GROUP 4

LIQUEFACTION & TSUNAMI

LIQUEFACTION
Soil liquefaction occurs when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength &
stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in stress condition,
in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.

CHARACTERISTICS
The main characteristics of liquefaction include loss of strength, surface cracking, increased water
content, sand boils, slope failure, reduced shear strength, & damage to structures.

EXAMPLES
 1964 Niigata earthquake caused widespread liquefaction in Niigata, Japan which destroyed many
buildings.
 During the Alaska earthquake of 1964, the liquefaction of a sandy layer of soft clay beneath
Turnagain Heights, a suburb of Anchorage, caused a landslide in the mass ground above that
destroyed approximately 75 homes & disrupted utilities.
HAZARD MAP ‘METRO MANILA’

https://aessoil.com/guide-to-soil-liquefaction/
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/7655-press-release-dost-phivolcs-promotes-tsunami-awareness-and-preparedness-in-metro-manila
 TSUNAMI
A tsunami is a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean, usually the
result of an earthquake below or near the ocean floor. This force creates waves that radiate outward in all direction away
from their source, sometimes chasing entire ocean basins.

CHARACTERISTICS
The wavelength of the tsunami wave is very long, often hundreds of kilometers long (a regular wave has a
wavelength of about 30-40 meters.). Earthquake tremors at 970 km/min while tsunami waves travel 800-900 km/hour in
open waters.

EXAMPLES
 An example of a tsunami is the Indian ocean tsunami (2004) and is also known as the “Boxing day
Tsunami”. It was triggered by a 9.1 magnitude Earthquake off the coast of Sumatray Indonesia on
December 26, 2004.
 Another example of a tsunami is the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami that occurred in Japan on March
11, 2011. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake generated a tsunami that caused widespread destruction &
loss of life. The waves of the tsunami reached heights of up to 133ft. and travelled as far as 6 miles in
land in some areas, causing damage to buildings, roads, and infrastructure.
HAZARD MAP ‘METRO MANILA’

https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/tsunami-modelling-manila-bay-philippines https://m.facebook.com/NZCivilDefence/posts/how-do-tsunami-workmost-tsunami-are-generated-by-large-magnitude-shallow-earthqu/3938604956198568/

MEMBERS
CELLONA, JEWEL
RIVERA, JANA CATHERINE
LINABAN, JOHN CHRISTIAN
CASTILLEJOS, CHELZEA JADE MHELAN
CARULLO, SHENALYN
GINHAWA, MARLONE
NEBREJA, EDWARD
CONSTANTINO, PATRICK