yaifedtorin chonosome no. # structure hy mesidrqicuttur e7 Citifeakfant— i hea vitmler bred vb: -ghodes® cd VEG shectesiyfelding a Ayaple : e har 208 exer better suited {oy agyieultsure gutplengesta plants: hyortd ahipenyert heats ave superar thah othe had fargev grains © The are more east lq hawestedeqreh egnditions- aciiple-oybotd wheat cantatas th yogert vs Cancestars)-Genetfealt of the genom 68 of deteespectes fhe chvorrs MES +t rogencties thetr ancestors fn wedev range of echvornasames ofeach of Fs iff fs an amalgametfon ceombiaatton) a genedicists use stains 4oitdentit4 spect analyse thet iva chute etfs process fs called oy Analystoof iteite chromasomnes 2%RC+hon-dwin ile wpe ave dvutdtag <4 Ovsfnq tohernfcal +0 drsolole remove) mitol Sothot chrornssomes cannot Pe vernoved Gegreg® hopber) shabptng of chavo OM torteal\'y awested calisave then swollen bY Hypoiornrec Sol. Cs oderenders tate th cal) Bei orn- “2 spread out fa un duteued foshion at chiom: dtiteentfalty \s.tm blood te sptodles ffon deesn'* fram exsfontn 4 Lytogeo cbf cists use dyes ghok sf along thelr lengths: Qufnacrine ¢ BB agiscravecctenss4te pat Pda ox ‘oc! eegrou nd- fiuorescent compound soph laatol Awy quinine ands ov hem*cal velalive antimo an oyk wight b cots only shen ey posed 40 UV.gtdy Chold’s dilated fd)” wl comflete con) normal sek sit (-good's ald’) Themore Itkelyeverni fs that OriomaloquavimaveicOfoler OHomaloque vimove «outhers gfelding gametes vt tooo) One copy of chon. sof achtornciores fg occtsrseach chr ow Melabhete-2 One = asst ity Pe ee ted Fe of org an‘in, othe’ spossileility ” or re re, CARS ® Homologues Joins together farmfng & Anivalent stn hich each member fs paalfolly Patred vieach others 7 roroloques rtght movela one palesprodutteg omelet oifonal pofsegye whom tne garnet diary ivan 6 (03m artpletds ove aeatt stettle-rso Canned guiliveded by o* ul ey watttvated “prods: F a snnotirepraiure does t vanoducegsera One mechan Hyatt. ahtch tovolves woe Uinneduced egg these gs therfrn sedi aeat ausentnat? Intanen plants eran * PEE. ris acusdtntis covets Ne den gteal chremosome sets. C34" BS) Achopotds crn) -" ub oble produce Plogeney: 4 2 fsiyotd spectedeholed 078 raossed ta prlodule ahybyed s that recetvesd sel of | j dorm. from cath of parental secre, Meterts | | © ord ~ u Hoplat ae ®) Aep Oe: ee cag er, / tao dior! plant tyertd free fore 8 On tis |sethinhgbstd Ubesluiteberar a) eet, { Q ‘orp metests| “AFOT- connot potr vt each paly [ atyara (any ergot SU9AYs chavo: Womts wHhHs Ho malo Stutle Viesuiee envorn) ? hutatd a | chore douklteg ' 0 ¢ | Con) caren | Haweewdoon auedupitated Cy ons \ . | vepleabon) smefocte vl proceed fn Sa ccusht trond tentonal cod awdestach of 76 gst) 7 ewrom.vi beable Fo pate perfectly {Avalos Blades domatogoes palhes Srtetesll muvee meidstss 008 dctvom uipatr Ae biven (A 88 an produces pata amatenishich 21° : an’ Shove hen Lge favra des brodues by the Her etiey Coinkotee Lo pregeagal® fe ca ally: Wi! Te” 3 AtplOfd gametes motes ay unite 0 ‘ aa 1 suwvive ocx cach of the Saat a... batanceds prtdtaatfon bla 4 id ah SHEL but elated Sheets totlosed biden pltn4 hes occurred man time duntns voces has ocused veo Lagoon compere a leeds, Ps Atmel chvorn: sels wae mae Modan bivod Heal Cy wecaflotd contetetng 6) atftE diam sesyachof thick hos been dufl teoted: oo thax ave 3 chomas: faroch self or 4 otal of mt tn the gometts # a2 (Gy fn the