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Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia157 (2019) 000–000
00 (2017) 879–891

Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Barium Sulphate Deposits
Barium
The 15th International
Arbaoui Mohamed Sulphate
Symposium
Ali a*,on Deposits
District Heating and
Hacini Messaoud b Cooling
Assessing the
production
feasibility
Arbaoui
Department,Mohamed
a
ofAliusing the Messaoud
*, Hacini heat demand-outdoor
a Ouargla. BP 511 Ouargla 30000,
Kasdi Merbah University, b Algéria
geology Department, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla. BP 511 Ouargla 30000, Algéria
b

temperature function
production Department,for
a
Kasdi a long-term
Merbah district
University, Ouargla. heat
BP 511 Ouargla demand
30000, Algéria
geology Department, Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla. BP 511 Ouargla 30000, Algéria
b
forecast
Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract
The exploitation of field naturally, leads to decrease the productivity of wells, to continue this exploitation with the best
a
IN+ Center
conditions, for Innovation,
it is essential to passTechnology
to the stage and of
Policy Research
secondary - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
recovery.
b
exploitation
The injection of of
waterfield
in Veolia Recherche
naturally,
reservoir leads
is the & decrease
to
most Innovation,
used 291productivity
the
method Avenue
in theDreyfousof Daniel,
recovery wells,
of oil;78520
to Limay, France
continue this there
unfortunately, exploitation with the best
is an incompatibility
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
conditions,
between theitinjection
is essentialwaterto pass to the
and the stage ofwater,
reservoir secondary
whichrecovery.
poses a lot of problems such as training mineral deposits.
The reservoir
injection waters
of water may incontain
reservoir alkaline
is theions
mostand be brought
used method intoin thecontact with of
recovery theoil;
wash water which there
unfortunately, contains sulfate
is an ions.
incompatibility
between
The injectedthe injection water and
water eventually the reservoir
reaches water, which
the producing wells poses
and inathese
lot ofwells
problems such asistraining
the mixture made andmineral deposits.
the precipitation of barium
The reservoir
sulfate
Abstract (BaSO4) waters
takesmay contain
place. alkaline then
The crystals ions stick
and beinbrought
the wallsintoof contact with in
the tubings, thea wash water
process thatwhich
may be contains
similarsulfate
to thations.
of sodium
chloride,
The injectedbut water
this time the problem
eventually is more
reaches serious because
the producing it is in
wells and a very
thesecompact
wells thedeposit
mixture insoluble
is madeinandthethe
water also in acids.
precipitation of barium
sulfate
Deposits (BaSO4)
which takes
formed place.
during The crystals
production then
and stick in
shipping the walls
represent of athe tubings,
real calamityin a process
against that
which
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing may
oil be similar
producers to
have that of
been sodium
fighting
the
chloride,
for but this time the problem is more serious because it is a very compact deposit insoluble
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through surface
several decades, deposits causing irreversible damage particularly dangerous for bottom in the
production water also
facilities in acids.
such as the heat
and sometimes
Deposits
sales. which
Due to for
thethe
formed rock
changed itself.
during production
climate and shipping
conditions represent
and building a real calamity
renovation against
policies, heatwhich
demandoil producers havecould
in the future been decrease,
fighting
for several decades, deposits
prolonging the investment return period. causing irreversible damage particularly dangerous for bottom production facilities such as surface
and sometimes for the rock itself.
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
©forecast.
2018 TheThe Authors. Published
districtPublished
of Alvalade, by Elsevier Ltd.
locatedLtd. in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
© 2019
This is anThe Authors.
open access article by Elsevier
under the CC period
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
buildings that vary in both construction
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2018
Selection
renovationThe
and Authors.
peer-reviewPublished
under by Elsevier
responsibility Ltd. of the scientific committee
deep). To of Technologies andobtained
Materials for demand
Renewable Energy,
Selection andscenarios
peer-review wereunderdeveloped (shallow,
responsibility of intermediate,
the scientific committee estimate
of the error,
Technologies and Materialsheatfor Renewable values were
Energy,
This is an
Environment
Environment
compared withopen andaccess
andresults article
Sustainability,
Sustainability, under
from a dynamic the
TMREES18.
TMREES18. CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
Selection
The results andshowed
peer-review underonly
that when responsibility of the is
weather change scientific
considered,committee of Technologies
the margin of error could andbeMaterials
acceptable forfor
Renewable Energy,
some applications
Environment
Keywords: and
water; Sustainability,
reservoir; injectionTMREES18.
; barium sulfate; deposits;damage
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Keywords: water; reservoir; injection ; barium sulfate; deposits;damage
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213660512027; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
© E-mail
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
address: alilobady@gmail.com
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213660512027; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
Cooling.
1876-6102 alilobady@gmail.com
© 2018 The
E-mail address: Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Keywords: Heat
Selection demand;under
Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102and peer-review
© 2018 The Authors. responsibility of the scientific
Published by Elsevier Ltd. committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment
and Sustainability, TMREES18.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment
and Sustainability, TMREES18.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.254
880 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
2 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

