INTRODUCTION

The number of vehicles is increasing day by day and proportionally the numbers of accidents
are also increasing. These accidents are mostly caused by the delay of the driver to hit the
brake. To prevent the accidents caused by this delay, ultrasonic braking system is used in
automobiles. The main target of the ultrasonic braking system is that, cars should
automatically brake when the sensors sense the obstacle. This is a technology for
automobiles to sense an imminent forward collision with another vehicle or an obstacle, and
to brake the car accordingly, which is done by the braking circuit. This system includes two
ultrasonic sensors viz. ultrasonic wave emitter and ultrasonic wave receiver. The ultrasonic
wave emitter provided in front portion of an automatic braking car, producing and emitting
ultrasonic waves in a predetermined distance in front of the car. Ultrasonic wave receiver is
also provided in front portion of the car, receiving the reflected ultrasonic wave signal from
the obstacle. The reflected wave (detection pulse) is measured to get the distance between
vehicle and the obstacle. Then PIC microcontroller is used to control the servo motor based
on detection pulse information and the servo motor in turn automatically controls the
braking of the car. Thus, this new system is designed to solve the problem where drivers may
not be able to brake manually exactly at the required time, but the vehicle can still stop
automatically by sensing the obstacles to avoid an accident.
Braking system is an extremely important component of a vehicle which ensures the safety
of the vehicle and its occupants. The analysis of road accident data for 2017 reveals that
about 1,500 accidents and 400 deaths take place every day on Indian roads. With almost one
life lost every 3.8 minutes, road accidents need to be considered with greater seriousness.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a system that can apply the brakes automatically as
soon as it senses any obstacle within a predefined distance. The auto braking system is
incorporated in the system to replicate real-life scenarios.
Nowadays, Driving Under the Influence (DUI) has also become a major cause for accidents.
In this system, the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of the driver is continuously monitored and
calibrated on a scale
 Sensor and Component used
1) Ultrasonic Sensor -:
Ultrasonic ranging and detecting devices use high frequency sound waves called ultrasonic
waves to detect presence of an object and its range. Normal frequency range of human ear
is roughly 20Hz to 20,000Hz. Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the
range of human ear, and thus have frequency above 20,000Hz. An ultrasonic sensor
necessarily consists of a transducer for conversion of one form of energy to another, a
housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer and an electrical connection.
These sensors are of two types:
• Ultrasonic Transmitter – Before transmitting the ultrasonic wave, transducer is used to
generate the ultrasonic waves. The transducer is given a signal to intermittently produce
ultrasonic waves. After that the ultrasonic transmitter sends the waves at a predetermined
distance frontward. The maximum range for which obstacle can be detected depends on the
range of ultrasonic sensors used.
• Ultrasonic Receiver – If the ultrasonic wave detects the obstacle, it will produce a reflected
wave. An ultrasonic receiver is used for receiving the ultrasonic waves reflected from the
obstacle. The received ultrasonic wave is converted into a reception signal with the help of a
transducer. The signal is amplified by an amplifier (operational amplifier). The amplified
signal is compared with the reference signal, to detect components in amplified signal due
to obstacles on the road.
• The ultrasonic transmitter and receiver unit is placed in the front portion of the vehicle.
• Ultrasonic transmitter emits 40KHz frequency ultrasonic waves at regular intervals which
strikes the object in front of it and the signal is reflected back as echo signal which is
received by the Ultrasonic receiver.
• Ultrasonic unit utilizes less power and is available at affordable cost.
• The system houses an ultrasonic receiver which senses reflected waves from obstacle and
applies brakes automatically.
• Ultrasonic sensors can perform even under harsh climatic conditions.