sornatteeellt ee Aaichyomos B+ ® Wttut aedlnaee awolt OF Oy “aVigdern heat Seetas Looe bern formed fader eatvtfon Wem 1 gs traveled 40 4" gs tvoteed #89 46 form o rd spectes combi’ — vy carabtecd vt stRer 3. fetvaplotd TS sin! Bevel ergo este “uikeod qename ts YG Ts fee thestaeeh Taages oughlyvA eact, en dit ebectes ove tens [ikety to tnferfer juiteg melt Or atdtaotten btu dif sPerfes hou, foetag deattle than de Polgplora, fe Sheeres, psnraeones Polyplotdtrottn occurs doulth, Mule covery ods Sn thee Cosestne sulfated ney te ed eo fi we ‘0 ein vbeefong ele of duede tae a ts ‘The v nes a = siege’ jesulttey eenoea~ ave Sa%d tater . palgplatas avceteg ftom Hy ; emuch quater ckonce avtitng fra duplfcatten af chrom. ino stg! Lrave da dupitenren of chvom bo hybrtdtiatron lofo ditty spectes ave ~ Polyptetds crated cotied 21's +1 tethers) t Drospetic asvse > successive y co cantutbuling qenemes ov tattvel'¢ otf Ht rach bo undegess about © soulndd sta A holyplotds created oy dhrom- duplication vt fra species ave F agtolet soncoptes tn eo ve 5 ' " Cay» | tt ied Hy ‘ ‘ Forges chr a Breet sh ‘te gle qeneme harbern roultiplied £0 Us polyfene drvom: Pots i ‘eat ettyo sets JF guomeloger’ Men. B fatareny ins + 5p ever daubltngf. a key avert te {ormadten of palyplords Cheb fethecell wihout aning trough celldtvlston Such a cell yy have dutce the Usual Oo-0f chiom pening wftosts i (eptottncsts)) 34 + Pelgited sa mbotn Hssuts become palyptotd darfag developer? | oat Bev one Pipette ts predoobly response t ened {0% ee oe mulifele coptes of each chrom: 4 genes TH conates ee ead aut covnen gtertee tonsts4 of 4 The brocess thot produces such pol potd ediis: Caled sf stnvawes chrome duplications As\loced by sthorakin stster chyownst'ds @ round ef endomite. 3 the chyornoce” 4 upithe the eure doeamor eco e bo Teschemom fs dtved into 5 Eothsgectfon 251 then divided Tet byleltere Tris weatel 90 6 along the (ehinc4 each chi A holytene chicre ot of y wumans ao Sn human itucee kt camel _rosephila ove nok havewacker. 10 th 9, ene, omn syndia promt sfermales-us,cytee — Hyg S uveln i Tae ae Cael DF aswell ay Seament tan atfectia be notigbe ¢chigma some Imbalance €dy0 chiomasoene fo at usually has o phenotypic effect) Ue ARNO A This deplote shectes hos npates Buen ells). te fants were apparen ; Ba eae cyanster nett noted Amasityajyoughternel® © Peach An cra chigm wos present 0$ daft fo rach mubont strato saitoyether there were @ attit mmukants seach Beettandtey goriryieation of ane of the Datura cnvar-Sach FVFpNteat tors pve coiled. Ertsornres on ee cg tase grs wm amentiots pollen “pollen 97h a ate e ae tampele Bell eeu plot Beier. Conseguentiystfsomte plants Bac! ea ey extia chvom from qhe female paren Jy orn cos) piece of clnorm is = Timsen | Aneuplordy : = The under coddoversebreentatton of achiam.011 chidm ' eqite nond (sjunckion of netic i 4 chvemnasame 24 ehh sagged fo the mutant plants Fs A Ap ovgantem fn ahiclo 6 aundevr epresented fs called heypoitetel feunder) Qy) | Bn ergemisen fa sahfcl echo: fon evar pagenent fs plot Ar plo ; avenebresented t8 called hqpesplote (over) Nondtsju doesinet pb: | t Ansomy fn dumans carry et! Sotsl-Hoan emosk common chrom: abnormality fn ehsorn. Of bes rv Humans f j2.c0 syidieme. eondtiton associated vt ectia-eygm. 24 Aim potred mental absliites vequived $0 qive. spectol educatin cove Short Irfeshan) > dun syndiond ¢ develop Althelmer's