The natural exploitation of oil deposits, called natural spontaneous recovery (primary) mainly due to the initial
pressure of the deposit, with the lowering of the pressure of the deposit during production, comes the intervention of
producers to assist the recovery of hydrocarbons, with the use of several methods to follow, the injection of water,
gas lift
Even with recovery assistance but it is still mediocre, and the life of a deposit is poor over time, this time depends
on recovery rate.
The aim of this paper is to study the method of recovery by water injection in the hydrocarbon fields of the
Algerian Sahara, and the undesirable effects of this method, especially the barium sulphate deposits that they are
created by the incompatibility between the reservoir water and the injection water.
Deposits formed during production and shipping represent a real calamity against which oil producers have been
struggling for several decades, causing irreversible damage that is particularly dangerous for bottom production
facilities such as surface and sometimes for the rock itself.

2. Water in oil fields

2.1. Injection water

Injection water used in secondary oil recovery, the injection of water is one of the means of maintaining the tank
pressure as well as for the washing of salt wells.
The injection may be either of the type distributed in the oil zone or of the peripheral type in an existing aquifer [1]

2.1.1. washing salted wells

Some formation waters may contain 350 g / l of sodium chloride and thus be so close to supersaturation that a
very small temperature variation or a low water evaporation due to the fall causing a significant precipitation of
NaCl on the walls of the tubing until capping and reduction of the section of the tubing which leads to the fall of
production.
In order to put the wells back into production, we intervene on NaC1 by simply sending a quantity of fresh water.
Irrespective of its use, water injection poses serious problems of incompatibility with reservoir water. In fact, the
reservoir waters may contain ions of barium, calcium, and strontium, and be brought into contact with the washing
water which contains sulphate ions. This results in the formation of deposits in the facilities. [1]

2.1.2. Pressure maintaining water

It is used as a means of production when the absolute static pressure at the wellhead decreases rapidly during the
exploitation of a deposit and the recovery of oil in place will only reach a very small percentage of the estimated
reserves.

2.2. The reservoir water

The reservoir water accompanies the crude oil in the producing deposit, this reservoir or formation water can
come either from the aquifer which is at the base of the oilfields, or from the store rock itself. This water is generally
very rich in salts until saturation; the predominant salt is sodium chloride, but it is always accompanied by varying
amounts of calcium salt, potassium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, etc.
Indeed, the reservoir water sometimes contains a considerable amount of barium strontium and calcium. [1]

Table 1. Average analyzes of Albian water and Cambrian water [3]

ALBIN CAMBRIAN
(mg/l) (mg/l)
 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 881
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

(HCO3)- 170 0
CO32- 0 0
Cl- 420 210 000
(SO4)2- 600 0
Ca2+ 210 36 000
Mg2+ 70 6 500
Ba2+ 0 800
Sr2+ 0 970.00
Na+ 250 80 000
K+ 40 6 000
Fer total 0 5 500
pH 7.0 3.5
Density at 25°C 1.00 1.230
Profounder (m) 1050-1350 3300-3400

