CLOSED SYSTEM

A closed system
with a moving
boundary.
 OPEN vs. CLOSED SYSTEMS

• Open system (= control volume) is a properly selected

region in space. It usually encloses a device that
involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
• The boundaries of a control volume are called a
control surface, and they can be real or imaginary.
OPEN SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM

Open system (= control

volume) with one inlet
and one outlet (exit) and
a real boundary.
 SIFAT-SIFAT SISTEM TERMODINAMIKA
• Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
• Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V,
and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones
such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity,
thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even
velocity and elevation.
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system.
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties
(specific volume (v = V/m), specific energy (e = E/m).
SIFAT INTENSIF vs. EKSTENSIF
TUGAS (dikumpul Senin) :
Sebuah semangka
dibelah menjadi dua.
Buatlah daftar sifat
intensif dan ekstensifnya

Criterion to differentiate
intensive and extensive
properties.
 SIFAT-SIFAT SISTEM PENTING
• Densitas atau massa jenis: masa per
satuan volume

• Volume spesifik, kebalikan dari

densitas: volume per satuan masa
(m3/kg)

• Densitas relatif atau specific gravity:

nisbah densitas suatu substansi dengan
densitas substansi standar pada suhu
tertentu (biasanya air pada 4oC di
mana  = 1000 kg/m3)
ENERGY SISTEM TERMODINAMIKA

1
KE  mV 2
 BENTUK ENERGI: 2
1. Energi Kinetik (KE) 

2. Energi Potensial (PE)  PE = mgh

3. Energi dakhil atau Internal Energy (U)
 ENERGI TOTAL:
E = U + KE + PE
e = u + ke + pe (per satuan massa)
 POSTULAT KEADAAN

• All properties (can be measured or calculated) completely

describes the condition, or the state, of the system. At a
given state, all the properties of a system have fixed
values. If the value of even one property changes, the
state will change to a different one.
• The number of properties required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state postulate:
The state of a simple compressible system is completely
specified by two independent, intensive properties.
PROSES dan SIKLUS
• Any change that a system
undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is
called a process
• The series of states through
which a system passes during
a process is called the path
(lintasan) of the process.
 MACAM-MACAM PROSES
 Proses isotermal: proses pada suhu T konstan.
 Proses isobaris: proses pada tekanan P konstan.
 Proses isokhoris (isometris): proses pada volume spesifik 
konstan.
 Proses adiabatik: proses di mana tidak terjadi pertukaran kalor
dengan lingkungan.
 Proses isentropik: proses pada entropi S konstan.
 STEADY-FLOW PROCESS

• The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in

engineering, and thus it is important to have a clear
understanding of their meanings.
• The term steady implies no change with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
• The term uniform, however, implies no change with
location over a specified region.
 PROSES dan SIKLUS
 A system undergoes a cycle if it returns to its initial state at
the end of the process.

Siklus dengan 2 lintasan Siklus dengan 4 lintasan

 TEKANAN
• Tekanan (P) : gaya (F) per satuan luas (A).
• Satuan tekanan adalah pascal (Pa) = N/m2.
• Untuk benda padat gaya per luas satuan tidak disebut
tekanan, tetapi tegangan (stress).
• Untuk fluida diam, tekanan adalah sama ke segala arah.
• Tekanan di dalam fluida meningkat sesuai dengan
kedalamannya akibat berat fluida (pengaruh gravitasi)
sehingga fluida pada bagian bawah menanggung beban
yang lebih besar daripada fluida di bagian atas.
• Tetapi tekanan tidak bervariasi pada arah horisontal.
• Tekanan gas di dalam tangki dapat dianggap seragam
karena berat gas terlalu kecil dan tidak mengakibatkan
pengaruh yang berarti.