d teeose, o ‘Haven of dementia common tn elduly: + Say develob deg dtreare ieteete ubligas) pth decade irariifaquncifon event can acu vin etther parent [ohether Batiene motes goreots torration) wut iEsrems 1026 Movetrkety tn female! aoe A ARerpaen cof non-dtundton veh hoakeanal cate peesycars old VFM Iso0; woyeas old Fir 160-rt ns oem refosts begins ta {elusbut wok corapieled unit] aa eens ing tre th fe faltlatton, ' 1c CANS ov€ caretted fa prophase of wi dtvtsron : dutdhis chitin may bereme unpored ath A bai feitrein praphesethe greater the chancefor URbot tog ; ord subsequent chygm. non-diejunctian Olde fmelet a has qreatey chance of produttrqancuplotd ys - 3 : Tetsomfer for chrom. -1h #18, Qvare gevous phenol alone reali @shivtltveas arevita IF few weeks offer bivth. Welyt hon yotubes- A TiplOk Kasygoty pe, ua ixXx —Gindivtddols gurvive be? O04 ys are tnacttyated.ceducteg the dosery« of gdnrom: sothot afprontmates the format (evel of one F Dfemalese thenabypreatty nos rnal Gerhart ciytmentalinpaim er) ae yeduced faititty- PWT komotgbe- plinefetn egedrome eae chiem-Qx's OY, 40 phenatypreally they °° xy teva male but show som” *4 female secondary secus! enrgtnade basorices! Judityatter a O eeceptisral ¥¥ ‘ty ¥ Osteatle- ebro spem © Jautinatier ef Wkeartegegat expeepttonal ¥¥ spam csother cases mbtth tnvalve Fltnefelttrsyndrame are T wy olyxyy a have Oorsinone loorr bodfestn theiy cel]s KXYYY ore than imonh dew sely Miu chuve tm Olaxrxy —" Bx chrom pry yy Boys 9 Orsay asualig helt “Of Meederied tractive ¢- ces" ye eYXY tcomnt dequee #t mental finpatrment: ther WE6010S Tr human sot wnh aio AP ctmbbanice of connec gene die rycote Whole. i no 5004 Wes wht ore chew ttetsstag. dt 4 telueransabete te att sable lSUrtalble) reer seewntes ua y rast tndiVtSU0L Fave siealeyofevter au pal ac atid oe on wel as atl amopietnehd of ott 2 perk greatly ferra'e ghey ere olrnst sterile a use tndtucdiials ave ceaik to betyit pleads to 7 gnegtn of toons 4 ‘ak fextfits alton pee an a ; [oa o () «ar ye 1 (eth orca = Af the los! tragprectoee ae» develobrrs Haditonct beset" aineuiplora. ind 42 Feoduver of Termes 8179 AN To VeUbs Wessjfate— M5... antohaid suite ‘atm Cpavacenlite fnveisron) Ava ntformed fot the marphalay 4 of-cht0% mmetacentitechiaen- Utada | vl no} change yk ee | et \ © much easter to detec mene “tect i. > sfonechvorn: fs Mnveted bal fhe Homategue fs not Lite said (o b< 3 sn merostt the chrom: palvs/taterods tayutioo es have point for calor - potnt-to-patnt along thet length ybee ‘af theses chyom must {arm a loop fo aWiow patteqs Uheve genes aye fn ; reveise odes. te stoadure of cover tn WanclocadfenHelereryaote | ox ae cee . veetycel i soe ler memes Gt 3 Asfioet 4.5 mayimtie potting Fr potting BH norms? fnveted chrom. 0c mas when Seqreent {Vorn Aeitt Cnon-homalog aus} chren Nnvirn. tsdeto foansbe Feathothed ¢coBasheg ont 40 *P-gene fs Wanatersed Auer ‘ on Lumen PEELS 6f {ro nGrh oracle Mistery ncsioarsr namie dn ot than etre cal to a1 cated: aed ‘g fusteg mefostesAvanclocated chigm, jould be evpecledfabote vi tinety Untranslocoted Homcdogues fr svuctd ren 6°) osteltkcepottern Lamdloques tr gual 0 a eee Te rs gates 7 Nansteated ema 0 o < Sy ove Horns ugOUs She vdonsl 4 fore ae as cteuct}oven pottery patetne accuse te Snatead ates stn octhlG ophoteL Metra dural’ ae devo: hos beer Ri 7 fe Aner: dubitcated Baitovoives Qe ay Bex maymar ee coos d Graioul