3. Definition, Composition and Structure of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)

3.1. Definition of barium sulphate (BaSO4)

This is the most troublesome salt deposit because the solubility limits are very low and the deposits are hard and
compact. In general, the problems of barium sulphate deposits arise from the incompatibility of two waters. The
reservoir waters may contain barium (Ba + 2) ions and may come into contact with waters containing sulphate ions
(SO4-2). The solubility of barium sulphate (for example) is one hundred percent. less than that of calcium sulphate.
However, the solubility of BaSO4 increases with the ionic strength of the water. An excess of sulfate ions tends to
coagulate the precipitate while an excess of barium ions tends to disperse it. The level of saturation is an important
element that regulates the rate of crystallization for barium sulphate. The higher the level of supersaturation, the
faster the precipitation. [11]

Fig.1. Barium sulphate (BaSO4). [3]

3.2. Conditions of formation of deposits

An ion exchange in the rock can, among other things, be the cause of the state of saturation of the water.
Whatever the case may be, the pressure drop between the deposit and the bottom of the well produces evaporation.
partial of this water, which oversaturates and precipitates crystals. Some have proposed an explanation based on
electrical charges. The water droplets containing the seed crystals must carry a positive electric charge, and have a
larger dielectric constant than that of the crude in which they swim. The rock is negatively charged due to the
presence of clays; likewise, the flow currents in the pipes carry it to a negative potential. Hence attraction and
fixation on the asperities. Crystals that have their own polarity are electrically and mechanically retained. Their
growth is, subsequently, easy to conceive. [11]
882 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
4 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig.2. Barium sulphate (BaSO4). [3]

Precipitation of barium sulphate is however not limited to oil reservoirs. Deposits can occur on wells, tubings,
surface facilities, or in refinery equipment used for crude oil processing.

3.3. The chemical reaction

BaCl2 + SO4-2 BaSO4 + 2Cl- (1)

4. Comparison between the three deposits

By way of comparison, the solubility of BaSO4 in fresh water is 2 mg / l, that is to say 10 times lower than that of
CaCO3, 100 times lower than that of SrSO4 and a thousand times less than CaSO4, but its solubility increases with
the ionic strength of water and can be found in a reservoir water up to 50 mg / l of dissolved sulphates. [11]
On the other hand, the size of the crystals increases as the super saturation of the solution is small.
The table below gives a comparison of the solubility of barium sulphate and Calcium sulphate, so this table
shows that the first one that is formed is BaSO4

Table 2. Solubility and solubility product of three sulfate deposits.

Element BaSO4 SrSO4 CaSO4

Solubility product Ksp 1 ,1.10-10 2,8.10-7 6,1.10-5
Solubility ‘S’ (mol/l) 1,05.10-5 5,3.10-4 7 ,8.10-

Table 3. Solubility products of some frequent HMD deposits

Name of the deposit Ionic product Solubility products at 25°C

FeS [Fe2+]. [S-] 2 3.2 .10-18
BaSO4. [Ba2+]. [SO24-] 1, 1.10- 10
CaSO4 .2H2O. [Ca2+]]. [O24-] 6,1.10-5
SrSO4 [Sr2+]. [SO24-] 2,8.10-7
Ba CO3 [Ba2+]. [CO23-] 8,10-9
CaCO3 [Ca2+]. [CO23-] 4,8.10-9
Mg CO3 [Mg2+]. [CO23-] 1,0.10-5
 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 883
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

5. Deposition and treatment of barium sulphates

5.1. The origin of barium sulphates

As a result of the interaction of the water contained in the HMD reservoir (Cambrian- deposit water which is
loaded with Ba2+ barium), and the injected water (injection water-Albian- which is loaded with sulfate element SO42-
), it forms the deposition of barium sulfate and gives adverse results on the equipment used during desalting:
clogging of wells and corrosion of facilities. These two phenomena have a great influence on the oil extraction
process and consequently a decrease in oil production. [9]

6. Characteristics of barium sulphates

6.1. Physico-chemical properties of barium sulphate

Barium sulphate has its chemical formula BaSO4. These are colorless or white orthorhombic crystals with a
relative molecular weight of 233.4, a relative density of 4.5 (15 ℃), a melting point of 1580 ℃ and a refractive
index of 1.637. It is almost insoluble in water with a solubility of 0.00022 to 18 ℃ and 0.0041 to 100 ℃. It is
slightly soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and soluble in an alkali metal carbonate solution in which it is
converted into barium is insoluble in other types of acids or bases. In nature, it exists in the mineral form of barite. [9]

