Communication

Systems Lab 3
Furkan Avcıoğlu
181110014
What is an AM modulation ?

AM Modulator is one which is used for superimposing a low frequency signal on a high
frequency carrier signal. In this modulator the amplitude of a carrier is varied in accordance
with instantaneous value of message signal. In order that a radio signal can carry audio or
other information for broadcasting or for two-way radio communication, it must be
modulated or changed in some way. Although there are several ways in which a radio signal
may be modulated, one of the easiest is to change its amplitude in line with variations of
the sound.
Types of AM Modulators are listed below
1. Plate Modulator
2. Grid Modulator
3. Cathode Modulator
4. Base Modulator
5. Emitter Modulator

1) Connect a 250mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input (I/P2), and a 250 mVp-p, 100 kHz
sine wave to the carrier input (I/P1).

The Modulator circuit, which is shown above, is configured here. We obtain sine wave
output from the circuit's AM output by connecting a 250mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the
audio input (I/P2) and a 250 mVp-p, 100 kHz sine wave to the carrier input (I/P1). The
oscilloscope image reveals a yardarm-to-yardarm wave structure. Furthermore, we acquire a
sinusoidal (sine wave) signal from the circuit's AM output. Also, I obtained this output shape
in a different technique and obtained the same form. The second shape is in a large interval.
6 mVpp VAMOutput
 2) Connect the vertical input of the oscilloscope to the AM output (O/P). Observe the output
waveform and adjust the VR1 for the modulation index of 50%.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation
level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that VAMOutput = 62 mVpp.

Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude

As a result, M = x/125mV = 0.5, implying that X = M = 62.5 mV.

3) Using the FFT, observe and record the output signal spectrum.

When we utilize the FFT, we can see the output signal spectrum, as seen in the oscilloscope view
below. The output signal's amplitude dropped
 4.Using the oscilloscope, observe the output signals for the audio amplitudes of 200 mVp-pand
150 mVp-p and record the results.

The output signal for the audio amplitudes of 200 mVp-p and its oscilloscope view

VAMOutput = 5 mVpp

The output signal for the audio amplitudes of 150 mVp-p and its oscilloscope view

VAMOutput = 4 mVpp

When we look at the output signals for audio amplitudes of 200 mVp-p and 150 mVp-p, we can
see that

When we reduce the audio amplitude from 200 mVp-p to 150 mVp-p, we detect a decrease in
the output voltage level. Because the AM output voltage value is 2.50 mV when the audio
amplitude is 200 mVp-p. We may acquire the AM output voltage value of 2 mV by changing the
audio amplitude by 150 mVp-p.
 4) Connect a 150mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the input (I/P2), and a 100 mVp-p, 100kHz sine
wave to the carrier input (I/P1).

The Modulator circuit, which is shown above, is configured here. We obtain sine wave output
from the circuit's AM output by connecting a 150mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input
(I/P2) and a 100 mVp-p, 100 kHz sine wave to the carrier input (I/P1). When we compare this to
the first piece, we can notice that the AM output voltage value has decreased. The oscilloscope
image reveals a yardarm-to-yardarm wave structure.

5) Using the oscilloscope, observe the AM signal at output terminal (O/P) and record the result.

First, we wired everything together. Then, to the audio input (I/P2), we connect a 150mVp-p, 1
kHz sine wave, and to the carrier input (I/P1), we attach a 100 mVp-p, 100 kHz sine wave. The
oscilloscope is then connected to the circuit's AM output. Otherwise, when we look at the
oscilloscope screen, we see a sine wave produced from the circuit's AM output. 1.6 mVpp =
VAMOutput
 6) Using the FFT, observe and record output spectrum.

When we utilize the FFT, we can see the output signal spectrum, as seen in the oscilloscope
view above. The output's amplitude reduced. I also obtain the FFT graph shown above.
 Modulation Questions

1. In Figure 1, if we change the value of R8 from 1 kΩ to 2 kΩ, what is the variation of the AM
output signal?

When we increase the value of R8 from 1 k to 2 k, the AM output signal decreases. When the resistor
value is increased, the output value lowers. The amplitude of the output signal is decreasing. The
output voltage falls.

2. In Figure 1, if we change the value of R9 from 6.8 k to 10 k, what is the variation in the dc bias
current of the MC1496?

The current changes when we adjust the R9 from 6.8 k to 10 k. The DC bias current diminishes as the
resistor value increases.

3. What is the function of the VR?

The VR function modifies the modulation index, the output amplitude, and the output voltage value, for
example.
What is a Demodulation ?

The process of separating the original information or signal from the modulated carrier. In the case
of amplitude or frequency modulation, it involves a device, called a demodulator or detector, which
produces a signal corresponding to the instantaneous changes in amplitude or frequency,
respectively. This signal corresponds to the original modulating signal. In radio transmission this
process is a major function of a receiver, to retrieve the desired signal. There are different types of
modulation and so are demodulators. The output signal via a demodulator may describe the sound,
images, or binary data.

