Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Integration Formulas
Basic Integration Formulas
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
We have been occupied up to this point with the problem: Given a function, to find its derivative (or
differential). Many of the most important applications of the calculus lead to the inverse problem: Given
the derivative of a function, to find the function.
Definition: A function � is called an antiderivative of the function � on an interval � if �' � = �(�) for
every value of � in �.
� � = 4�3 + �2 + 5
� � = 12�2 + 2�
� � = 4�3 + �2 − 17
then � is also an antierivative of � because �' � = 12�2 + 2�. Actually, any function whose function
value is given by
4�3 + �2 + �
Theorem 1: If � and � are two functions defined on an interval �, such that �' � = �' � for all � in �
then there is a constant � such that � � = � � + � for all � in �.
where � is an arbitrary constant, and all antiderivatives of � on � can be obtained from (1) by passing
particular values to �.
1
Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function. The symbol ʃ
denotes the operation, and we write
� � �� = � � + �
where
�' � = �(�)
and
� � � = � � ��
Theorem 3:
�� = � + �
Theorem 4:
�� � �� = � � � ��
where a is a constant.
� � + �(�) �� = � � �� + � � ��
Illustration:
3� + 5 �� = 3� �� + 5 ��
=3 � �� + 5 ��
�2
=3 +�1 + 5(� + �2 )
2
3
= �2 + 5� + (3�1 + 5�2 )
2
Because 3�1 + 5�2 is an arbitrary constant, it may be denoted by �; so the result can be written as
3 2
� + 5� + �
2
3 2
�� � + 5� + � = 3� + 5
2
2
Formula (1): Power
The formula for the integration of powers is given by
��+1
�� �� = + �, � ≠− 1
�+1
1
������� � Evaluate � �+ ��
�
Solution:
8
������� � Evaluate �2 5 + 2�3 ��
Solution:
� ��2 1 + �2 ��
������� � Evaluate
1 + �2
Solution:
EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.
3
1. 1 − 4� �� 4. 3� − 4 ��
3 6
2. � �2 − 9 �� 5. � 2�2 + 1 ��
10
3. �2 �3 − 1 �� 6. 3� 4 − �2 ��
3
�3 �
7. �� 14. ��
1− 2�4
5 �+3
�4� �� 15. �4 3�5 − 5 ��
8. 2
1 + 3�4� 2� + 1 ��
16.
�+2 4 �−1 4
9. ���2 3� − 1 ���2 3� − 1 ��
���2 � ��
4/3 17. 1
10. �2 − 4� + 4 �� 1 − 4 tan � 2
� ln � ��
11. �� 18.
�
3�2 + 1
1 + 2 ln � 4 ��
12. � � + 2 �� 19.
�
1
2�
13. �� 20. �2� 4 − �2� 2 ��
−7
1−�
��
� = �� � + �, � > 0,
�
Together with its associated forms
��
� ' = �� −� + � � < 0,
�
��
� '' = �� � + � �≠�
�
�
������� � Evaluate ��
1 − �2
Formula (2) says, in words: The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore we insert the −2 factor:
�2 + 2
������� � Evaluate ��
�+1
Solution:
4
ln �
������� � Evaluate ��
�
Solution:
EXERCISES
Evaluate each integral; check by differentiation.
2��
1. 3�−4 sin 2� ��
16.
4 �� 4 − 3 cos 2�
2. �� ��
5� + 2 17.
�� − 1
�2 ��
3. �3� ��
�3 + 4 18.
� �� 4 + �3�
4. �2� ��
6�2 − 1 19.
2� − 5 �� �� − 1
5. �2� + �−2�
�2 − 5� + 3 20. ��
� − 3 �� �2� − �−2�
6. 2
��
� − 6� + 1 21.
� ln �
1 − 2� 2 �� ��
7. 22.
� � 1 + 2 ln �
� + 1 2 ��
2
sin 2� ��
8. 23.
�3 1 + ���2�
� �� ���2 � tan � ��
9. 24.
� +1 4
2
4 + ���2 �
�3 �� � + 6 ��
10. 25.
�4 + 16 2 �+2 2
�+3 ��
11. �� 26.
�−1 sin 2�
3 + sin 4�
� �2 − 1 27. ��
12. �� sin 4�
�2 + 1 1 + cos �
13. tan � �� 28. ��
cos �
cos � − tan �
14. cot � �� 29.
���2 �
cos � �� sin � + cot �
15. 30. ��
2 + 3 sin � ���2 �
5
Formulas (3) – (3)’: Exponential Functions
There are two basic formulas for integration of exponential functions:
� �� �� = �� + �
' �
��
� � �� = +�
�� �
� �
������� � Evaluate ��
�
Solution Let:
Solution:
EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.