Fig.3. white powder of barium sulphate

6.2. Crystal structure of barium sulphate

The crystals of BaSO4 as those of SrSO4 are, on the one hand, orthorhombic with very similar mesh, on the other
hand, they are porous in nature with a tendency to absorb foreign ions that can co-precipitate. On the other hand,
CaSO4 is orthorhombic, monoclinic with very different meshs from those of BaSO4 and SrSO4.
Barium sulfate crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (Pmma group). Its mesh parameters vary according to the
authors. Miyake (Miyake et al., 1978) obtains:

a = 8.88 Å ; b = 5,46 Å ; c = 7,16 Å

884 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
6 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig.4. Crystal structure of barium sulphate

6.3. Solubility of BaSO4

Solubility is the ability of a substance, called a solute, to dissolve in another substance, called a solvent, to form a
homogeneous mixture called a solution.
In thermodynamics, solubility is a physical quantity denoted S denoting the maximum mass concentration of the
solute in the solvent, at a given temperature. The solution thus obtained is then saturated. The solubility is expressed
in g / L or in mol / L.BaSO4 is indeed the sulphate salt which has the lowest solubility. At 25 ° C, Rosseinsky 1958
measured by conductimetry a solubility equal to 1.04 ˟ 10-5 mol / l or 2.5 mg / l.
The solubility product of BaSO 4 at 25 ° C. is 1.10 × 10 -10.
The solubility of BaSO4 in concentrated sulfuric acid (density 1.853) is 15.89 g in 100 g of saturated solution at
25 ° C. The solubility drops rapidly when the sulfuric acid solution is diluted (0.05 g per 100 g of dilute solution
containing 83% concentrated acid).
The solubility was measured by Kohlrausch, here the results expressed in mg of salt per 100 cm3 of water.

Table 4. Solubility of barium sulfate as a function of temperature.

T (°C) 0,77 3,33 18 26,75 34

BaSO4 (mg) 0,171 0,207 0,230 0,266 0,291

We have verified that these values do not vary much from one author to another, in particular we can cite the data
of Cowan and Weintritt (1976).

Table 5.Solubility of barium sulphate as a function of temperature.

T (°C) 0° 10° 18° 30° 50°

BaSO4 (mg/100ml) 0.115 0.20 0.226 0.285 0.336
 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 885
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

7. Deposit Analysis

7.1. The chosen deposit

Fig.5. deposit recovered at the ZCINA separator inlet. [7]

7.2. Acid attack

1. Wash, Dry and grind the sample,

2. Take 1g of the sample in 60 ml of aqua regia (40 ml of HCl + 20 ml of HNO3) completely evaporate the
solution
3. Add 20 ml of HCl and evaporate to dryness, then 10 ml of distilled water to let it boil for 1 minute, repeat the
previous operation by adding 20 ml of boiling water for 10 minutes and finally 100 ml of distilled water and a
boiling of 15 minutes, then filter. [5]

7.3. Alkaline attack

1. The insoluble residue is calcined in a muffle furnace at 800 ° C in a platinum crucible.

2. Weigh the contents of the crucible
3. Add 5 to 6 g of sodium carbonate. Melt muffle at 900 ° C for 30 '.
4. Boil about 200 cc of distilled water in a beaker.
5. Insert the crucible into the beaker and let it boil until it comes off.
6. After filtration (the filtrate contains silica and sodium sulfate and filters the barium carbonate), dissolve
the contents of the filter with conc. HCl, a 250 ml beaker. Spread with distilled water and boil the next
reaction
8. After boiling, add 10 N H 2 SO 4. A white precipitate forms, indicating the presence of barium sulphate.
Let stand overnight then filter, wash, dry, and calcine in the oven at 800 ° C. [7]

BaCO3 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O + CO2 (2)

                                                                           
Let P 2 be the weight of the precipitate obtained:
886 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
8 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

% BaSO4 = P2 x 100
% SiSO2 = (P1 - P2) x 100
P crucible + 1g of deposit before calcination = 39.134g
P crucible + 1g of deposit after calcination = 38.3383g
P1 = 39.134 - 38.3383 = 0.8g
So there is 80% (BaSo4 + silicas)
P2 = 0.69g so
% BaSO4 = 0.69 x 100 = 69%
% SiSO2 = (0.8 - 0.69) x 100 = 11%

7.4. NaCl content

1. Weigh 1g of the sample (dried and crushed)

2. Dissolve in a volume of water with heating
3. Filter the solution and make up to 100 ml of distilled water
4. Collect 5ml and assay with AgNO3 (0.1 N or 0.01 N) in the presence of K2CrO4 indicator

Let v be the volume to spend AgNO3.

