Civil Engineering Department

LBYCV4A – Capstone Design Project 1, Laboratory

Workbook Output 6
Design Criteria (Loads)

Student Name/s: ____________________________

Group Name: __________________________________

INTRODUCTION

In designing bridge structural members, it is necessary to specify the parameters (loads) to

be applied in the analysis. There are similarities in the design criteria of buildings and bridges such
as gravity (dead) loads, earthquake and wind loads, etc.; but unlike the structural design of
buildings, there are certain parameters that are unique to bridge design. These loads include
moving live loads, braking force of vehicles, vehicle collision loads, even water loads applying
pressure to the bridge components, and a lot more. In a similar way, the load combinations for
bridge analysis is quite different.

Therefore, it is imperative to identify and enumerate these parameters prior to committing

the analysis and design in order to properly consider all necessary loads and combinations.
Remember “garbage in, garbage out”. The accuracy and safety of your design highly depends on
the parameters you input in the design.

OBJECTIVES

• To determine the design parameter (loads) specific to project site and bridge structure
suited for the project.
• To determine and enumerate the load combinations applicable to the project with the
corresponding load factors.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Prepare the Design Criteria, enumerating the parameters applicable to your bridge project.

• Dead loads of structural components and non-structural components

• Dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities
• Vehicular Live Load
• Vehicular dynamic load allowance
• Pedestrian live load
• Live load surcharge
• Vehicular centrifugal force
• Vehicular collision force
• Vehicular braking force
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• Earthquake load
• Wind load on structure
• Water load and stream pressure
• Force effect due to temperature gradient
• Vessel collision force

2. Include in the design criteria the specific load combinations of identified loads above with
corresponding load factors.
 Civil Engineering Department
LBYCV4A – Capstone Design Project 1, Laboratory
TEMPLATE:
1. DESIGN PARAMETERS AND CRITERIA

1.1. Units of Measurement and Language

All units of measurement for design work, drawings and calculations shall be in the Metric System,
unless otherwise noted.
All drawings, calculation sheets, and documents shall be written in English.

1.2. Applicable Codes, References and Standards

The requirements contained in the latest edition of the following codes and standards shall form a
part of these CRITERIA, in the manner and to the Extent specified herein.
The following codes will govern the structural analysis and design, as applicable:
• (enumerate)
The following standards will govern the materials of construction, as may be applicable:
• (enumerate)
1.3. Material Unit Weights

<SAMPLE>

▪ Concrete Compressive Strength: Concrete cylinder compressive strength measured in

accordance with ASTM C39M-08 will be:
Footings / Tie or Grade Beams, Columns. Beams/Girders, Suspended Slab:
𝑓𝑐′ = 28 MPa, unless noted otherwise
Slab on grade:
𝑓𝑐′ = 28 MPa, unless noted otherwise
▪ Reinforcing Steel for Concrete
Reinforcing bars Yield Strength: Reinforcement bars minimum specified yield strength
measured in accordance with ASTM A615M will be:
Footings / Tie or Grade Beams, Columns. Beams/Girders, Suspended Slab:
𝑓𝑦 = 275 MPa for Ø16 up to Ø20 deformed bars, unless noted otherwise
𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa for Ø25 deformed bars and larger, unless noted otherwise
Ties, Stirrups:
𝑓𝑦 = 275 MPa for Ø10 and Ø12 deformed bars, unless noted otherwise
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1.4. Design Analysis Method

1.4.1. Introduction

This CALCULATON REPORT presents the structural analysis and design of the members of the
proposed <> structure located in <> using <>.

1.4.2. Scope of Work

<SAMPLE>

The scope of work that is performed in order to present this CALCULATION REPORT is based
on the general scope of work required by <>, as follows:
▪ Prepare analysis and design of the foundation, columns, suspended slabs and
beams/girders, including connection detailing for the main structural components.
▪ Determine effect of gravity loads and lateral forces, particularly earthquake forces, to the
structure.
▪ Prepare design of foundation for the soil bearing capacity as recommended in the soil
investigation report furnished.

▪ Prepare detailed structural plans and drawings containing all information to serve as primary
construction drawings.

1.4.3. Basis of Design

<SAMPLE>

The building structure is considered to be under Type 1 construction, on which the design is
associated with the member joint strength. The provisions of the NSCP, Volume 1, 7th Edition
(adapted from the ACI 318-14 code) are basically used in checking the stability and sufficiency
of the structural members, particularly the slabs as a boxed system designed to sustain the dead
load, live load, wind and seismic forces as herein described. The design and analysis of the
building structure is generated using the internally accepted structural engineering software from
reputable developers. It is used to generate the 3D model, create all input specifications and all
output reports and displays graphical environment. These structural modelling and analysis input
specifications are stored in a text file with extension .STD for STAAD which can be analyzed and
designed. The results can be viewed graphically. The STD is processed by the STAAD analysis
to produce results that are stored in several files with extensions ANL. The .ANL text file contains
the printable output as created by the specifications. The other files contain the results (node
 Civil Engineering Department
LBYCV4A – Capstone Design Project 1, Laboratory
displacements, member / element forces, mode shapes, section forces, section moments and
section displacements, etc.).

1.4.4. Analysis of the Structure Model

<SAMPLE>

Generally, the structural modelling shall be analysed based on the principle of load factor design
concept. However, in this report, the Error! Reference source not found. condition will be limited to
strength requirement; whereas, service level condition will be used for serviceability requirement.
Methodology. A comprehensive Error! Reference source not found. design approach will be used.
Factored load combinations will consider cases where continuously acting loads are both
disadvantageous and advantageous, with load factors adjusted as appropriate.
Where appropriate, the following computer program may be employed:
▪ Customized spreadsheet programs developed by the designer in conformity with the requirements
of the applicable code.
▪ The analysis of the structure will follow standard rational code procedures.

2. LOADINGS

2.1. Structure Loadings

The following loads shall be considered in this report:

Dead Load, D. Dead load means the weight of the structure itself.

▪ Unit weights of major construction materials shall be as follows:

▪ Unit weights other than the above shall conform to National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP Error! Reference source not found.).

▪ The following minimum dead loads may be considered in the analysis and design of the
building structure:
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LBYCV4A – Capstone Design Project 1, Laboratory

Vehicular Live Load, L. Live load means the load not permanently fixed to the structure.

2.2. Loading Combinations

All structural members and components shall be designed for the following load combinations,
whichever produces the greater stress.
The following load combinations shall be used for member check for strength and service level
conditions.

Load Load Factor

Dead, 𝐷

Live (Floor),
LL

2.3. Foundation Design Parameters

2.3.1. Soil Pressure

Based on the initial findings and observation of the site condition in which the geotechnical
exploration was performed, the allowable net soil bearing capacity of soil shall be evaluated based
on the tabulation of soil bearing pressure calculations as per excerpt of the soil investigation report
furnished to the Structural Engineer.

In this report, the building foundation system will comprise of spread footing supported by the soil
since the allowable net bearing capacity is 300-kPa at 0.50-m below the existing natural ground level
(NGL).
 Civil Engineering Department
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2.3.2. Settlement

Differential settlement of foundation shall be based on the geotechnical report. However, in the
absence of such data, a 25.0-mm differential settlement shall be considered.