ed co opposite Pe Semen ates Biipeapscrse ace runko” Bimamenpiord qorerts® itil A altog tes © poste #21"" 2 rents ———“‘;C;”ats d instee nos adna cased -shathensio ™ Aaprentatjandten-s. ant Shown l : atte cebvommens PY 0 5 2 i ornelsqow qvalathev dbo 4 Gaatved trem * Samechvomosome parr - dtsfundfon-iv\ be antuplotd-loed sore + ehyorn segments vl be ‘Dettetent for aioe thers vl bt dublecated ‘€ ry cenhameres 1# 340 one pale 4 panto other Pole lat predurtng anewPe cel gered eee aa he these cet eae tg aafocent décfurctio, eis that bea centvgnn Pies tn cose-O : Adjocent d¢spundtoo- perenert FO eae - e mtorr astern mmoved Lo ROCA 32 3 it a Ot WW > When cenbramere move Geter AgEL centromeres mov A UU . 3 “OI. 40 game pale referred centvomeret (¢2 toane pele” 2 a yeu ta other poles ot produrtng ancuplord gametes & whence same centiomes * tHomslagous)smove 10 Same pole vefevvedt to _adjocent 5 G alternate dtcqun fon rac oe - 2 ‘ lV : centiormetes 243 do one poletit & 40 othe bole productng euplotd garneten a Altean odedeegunctfomhatt of the chiom. yl cari onl: Avanslocated . 4 Thonsfocalron eles: characteitred b:) Jon fers tifty und chrom. 4 Robest sonte emponne een Robe6t suntan Tanshcalron ound dvcroe seri? one dom. 700 so tsk imowalfas brane glecki tc evento stngle Gree unt " fgicasrae os (org 1 (-sfnql funcltna emits ASR) si gan centrorerepullteg the cmpaurd ete: obs amo also formed. by the unten of oh ae a, {| Homologous darorm. segments. t 10:0 thd chrom.te Qvasephtio might detochfiam thet tefk arms ¢ fuse at the cenbvame nt, Creattey © O™Mbound half chyorn compound halfechetr a P called =: W si BPG hve n-tnustectuitns af Horn . seqinents tancbte non-horndloqs WaMslocaitons - gions trvolve fu; ehvom: sor combound chrom, 105 formed by fusing Keven fn Avosoph tle creating doulle ¥ toriatlached-¥ davon Mipatinent :- fermales Homer ygeus yw lyperaatr relin kea mutation excep —> doughters-otl Oat mutant coxstuana tally (ereviert) MER Vatron —) daushters-mudant sons-utid-type fe-dhsam had become attached fo each ob) ss eefatter No toss tngowes a iy ste Coa Zo is vies ce i) oD dlon-vecombteant even eserphed yall: ough LO => asses thak resembled the artyinal prow Farental clagies ¢ nol ave calle =) trendel endependent accortment wy due torthotitheyare Uh the same chrome the! 4 now K tse lh Reds long Meroore ‘ _cvasitng OFC Rep hs ' cl ck) a 5 a.) ¢ ecorphtnart ae ats called parental clawses ase (tik et y coup ie, here 4 atteles & # bath eatyeles 9) Hareale a | CAT iab Fepluiton rete" ihere gor th Wamplegeus chyam- hes domtnant one vecess!ve ele thvbva8) af chia, bed been eve ONG Joraled oh seer torr a one ie fegel Pha vib yeishvant gan dhe OMT oF oct ave Taunt dehend Hegh aster 1865 extused vt " Hornalag aut yeceastve alee Ree higen , \ he . _.. ye ae o> Tr 5 amas ) , 4 yt a ' _ “ Leshant ee a wo ' ! \ $6 evecornttrel | \ ra =panental Be cuemagy af vecarnotrents, «ie coleinants ee “ig . \ 210 gO { For’ Fitnkage’ i a Heghly tented cehoset gether) tes jarnce of recombtnal te toosely ented artance bee » ACh Uaee saa hero) Forte any so gees the vecombinalton frequency é Bets 4 0 4 Byove detivent gene fears on aitit chvorn-tf x oa bb Fioaa fh s Tyyesh 1058 tadependent ly Vv oy aa bb X ac bb - Sf ance! hh 6D | Saree aaa ahinat fon? 107" WeeWih p yg betel Ee Jsph frequency a recor taptestiat the ge anhen dominant allel equb gente bs ’ Rel > then dotnthend# vce