{i troduction to Wireless Communication Systems tt / Chapter Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems 1.1 INTRODUCTION: The revolution in cellular mobile communication system began just a few years back, but during this short span of time, it has been changed from a status symbol to a necessity. (niillihrellaa RGBIIBSYSteh Started forTeleBhON ‘soem The retin mobile users in increasing at exponential rate due to rapidly decreasing system cost and service charges. (THIWIG@=BRESaIEFOWE ® The subscriber's mobile transceivers set came portable pocket y using LSI and VLSI circuit technology. The mass production of mobile units has reduced its cost to such an extent that an average income family can also afford it. The process of cost reduction with increased capability is still continuing. In cellular mobile telephone system, the service area is divided into smaller geographical areas called cells. The cells are formed with an objective of frequency re-use. The cellular system is facilitated with hand-off capability so that call is not dropped, when mobile unit moves from one cell to other cell. Each cell has base station consisting of low power transmitters so that its radiation is restricted to respective cell boundary. All the base stations are connected to a Master Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) which monitors and controls the entire call processing. 1.2. LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL MOBILE PHONE SYSTEMS : ‘Scanned with CamScanner{ Mobile Communication.) = sions] Pe == (one mires ge power ONT The, conventional rota telephone sysiem has following limitations which were overcome by cellular concept. 1, Imetiicient: Spectrum: Utilization * defined as the maximum number of The spectrum utilization measurement is ii busy hour, subscribers that could be served per channel in the busy __ Number of subscribers N Number of channels _ — ‘can serve only one customer at a time in sociated per channel, then In conventional system, whole area. In this case, if 53 customers are as ! 50 per cent during busy hour, which is very blocking probability is typically ; ice performance. Therefore, each channel serving only one customer spectrum. To achieve this, each channel ization of le subscribers simultaneously, so that large number poor servi at a time, is not efficient utili should be able to serve multip! ef customers can be accommodated in frequency-slot allotted for the service area. It should be noted that major problem being faced by wireless communication industry is the limitation of available RF spectrum. The major approaches for efficient utilization of RF spectrum are : 0 (i) Single Side Band (SSB), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and similar other modulation techniques which requires less bandwidth per user. (ii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system in which many users car use same spectrum at the same time and the user is distinguished by @ distrinct code allotted to him. (iii) Cellular system which re-uses the allocated spectrum in different geographical Hovatlans, which are located beyond radiation coverage of each is cellular concept solved a major problem faced by mobile phone system world-wide, i.e., spectrum scarcity. 2. (Poor Services Performance In conventional mobile system 37 or 53) which rng hour, Large umber ah all h blocking probability (50% or more) during bus¥ calls did not mature during busy hour, deteriorating the cae ngperormance. TheWdemand was still increasing, but bandwidth allocated . Services could be improved ‘Scanned with CamScannerint Te concept was the major solution. 3, [Limited Service Capability : / In conventional system, there was no provision for hand-off, and hence which a mobile user moved from one geographical zone to other, his call was dropped and user had to initiate the call again. The limitation of service capability was overcome by hand-off mechanism provided in cellular mobile telephone system. 1.3, EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATIN SYSTEMS : The understanding of radio waves is fundamental to wireless communications, but simply knowing that electromagnetic waves exist is a relatively recent historical event. In the short period since that time, there have been numerous milestones in the development of radio communications. Some of these milestones are the following : 1833 | Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber deploy first regularly used electromechanical telegraph. 