4 cos � �� = sin � + �
5 sin � �� =− cos � + �
6 ���2 � �� = tan � + �
7 ���2 � �� =− cot � + �
Notice the way in which the functions pair off for purposes of integration. The pairs sin � and cos �,
sec � and tan �, csc � and cot � fit will together. An integral involving, for instance, sin � and tan � is not
appropriate form for application of the simple integration formulas. Upon meeting such an integral we
first put the integrand entirely in terms of sin � and cos � or in terms of tan � and sec �.
2 cot � − 3 ���2 �
������� � Evaluate ��
sin �
Solution:
7
������� � Evaluate � cos �2 ��
Solution:
EXERCISES
cos ln � ��
1. 4 csc � cot � + 2���2 � �� 14.
�
sin � ��
2. �� 15.
���2 � � ��� 2 �−�
�
8
���� �. ���� � ����� ��, �ℎ��� ���ℎ�� � �� � �� � �������� ��� �������.
For definiteness, let � be a positive odd integer. Writing the integral in the form
and putting
���2 � = 1 − ���2 �,
we obtain a series of powers of sin � each multiplied by cos � ��. We proceed in similar manner when �
is odd and positive.
������� � Evaluate ���2 � ���3 � ��
���� �. ���� � ���� � ��, �� ���� � ���� � ��, �ℎ��� � �� � �������� ���� �������.
���� �. ���� � ���� � ��, �ℎ��� ���ℎ � ��� � ��� �������� ���� ��������.
When � and � are both even, it is easily seen that the method used for ���� 1 is useless. Instead, we use
the formulas
9
1 1
���2 � = 1 − cos 2� , ���2 � = 1 + cos 2� ,
2 2
repeatedly if necessary.
EXERCISES
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
1. ���2 � ��
sin � 2 − 3 cos � 2 ��
14.
2. ���2 � ��
���5 � ��
15.
3. ���3 � ���3 � �� ���2 �
���5 � ��
16.
4. ���2 � ���2 � �� ���2 �
17. ���7 � ��
5. ���2 � ��� 3 � ��
18. ���5 � ���5 � ��
6. ���2 � ���5 � ��
19. ���2 � ���3 � ��
7. ���2 � ���5 � ��
20. ���4 3� ��
8. ���5 3� ��
���3 � �� 21. ���3 � ��
9.
���6 �
���4 � �� 22. ���4 � ��
10.
���4 �
23. ���2 � ���3 � ��
11. ���2 � tan � ��
24. ���6 � tan � ��
12. ���2 � cot � ��
25. ���4 � ���4 � ��
13. ���3 � 2 − 3 cos � 2 ��
��
������� � Evaluate
4 − 9�2
Solution:
��
������� � Evaluate 2
3� − 2� + 5
Solution:
2� + 7 ��
������� � Evaluate
�2 + 2� + 5
Solution:
6 ��
������� � Evaluate
2−� �2 − 4� + 3
Solution:
EXERCISES
Evaluate the following integrals.
�� �
1. 4. ��
1 − 4�2 16 − 9�4
�� ��
2. 5. ��
2
9� + 16 7 + �2�
�� ��
3. 6.
4� �2 − 16 1+� �
�� 1+�
7. 17. ��
2
� −�+2 1 + �2
�� ��
8. 18.
15 + 2� − �2 � + �−�
�
2 �� ��
9. 19.
� 1 + ln � 2
�−3 �2
− 6� + 5
�� ���2 �
10. 20. ��
�2 + 25 1 + 9���2 �
�� 3� − 2 ��
11. 21. 2
1 − 16�2 � + 2� + 17
� �� 4� − 7 ��
12. 22. 2
4
� + 16 � − 6� + 13
�� 10� + 11 ��
13. 23.
� 16�2 − 9 4�2 − 4� + 5
sin � �4 ��
14. �� 24.
2 − ���2 � �2 + 1
�� ��
15. 25.
2� − �2 9�−2� − 1
��
16.
3� − �2 − 2
� �� = � �� + � ��
we find, integrating both sides,
�� = � �� + � ��
Solution:
12
������� � Evaluate ������ � ��
Solution:
������� � Evaluate � ln � ��
Solution:
EXERCISES:
Use integration by part to find the following.
1. ��� �� 14. �� �2 + 1 ��
��� ��
2. � cos 4� �� 15.
�+1 2
3. �2 cos � �� 16. �2 sin 3� ��
7. � cos 2� �� sin 2� ��
20.
��
8. � sec � tan � �� 21. �2 sin � ��
9. � 3� �� 22. �3 �−� ��
10. ������ � �� 23. ��2 � ��
ln � 2
11. �� 24. � ���3 � ��
�
12. � ���2 � �� 25. sec � ���2 � ��
13. � ������ � ��
13