Coabuutoss wekd n 9uLani ik

betiel pumb weathes e Castistemhèaatuu
)The Cmuons pmte data b u t n a
Ctrdineus km . t a a Auch a DTagg, ehittante,
Lembexatlas iu hepyeLamad he Cerroucn

i Analg Coputas 03 uAtd cieatipie

and engerg BLuboses Cme Chasacreattia
t h i s CensuiRS thal they 2 ie
e
phrom at eAuID , as Lhey deal t h 9uautitjes
thot NaMes erclineuily

Ahe maun amL h anal Cmbuters is

Bpex odtim a
Caltuulaticm clee n pasoll mode

aly
dusectiy g a n d t e cCm uiaHoweer, the
aCwa CeopuCa e A
 DATE:

(S DIGITALCOMPUTERS

A Cempuleih a t bLialis Aith inhurmaf.

tmestcal
An0m
oh 0heRehepresentedi a
a dugutal Computes
disi
di

am

t Thu Cm.pui JOaks m 0nd A 0 t gln

actusaSesuur becasAt this Ceobtuter
digitalALgnau k Wting
9n dioutal Comautes, Qnalg 9uadities
mL beCmveuted nlo diqutal 9uastibckeit
DAO LeLsng nAuch a la diqtal 6utur
à taad
I ny Cal nalo upurA duxud (eiuiu
tla
t ls duia
duaibd butpu A a o ba CEneCed nt
Qnal qu0ti
i Liqural Compu 9ut h e sesula LgHh
moye cusaty and or kasterTateThe
Auch Cooputas. aCCuMa
ittd ny
h e giteu Ond
meme
Theu Combuu
bines bplication. m o s t Sutuhle
i The Cost
i g Ond Cero plei hs ComouEs
 VIJAYANT
PAGE NO: O
DATE: I

(C HYBRID COMP UTERSS

i This cemputei Coobination o analr

und diqltal Compue meank ie) it n Cexpexaad
he medsuiinn Latuse Qn Qnaluq eeobu
a n Ceuntin jeatune diautal Conobiutn.
tex CeenptutattonatPubese Ctnnputers
ta analt4 Ceopenets,Qnd hor the taage
i Amal att 9hesutsdigutal memaiese uked

O Such Comopuas ax broadt Aed t stientitic

pblitations asitus ieuds anrmasin) engtneesina
Ond Jndustua Cm poeesaci

(2 based dmSize nd Copabilit

(D Mitm COnupuler
a 4 micADCmD AA_dejtned a COmptuis
tha kas a micLophocekdA Lt CPU, Le 9t
became pDAsible to pue CPU ntoSmale 60icm
CAi
(bl ue o 1hi the kizd s Cmbu
kas became Ne Amall Qnd it u potabie
we n meve e AAsi am One plate to anoHhea

C SA0 Capad veA les aud Apecd

allo LLed COmbaod to mmine, main same
Ond Suplh COmbuns

d The data
 DATE C

tui CommpulzX
Calculatien.sAn

e
basue 0penatlens
Lta ARn14
inputli
ncelsin
Outputia
CootlLin
i M I N I COMPUTERS>

a medium-Sized _Coo DU,

A u CAmputeA
M AO Cmputix
Ond s mee bower]tul tnan
oltitinctim Cdi KhARnce) bettoeen a
b An mpoAlan
auHhar a
aian poceskr And a maii Caputes
minilmpute àULCLLey desuh to LAwe multihle
LuLSS imultrnteiy (at a tme J..

Thy ige haeLasg m uwt

hage Capa Thi_a Msd f r pADce
da ana
aMalzina
d The d a t a hOaeAa mii Computs
hish hand we C a Cmmet mo Cmpulys.

So the eld d 9eALaACh and busine, 1h

CAapeNg(miw Cmpue)Ou epulastsed
a tcobut atrm.

