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Drying
Drying
1
Drying of Solids
Change in
Coupled with mass quality
transfer
DRYING AS A
THERMAL
PROCESS
Input
Continuous/ Shrinkage
intermittent
Chemical/
Phase change
biochemical
reactions
4
Factors Affecting Drying of Solids
Evaporation Vs Drying
1. The term drying usually refers the removal of relatively small
amounts of water from solid or nearly solid material. The term
evaporation is usually limited to the removal of relatively large amounts
of water from solutions.
2. In most cases drying involves the removal of water at temperatures
below its boiling point, whereas evaporation means the removal of water
by boiling a solution.
5
Drying
6
Selection Criteria for Drying of Solids
4. The need
3. Free Moisture:
It is the water in excess of equilibrium moisture content
(EMC)
8
Humidity, Percentage Humidity & Humid volume
9
7 to 8 per cent.
10
Why So Many Dryers
11
Classification of Dryers
Also
13
Mechanism of Drying
14
Drying Equipment
16
Screen Conveyor Dryers
➢ Continuous dryer
➢ It operates by travelling metal screen through a long
chamber or tunnel
➢ Handle variety of materials
➢ Low cost
➢ Steam consumption is very low
➢ Easy to control the drying conditions
18
Screen Conveyor Dryer
19
Tower Dryers
➢ Continuous dryer
➢ It operates by showering of material to be dried
➢ Turbo dryer consists of a stack of slowly rotating circular
trays
➢ Material is fed onto the top tray
➢ After one revolution the material is wiped onto the next
lower tray where the operation is repeated
➢ The trays are contained in an enclosure in which heated air
or gas is circulated by internal fans
➢ For Free Flowing, non-sticky, non-dusting products
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Tower Dryers
21
Turbo Dryer
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Rotary Dryers
➢ Continuous dryer
➢ The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer employed to
reduce or minimize liquid moisture content
➢ Dryer is made up of a large, rotating cylindrical tube,
usually supported by concrete columns or steel beams
➢ It can handle variety of materials
➢ Efficiency is higher
➢ Power consumption is lower
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Working Principle of Rotary Dryers
25
Fins In Rotary Dryers
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Working Principle of Rotary Dryers
27
Rotary Dryer
28
Steam Tube Rotary Dryer
Application of Rotary Dryers
➢ Metallic oxides
➢ Powdered materials
➢ Insulation materials
➢ Metal powders
➢ Carbon black pigment
➢ Industrial chemicals
➢ Food industry
➢ Mineral drying
31
Limitation of Rotary Dryers
32
Types of Rotary Dryers
➢ Continuous dryer
➢ Nonadiabatic drying
➢ Connected parallel to get greater length
➢ Its rpm is 2-30
➢ Handle too fines and too sticky
➢ Recovery of volatile solvent from solvent wet solids, known
as desolventizers
➢ Thin film dryers
34
Screw Conveyor Dryers (SCD)
35
Schematics of Screw Conveyor Dryer
N2
Screw
Screw
Hot
water
Dry
Product
Gear Motor
Box
Application of SCD
37
Drum dryer
38
Drum dryers are used for
pharmaceuticals and food industry
Drum is consisted of cast iron or steel
alloy
39
Spray dryer
A conventional spray dryer
consists of the following main
components:
•Drying chamber (1)
•Hot air system and air
distribution (2)
•Feed system (3)
•Atomizing device (4)
•Powder separation system
(5)
•Pneumatic conveying and
cooling system (6)
•Fluid bed after-drying/cooling
(7)
•Instrumentation and
automation (8)
40
Spray Drying
Classification of spray dryer
◦ Height-to-diameter ratio (2:1 or 5:1)
◦ Air flow type
◦ Atomizer type
Rotary or centrifugal disk
High pressure nozzle
Pneumatic atomizer
31-Aug-22 | 41
Spray drying procedure
Red arrows shows
heated air
Blue arrows represents
liquid droplets
forming particles
31-Aug-22 | 42
Spray drying stages
Three fundamental stages are involved to
accomplish spray drying
31-Aug-22 | 43
Advantages of spray drying
Food encapsulation
Production of hollow particles
Production of porous material
Control of physical properties
Production of micrometer-sized low melting
point materials
Flexible process
Temperature sensitive materials can be
dried
31-Aug-22 | 44
Parameters affecting product
properties
Four main parameters affect spray drying
31-Aug-22 | 45
Industrial uses of spray drying
Pharmaceutical industry
Food industry e.g.
◦ Egg drying
◦ Animal feeds
◦ Juices
◦ Yeast & yogurt
◦ Milk
◦ Cake mixes
◦ Creamers
Material processing
◦ Powder particles of metals & semiconductors
31-Aug-22 | 46
Solids Handling in Dryers
48
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Principles of Drying
50
Stages in Drying System
Pre-drying Post-drying
Drying
Stages Stages
52
Drying Periods
•Necessary to remove free moisture from
the surface and moisture from the interior of
the material
•If moisture as a function of time, a smooth
curve is obtained
•Drying rate curve varies with the structure
and type of material
•There are two well-defined zones:
•AB, where the rate of drying is constant
•BC, where there is a steady fall in the rate
of drying as the moisture content is reduced.
•B is the critical moisture content.
In Curve 2,
•DE represents constant rate
•EF and FC are falling rate , first and final
respectively.
•The drying of soap gives rise to a curve of
type 1 and sand to a curve of type 2.
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Rate of drying
54
Rate of drying
55
Time for drying
56
Time of drying
57
Bound moisture Unbound moisture
100%
R.H. 50%
Free moisture
Content
T= Constant
61
Classification of Granular Material
63
Heat transfer coefficients
64
Equilibrium Moisture Curves at 25 ◦C
65
Cross-circulation Drying
66
Thank You
67