Ultrasonic of Range
signal
maximum 1 meter
minimum 2 centimetres
2) Alcohol Sensor -:
The MQ3 alcohol sensor is one of the series of MQ gas sensors, which can detect and
monitor the alcohol gas present in the atmosphere. It is capable of detecting 25-500ppm
alcohol gas concentration in the air. This article gives a brief description of the pin
configuration, specifications, and Arduino interfacing of the MQ3 alcohol sensor.
An analogy voltage is the output signal from an alcohol sensor, which detects the presence
of alcohol gas in the atmosphere. The sensor can turn on with a power supply of less than
150 Ma to 5V and temperatures between -10 and 50° C. The sensing range, which is suited
for breathalysers, is 0.04 mg/L to 4 mg/L.
Technically referred to as an MQ3 sensor, the alcohol sensor finds ethanol in the air. When
drunk individual breaths close to an alcohol sensor, the sensor detects the ethanol in his
breath and outputs information dependent on the amount of alcohol in his breath. More
LEDs would light up if the alcohol percentage was higher.
It is a reasonably priced semiconductor sensor that can find alcohol gases at concentrations
between 0.05 mg/L and 10 mg/L. SnO2, a substance whose conductivity is lower in clean air,
is the sensitive component used in this sensor.
• The alcohol sensor is used to determine BAC of the driver as shown in the figure.
• This Sensor is used to sense the alcohol, the analog output of which is sent to control unit.
• The drive circuit is very simple and interface could be of 0-3.3V ADC.
• The alcohol sensor can be used to detect alcohol with different concentrations at low cost
3) Microcontroller Board (Arduino Uno) :-
Arduino is an open-source platform used for producing electronics projects. Arduino consists
of both a microcontroller and a bit of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, accustomed write and upload code to the
physical board. The Arduino doesn't need a separate piece of hardware (called a
programmer) so as to load new code onto the board – you'll be able to simply use a USB
cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to find
out to program.
• The System uses Arduino Uno as the control unit as shown in the figure.
• ATMega328P Microcontroller which runs at 16MHz
• Operating voltage of 5V and has 14 digital I/O pins.
• It also has 32Kb flash memory and 2Kb SRAM.
• Arduino Uno can be programmed using Arduino IDE in which code is written in C language.
Brand name Arduino
Height 25 millimeters
Width 5.5 Centimeters
Weight 91 Grams
Dimensions 8x5.5x2.5 Centimeters
RAM Size 8 kb
Voltage 5 Volts
Digital Pins 14

4) Servo Motor -:
The need for automation, miniaturization and quality components in most of today's
products requires excellent cooling solutions, high quality small motors and ultra-precision
machined ball bearing. Servo motor also called an executive motor, is an executive
component in an automatic control system. Its work is to convert the received electrical
signal into angular velocity output or angular displacement output on the motor shaft. Since
the introduction of the servo motor, the servo motor has proved to be quite useful in many
industries. For many years, servo motors have been involved in large tasks. They may be
small in size, but they are very powerful and energy-efficient.
The output shaft of the servo motor is capable of traveling somewhere around 180 degrees.
A normal servo motor is employed to regulate an angular motion between 0 and 180
degrees, and it's mechanically unable of turning any farther thanks to a mechanical stop
built onto the most output gear. The angle through which the output shaft of the servo
motor needs to travel is determined according to the nature of the signal given to the motor
as input from the PIC. Because of the rotation of the servomotor in 180 degrees, the brakes
can be applied and released through the given brake’s mechanism.

Weight 9 grams
Gear Type Plastic
Operating Speed 0.12 Second/600
Operating Voltage (3.0-7.2) V
Angle of Rotation (0-180) degrees

DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.  DC motors were
used to run machinery, often eliminating the need for a local steam engine or internal
combustion engine. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing
the motive power. Modern DC motors are nearly always operated in conjunction with power
electronic devices
A DC gear motor may be a fairly simple electric gear motor that uses electricity, gearbox, and
magnetic flux to supply torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple, the DC gear motor
requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electric
magnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the
torque and cause the DC gear motor to turn. A gearbox is present just after the DC motor
and a rotary shaft are connected to it, with the help of this DC gear motor setup the vehicle
wheels can be rotated in this project.