The 0L mOAee epensive han micaD copuL

 VIJAYANT-

PAGENO CL
DATE:

uiip mAIN RAME_ COMPOTERS->

Mcun Jo me Cem puter S moAe power hu
amd CoSH as CCopae to mni Cm buter.

b Thiu CU SDLCLat CmputeA big n A and

Capakld 10 hadle aLinos dAu}eif c and
buswnes abpLitalitn.
9n tte0 t h cols hese Ctoputes helb i
handiing the in koatim cessaing a Naaieus
Csganizatins ike bankiLinssanie CUmpani es
xalLuay andhospitals

C maLn . m e C.ompui Can pAucesAAvelal

millien Msbudions_bLN detme 9t aa higk
data tsase aL elL h 3toin4 Casatit
lae an Chpnee-mOh han_ 500 COm püeAs
thuah huCmpuiK, nnd iA wALd in AN
antem):_

These C putexs_ eLasgex i g ad

npinsie CLmposition he mni Cnodpuls

SUPER COMPUTERS k ttett

Supe CBmputu 0 te most pohul,and
LAnve Cempuliu0waulable a r peert

Eups CeopLuT 0 paioanly uud ex CPmble

sienti 0-pplitatlem Ch meed a hghehLeret
OkAUceAAng
 PAGE NO ( 2
OATE: L

ASLd o deugni
These CampulensA
mLALles Weatien JUae Cask
Qd aunchin
tas modeling LuLLd Chemi cal Cemb ,

aLsobla inmulatlS auCxasl lengn, Culo

dsLinand MuCleas huim

SpaLA a 10.000
millie Lntsuctitns þR Secmd (MIPS) to :2
atLli t s u dionk_be Cmd Can ubte
n d Can Aubt
l0.ttD iiminali CCmbutedS) ar a ime

n eCmnble prblem, the ceMY

Can nahle tht uNLSte olivàd e Comblex
eblem inte Amaller Þeblemi
A Lubhis CAmbufs 0uiOAubbtil tulti þros
mLn ea MLiCuple manu)ula Can
ACL the lobtuis r atime (imultantaA
the man kacuus d LLs Cmbuu
a Bm 81iUm Gaabhics , nteland Putsu
Ondia hae aAupe Ctrapulis PARAm
10000
 VUAYANNT
PAGE NO:: 3]
DATE: D

GENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The Cents al pAoce3LLG Unit a Lombua
DOA Kusm 00 iheOiemeti c tükes he
Loqical decisitns Ond Cmte{S the actinit
th Othes L

2 CPu u_ also Called bsaun the Cemputes

OC maain tasK iuto exe LueHae bgxam
Ot olsohaus the &txage deicea

(3 Cere ment"Gned
un ttrni the CPU intlucl tn olo winq lub

min Memo
And Aetriaves da
Stru and Aetries data and
nttou ticns

Ceiio Podcezsi nt
cpU)

npuit Sends
Regatees Receive outpur
Unit otog Adhmetic Uni Reut

C0ie Unt

Cen hl Unit

BLOCkdingem CmpLuTeLS
System
 The ma CoU Amctuda

Chi sturticon Aarothe memot

Decod mstsudicn 10 datide whar otero
bekusmed.
xeing he tnituetitns
sitsuing 9hLAuLt back Ain he mecncr

T 0kée keu phaL puceL A Rne-n

Sti CPU Cut

Lode
erch

Sture

The CPu

Asuithemetic Unit (AU)

Loaic i t (LU)
iti Cto Unit (CU)
te Cos Bu the procesALng Obedens
CPLU AL hoLL0in memoLip &uhStem
mar Mexacx
CaChe memen
111) Reaistes
 PAGE NO: C I S

DATE:

i athametic Unit>

ihe name nddicaes thatAU pe kams o

( As
ithmoelie pNATICns C uke Add, Substhact,
au ihe
mutpl and oivde.

