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MA 201: Partial Differential Equations Lecture - 4
MA 201: Partial Differential Equations Lecture - 4
Lecture - 4
∂u ∂u
a(x, y , u) + b(x, y , u) = c(x, y , u). (1)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u
a(x, y , u) + b(x, y , u) = c(x, y , u). (1)
∂x ∂y
F (x, y , u) = u(x, y ) − u = 0.
∂u ∂u
a(x, y , u) + b(x, y , u) = c(x, y , u). (1)
∂x ∂y
F (x, y , u) = u(x, y ) − u = 0.
∂u ∂u
a(x, y , u) + b(x, y , u) = c(x, y , u). (1)
∂x ∂y
F (x, y , u) = u(x, y ) − u = 0.
• This shows that the vector ha, b, ci and the gradient vector ∇F are
orthogonal at the point (x, y , u).
IIT Guwahati MA201 (2022)
• In other words, at each point (x, y , u) of the integral surface, the
tangent vector to the integral surface is given by the vector ha, b, ci.
The solutions of (4) are called the characteristic curves for the
quasi-linear PDE.
The solutions of (4) are called the characteristic curves for the
quasi-linear PDE.
dx
= x(y 2 + u) = f1 (x, y , u)
dt
dy
= −y (x 2 + u) = f2 (x, y , u)
dt
du
= (x 2 − y 2 )u = f3 (x, y , u).
dt
dx
= x(y 2 + u) = f1 (x, y , u)
dt
dy
= −y (x 2 + u) = f2 (x, y , u)
dt
du
= (x 2 − y 2 )u = f3 (x, y , u).
dt
Background:
Theorem
If φ = φ(x, y , u) and ψ = ψ(x, y , u) are two given functions of x, y and
u, and if G (φ, ψ) = 0, where G is an arbitrary function of φ and ψ, then
u = u(x, y ) satisfies a first-order PDE
where
∂(φ, ψ) φx φy
= .
∂(x, y ) ψx ψy
Background:
Theorem
If φ = φ(x, y , u) and ψ = ψ(x, y , u) are two given functions of x, y and
u, and if G (φ, ψ) = 0, where G is an arbitrary function of φ and ψ, then
u = u(x, y ) satisfies a first-order PDE
where
∂(φ, ψ) φx φy
= .
∂(x, y ) ψx ψy
Gφ φx + ux φu ) + Gψ ψx + ux ψu ) = 0, (6)
Gφ φy + uy φu ) + Gψ ψy + uy ψu ) = 0. (7)
Gφ φx + ux φu ) + Gψ ψx + ux ψu ) = 0, (6)
Gφ φy + uy φu ) + Gψ ψy + uy ψu ) = 0. (7)
Gφ φx + ux φu ) + Gψ ψx + ux ψu ) = 0, (6)
Gφ φy + uy φu ) + Gψ ψy + uy ψu ) = 0. (7)
• How?
for some λ.
dx dy du
= = . (12)
a b c
dx dy du
= = . (12)
a b c
dφ = φx dx + φy dy + φu du = 0, (13)
dψ = ψx dx + ψy dy + ψu du = 0. (14)
dx dy du
= = . (15)
a b c
dx dy du
= = . (15)
a b c
Then, we must have (comparing with (13) and (14):
dx dy du
= = . (15)
a b c
Then, we must have (comparing with (13) and (14):
dx dy du
= = . (15)
a b c
Then, we must have (comparing with (13) and (14):
u2
1 2 2 2
d xy − = 0 and d (x − y − u ) = 0.
2 2
u2
1 2 2 2
d xy − = 0 and d (x − y − u ) = 0.
2 2
Integrating the above, we obtain
2xy − u 2 = c1 = φ and x 2 − y 2 − u 2 = c2 = ψ.
u2
1 2 2 2
d xy − = 0 and d (x − y − u ) = 0.
2 2
Integrating the above, we obtain
2xy − u 2 = c1 = φ and x 2 − y 2 − u 2 = c2 = ψ.