Length 80mm
Volts 12v
Stall Torque 12kg-cm
Speed 100rpm
Shaft Diameter 6mm
Weight 281g

5) Battery and Wheels:

A tire is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better
vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the
wheel in close contact with the ground. The contact patch, or footprint, of the tire, is the
area of the tread that is in contact with the road surface. This area transmits forces between
the tire and the road via friction. The length-to-width ratio of the contact patch affects
steering and cornering behavior Tyre is used to support the frame on its hub present on the
wheel so that the body weight can equally distributed over all the surface after the load is
applied on the frame. The friction cause tyre rotate on move the shaft in the hub which is
hold by bearing to rotate freely on its own by transmission of power from engine through
chain

6) MDF Board -:
Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down
hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it
with wax and a resin binder, and forming it into panels by applying
high temperature and pressure. MDF is generally denser than plywood. It is made up of
separated fibres but can be used as a building material similar in application to plywood. It is
stronger and denser than particle board
7) Solar Panel -:
Solar panels are considered a very efficient and environmentally friendly source of
electricity. In recent decades, this technology has been gaining popularity around the world,
motivating many people to switch to cheap renewable energy. The task of this device is to
convert the energy of light rays into electric current, which can be used to power a variety of
household and industrial devices. The governments of many countries are allocating
enormous amounts of budgetary funds, sponsoring projects that are aimed at developing
solar power plants. Some cities make full use of electricity obtained from the sun. It is worth
noting that the principle of operation of solar panels for homes is quite complex. Next, let’s
consider in detail how solar panels for the house work.
As mentioned before, the principle of operation is the effect of semiconductors. Silicon is
one of the most efficient semiconductors known to mankind at the moment. When the
photocell (the upper silicon plate of the transducer block) is heated, electrons are released
from the silicon atoms, after which they are captured by the atoms of the lower plate.
According to the laws of physics, the electrons tend to return to their original position.
Accordingly, from the bottom plate, the electrons move along the conductors (connecting
wires), giving their energy to charge the batteries and return to the top plate.
 WORKING OF ULTRASONIC BRAKING SYSTEM

Each carmaker has its own automatic braking system technology, but all of them believe
some sort of sensor input. The ultrasonic sensor contains transmitter and receiver units, and
the ultrasonic transmitter detects the obstacle by transmitting the signals and reflects back
to the ultrasonic receiver unit. The ultrasonic sensor input is then used to determine if there
are any objects present in the path of the vehicle. If an object is detected, the system can
then determine if the speed of the vehicle is bigger than the speed of the thing ahead of it.
By which through Arduino dumped C Program the calculations will take place through PIC
microcontroller according to the given maximum distance, and distance between the
automatic system and obstacle. The DC gear motor rotates uniformly at a set rpm and
gradually decreases speed while automatically breaking the system through servomotor
braking mechanism phenomena. A significant speed differential may indicate that a collision
is probably going to occur, during which case the system is capable of automatically
activating the brakes
 CALCULATIONS
The braking distance is the main factor considered in this system. Braking distance for a
particular speed is the distance between the point of application of the brakes and the point
at which the vehicle comes to a complete stop from the present speed. It is calculated by
using following formula.

Braking Distance = V/2µg (meters) Where

V = Velocity of the vehicle (m/sec) µ = coefficient of friction of road = 0.8 g = Acceleration
due to gravity = 9.81 (m/sec2) In this formula the condition of brakes and the road
conditions are not considered for coefficient of friction µ.

Velocity (km/hr) Braking Distance (m)