(2 e CPOs_ Ctntain epasat Aithmetie nit

Lntege OA HNea point
GpeActicns (istegess) and
heal ts ToatingphnEohLiatidná Cyeal/ olecimau

AU OKithmoeli nit) takes h unpuir n e

n ituctim thal Cootains an eblude

RA Cund nd hi stmaut Cuda

he opUnd Speukie the operellon 10 ha beakmLd

d th opesandApetib th data Cn hick ebexelion
i to bo bea kuxmed thile h tnoat Cudd Auggcs
Hhe mat hethe pesands. Such a th e d
ponT_Osthe oabing
5 T OutbutaAu Cotaims t h e u t t
hexadionAnd H Status o t h 9uLuLttoheths it
hsuut issored in
eshste by H A

diyLogic Unir
(1
0gicaldpesotuems mthe deta
2
AAA tms The asieus ical aberaticns c
Aa Han >), leu 4ha <), egua to (E), ot
 2t

L A a
0 nic makes use eNAL
(4) LOqic NOR, etc
ertanin
AND,_OR,
Such cs dala
perod ions_ e
ical

() CmtoA Unit mbotonl Combemenr

Lnir san
Cam Iad
ois clala aand
ud
t h a tC m a v s he_
CPU
_Ma kamaittm oexotims
maintain e ALgLn te
(2 9t

be eskurmmed b he PU.
heSt
ichs an ns buutfon m
diausit the
delods theLastsucti'on a n d
Ca
aals t he AU Cx LU amd he
Cossesp.ondua
Sttsage der segrster

Combr qidu h e Asithmetze Unit (AU)

And Logic Unik CLU) beur hheOpexaiens Hhat
se tobe peikmed. and_aLSD BAuaAesA
I/0 demces 1o _eith he oata to be CaoLnitated

A PaAsam COunex regáster

eiaiNAna 1h mext he

ene tuod
 MAIN MeMORY
AAalso mo wn a / Called
(1 MaUn memo
the htemat ntdemon
CmbLtei
t also no WY a Random AcCessMemcr
tis tembcra Sttrage mediuo thar helds tthe
ata kx a sADÅE pA Cd ok time
Btwtehed okkth
Mas Onte M Combula i
data Stoacd i t e RAM gets taased

The memcny Spate RAM Limited a n d

intuedimsCannt b
Hhenekot QLthe Nles and
Stosd n it So, these Mle and nstuctrnu sa
ALDRd 0 dukue Rocaiien Binen cu
SoCem da tsage amda Cspied a n h s e to
the RAM bekur eecuutim. Thu ethnig ue is
Kro wn as Stoapp
The Sbate Cmemory) AN ailable in RAu_alLob
aL h speLd the Coalotil
thethe meacypae A m0he mOke n
A s t d i m s Ca be Cebird and natuted ar the
Banoe 1ime

5 The mOUn MRoocy also esbonsibe a holdig

n mediati daia dnshemd betuoeen h e CPU and
npuu-6utpuu_ deiceu
 CACHEMEMORY
aAroalL
Asa
asta n d
Cache memoY
HhatA0hes he Copies
e.penLNe mermo
meedetA be teeiled u
dato Ahat
mama memYy.

brkok Sadi dala

daa
2) The bh0tesK

CACksk Lameolala
menabhy
Catha iAnoeN Cache
data u avolable in hs

mema.cay t brceMe) ads h dala m

ItE he dalo to t Cache
hecaistthe aCces thae Cat metoenm
Let kaste han h man mepn co

(S The Ca le memr Asa bLaced betuoeta

CPO_Qnd h e maun nem.c c Cmoua
Austm.

Man MeMmo

Cache Memm y

(A) The daTa ans

The Cache
und the ona Jtsbetoeen þyoeor
memo A bisectional Ound
t e Anaila lbiib
taa th CaChe
Cahe hit.
 VIJAYANT.
PAGENO: C 9
DATE I

