You are on page 1of 13

PART 1.

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
We have been occupied up to this point with the problem: Given a function, to find its derivative (or
differential). Many of the most important applications of the calculus lead to the inverse problem: Given
the derivative of a function, to find the function.

I. Basic Integration Formulas


Antidifferentiation
You are already familiar with inverse operations. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations, as are
multiplication and division, and raising to powers and extracting roots. In this subject we discuss the
inverse operation of differentiation called the antidifferentiation, which involves the computation of an
antiderivative.

Definition: A function � is called an antiderivative of the function � on an interval � if �' � = �(�) for
every value of � in �.

Illustration: If � is the function defined by

� � = 4�3 + �2 + 5

then �'(�) = 12�2 + 2�. Thus if � is the function defined by

� � = 12�2 + 2�

then � is the derivative of �, and � is an antiderivative of �. If � is the function defined by

� � = 4�3 + �2 − 17

then � is also an antierivative of � because �' � = 12�2 + 2�. Actually, any function whose function
value is given by

4�3 + �2 + �

where C is any constant, is an antiderivative of �.

Theorem 1: If � and � are two functions defined on an interval �, such that �' � = �' � for all � in �
then there is a constant � such that � � = � � + � for all � in �.

Theorem 2: If � is a particular antiderivative of � on an interval �, then every antiderivative of � on � is


given by
� � +� (1)

where � is an arbitrary constant, and all antiderivatives of � on � can be obtained from (1) by passing
particular values to �.

1
Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function. The symbol ʃ
denotes the operation, and we write

� � �� = � � + �
where
�' � = �(�)
and
� � � = � � ��

Theorem 3:
�� = � + �

Theorem 4:
�� � �� = � � � ��
where a is a constant.

Theorem 5: If � and � are defined on the same interval, then

� � + �(�) �� = � � �� + � � ��

Illustration:
3� + 5 �� = 3� �� + 5 ��

=3 � �� + 5 ��
�2
=3 +�1 + 5(� + �2 )
2
3
= �2 + 5� + (3�1 + 5�2 )
2

Because 3�1 + 5�2 is an arbitrary constant, it may be denoted by �; so the result can be written as

3 2
� + 5� + �
2

The answer can be checked by finding it derivative.

3 2
�� � + 5� + � = 3� + 5
2

2
Formula (1): Power
The formula for the integration of powers is given by

��+1
�� �� = + �, � ≠− 1
�+1

������� � Evaluate cos 2� sin 2� ��


Solution:

1
������� � Evaluate � �+ ��

Solution:

8
������� � Evaluate �2 5 + 2�3 ��
Solution:

� ��2 1 + �2 ��
������� � Evaluate
1 + �2
Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.

3
1. 1 − 4� �� 4. 3� − 4 ��
3 6
2. � �2 − 9 �� 5. � 2�2 + 1 ��
10
3. �2 �3 − 1 �� 6. 3� 4 − �2 ��
3
�3 �
7. �� 14. ��
1− 2�4
5 �+3
�4� �� 15. �4 3�5 − 5 ��
8. 2
1 + 3�4� 2� + 1 ��
16.
�+2 4 �−1 4
9. ���2 3� − 1 ���2 3� − 1 ��
���2 � ��
4/3 17. 1
10. �2 − 4� + 4 �� 1 − 4 tan � 2
� ln � ��
11. �� 18.

3�2 + 1
1 + 2 ln � 4 ��
12. � � + 2 �� 19.

1
2�
13. �� 20. �2� 4 − �2� 2 ��
−7
1−�

Formula (2): Logarithms


Next we shall apply

��
� = �� � + �, � > 0,

Together with its associated forms
��
� ' = �� −� + � � < 0,

��
� '' = �� � + � �≠�


������� � Evaluate ��
1 − �2

Formula (2) says, in words: The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore we insert the −2 factor:

�2 + 2
������� � Evaluate ��
�+1
Solution:

