1.

Make a summary of western intellectual history from the ancient time 750 BCE to post-modern times
(1900).

In my understanding, western intellectual history is a history full of ideas and concepts about
human lives, evolution, culture, and behavior in multiple contexts. This is where philosophers’ ideas
about human existence and education arose that substantially influenced ancient people. Some
philosophers who had a major influence and contribution in this era are Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Rene
Descartes, and many more.

2. Outline the scientific revolutions that comprise the contributions of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud.

There are three intellectual revolution back in the ancient time namely Copernican Revolution,
Darwin Revolution, and Freudian Revolution. First, the Copernican Revolution was postulated by
Nicolaus Copernicus with the concept ‘Heliocentrism’ which explains that the sun is the center of the
solar system. This idea proved the ‘Geocentrism’ concept of Ptolemy wrong and this was also the time of
the Birth of Modern Astronomy. Next, the Darwin Revolution was postulated by Charles Darwin which
explains evolution. This was the most controversial revolution as it talks about the changes in
environment and living things. Lastly, the Freudian Revolution was postulated by Sigmund Freud which
explains that external environment greatly affects a person’s behavior and is influenced by conscious and
unconscious factors. It also explains the three conflicting elements of personality which are id, superego,
and ego.

3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes he would make to his theory?

In my opinion, if Freud is still alive, the major changes he would make to his theory is to improve
it and make it more adaptive to the current society and technological advancement of the world.
Moreover, he could also seek new or modern behaviors, cultures, and personalities to include it in his
developmental stages.

4. How did the society shape science and how did science shape society?

Society shape science in a way where it fulfills the demands of people for a more comfortable and
easier way of living. This allows science to develop and grow continuously to advance human prosperity
and address societal problems. On the other hand, science shape society through the relevance of
scientific knowledge, inventions, and discoveries of scientists as it associates with societal development.
The scientific perspective influences society on how people perceive themselves and their surroundings.
Overall, science and society allow each other to grow and progress.

5. How do social and human issues influence science?

Social and human issues influence science in a way that it causes scientific discoveries and studies
to arise, with the purpose of settling the issue. One of the fundamental ways that science benefits society
is by addressing and resolving social and human issues through the generation and application of
information and technological advancement.

6. How do society’s political and cultural landscapes affect the development scientific culture science
activities, and science literacy?

Society’s political and cultural landscapes affect science in the sense that they influence our
behavior and performance. As our political and cultural perspectives evolve and develop, science also
follows. It also develops as our way of living develops as well. Science adapts to cultural, political, and
lifestyle changes and development.

7. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among people has
contributed to the growth of our economy?

Considering the current state of our society, I firmly believe that science literacy has contributed
to the growth of our economy. Literacy in science allows us to come up with constructive decisions to
resolve societal and economical problems of our country. Aside from this, it helps us acquire scientific
information and data for the growth and development of our economy especially in health and
environmental area. Overall, science literacy helps us improve our quality of life and understand life
itself.

8. How can science influence government policies?

Science influences government policies in a way that scientific data and information are needed to
support and implement policies in different government areas. Government officials should
communicate with scientists that are experts in finding innovative and functional solutions to various
government areas such as environmental and health areas. Science corresponds to government policies
as it provides factual evidence and scientific studies to help in enforcing policies.