1843 | In the year 1843, Michael Faraday studied about the wireless communication and discovered that the space is capable of conducting electricity. | 1844 Data communication began with Samuel Morse, who is 1844 invented and pioneered the telegraph, which used Morse code (consisting of interweaving dots and dashes) as its method for delivering communication over vast distances, 1845 [The existence of the electro-magnetic fields had been discovered by the British physicist Michael Faraday in 1845. Further work was carried out by the British physicist James Maxwell and the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. James predicts existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves by the use of more complex experiments. He gave a number of laws in the field Of electromagnetics known as maxwell's equation. He believed pL hewas guided by the great Michael Faraday who had died in 1867. “Taep+_The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Heinrich Hertz proves existence of EM waves, first spart transmitter Senerates a spark in a receiver several metres away. Jagadish Chandra Bose created the world’s first wireless communication link by using millimeter waves for the remote control of a gun, ——_ & ‘Scanned with CamScannerGuslielmo Marconi developed the first wireless telegraph system —~ 1896 1507 | “The Birth of Radio’ Marconi awarded patent of wireigg.~ telegraph, First "Marconi station’ established on Needles jslang to communicate with English coast. | 1898 | Marconi awarded English patent No. 7777 for tuned communication, Wireless telegraphic connection between English and France was established. 1901 Marconi and his team received a record-breaking wireless | communication in January, 1901 that covered a distance of 186 | miles over Atlantic oceans. | 1902 | First bidirectional communication across Atlantic occurred 1903 In 1903, the first transtlantic wireless communication originating in the United States was successfully transmitted, a message from US president Theodore Roosevelt to king Edward VII of the United Kingdom. 1909 | Marconi awarded with Nobel Prize in physics for his work in wireless communication. 1914 | _ First Voice over radio transmission. 1920 | Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit. 1923 | The first two way radio was developed in Australia in the year 1923 The Victorian police were the first ones to use this type of a radio for wireless communication in cars. 1927 | First Commercial Radio Telephone service operated between Britain and U.S. 1928 Motorola was founded in Chicago in 1928 and is the world leader in providing mission critical wireless communication solutions 0 Public safety agencies, 1934 The aederal Communication Commission (FCC) 2° both wired, governmental agency, has the responsibility of regulating in 1934 and wireless communication in the United States create 1935 | Armstr on, 1940 | 4 3 demonstrated the Frequency Modulation (FM)- ajorit : — ¥ of police systems converted to FM. — == Chara = ‘Scanned with CamScannerIn ntroduc' 1943 ———— SSE on to Wireless Communication Systems On August 11, 1942 a patient (US patient 2292387) was granted to Hedy Lamarr for her co-invention of spread-spectrum broadcast communications technologies which form the basic of modern wireless communications. Tesla was somewhat vinidicated in 1943 nine months after his death The US supreme court held that some of Marconi’s most important patients on wireless communication were invalid. Reversing the old decision, they awarded priority of Tesla. 1946 First car-based mobile telephone setup in St. Louis, using 'Push- to-talk’ technology, Fitst Interconnection of mobile users to public switched telephone network (PSTN). 1948 1949 Claude Shannon publishers two bench mark papers on Information Theory, containing the basis for data compression (source encoding and error detection) and correction (channel encoding). ‘ FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service. 1950 1950's TD-2, the first Terrestrial Microwave Telecommunication system, installed to support 2400 telephone circuits. Late the decade, the first Paging Access Control Equipment (PACE) paging systems established 1956 The world’s first fully automated system for mobile telephony is launched in Stokholm on 25" April. MTA starts with eight subscribes. 1960's Number of mobile users are more than 1.4 million. Early in the decade, the improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) developed with simultaneous transmit and receive, more channels and greater power. 1962 The first communication satellite, Telstar launched into orbit. 1963 The first commercial communication system that used digital transmission via wire was developed. 1964 1968 nication Satellite Consortium The International Telecommu' 1965 launches the Early bird (INTELSAT) established and in geostationary satellite. Defense Advanced Research Projects ‘Agency - US (DARPA) selected BBN to develop the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) the father of the modern Internet. (Chapter-1) ‘Scanned with CamScannerMR AR ANS —— Mobile Communicaye~ ation, jators meet for a conference on commo,~ In 1969 Nordic Telecom Administ ee ayaThia-conitere! jle Telephony. nce accepts the Nordic Standard for Mobi eee group called Nordie Moun d appoints proposal ani (NMT)._————_—___________ Telephone Group og; as an efficient means of dai. X.25 standard emerging late in the 1970's| Packet switching ¢ communications, Wi decade. MTD a manually operated ‘At a Nordic telecom conference, se Ie phone has 543 pay customers using 12 channels in the 1976 New York city, waiting list is 3700 people, service is poor due to blocking 1979 NiT/Japan deployed first cellular communication system. Gaudi Arabia becomes the first in the world to 1981 | On Ist September, : launch a commercial NMT system. Ericsson and SPA are the ith the jnobile telephone system is introduced ~ — NMT is approved as a techical 1975 suppliers. 