slashseg of geotyie then sore (etu-).) bfeation (4 an the some chsers pee ovelineed ove oll ov one fd of cfath, ain irik eqe prose Y ac tve ron vepulsten tenkage Phase edit Caningere os ohysi ev cassting ove freconnb hen duplteottan chy calted aetiod UY as Howey multiple SE eescatt. eehvod ave poss? ble dcuble chosste aele 6) ae quodrap\e 30 oie ves btisstiley chroma! = doesnot produce gentle recom’e inant, al Baste of Ee tomatnation thatfon orcars inthe prophes*-2 om. hole potred # forming o 5 2 sgenually aut of @,@ chiorcattd ul undergo crossing ove: forming precorab(nank ce cero Dromecombinont ch C2 sichremotids) spiraks axe coused sot S gslaensitanstbr ~ LT. ¥ Al 4 jedee tea the stiter cnvarmo teds ove tdentreal atieler aredpitbon both order, wid! = ae jecambtralfen wet onortated vb malestal exh soles horn Horwdlogaus dfttnt fo rratyeuseve measbrglagteal!g ( chtonn tert ci ore senovmnal « covanel color, yeneliertare “ easton ad ewer — nd COREE | . outed a of tr gat shu sfeel Oreo — Totes ewer Anguosehipber ch at : sie\us there ave @ outascmal nee S @ ttnvon (Y atvalent) axe smalls heer 78 ae e¥osmanrematnr yvavtg 10 envocen Be cjustens- lage rvormbave wore chtotmata the" reat, axe no cf chfarmata vorn.leng th te ond greall om tS mode 2 es due tnberpreled as post of process £6 3 fest xepaty broken ce wu Mavorotds a Cossoetoted vt eroseln gover) or pnlia sqnthe Mite leurs 4ustng tote ist yoetatt probh dusting easly Yo mid-f! Wel lates T7hahe fo pro pies? petime visions gsi chegrotaor nvarattdsthal expestence ttossaveiting yemmota en fangied each other durth 9 most prophase s: vr chosrmareboblij eprecents an endangiement hat woos cveated by evossoyes event: srt holdstne cromasomes together dlurfng prophase f Sodhat seqrett segue galtan hapbins prcbobl y 4p holy fa human femates(wheve OVO process es tosis-2 fond ovvert unitl sham comes) vlout crassouers pated Ham cloques rorgh accidentally $4 role from cork caher 4 might nu faulty Atefand ton wer tedds Joaneuplard gametes > entangleme rate Chaves Mab ing” -atinted genet con bat mopped an chvom fy ah Bien thelr alleles vecomb!ne, “Gessingaver during probhase-3 has@ Gbsewoble outcomes: Ofomolfon af chtoSmatein late prophate B ecombtnatton to geneson oppastte side of rcss0ve Port Gu mn be seen tn nerd giNUaregatn nfs can bs seen tn nerd gat ei ud gay how fh, + consyuctan of chyann taps hoy counting the ne-of 6S! ove: Ghiogmata counted tovougi cyto logfeol analy fs aecambbtncel chyor ade counted rough genet fc lanotysis sang ove as 0 mneagure of Genet. Arct- oy the dfstance abn © perads on the gecette mop Ol as btw tem, othe aveiage nove eve S800 65 t cgnsider 160 cagonfo gotry throug meforts rs «6 5° tt 1 e Se = oe ae ae. ©. 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S ft ar eg aeratst® rt (rale- hecie- oe Mee ee jemmete: o feathatm Seatha te eas ‘peavdless) > a J ab. Ds agama qn clyp wh yen Hen * woul nok rb etesed uh 5 cock wen 7 sty earth cae y Mole stearate > een) -*<" Die ae + % femslt ote yarberdls yy «ReordedTnhuttonee sevlimiied egr@mrele Atentted precorcous pubaty ytosomal dom Taant attele (>) quem GA gpxtect pest 9 Ton etodsberdert Ria ee As foro aot © yessed ont ra rales ~ de genet normal tn fhenoty 5. u y pede onde assum gemates 8 pitfon thot genes teroted puberty of OP coy cedechens aL dbsswund 4? Su Cenlaiges pen fs? 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