(5 These ac LLAL uD1he CaCke

und Jn h Cmbul Ayple
memm0
a uma Ca he
bSecmdhy Cache

aPsimasy Cache The bienoaCahe a lso

KnonOL& Le TLL Cathe
intesnalCache t à Localed idathe Ceu
Soalla butktet + pe o
pALdes a 9uitk acess to ti eaua accestLd
olata by e i C o mdceuo

bSec0.ola CaChe Thes Cache memm

asemel2 L2) Cache C mal
Cat r à l n Cat 6ulid the Ceu t i
M malU dALttOned h e m0hAbnaAd a
Ceabutn The Lcmda Cache A lasges but
than ine p Anaay Cache
 PAGE NO.: ( 2 0

DATE: L

REGIST ERS ApeCLalDuApa

CPU CLa a AL
( kinowm as eaistess.
apbA ALDAQe n i h

oCaims tu
( They as hg 8herd m e m .
Nding iuctioms dath dnd inteime.dia
cemad
Cusentuy hlngbAO
thet _a

( DAoCeuoaCan have diien es

A
Beqistess 1ehold ths dikeS.eu 1Aes
Jn us rnoatim.

hs
Naius hegiifess a
5Pd-mamCute CPE) >This aister keept -
sat Hh n e e t instucuion to &_exe cutcd.

G nsimictim Registec (iR) Thii t 7egiter

hd he tuctim t be de coded b t
Cootse unit.

S meo.my Addscss Registes CmAR) T egster

sd tahod e addrek d the meYt
Locatitn he mem to be aCcessed,

Mexmy Bukhr Regste (mBR) This 2eaute

s M s & zex Stosin dala aeceied umo Seul
to CPU.

Me0.c ata Reqister ImDR) Mem dala

9eqise OMDR) ussd
a data
kr Stting epsarnds
sand
 VJAYANT
PAGE NO U )

CATE L
-

(AcC) AccuroulatorA ULd

Accum uloatux aaithmetic
0ting
e9cSuLts bcduccd bby
and Lo-qicUnits.

BUS
Res 1hat LLed to
Abus A a A t t
dikes e n t Cca bme na
COmncct t

COrabu Ayuttm ax buspde

ha iantheing9
dat CLS t QddkesACS amongt thtrm

bus O a
A bas Can etha bea seLal
posellel bu
buus
t yasie handwase
ar a Lime
ANESal bit
Cempemll t An pakaltel aus
data Can be honsyethnd ar a iume amengut
handsoaa Cemp.cmenta.

e buuu eittea SLAal ax

In) he Bped
measuRL
bits iNGS JeRALA AtA Cmcka between tun Ccmbmerls

ala Bus Addl Bus

Dasa Bw AddatAs Bcu

Dolo &Addrc Butu

 O hs basts OAatitnk bus Can
classi ed ivrh
Dato BA

eCmhrl BusA

ata Buu b Data busa tn CemputAyA

olata
d l iklet hnal Cbanema.

he
he8btLd thdata bius alsd e c s the
AveAa
Melen Conaput Latems uAe 32 bits odal
CApalde aa jEANn 32 bils o dana a
me
Data bus iAbidiheetional
Lhis (dala bus)_ alLA whi th meani
meanl
bot he daLcdiCni 15aLler_ dao
(Jidfr Dato

Bato btus oCesses

Daxa guu
 VIJAYAR
PAGE NO: CO3
DATE N|

b Addrcss Bus
The Qcddntis buL also nOwn as memor blu
9t iand his he addreask 9eac Qnd

CAmtauns a o addme
umbea ne h a t
9t
Yang2 dk m erntry add rcses Hhat
Can
deteammu
be AehkSented uin u addoe bus.
S. a 82-but addees buuCan be usnd to ekerente.
3 meocy otatico

Addx¬ss bus alks w pe Aual bus

Qdbasalu bus.
TToner Of mEmO totatio

Maun tessor
Memay AddreA bus

ig -AmAddxeks Bus

9n te Shouen addses bus Lid

o sing me focatims betueen pantel Ser
and
and maemo Addhets bu. nidikectiomalL
natuse bu Beme Lms basd n iti pexalicn
tma also b bidine clional
Add es bus between the pmceuer ana I[o
Sylem bidi eetionol
 C Conh Bus
data and ddsess bus, a
p a fam a&Cmhae
Lhd pe bu exists BnDuo
manngelh Aans he
The Cmist bus
data Qnd addaess amaun vau eus Ceopane
aphopiat Cmad Atanals