1982 Denmark brings NMT-450 in January, Finland launches NMT in March. The first GSM meeting is held in Stockholm in December with 31 people from 11 countries participating. ‘American Motorola release the first hand-held cellular mobile telephone, Dyna. TAC. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) invented by Bell Labs, first installed in the US with geographic regions divided into 'cells' (i.e., cellular telephone). 1984 The Finnish company Nokia launches its first portable car-telephone, the Nokia Talkman. 176, QUALCOMM Inc. is founded in July, 1985 and today the company i ins poneean in the fastest-growing, digital communications logy for 3G wireles: icati i several i CDMA patents. s communication services. It has s 989} Ameri fhe Motorola new Micre TAC is the world’s smallest and | 1990 |” Gro ; movie telephone so far, ‘upe Special Mobile 7 fications for group di i fications the new mobile system. P decides on the final speci 1991 | Offic icially the G . it until 1999 4, CoM statts in July. But most countires delay thelt s#" il —_] Trice mite 10 @ shortage of telephones —_l Son delivers the fi a ny. —SS ee =} (Chapter-1y ‘Scanned with CamScanner 1983niroduction to Wireless Communication Systems 92 The working group for the third generation mobile telephony UMTS is setup in September. The Briton, Neil Papworth is though to have sent the first SMS on December 3rd from his PC to Richard Jarvis at the British GSM operator Vodafone. Ericsson introduced the first pocket sized GSM mobile telephone 1993 | 1S-95 code division multiple access (CDMA) spread-spectrum digital |__ cellular system deployed in US. 1994 | GMS system deployed in US relabeled "Global System for Mobile”. 1995 FCC auctions off frequencies is personal communication system (PCS) band at 1.8 GHz for mobile telephony. | 1997 Number of cellular telephone user in U.S is more than 50 million and Comvigq launches the first prepaid refill cards in Sweden in March. 1998 The analogue mobile network reaches its peak with 91 million | | subscribes in the world. | y009 | The Japanese NTT DOCOMO launches its I-mode i.e., internet | | services on the mobile phone. The technology becomes a success. | 2000 All around the world operators are competing for 3G telephony | licences. | 2001 Tn April, Ericsson and Vodafone make the first 3G call in England. Japanese Sony and Ericsson decide to form a joint company for developing and manufacturing mobiles. 2002 By the end of the year there are 1.17 billion mobile subscribers in the world. 2003 | The 3G operator launches around the world. 2005 | Mobile Wimax challenges 3G asa starndard for both telephony and data transfic. ; | 200 if a mobile phone conncection wit! 6 | In August, Samsumg shows o} d of between 10 and 100 | 4G technology which will give a data spe k Mbps. The number of mobile subscribers in the world are 2.5 billion. : 2007 | “The forecast predicts three billion mobile users in the wor \ (ie., 45% of the world’s inhabitants). _ SS — a rar ‘Scanned with CamScanner1 4 —————SSSSSSSS==x7 aaa" IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES : x. 10. 11. commun} ss Nieat MUnicatign) 5 Cell : It is smallest geographical area conside: communication. Base Station (BS) : Base station Provides function mobile unit and Mobile Switchini located in each cell red for cellular moby ile alitie: ; ig Center (MSC). The base and it links the subscriber mobile unit with Cell Splitting : In high cellular traffic regions, into smaller cells to have Ss between Station ig the Msc. a larger cell is divide complete radio coverage. Handoff : When mobile unit moves from one cell to an in progress will be handed over from one base transceiver to the base transceiver of the new cell where the mobile unit enters so that the cell in Progress is not disturbed as such a process is called as “Handoff". other cell the cal} Cell Sectoring : A cell can be divided into many sectors. For example, from 3 sectors to 6 sectors in a hexogonal cell. The directional antenna should focus on each sector. Umbrella Cell Pattern : A single large cell (Macro’ cell) consists of many small cells (Micro cells) and there will be interaction between the micro and macro cells. Control Channel : They are used for necessary exchange of information related to setting up and establishing cell base stations and the mobile units. Traffic Channels : They are used for carrying data or voice connections between different users. Frequency Reuse : Its is a concept followed in cellular communication for efficient spectrum utilization. The same carrier frequency is reused by many cells ina cellular cluster and it is known as ‘Frequency reuse’ scheme. Fading : Fading is an effect in mobile radio propogation. It is common in multipath mobile signalling