60 17.69
50 12.28
40 7.86
30 4.42
05 0.12
 LITRATURE SURVEY

Over the recent years many automobile industry giants have started working on the concept
of Intelligent Braking system and have introduced different versions to the market with the
goal of improving the current safety standards.
• MERCEDES BENZ – In 2002 Mercedes launched the ”PRE SAFE” SYSTEM, later in the year
2013 PRE SAFE was updated with Cross-Traffic Assist. The system uses a combination of
stereo camera and radar sensors to detect pedestrians in front of the vehicle. Should the
driver fail to react, the braking power will be boosted as the situation requires, up to full
brake [4].
• HONDA - In 2003 Honda introduced “Collision Mitigation Brake System” (CMBS). Housing a
radar based system to monitor situations ahead and provide brake assistance if the driver
reacts with insufficient force on the brake pedal.
• VOLVO- In 2006 Volvo introduced “Collision Warning with Auto Brake”, This system is
powered by a radar/camera sensor fusion. If the driver doesn’t react, the system pre charges
the brakes and increases brake sensitivity to maximize driver performance. Volvo’s laser
assisted braking could not work effectively in rainfall and snowfall, and the laser is easily
affected by atmospheric conditions.
• AUDI - In 2010 AUDI came up with the “PRE SENSE” autonomous emergency braking
system using twin radar and a monocular camera sensor, designed to work in 4 phases. The
first phase would provide warning of the impeding accident with the successive phases
resulting in the application of brakes at varied brake pressures.
• FORD - In 2012 FORD came up with the concept of “ACTIVE CITY STOP”. The system used
wide screen mounted cameras, radars, lidars to monitor the road ahead. The system can
prevent a crash occurring at speeds between 3.6kph and 30kph. The upper speed limit was
later raised to 50kph.
• BMW- In 2013 BMW introduced the “DRIVING ASSISTANT PLUS” by combining the front
facing camera, lane departure warning and front radar sensors to detect vehicles ahead.
Should the driver not react to the warning of a potential collision, the system would
gradually prime brake pressure and apply with maximum deceleration power.
The following studies have been made on Alcohol Detection based vehicle controlling
system:
• In 1973 Verne R. Brown, has invented and patented the BREATH ALCOHOL DETECTOR AND
AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION INTERLOCK which detects the alcohol content in the breath and
interlocks the engine ignition system if the driver is intoxicated[5].
• In 2001 Dean Stockett Edmonds, has invented DRIVER ALCOHOL IGNITION INTERLOCK
which uses blood alcohol detector that measures intensities of wavelengths of light
emerging from finger. A microprocessor correlates these intensities with finger’s BAC and
interlocks the engine ignition system if the BAC level is above the threshold [6].
• In 2005 Dennis Bellehumeur patented his work on THE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR
PREVENTING THE OPERATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BY A PERSON WHO IS INTOXICATED
which uses galvanic detector to measures epidermal elements such as alcohol content and
engine turns off if the alcohol content is high [7]. In summary, the new system that we are
proposing utilizes ultrasonic sensors for the purpose of obstacle realization and an alcohol
sensor working in tandem to monitor alcohol consumption so as to avoid DUI. This system
can be easily installed in existing vehicles and is very cost effective. The ultrasonic and
alcohol sensors are cheap. This factor, coupled with low power consumption could facilitate
the application and mounting of this system in many low-end vehicles, thus helping to
improve safety standards and offer a hassle free driving experience at a reduced cost.

OBJECTIVES

Accidents have become a serious concern in today’s scenario. The rates of accidents are at
an all-time high currently. Braking systems of commercial vehicles were always given the
highest importance concerning safety issues and in particular passive safety system.
Inappropriate braking of the vehicles may cause severe accidents due to relatively longer
stopping distances and higher energy output of brakes particularly in the case of vehicle
combinations. The conventional medium used for braking system can be now controlled
with the speed and precision offered by modern electronic abilities.
The main objectives of this paper are:
• To improve the braking system of conventional vehicles by installing sensor controlled
brakes.
• To make the driving process easy by using embedded design.
• Try providing safety against collisions and thereby avoiding accidents
• To employ different types of sensors that constantly monitor the conditions of the vehicle
and the driver, and subsequently respond in an emergency situation.
• To reduce the quantum of road accidents and fatalities due to drunk driving in the future
 SUMMARY

Proposed arrangement used for intelligent braking system has a lot of potential applications
especially in developed countries where research on smart vehicles is receiving ample
attention. In this review paper, detailed information regarding IBS using ultrasonic sensors
and alcohol detection-based vehicle controlling has been discussed. As ultrasonic sensors
can detect any kind of obstacle, this system can also prevent collision of the vehicle at night
time or at least reduce the injuries occurring. The system when integrated with other
subsystems like automatic traction control system, intelligent throttle system, and auto
cruise system, etc. will result in smart vehicle maneuverability.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

