Data Communications

&
Computer Network

Dr. Sumit Srivastava

Dept. of CSE, BIT Mesra Ranchi
Email:- sumit.srivs88@gmail.com
1
What is the Objective of Networking?

• Communication between applications on different computers

• Must understand application needs/demands

• Traffic data rate
• Traffic pattern (bursty or constant bit rate)
• Traffic target (multipoint or single destination, mobile or
fixed)
• Delay sensitivity
• Loss sensitivity

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 A Communications Model
• Source
• generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
• Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
• Carries data
• Receiver
• Converts received signal into data
• Destination
• Takes incoming data

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 A Communications Model

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Communications Tasks

• Transmission System Utilization

• Interfacing
• Signal Generation
• Synchronization
• Exchange Management
• Error detection and correction
• Addressing and routing
• Recovery
• Message formatting
• Security
• Network Management
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 Data Communications Model

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 Transmission Medium
• selection is a basic choice
• internal use entirely up to business
• long-distance links made by carrier
• rapid technology advances change mix
• fiber optic
• wireless
• transmission costs still high
• hence interest in efficiency improvements

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 LANs and WANs

• There are two broad categories of networks:

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

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 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Span a large geographical area

• Require the crossing of public right-of-ways

• Rely in part on common carrier circuits

• Typically consist of a number of interconnected switching

nodes

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 Local Area Networks (LAN)

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 Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

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 Four Steps to Networking

• Communicating across a link

• Connecting together multiple links (internetworking)

• Finding and routing data to nodes on internetwork

• Matching application requirements

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 Packet Transmission Modes

• Unicast

• Transmission to single specific receiver

• Broadcast

• Transmission to all network nodes

• Multicast

• Transmission to specific subset of nodes

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 Network Functionality Summary
• Link

• Multiplexing

• Routing

• Addressing/naming (locating peers)

• Reliability

• Flow control

• Fragmentation

• Etc….

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 What is Layering?
• Modular approach to network functionality
• Example:

Application

Application-to-application channels

Host-to-host connectivity

Link hardware

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 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us

consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The

process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there

were no services available from the post office.

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 E.g.: OSI Model: 7 Protocol Layers
• Physical: how to transmit bits

• Data link: how to transmit frames

• Network: how to route packets

• Transport: how to send packets end2end

• Session: how to tie flows together

• Presentation: byte ordering, security

• Application: everything else

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 THE OSI MODEL

• Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization

(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement

on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all

aspects of network communications is the Open Systems

Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late

1970s.

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 An exchange using the OSI model

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 Physical Layer

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 The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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 Data link layer

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 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames

from one hop (node) to the next.

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 Network layer

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 The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from the source

host to the destination host.

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 Transport layer

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 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

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 Session layer

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 The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

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 Presentation layer

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 The presentation layer is responsible for

translation, compression, and encryption.

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 Application layer

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 The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

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 Summary of layers

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 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

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 TCP/IP and OSI model

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References
▪ Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings, PHI
▪ Tanenbaum and David J Wetherall, Computer Networks, 5th Edition,
Pearson Edu, 2010
▪ Computer Networks: A Top-Down Approach, Behrouz A. Forouzan,
FirouzMosharraf, McGraw Hill Education

▪ Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie, “Computer Networks – A Systems

Approach” (5th ed), Morgan Kaufmann/ Elsevier, 2011
▪ Data Communications and Networking, Behrouz A. Forouzan, TMH
▪ Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, PHI Version 2 CSE IIT,
Kharagpur
▪ Internetworking with TCP/IP; Principles, Protocols, and Architecture,
Douglas E. Commer, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall of India
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