environment. Mobile Telecommunication Switching Office/Mobile Sencha Center (MTSO/MSC) : It is the main unit that connects the ern transceiver station and the Public Switched Telephone Network (P! in mobile communication. (Chaptei ‘Scanned with CamScannerintroduction to Wireless Communication Systems 1.9 parameters for Micro Cells : Cell radius + 0.1-1km. Delay spread (average value) > 10 - 100 nsec. Max bit rate > 1Mb/sec. Transmission power (P;) > 0.1 - 1 watt Parameters for Macro Cells : Cell radius 1-20 km Delay spread (average value) -> 0.1 - 10 usec. Max bit rate > 0.3 Mb.sec Transmission power (PT) > 1 - 10 watt Page : It is a brief message that is broadcast over an entire service area, generally in a simulcast type by many base stations at a time. Forward Channel : It is a radio channel used for transmission of information from base station to the mobile unit. Reverse Channel : It is a radio channel used for transmission of information from mobile unit to the base station Simplex Systems : These are the communication systems that provide only one way communication. Subscriber : A mobile phone user who pays subscription charges for using a cellular mobile communication system. Mobile St lation : rement at any location. It , anlu i use while in mov Mobile station is mainly intended for alled in moving vehicles. can be hand-held personal units that is portable or inst (Chapter-1) ‘Scanned with CamScanner[1.10 SSS Full Duplex Systems ¢ Half Duplex Systems : Transceiver Roamer : perates in @ service area other that t PSTN : 1.5 1.6 (a) (b) typically on 10 differer fe using TDD scheme. It is @ cor ation sirmultaneously. reception 16 systems ar ‘ay communice The transmission and even though new cordless em that allows two syst tems that allow two way cornmunic nd reception. The user ¢ ication sys ‘ transmission # The commun J for both radio channe! recrive at any time It is. a device used for both transmitting and receiving radio signals It is a mobile station that 0] service area. It is the public switched telephone network to which the Mobil Switching Center (MTSO) is connected. FUNCTIONS OF MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC) : AMSC is the hardware part of the wireless switch that can communica PSTN switches using the signal S-7) protocol, as well a MSCs in the coverage area of a service provider. The MSC also provide specific information on the status of the mobile terminals. It provi communications with other wired and wireless networks as well as support ance of the connection with the mobile stations a large service base stations an yitching 0 ling system-7 (S: registration and mainten: switching centre which coordinates the routing of calls in ina Parte systems, the MSC connects the cellular 5 to pa praetadians STN. It is‘also known as Mobile Telephone Sw VAR IOUS CHANNELS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION : It is a ran ge of fre iypes of change ee ed to particular service oF ystems. Basic Control Cha used in wireless communication mel Raa : request, cal initiate ou channel used for transmission of call setup: n, and other beacon or control purposes- This is again dis gain divided i oe channel (Rec). two parts forward control channel (FCC) 2" ee ly tw d revels? (Chapter-1) ‘Scanned with CamScannerto Wireless Communication Systems 1.11 jroductio fintrod Forward Channel : Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base station to the mobile. Reverse Channel : Radio channel used for transmission of information from the mobile to base station. i) voice Channel : Radio channel used for voice or data transmission 1.7 ROAMER : A roamer is a mobile station which operates in a service area (market) other than that from which service has been subscribed. MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD : Many mobile radio standards have been development for wireless systems throughout the world, and more standards are likely, to issue. Table 1.1 through Table 1.3 show the more common paging, cordless, cellular and personal communications standards used in North America, Europe and Japan. Table 1.1 Major Mobile Radio Standards in North America 1.8 Standard | Type Year of Multiple| Frequency |Modulation | Channel | Introduction | Access Band Bandwidth AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 MHz FM 30 kHz NAMPS Cellular 1992 FDMA | 824-894 MHz FM 10 kHz USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA | 824-894MHz | 7/4-DQPSK 30 kHz CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet| 824-894 MHz GMSK 30 kHz 824-894 MHz 1-95 Cellular! 1993 CDMA 1.8-2.0GHz | QPSK/BPSK | 1.25 MHz PCS. Gsc Paging 1970s Simplex Several FSK 12.5 kHz, POCSAG | Paging 1970s Simplex Several FSK 12.5 kHz FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4FSK 15 kHz DCS-1900 (Gsm) PCS 1994 TDMA | 1.85-1.99GHz| _GMSK 200 kHz PACS Cordless! 