Dinosaur and Their Groups

Dinosaurs were a successful group of animals that emerged between 240 million and 230
million years ago and came to rule the world until about 66 million years ago, when a giant
asteroid slammed into Earth. During that time, dinosaurs evolved from a group of mostly
dog- and horse-size creatures into the most enormous beasts that ever existed on land.

Some meat-eating dinosaurs shrank over time and evolved into birds. So, in that sense, only
the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. (For the purposes of this article, "dinosaurs" will refer
to non-avian dinosaurs, unless otherwise stated.)During the roughly 174 million years that
dinosaurs existed, the world changed greatly. When dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic
period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago), they roamed the supercontinent of Pangaea.
But by the time the asteroid hit at the end of the Cretaceous period (145 million to 66 million
years ago), the continents were in approximately the same place they are today.

The oldest unequivocal dinosaur fossils, dating to about 231 million years ago, are from
Ischigualasto Provincial Park in northwestern Argentina, and include the genuses
Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor and Eodromaeus. Scientists are still debating whether Nyasasaurus, a
genus found in Tanzania that dates to about 240 million years ago, is also an early dinosaur or
a dinosauromorph, a group that includes dinosaurs and their close relatives, said Steve
Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

Whenever they first appeared, the dinosaurs' unique anatomy set them apart from other
animal groups. Dinosaurs are archosaurs, a clade (different groups of animals that share a
common ancestor) that includes crocodilians, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds. The archosaurs
emerged after the end-Permian extinction about 252 million years ago. Over time, some
archosaurs, including dinosauromorphs, adapted an upright posture, meaning they had legs
under their bodies, rather than out to their sides.

"Sprawling is all well and good for cold-blooded critters that don't need to move very fast.
Tucking your limbs under your body, however, opens up a new world of possibilities,"
Brusatte wrote in "The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: A New History of a Lost World"

(William Morrow, 2018). As archosaur evolution progressed, dinosauromorphs gained long

tails, big leg muscles and extra hip bones that enabled them to move quickly and efficiently,
Brusatte wrote.
 Dinosaurs were likely
warm blooded. Their
unique anatomy, such
as their strong necks
and upright posture,
gave them advantages
over other animal
groups.  (Image credit:
UNM Biology)

Some dinosauromorphs evolved into dinosaurs. The differences between the two are small,
but dinosaurs' anatomy offered increased benefits, including arms that could move in and out,
neck vertebrae that could support stronger muscles than before, and a joint where the thigh
bone meets the pelvis, Brusatte wrote.

This unique anatomy helped dinosaurs become successful. Having an upright posture also
freed the hands, allowing dinosaurs such as iguanodonts to grasp branches and carnivorous
dinosaurs to claw and kill prey, noted Gregory Erickson, a paleobiologist at Florida State
University. Ultimately, having free arms "allowed gliding then flight in birds," he said.

Moreover, dinosaurs were likely warm blooded, according to research on their growth rates.
"When you become a warm blooded animal, you can operate 24/7," Erickson told Live
Science. "You're not at the whims of the environment in terms of being active."

Initially, dinosaurs were not as diverse as the crocodile-like archosaurs they were living
alongside, Brusatte noted. In fact, dinosaurs "didn't become too successful right away; the
crocs ruled the Triassic, then the end-Triassic extinction hit and the dinosaurs survived and
took over."

The clade Dinosauria (which means "terrible lizard" in Greek) was coined in 1842 by the
English paleontologist Richard Owen, who included the meat-eating theropod Megalosaurus,
the long-necked sauropodomorph Cetiosaurus and the ornithiscian Iguanodon as the first
known species in the clade, according to the book "Dinosaurs Rediscovered(opens in new
tab)" (Thames & Hudson, 2019).Each of these dinosaurs, it turns out, represents one of the
three major dinosaur groups.
As of 2021, there were 1,545 scientifically described dinosaur species, according to the
Paleobiology Database. About 50 previously unknown species are described each year,
meaning there's roughly one newfound species described each week, Brusatte said.

All of these dinosaurs fit into one of three groups: Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and
Theropoda.Ornithischia dinosaurs include beaked plant-eaters, such as Stegosaurus, duck-
billed dinosaurs (also called hadrosaurs), as well as horned dinosaurs like Triceratops and
armored dinosaurs like Ankylosaurus. Some ornithischians walked on four legs, while others
walked on two.

Sauropodomorpha dinosaurs were long-necked, pot-bellied dinosaurs that had tiny heads and
column-like limbs. This group includes sauropods (such as Diplodocus), their smaller
antecedents (including Chromogisaurus) and extra-large sauropods known as titanosaurs
(such as Dreadnoughtus and Argentinosaurus), which are among the largest land animals that
have ever existed.