4
ln �
������� � Evaluate ��

Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate each integral; check by differentiation.
2��
1. 3�−4 sin 2� ��
16.
4 �� 4 − 3 cos 2�
2. �� ��
5� + 2 17.
�� − 1
�2 ��
3. �3� ��
�3 + 4 18.
� �� 4 + �3�
4. �2� ��
6�2 − 1 19.
2� − 5 �� �� − 1
5. �2� + �−2�
�2 − 5� + 3 20. ��
� − 3 �� �2� − �−2�
6. 2
��
� − 6� + 1 21.
� ln �
1 − 2� 2 �� ��
7. 22.
� � 1 + 2 ln �
� + 1 2 ��
2
sin 2� ��
8. 23.
�3 1 + ���2�
� �� ���2 � tan � ��
9. 24.
� +1 4
2
4 + ���2 �
�3 �� � + 6 ��
10. 25.
�4 + 16 2 �+2 2
�+3 ��
11. �� 26.
�−1 sin 2�
3 + sin 4�
� �2 − 1 27. ��
12. �� sin 4�
�2 + 1 1 + cos �
13. tan � �� 28. ��
cos �
cos � − tan �
14. cot � �� 29.
���2 �
cos � �� sin � + cot �
15. 30. ��
2 + 3 sin � ���2 �
5
Formulas (3) – (3)’: Exponential Functions
There are two basic formulas for integration of exponential functions:

� �� �� = �� + �

' �
��
� � �� = +�
�� �

� �
������� � Evaluate ��

Solution Let:

������� � Evaluate 103� ��

Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. �2−5� �� 10. 2−� ��


1 + �2�
2. ��
�� 11. �� − �−� 2
��
�3�
3. �� 2
1 − 2�3�
2 12. �2� 1 + �2� ��
�2� 2
4. �� 13. ��4� ��
�� + 3
�� ��
5. �2�+1 �� 14.
6�� + 1 2
6. �3� �2� �� �� + 1 2 ��
15.
��
3 3�
7. �2 �2� �� � ��
16.
�� 1 + 3 �3�
8. �2� ��
1 + �� 17.
�� 1 + 6�2� + 9�4�
9. �� 6
�� + �−�
1
�� 20. 1 − 2�tan � ���2 � ��
18. ��
�2
�tan � ��
19.
���2 �

Formulas (4) – (9): Trigonometric Functions


The basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are

4 cos � �� = sin � + �

5 sin � �� =− cos � + �

6 ���2 � �� = tan � + �

7 ���2 � �� =− cot � + �

8 sec � tan � �� = sec � + �

9 csc � cot � �� =− csc � + �

Notice the way in which the functions pair off for purposes of integration. The pairs sin � and cos �,
sec � and tan �, csc � and cot � fit will together. An integral involving, for instance, sin � and tan � is not
appropriate form for application of the simple integration formulas. Upon meeting such an integral we
first put the integrand entirely in terms of sin � and cos � or in terms of tan � and sec �.

������� � Evaluate 3 sec � tan � − 5 ���2 � ��


Solution:

2 cot � − 3 ���2 �
������� � Evaluate ��
sin �
Solution:

������� � Evaluate ���2 � + ���2 � + 4 ��


Solution:

7
������� � Evaluate � cos �2 ��
Solution:

EXERCISES

cos ln � ��
1. 4 csc � cot � + 2���2 � �� 14.

sin � ��
2. �� 15.
���2 � � ��� 2 �−�

3. 5 cos � − 4 sin � �� sin � ��


16.
2 ���4 �
3 tan � − 4 ��� � ���2 � ��
4. �� 17.
cos �
���4 �
5. 3 ���2 � − 5 sec � tan � �� ��� 3 � ��
18.
2� 2� 1 − sin �
6. 2 ��� − 3 ��� �� ���2 � ��
cos � 19.
7. �� 1 + cos �
���2 � 20. ���2 � ���2 2� ��
8. sin 3� �� 1
21. tan � − � ��
9. ���2 4� �� 4

1 22. ���4 � − ���4 � ��


10. cos � �� 1 + cos 2�
2
23. ��
11. csc 5� cot 5� �� 1 − cos 2�
tan � ��
���2 3� �� 24.
12. 1 − ���2 �
1 + 4 tan 3� 1 + cos 4�
sin 2� cos 2� �� 25. ��
1 − cos 4�
13.
1 + 3 cos 4�

Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas


Many trigonometric integrals can be evaluated after transformations of the integrand, requiring only the
most familiar trigonometric formulas. If instead of memorizing the types listed below, we need to observe
the character of the transformations employed, we can easily pick the requisite method in any given cases.

8
���� �. ���� � ����� ��, �ℎ��� ���ℎ�� � �� � �� � �������� ��� �������.
For definiteness, let � be a positive odd integer. Writing the integral in the form

���� � ����−1 �•���� �� ,

and putting
���2 � = 1 − ���2 �,

we obtain a series of powers of sin � each multiplied by cos � ��. We proceed in similar manner when �
is odd and positive.
������� � Evaluate ���2 � ���3 � ��

���� �. ���� � ��, �� ���� � ��, �ℎ��� � �� �� �������.