INSTRUCTION SET
buctions hat a bhousaaan ea-ect to
bnkm_diulent
d t hunole o insbutims ALd
Asuctitn ut Car be claui pihd Q
Cnaplen gnshutim r
Re cliuced OnstmAelicn

COMPLEEx INSTRUCT 10N SET

he Cnaple
sthudi en Sut hehns 10
Lisctio alAncudes ts Aet
E Ceople and Jag
nstuti' Bus.
(2)
The
Sr l0 o 250 CIS ins1uctcm& Q mas
Lndk1t mermc
(3) The Cm.ple
lasg msluttion Sr moke
mumbll o0deating moke i Us
mel
moelu bLLa
bLLau
 -VIJAYANT-
PAGE NO: C2

DATE

The Linstsucunsin heCOmbler Lnsbutien

Set hNe OLabl leqth insduticn ummeut uth-
is met mited Le 92 bils.

5) Jhe exettunOt Linitutiems takua

Letime betaLAe M s tuttims Qse men0t
baed and aCcessing the mim a_u'oe
COnsAnmn bhoces Q Cemopaed

(Coale witut
Ad Kn0wm as&
Cople 9nstsuction Set CempLutes(CIgc),

he nstu tuon s t o CISC has a asAL numbei

LnstLtions nd ka lath Mst um iya, the
V
th CPU desig aOh Cmblicaled:

AdNantages
.
The adN antageA C1se as Qs kto
to en Q
3e ko eath meu dleiam A s p0LK Can ule
JnsELtlin 8 a bredecesex prisus nej.

,
Spate Qs e Cods Cmd to leu
Am la nstueiiond

CIsC moleest COmpiler ea

b alitaing himplanmsntadlesp
 VIJAYANT
PACE NO (263
DATE C I-

i s adN AaACL

MOnyC1SC s i u ctins a mot equnH w,

CIse Cemnands are ianslated i t e a Loaa

mitho Cdis i Ch max,

n s
the Ceu
haads 20
Cisc Lystms aAnea_Conoble
aUre ime desigi-

REDUCED INSTRUCTTON SET

The eduAd nstottitm 8et e t s Fo a Ser

The
smunsuticns tha CUotains s tn

st Cmsists thole instucionstaith 0s

Lndiy Ausid b
}necLLticm

LS) TheeAMstutims 0 generoll e_smpl

Eaeuste
tute. he nstuetien Lded o Aud ser
LhduCed ns h czits) ae mosH gis baied
A Ch mcas hor the
mstLIc' ms mes
vims

4 The memo based shu cuen3 ocude

nylbad 0nd t e Lnstuu'ns.
The Anstm Cums
msu tuon 3eE ha
ined gth instatuon K mat_ 32 bits
 insbutt'on ku at divictes
Lnsttien mto Bmol
oupsCaed elds.
qnehouL 0n
mstuicn has
d ne ohko JUousiug
loiug
Opcodeiald
la pkxtd bythe
wsmtLime
Optnaund Ld 9t 9hepIub H
data tn
th t chLAcicm t h b^utoat d, OA
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 VIJAYANT
PAGE NO: 351
DATE
The 0bblicatuen Cembutea e - CUmmesce
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 VIJAYANT-
PAGE NO.: 3 8 1

DATE

(5) cas n kor maalim Suieo 1S)

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 VJAYANT
PAGE NO:: C3

DATE:
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E NO.: AO
odao dau DATE:
as
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 VIJAYANT
PAGENO: C4
DATE
( Multimmedia+
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 JAYANT-
PAGE NO.: 4 .

DATE:

Lembutes System i hnowm OA denice

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6 Sche duuling Ishg
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 PAGE NO: (46
DATE: U

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 VIJAYANT
PAGE NO: 4 8

DATE:

iinibuid 0beatia A a
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