A life-scene from 232 million

years ago, during the Carnian
Pluvial Episode after which l
took over. A large archosaur,
known as a rauisuchian, lurks
in the background, while two
species of dinosaurs stand in
the foreground, and some
rhynchosaurs sit on the logs to
the left. Based on data from the
Ischigualasto Formation in
Argentina. (Image credit: ©
Davide Bonadonna)

Theropoda is a group of meat-eating dinosaurs, although some (such as Chilesaurus

diegosuarezi) changed their diet to be herbivorous or omnivorous. Theropods include
Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, as well as birds, which evolved from small theropods.

So, how are these groups related? It's up for debate. Ornithischian dinosaurs have a
backward-pointing pubis bone in the hip, earning them the name bird-hipped dinosaurs.
(However, they are not the ancestors of birds; theropods are.) Meanwhile, theropods and
sauropodomorphs have saurischian or "reptile hips," which are also seen in modern
crocodiles and lizards, according to the book "Dinosaurs Rediscovered."

Historically, it was thought that the reptile-hipped theropods and sauropodomorphs were
more closely related to each other than to ornithischians. However, a 2017 study in the
journal Nature uprooted the dinosaur family tree by suggesting that ornithischians and
theropods were more closely related, based on analyses of 74 dinosaur species, Live
Science previously reported. Shortly after, another 2017 study in the journal Nature found
that neither family tree, as well as a third that is rarely considered, is statistically significant
from the other, meaning all the suggested family trees are equally plausible until more
evidence comes forth.

Dinosaurs lived during most of the Mesozoic era, a geological age that lasted from 252
million to 66 million years ago. The Mesozoic era includes the Triassic, Jurassic and
Cretaceous periods.

Dinosaurs arose from small dinosauromorph ancestors in the Triassic period, when the
climate was harsh and dry. They faced "competition from the croc-line archosaurs for tens
of millions of years, [but] finally prevailed when Pangaea began to split," Brusatte told
Live Science. At this time, volcanoes erupted along the cracks of the supercontinent,
causing global warming and mass extinction, he said.

During the Jurassic period (201.3 million to 145 million years ago), dinosaurs rose to
dominance and some grew to huge sizes. For example, Vouivria damparisensis, the earliest
titanosaur, dates to 160 million years ago. It weighed about 33,000 lbs. (15,000 kilograms)
and measured more than 50 feet (15 meters) long. Iconic dinosaurs from this period include
Brontosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus and Stegosaurus. During the Jurassic, flowering
plants evolved and birds, including Archaeopteryx, first appeared. There was "a small
extinction at the end of the Jurassic that we still know little about," Brusatte said.

Some dinosaurs were enormous, but others were pipsqueaks. The smallest dinosaur on
record is an avian dinosaur that's alive today: the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae)
from Cuba, which measures just over 2 inches (5 centimeters) long and weighs less than
0.07 ounce (2 grams). As for extinct, non-avian dinosaurs, there are a few contenders for
smallest beast, including a bat-like dinosaur from China named Ambopteryx longibrachium
 that measured 13 inches (32 cm) long and weighed about 11 oz (306 g), according to a
2019 study in the journal Nature.

Titanosaurs were the largest dinosaurs. However, because paleontologists rarely find an
entire skeleton, and because soft tissues, such as organs and muscles, rarely fossilize, it's
challenging to determine dinosaur mass. However, contenders for the title of world's
largest dinosaur include Argentinosaurus, which weighed up to 110 tons (100 metric tons),
an unnamed 98 million-year-old titanosaur from Argentina that weighed upward of 69 tons
(63 metric tons), and Patagotitan, which also weighed in at 69 tons.

The longest dinosaur was likely Supersaurus, a Jurassic sauropod that was at least 128 feet
(39 meters) long, and possibly even reached 137 feet (42 m) in length, according to
unpublished research presented at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's annual
conference in 2021. Another contender is Diplodocus, a long and slender Jurassic sauropod
that could reach lengths of 108 feet (33 m), according to a 2006 study in the New Mexico
Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin.

The tallest dinosaur is likely Giraffatitan, a 40-foot-tall (12 m) sauropod dinosaur from the
late Jurassic, about 150 million years ago, which lived in what is now Tanzania.

Some dinosaurs could fly, including the earliest known bird — Archaeopteryx —
discovered in Germany and dating to about 150 million years ago, during the late Jurassic.