By use of the formulas

���2 � = ���2 � − 1, ���2 � = ���2 � − 1,

These integrals reduce to forms that can be evaluated.


������� 2 �������� ���4 � ��

���� �. ���� � ���� � ��, �� ���� � ���� � ��, �ℎ��� � �� � �������� ���� �������.

������� 3 �������� ���2 � ���4 � ��

���� �. ���� � ���� � ��, �ℎ��� ���ℎ � ��� � ��� �������� ���� ��������.
When � and � are both even, it is easily seen that the method used for ���� 1 is useless. Instead, we use
the formulas

9
1 1
���2 � = 1 − cos 2� , ���2 � = 1 + cos 2� ,
2 2

repeatedly if necessary.

������� � Evaluate ���4 � ���2 � ��

EXERCISES
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
1. ���2 � ��
sin � 2 − 3 cos � 2 ��
14.
2. ���2 � ��
���5 � ��
15.
3. ���3 � ���3 � �� ���2 �
���5 � ��
16.
4. ���2 � ���2 � �� ���2 �
17. ���7 � ��
5. ���2 � ��� 3 � ��
18. ���5 � ���5 � ��
6. ���2 � ���5 � ��
19. ���2 � ���3 � ��
7. ���2 � ���5 � ��
20. ���4 3� ��
8. ���5 3� ��
���3 � �� 21. ���3 � ��
9.
���6 �
���4 � �� 22. ���4 � ��
10.
���4 �
23. ���2 � ���3 � ��
11. ���2 � tan � ��
24. ���6 � tan � ��
12. ���2 � cot � ��
25. ���4 � ���4 � ��
13. ���3 � 2 − 3 cos � 2 ��

Formula (10) – (12): Inverse Trigonometric Functions


From the formulas for the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions we obtain some
indefinite integral formulas. The following formulas gives three of them.
10
�� �
10 = ������
+�
�2 − �2 �
�� 1 �
11 2 2 = � ������ � + �
� +�

��
������� � Evaluate
4 − 9�2
Solution:

��
������� � Evaluate 2
3� − 2� + 5
Solution:

2� + 7 ��
������� � Evaluate
�2 + 2� + 5
Solution:

6 ��
������� � Evaluate
2−� �2 − 4� + 3
Solution:

EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.
�� �
1. 4. ��
1 − 4�2 16 − 9�4
�� ��
2. 5. ��
2
9� + 16 7 + �2�
�� ��
3. 6.
4� �2 − 16 1+� �
�� 1+�
7. 17. ��
2
� −�+2 1 + �2
�� ��
8. 18.
15 + 2� − �2 � + �−�

2 �� ��
9. 19.
� 1 + ln � 2
�−3 �2
− 6� + 5
�� ���2 �
10. 20. ��
�2 + 25 1 + 9���2 �
�� 3� − 2 ��
11. 21. 2
1 − 16�2 � + 2� + 17
� �� 4� − 7 ��
12. 22. 2
4
� + 16 � − 6� + 13
�� 10� + 11 ��
13. 23.
� 16�2 − 9 4�2 − 4� + 5
sin � �4 ��
14. �� 24.
2 − ���2 � �2 + 1
�� ��
15. 25.
2� − �2 9�−2� − 1
��
16.
3� − �2 − 2

Formula (12): Integration by Parts


From the formula for the derivative of a product,

� �� = � �� + � ��
we find, integrating both sides,

�� = � �� + � ��

Transposing, we obtain the formula


� �� = �� − � �� .
Integration by this formula is called ����������� �� �����.

������� � Evaluate � cos � ��

Solution:

12
������� � Evaluate ������ � ��

Solution:

������� � Evaluate � ln � ��

Solution:

EXERCISES:
Use integration by part to find the following.

1. ��� �� 14. �� �2 + 1 ��
��� ��
2. � cos 4� �� 15.
�+1 2
3. �2 cos � �� 16. �2 sin 3� ��

4. ln � �� 17. sin ��� ��

5. � ln � �� 18. ��� � �� cos � ��

6. ��3� �� 19. sin � sin 4� ��

7. � cos 2� �� sin 2� ��
20.
��
8. � sec � tan � �� 21. �2 sin � ��
9. � 3� �� 22. �3 �−� ��
10. ������ � �� 23. ��2 � ��
ln � 2
11. �� 24. � ���3 � ��

12. � ���2 � �� 25. sec � ���2 � ��

13. � ������ � ��
13

You might also like