As we present our Review Paper on “Intelligent Braking System and Alcohol Detection based
vehicle controlling”, we take this opportunity to offer our sincere thanks to all those without
whose guidance this paper might have remained a dream for us. We express our deepest
gratitude and thanks to Mr. /Ananth Mohan Mallya, Asst Professor, Dept of Mechanical
Engineering, SMVITM, Bantakal whose guidance and ideas channeled our conscientious
endeavors towards the paper. We have been fortunate enough that Dr. Sudarshan Rao K,
HOD, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, SMVITM, Bantakal gave us the freedom, support and
whole hearted co-ordination for the completion of our paper.

Advantages of Intelligent Braking System (IBS)

• An IBS prevents lock-ups and skidding, even in slippery conditions.
• IBS brakes have been proven to save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep
control of a vehicle.
• Intelligent Braking Systems coordinates wheel activity with a sensor on each wheel that
regulates brake pressure when necessary, so that all wheels are operating in a similar speed
range.
• Ultrasonic sensor is cheaper and less demanding of hardware than other types of sensors
presently used.
• This lower cost of ultrasonic sensors compared with other kinds of sensors, could facilitate
the application and mounting of the system in many low-end vehicles.
• As system does not take complete control from driver, the risk factor due to false
indication gets reduced.
 Conclusions

A mechatronic braking system discussed in this paper is developed and designed in such a
way that, when it is active it can apply break automatically encountered by any object
sensed by the ultrasonic sensor. Intelligent braking is one of the smart options which can be
instigated in various automobileapplications for stopping a moving body without spasmodic
motion. Design of intelligent brake applications basically depend upon effectiveness of
Ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller (motor driver),and controlling the speed of vehicle
accordingly to programmed distance is revealed in the study done by our team. Our present
work comprehended us that enactment of this smart system can achievable and of real time
use. Approaches and conclusions that we present are somewhat preliminary and need
further significant research. While vehicle is taking a turn sensor can give the false indication
of obstacle. To overcomethis, we will arrange such that this system goes off while turn. This
can be attained by fitting sensors on wheel that are capable of measuring wheel turning. At
present, this system is eagerlyappropriate for automatic transmission. Though making some
changes we can use this on any available vehicle. Also, upgraded and detailedprogramming
is necessary for real time operation. Application of Intelligent braking system for critical
dynamic condition need to be investigation.
 Future Aspect
This will make the driving process safe using enhanced braking system and design. Use of
rpm counter will be helpful to measure relative velocity. This will ensure quick breaking
response.Reduce road accidents due to delay breaking. By using a greater number of
ultrasonic sensor and IR sensor we can develop it as a driverless vehicle.

Result & Discussion

In the present work, a model of an ultrasonic distance measurement for stationary obstacle
is obtained. Controlling the speed of vehicle accordingly to predetermined distance is
shown. An ultrasonic sensor, cheaper and less demanding of hardware than other types of
sensors presently used, such as the sensors based on computer vision or radar, is used to
measure the distance between vehicle and the obstacle. The relative speed of the vehicle
with respect to the obstacle is estimated using consecutive samples of the distance
calculated. These two quantities are used by the control system to calculate the actions on
both the accelerator and also the brake, thus to adjust the speed in order to maintain a safe
distance to prevent accidents. As ultrasonic sensors can detect any kind of obstacle, this
system can also prevent collision of the vehicle with pedestrians, or can at least reduce the
injuries occurring. Since the control system does not use the absolute speed to calculate the
safety distance as done by the currently existing systems, the interaction with automotive
electronics is limited to actions on the accelerator and brake. This matter, coupled with the
fact of lower cost of ultrasonic sensors compared with other kinds of sensors, could facilitate
the application and mounting of the system in many low-end vehicles, helping to improve
comfort and safety and offer a hassle-free driving experience at a reduced cost
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