World's oldest bird Archaeopteryx

'wore feather
trousers'https://www.google.com/amp/
s/www.independent.co.uk/news/scienc
e/world-s-oldest-bird-archaeopteryx-
wore-feather-trousers-9581647.html
%3famp

However, unlike most birds today, extinct dinosaurs likely just flew short distances. Research
shows that powerful leg muscles, big wings and a relatively small body size were needed for
takeoff and flight in ancient birds and bird-like dinosaurs, Habib previously told Live
Science. His research suggests that the bird-like dinosaurs Microraptor, Rahonavis, and five
avian genuses — Archaeopteryx, Sapeornis, Jeholornis, Eoconfuciusornis and
Confuciusornis — would have been able to launch (without running) from the ground to
initiate flight.The bat-like dinosaur Yi qi, dating to China's Jurassic period, had wings,
according to a 2015 study in the journal Nature. However, it likely didn't have powered flight
and was probably a terrible glider, a 2020 study in the journal iScience found.

This is an artist's impression of

Zhenyuanlong suni, a winged dinosaur
that's a close cousin of the Velociraptor.
Despite having bird-like wings, it
probably could not fly, at least not using
the same type of powerful muscle-driven
flight as modern birds, researchers say.
(Image credit: Chuang Zhao)

A Triceratops may have been the last dinosaur standing, according to a new study that
determined a fossil from Montana's Hell Creek Formation is "the youngest dinosaur known to
science."

The Triceratops, described in the latest Royal Society Biology Letters, dates to 65 million
years ago, the critical period of time associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction
event that wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs and many other animals and plants.Since this
rhinoceros-looking, three-horned dinosaur lived so close to the mass extinction moment, it
could negate an earlier theory that dinosaurs gradually died out before 65 million years ago

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/facts/
triceratops-horridus Why Triceratops, a prehistoric
herbivore, looked so fierce
1. Dinosaurs evolved from a group...creatures into the most enormous beasts that
ever existed on land.

a) of mostly dog- and horse- size

b) of mostly sheep- and buff-size

c) of mostly duck- and chicken-size

d) of mostly ant- and bee- size

2. . When dinosaurs first appeared?

a) In the Triassic period (245.7 million to 191.5 million years ago)

b) In the Jurassic period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago)

c) In the Triassic period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago)

d) In the Cretaseous period (236.9 million to 201.3 million years ago)

3. When the time the asteroid hit at the end of the Cretaceous period?

a) 120 million to 66 million years ago

b) 145 million to 66 million years ago

c) 145 million to 77 million years ago

d) 150 million to 66 million years ago

4. When the oldest unequivocal dinosaur fossils founded?

a) About 239 million years ago

b) About 230 million years ago

c) About 231 million years ago

d) About 221 million years ago

5. Where are the oldest unequivocal dinosaur fossils from?

 a) Ischigualasto Provincial Park in northwestern Argentina

b) Lo Siento Provincial Park in northwestern Argentina

c) Ischigualasto Provincial Park in northwestern Asia

d) Ischigualasto in northwestern Argentina

6. Nyasasaurus is a genus found in…….?

a) Rumania that dates to about 240 million years ago

b) Argentina that dates to about 240 million years ago

c) Tanzania that dates to about 250 million years ago

d) Tanzania that dates to about 240 million years ago

7. Who’s Steve Brusatte?

a) A astronomer at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

b) A paleontologist at the Oxford University.in Oxford City

c) A paleontologist at the Seoul National University in Korea

d) A paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

8. Dinosaurs are archosaurs, so what are archosaurs?

a) A clade (different groups of animals that share a common ancestor) that

includes crocodilians, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds

b) A clade (sam groups of animals that not share a common ancestor) that
includes dinosaurs and birds

c) A clade (different groups of animals that not share a common ancestor)

that includes crocodilians, pterosaurs, and birds

d) A clade (same groups of animals that share a common ancestor) that

includes crocodilians and birds
9. When the archosaurs emerged?

a) After the end-Permian extinction about 255 million years ago

b) Before the end-Permian extinction about 255 million years ago

c) After the end-Permian extinction about 252 million years ago

d) Before the end-Permian extinction about 252 million years ago

10. Some dinosauromorphs evolved into dinosaurs.What the differences between

these two?

a) Dinosaurs' anatomy offered increased no benefits, including arms that

could’t move in and out, neck vertebrae that could support stronger
muscles than before

b) Dinosaurs' anatomy offered increased benefits, including arms that could

move in and out, neck vertebrae that could support stronger muscles than
before

c) Dinosaurs' anatomy offered increased benefits, including arms that

could’t move in and out, neck vertebrae that could’t support stronger
muscles than before

d) Dinosaurs' anatomy offered increased no benefits, including arms that

could’t move in and out, neck vertebrae that could’t support stronger
muscles than before

11. As of 2021, How much dinosaurs species according to the Paleobiology

Database?

a) There were 1,445 scientifically described dinosaur species

b) There were 1,540 scientifically described dinosaur species

c) There were 1,645 scientifically described dinosaur species

d) There were 1,545 scientifically described dinosaur species

12. What are three groups of all these dinosaurs?

a) Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda.

b) Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Therosaurus

c) Scorpionia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda.

d) Ornithischia, Sauroposaurus and Theropoda.