1994 TDMA/ | 1.85-1.99GHz| 7/4-DQPSK 300 kHz PCS FDMA MIRS SMR/PCS 1994 TDMA Several 16-QAM. 25 kHz Den | SMR/PCS 1995 TDMA Several 16-QAM 25 kHz (Chapter-1) ‘Scanned with CamScannera og Table 1.2 Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe _ ‘Scanned with CamScanner ———— Standard | Type | Yearof Frequency Modulation] Chana Introduction ee Banduiay, ETACS | Cellular 1985 sponta AM 25hky, NMP450 | Cellular 1981 ‘ oe iM 25 kt NMT900 | Cellular | 1986 FDMA | Sues ™ 25k GSM | Cellular/ 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200K | MHz PCS | 7 ™M 20 kriz 10 li 1985 FDMA 450-465 10 | c-450 | Cellular fis es ERMES | Paging 1993 FDMA Several 4F5K 25 kHz ct2 | Cordless] 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100 kz MHz DECT | Cordless 1998 TDMA | 1880-1900 GFSK | 1.728MHz MHz DCS-1800 | Cordless] 1998 TpMA | 1710-1800 | | GMSK 200 KHz |__Pes MHZ Table 1.3 Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan Standard | Type Yearof | Multiple | Frequency | Modulation) Channel Introduction | Access Band Bandwidth JTACS Cellular 1988 FDMA 860-925 FM 25 kHz MHz PCS | Cellar | 1993 TDMA | 810-1501 | Jv4-DQPsK| 25kH2 | 1/4-DQ =a MHz Celular 1979 FDMA 400/800 ™ 25 kHz MHz NTACS | Cellular 1993 FDMA 843-925 FM 12.5 kHz MHz NIT __|__Paging 1 — | NEC : sted FDMA | 280 MHz FSK 12.51ee Paging 1979 FDMA | PHS Cordless 1993 Several FSK 10 kHz | TDMA | 1895-1907 | Tva-DQPSK} 300KH2 MHy Ja) Frequency division duplexi ion to Wireless Communic. ion Systems s . 1.13 | he CT2 and digital E - Europe are the oe Cordless Telephone (DECT) standards to exhibit pe taodl Asta: The Gre Popular cordless telephone standards throughout sually less than bea makes use of microcells which cover small ’ ™, using base stations with antennas mounted ights or on s ee ahis or on tes of buildings. The CT2 system uses battery efficient suency ying and use 32 Kbps date rate for data transmission The world’s first cellular system was implemented by the Nippon Telephone a ee ie Company {NTT) in Japan. The system, extend in 1979, uses 6 plex channels (25 kHz for each one-way link) in the 800 MHz band SIMPLEX, HALF DUPLEX AND FULL DUPLEX CHANNELS : Mobile radio transmission systems may be divided into basic three categories : 1, Simplex system : It is a communication system which provide only one-way communication (i.e., communication is possible in only one direction) for example radio, TV and paging system. 2. Half duplex : It is a communication system which allow two-way communication by using the same radio channel for both transmission and reception. A any give time, the user can only either transmit or receive information. Ex : Walkie-talkie i.e., "push to talk" and "release-to-listen" fundamentals are used. 3. Full duplex : It is a communication system which allow simultaneous By providing two simultaneous but separate duplex or FDD) or adjacent time slots ona TDD) for communication to two-way communication. channels (frequency division single radio channel (time division duplex or and from user. 110 FDD & TDD: y mobile users can share simultaneously r chniques man! By using multiple access techti ing sharing spectrum technique cellular a finite amount of radio spectrum. By us system capacity can increase. Because we can ae dear the available bandwidth or the available amount of channels to e ini a _ ‘1 i Jy transmission an . Duplexing : Duplexing means simultaneous ; in co ‘e 1 a hi ne gysters. It is possible to talk and listen simultaneously. seen steiehan d xy division duplexing (FDD) + Frequenc ing OD for every user. The forward band Provides two distinct bands of freaven Te and the reverse band provides provides traffic from the base station to t 7Ahanter-1) ‘Scanned with CamScannertion for both the subscriber air. The frequency separation b.. $ constant throughout th ‘ste’ (b) ion duplexing (TDD) : Here both forward and reve: vided on s. In TDD, multiple users share a 2 time domain, Tse links are single ragiy | Each users are all duplex channel has t bidirectional « time slot is small access the channel in assigned time slots, and each | h a forward time slot and a reverse time slot to facilitate n. If the time difference between forward and reverse then the transmission and reception data appears to the users at both the subscriber unit and on the base station side Fig. 1.1 show the FDD and TDD techniques. 4 Frequency —_— Forward Channel | | Freguency separation I [Reverse Channel Time Reverse Channel Fig. 1.1 FDD and TOD 1.11 UPLINK AND DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION : Uplink Frequency : In a GSM network, the term uplink fr dedicated for transmitting data from frequency in a GSM network geni 915 MHz, making it a 25-MHz ban equency is used for a band of frequencies cell phones to the BTS. towers, The uplink | erally lies between a range of 890 and id. This band contains multiple frequencies a (Chapt ‘Scanned with CamScanner1.15 [introduction to Wireless ‘Communication Systems a " from 890.1 MHz to 914.9 MHz, allotted rapidly to different users to facilitate the maximum number of mobile units under a single BTS. Downlink Frequency : The downlink frequency in a GSM network refers to the transmitting frequency from the BTS antenna to a mobile unit on ground. This frequency lies within the range of 935 to 960 MHz, which makes it a 25-MHz frequency band. The downlink frequency band also contains multiple frequencies, ranging from 935.1 MHz to 959.9 MHz, to facilitate multiple mobile units on ground. Uplink/Downlink Band Gap : A significant band gap of 20 MHz, such as 915 to 935 MHz, between uplink and downlink frequencies is standard in GSM operations to avoid any interference between uplink and downlink data transmission sessions. Furthermore, this also allows BTS to allot unique frequencies to different roaming users in a standardized manner. 