DEMODULATION

A) Diode Detector

The diode detector is the simplest and most basic form of amplitude modulation, AM signal detector
and it detects the envelope of the AM signal. The AM diode detector can be built from just a diode
and a few other components and as a result it is a very low-cost circuit block within an overall
receiver. In the early days of radio, these signal detectors were made using discrete components, but
modern radios will use integrated circuits with inbuilt detectors. As a result of its cost and
convenience, the AM diode envelope detector has been widely used for many years in transistor
portable radios.

1. Set the input signals of AM modulator for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 200 kHz sine wave, and
the audio signal of 150mVp-p, 3 kHz sine wave.

I built the demodulation circuit as described above. I alter the settings of the AM Modulator circuit's
input signals for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 200 kHz sine wave and the audio signal of 150mVp-p, 3 kHz
sine wave.
 2. Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output.

AM Signal Output Graph

So I changed the VR1 of the AM modulator to get the maximum value of the AM Signal Output. As a
result, increasing the value of VR1 yields a higher output value than the first state of the circuit.

3. Connect the AM signal output to the input (I/P) of diode detector.

I wanted to demonstrate the connection of the AM signal output to the input (I/P) of the diode detector
that we want.
 4. Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveforms of the
amplifier and the diode detector and record the results.

Amplifier Output Waveform Graph

The Diode Detector Output Waveform Graph

I attached the probe to the output of the amplifier and diode detector, and the resulting waveform
graphs are shown above. The amplifier output was 10.75 V, and the diode detector output was less
than 1 mV.

5. Adjust the carrier to a 250mVp-p, 300 kHz sine wave, and the audio to a 250mVp-p, 3 kHz
sine wave.

In this design, I configured the AM modulator's input signals for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 300 kHz sine
wave and the audio signal of 250mVp-p, 3 kHz sine wave.
 6. Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output.

AM Signal Output Graph

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM modulator to
50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 716mV.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to achieve a
modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation level. This is how we
can test the modulation. [Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A]

A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude

 7. Set the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveforms of the
amplifier and the diode detector and record the results.

The Output Waveforms of The Amplifier

The Output Waveforms of The Diode Detector

I placed the output waveforms of the amplifier and the diode detectors. The amplifier's output
waveform is 10.752 V, and the diode detector is 1.08 microvolt levels.
 8. Change the audio frequencies for 2 kHz and 1 kHz and repeat the experiment.

For 2 kHz

Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output

We achieved the highest output by varying the value of VR1. When we analyze all of the solutions, our
AM signal output somewhat decreases.
 -Set the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveforms of the amplifier
and the diode detector and record the results.

The Output Waveforms of The Amplifier

The Output Waveforms of The Diode Detector

I placed the output waveforms of the amplifier and the diode detectors. The amplifier's output
waveforms are 10,753 V, and the diode detector has 1 microvolt levels.

For 1 kHz
 Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output

When we change the frequency, we notice a change in the wave rate and amplitude value (minor
changes).

The Output Waveforms of The Diode Detector

We obtain the tiny waveform for the diode detector output.

In general, when we increase the frequency value of the circuit and all processes, we observe
that the higher frequency outputs have a somewhat higher value than the lower frequency
outputs.
 Product Detector

1. Set the input signals of AM modulator for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 500 kHz sine wave, and
the audio signal of 150mVp-p, 3 kHz sine wave.

In this design, I configured the AM modulator's input signals for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 500 kHz sine
wave and the audio signal of 150mVp-p, 3 kHz sine wave.

2. Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%.

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 56mV.

We get a yellow wave if we connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and
tune the VR1 of the AM modulator to 50% modulation. It has a value of 6.75 mV.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation
level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that VAMOutput = 62 mVpp.

Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude

So,
 3. Connect the output of AM modulator to the input of AM signal (I/P2) of the product detector
located on the bottom of Module KL-93002, and connect the same carrier to the carrier input (I/P1).

When we connect the output of the AM modulator to the AM signal input (I/P2) of the product
detector, which is located on the bottom of Module KL-93002, and the same carrier to the
carrier input (I/P1), we get the output waves shown in the picture. The yellow signal is from the
AM output, while the blue signal is from the demodulator output.

4. Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the product
detector and record the result.

When we connect the probe to the product detector's output, we get the waveform shown in
the picture. In addition, the output of the product detector is about 3.6 mV.
 5. Change the audio frequencies for 2 kHz and 1 kHz and repeat the steps.

The audio frequency for 2 kHz

5.2) Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 53.08 mV. Also, if we
connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and tune the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 5.79 mV.
We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the
modulation level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that VAMOutput =
53.08 mVpp.

(Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A). A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM

amplitude.

When we decrease the frequency value, we get a smaller value than when we increase the
frequency value of audio frequencies.

5.3.) Connect the output of AM modulator to the input of AM signal (I/P2) of the product detector
located on the bottom of Module KL-93002 and connect the same carrier to the carrier input (I/P1).

If we connect the output of the AM modulator to the AM signal input (I/P2) of the product
detector, which is situated on the bottom of Module KL-93002, and the same carrier to the
carrier input (I/P1), we get the circuit shown below.
5.4) Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the
product detector and record the result

When we connect the probe to the product detector's output, we get the waveform shown in
the picture. In addition, the output of the product detector is about 2.3 mV.

The audio frequency for 1 kHz

5.2) Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 51.57 mV. Also, if we
connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and tune the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 4.73 mV.
We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the
modulation level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that VAMOutput =
51.57mVpp.

(Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A). A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM

amplitude.

When we decrease the frequency value, we get a smaller value than when we increase the
frequency value of audio frequencies.
 5.3) Connect the output of AM modulator to the input of AM signal (I/P2) of the product detector
located on the bottom of Module KL-93002 and connect the same carrier to the carrier input (I/P1).

When we connect the output of the AM modulator to the AM signal input (I/P2) of the product
detector, which is situated on the bottom of Module KL-93002, and the same carrier to the
carrier input (I/P1), we get the circuit shown in the picture above.

5.4) Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the
product detector and record the result.

When we connect the probe to the product detector's output, we get the waveform shown in
the picture. In addition, the output of the product detector is about 1.22 mV.
6. Adjust the carrier to a 250 mVp-p, 1 MHz sine wave, and the audio to a 150 mVp-p, 2 kHz sine
wave.

I adjust the values of sources duly. We increased the carrier input frequency and decreased the audio
input frequency.
 7. Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%.

When we decrease the frequency value, we get a smaller value than when we increase the
frequency value of audio frequencies. As a result, we put in considerable effort.

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 52mV. Also, if we
connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and tune the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 1.07mV.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation
level. This is how we can test the modulation. We found the VAMOutput = 52 mVpp

(Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A). A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude.

8. Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the product
detector and record the result.

When we connect the probe to the product detector's output, we get the waveform shown in
the picture. Furthermore, the output of the product detector is less than 1 mV.
 1. Change the carrier frequencies for 1.5MHz and 2MHz and repeat the steps.

The carrier frequency for 1.5MHz

Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%.

When we reduce the carrier frequency to 1.5MHz, we acquire a somewhat lower value than
the higher frequency values of audio frequencies. As a result, we must put in a lot of effort.

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 50.67mV. Also, if we
connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and tune the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 4.47mV.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation
level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that VAMOutput = 51 mVpp.

(Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A). A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude.

 Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the product
detector and record the result.

When we connect the probe to the product detector's output, we get the waveform shown in
the picture. Also, the value of the output of the product detector is 1.7 mV.

-The Carrier Frequency for 2 MHz

Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get the percent of modulation of 50%.

When we reduce the carrier frequency to 1.5MHz, we acquire a somewhat lower value than
the higher frequency values of audio frequencies. As a result, we must put in a lot of effort.

When we attach the oscilloscope probe to the AM Output and change the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 56.37mV. Also, if we
connect the oscilloscope probe to the Detector circuit Output and tune the VR1 of the AM
modulator to 50% modulation, we get a yellow wave. It has a value of 4.40 mV.

We want to achieve a modulation index of 50%. As a result, we adjust the value of VR1 to
achieve a modulation index of 50%. When we alter the VR1, we can examine the modulation
level. This is how we can test the modulation. We discovered that the VAMOutput was about
62 mVpp. There are just minor discrepancies between the values. It's a small simulation flaw.

(Modulation = (peak AM output value) / A = M/A). A = Carrier amplitude, M = AM amplitude.

Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveform of the product
detector and record the result.

When we connect the probe to the output of the product detector, we obtain the waveform like in
the figure. Also, if we record the output of the product detector value, it is 1.7 mV
 Demodülation Question

5.In the diode detector circuit of Figure 2, if the operational amplifier PA741 is neglected, what is the
output signal?
If the operational amplifier PA741 is not used, noise will be superimposed on the output
wave, resulting in a noisy wave.

6.In the product detector circuit of Figure 3, if the carrier signal and the AM signal are
asynchronous, what is the output signal?

The wave has been reversed.

7.What is the function of R9, C 7 or C9 in Figure 3?

Elements C7, C9, and R9 combine to form a low pass filter.

8.What is the function of VR1 or VR2 in Figure 3?

The VR1 rheostat regulates the carrier signal's input level.

9.What is the function of R5 or R6 in Figure 3?

They enable us to control the circuit's gain.