13. Name of Dinosaurs.

1. Stegosaurus

2. Cromogisaurus

3. Argentinosaurus

4. Tyranosaurus rex

5. Ankylosaurus

From the name of the dinosaurs on, whitch number belongs to the groups of
Ornithischia?

a) 5,4,6

b) 1,3,5

c) 1,2,6

d) 4,5,6

14. Whitch group of dinosaurs that includes Diplodeus and Dreagnogtus?

a) Ornithischia

b) Therophoda

c) Velochiraptor

d) Sauropodomorphus
15. Therophoda is a group of...dinosaurs.

a) Meat eating

b) Plant eating

c) Insect eating

d) All eather

16. What period that includes in Mesozoic era?

a) Triassic, Classic and Cretas periods

b) Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceus periods

c) Triassic, Classic and Cretaceus periods

d) Triagic, Classic and Cretaceus periods

17. How much Vouivria damparisensis weight and long?

a) It weighed about 33,000 lbs. (15,000 kilograms) and measured more than
50 feet (15 meters) long

b) It weighed about 23,000 lbs. (10,500 kilograms) and measured more than
50 feet (15 meters) long

c) It weighed about 43,000 lbs. (19,500 kilograms) and measured more than
55 feet (16,7 meters) long

d) It weighed about 35,000 lbs. (15,876 kilograms) and measured more than
60 feet (18 meters) long

18. What the iconic dinosaurs from Jurassic period?

a) Brontosaurus, Tyranosaurus, Diplodocus and Stegosaurus.

b) Brontosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Dreagnogtus and Stegosaurus.

c) Brontosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus and Stegosaurus.

 d) Argentinosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus and Stegosaurus.

19. When the Archaeoptyrex first appeared?

a) During the Jurassic period

b) During the Triassic period

c) During the Creatoseus period

d) During the Classic period

20. What the smallest dinosaur on record?

a) The bee hummingbird

b) The Duckysaurous

c) The Chikysaurous

d) The Hummingbird

21. From non-avian, what the smallest dinosaur on record?

a) Ambopteryx longibrachium

b) Mellisuga helenae

c) Eoconfuciusornis

d) Confuciusornis

22. How much weight and long from the smallest dinosaurs?

a) About 0,5 ounce wight and 6 inch long

b) About 0,05 ounce wight and 2 inch long

c) About 0,07 ounce wight and 4 inch long

d) About 0,07 ounce wight and 2 inch long

23. What the longest dinosaurs?

a) Titanosaurus

b) Argentinosaurus

c) Tyranosaurus rex

d) Brontosaurus

24. How much Argentinosaurus wight?

a) Up to 120 ton

b) Up to 100 ton

c) Up to 110 ton

d) Up to 150 ton

25. What the largest dinosaurs?

a) Argentinosaurus

b) Supersaurus

c) Brontosaurus

d) Trycertops

26. How long Supersaurus?

a) At least 140 feet long

b) At least 123 feet long

c) At least 128 feet long

d) At least 136 feet long

27. How long Diplodocas?

 a) 108 feets

b) 100 feets

c) 98 feets

d) 120 feets

28. What the tallest dinosaurs?

a) Tyrannosaurus rex

b) Triceratops

c) Stegosaurus

d) Ghiraffatitan

29. What the oldest known erliest bird?

a) Archaeopteryx

b) Sapeorni

c) Jeholornis

d) Eoconfuciusornis

30. What the last dinosaurs standing?

a) Stegosaurus

b) Triceratops

c) Brontosaurus

d) Cromogisaurus

NAMA : Delita Sri Ariati Putri Hendika

NPM : 1119210064
KELAS : PGSD 2021 C

MATERI : IPA (Dinosaurs and Their Groups)

Resources:

"A brief history of dinosaurs | Live Science" https://www.livescience.com/3945-history-

dinosaurs.html"

Triceratops Was Last Dinosaur Standing" https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43733665