1.12 BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEM : A Basic Cellular network has following components, as shown in Fig. 1.2. 1. Mobile Unit 2. Cell-site (base station) 3. MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) 4. System interconnects and Communication protocol. a Land Line Exchange ‘Scanned with CamScannerMobile Unit : A mobile unit is a portable, low-weight handse ith nearest b, i “Attieg 5, user which has wireless connectivity with nea: aSe station A simple the unit contains a control unit, a radio transceivers and an antenna syste te modern mobile unit has camara and other value addition faci, tit 7 5 Mes also transceiver consists of a transmitter and receive; iver for two way teleph, e conversation, It consists of a frequency synthesizer for timing the design, nig channels, The control unit houses all the user interfaces, ated controller), radio cabinets, antennas connected with MTSO on one side using wide side has wireless connectivity with mobile unit. MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) system. Its processor provides cellular administrat Itmay also be connected with landline telephone n Processor and the cellular switch, : It is the heart of the mobile ‘ion and central coordination, etwork. It contains the cellular The cellular switch is an analog or digital telephone exchange which controls switching between landline subscriber unit to base station for landline-to-mobile connectivity and vice versa. It controls switching between a base station to another base station for mobile-to-mobile conversation. The cellular processor Processes that data received from base station controllers regarding the status of mobile unit. It also processes the diagnostic data and billing information. System Interconnect : The radio connectivity, voice grade four wire-line connectivity, optical fibre connectivity, microwave link, data link, etc., can be used to connect mobile unit, base stations, MTSO and Public switched telephone network (PSTN). Each mobile unit can use only one channel mt ewe communication link with base-station. But this channel is not fixed. It can be assigned to any channel from the entire band allocated for the service area. ae Second conversion, some other channel may be assigned. Microwave link or ‘ tuners (wire-line) are used to carry both data and voice between MTSO aud the base-station. the voice-trunks are used to connect MTSO with PSTN. Fo! “wideband data and inforamtion, optical fibres can be used, all Communication Protocols : The protocols govern the eloseee eee connection and disconnection at the end of the conversation, Several lay it dar Protocols are used and each company can have different protocels for its cellula network. Example : IS-54, IS-95, GSM ete ‘Scanned with CamScanner =[Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems 4.17 4,13 CALL PROGRESS IN CELLULAR SYSTEM : The operation of a cellular system can be divided into four parts, besides a hand-off procedure. 1, Mobile Unit Initialization : Out of the total radio channels (say 416) available for a cellular coverage area, few channels (say 21) are designed for settingup connections, and are called as set-up channels. When a subscriber activates his mobile unit by switching on the power, its receiver scans the set- up channels, selects the strongest one (nearest cell-site) and locks on it for a certain time. This is known as self-location scheme. This scheme has the disadvantages that trace of idle mobile units does not appear on cell-site. This limitation can be removed by a process called registration. 2. Mobile Unit Originated Call : The mobile user enters the called number and presses the send button. His request goes to cell-site through a set-up channel. The cell-site, sends the request via a high speed link to MTSO for allocating a voice-channel. The MTSO allots a suitable free voice channel and cell-site links the two subscribers for conversation. 3. Land-line Originated Call : When a land-line subscriber dials 2 mobile unit number, the respective telephone exchange transfers it to MTSO via voice- grade trunk lines. The MTSO sends this information on relevant cell-sites along with a search algorithm. Each cell-site uses its set-up channel to transmit information to its mobile units. The concerned identification and locks into it. Call-termination : When the mobile user switches off its transmitter, a Signalling tone is sent to the respective cell-site and both sides make the voice channel free, mobile unit recognizes its ‘Scanned with CamScanner