% Nacl = 58.45.N.V.10 / 5
% Nacl = 58.45 x 0.1 x 0.85 x 10/5
% Nacl = 9.9365%

Fig.6. AgNO3 dosing solution [7]

7.5. Calcium Dosage

1. Take a test portion of the sample

2. Add 5ml of 1N NaOH (ph = 13) + murexide, the solution becomes pink
3. Titrate with EDTA 0.1M until the turn purple, V1 volume poured.

� 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶�� � � ��.��. �. ����. �� . 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷� (3)

40.08 g: Molar mass of calcium

M: Molarity of EDTA
V1: the volume of EDTA elapsed
Pe: Test sample
D: dilution factor
[Ca ++] = is expressed in mg / l
 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 887
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 9

[Ca++] = 40, 08 x 0, 01 x 1000 x 1, 4/ (20 x 4) =7,014mg/l

Y=23.8245mg
X= 2,38245mg, so [CaSo4] =2, 38245%

Fig.7. EDTA dosing solution [7]

7.6. Magnesium dosage

1. Take a test portion of the sample

2. Add 5ml ammonia buffer (ph = 10) + black euriochrome T, the solution becomes red-wine
3. Titrate with EDTA 0.1M until blue turn, V2 the volume poured. [7]

� 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀�� � � ����� 𝑀𝑀� ����� ��� � �� �� ���� (4)

24.3: molar mass of magnesium

M: Molarity of EDTA
V: EDTA volume elapsed
Pe: test portion (20ml)
D: Dilution factor = 1/4
[Mg ++] is expressed in mg / l
[Mg ++] = 24.3 x 0.01 x 1000 x 3 x 1 / (20 x 4) = 9.41625mg / l

Y = 9.41625 x 120 / 24.3 = 46.5mg

X = 4.65mg so [MgSo4] = 4.65%

7.7. total iron dosage

Before dosing the iron, make sure of its presence

1. Add 2 drops of HCl conc to the sample
2. Spread with distilled water and add 2 to 3 drops of potassium ferrocyanide
3. K4Fe (CN) 6, the blue colour indicates the presence of iron.
4. Take 25ml of the filtrate in a 250ml beaker
888 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
10 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

5. Oxide the middle with hot HNO3

6. Allow to cool, raise the pH with NaOH and then add the diluted acetic acid and sodium acetate to bring the pH
between 3 and 3.5

Fig.8. PH meter. [7]

7. Then add 5 ml of indicator (Sulfosalicylic acid)

8. Titrate with 0.1M or 0.01M EDTA depending on iron concentration up to purple to yellowish turn.

� Fer� � �� �� ����������� ���� (5)

55.85 g: Molar mass of iron

V: the volume of EDTA
Pe: Test sample
D: Dilution factor
[Iron] is expressed in mg / l
[Iron] = 0.01.4.5. 55.85.1000 / (4.50)
[Iron] = 12.56 mg / l
Y = 12, 56.116 / 55.85 = 26.1mg
X = 2.61mg therefore [FeCO3] = 2.61%

8. Treatment of barium sulphate deposition

8.1. The subtractive process

By elimination of the deposit-forming ions; example removal of the sulfate ions S4-2 contained in the injection
water, precipitating them with BaCl 2 according to the following reaction:

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆42− + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵2 →𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵4 + 2𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶− (6)

8.2. Inhibitor AD32

Inhibitor AD32 is a deposition inhibitor used for the treatment of water circuits in order to avoid the precipitation
of calcium, strontium, barium, iron and other cations in combination with sulphates, carbonates and oxides. The
AD32 inhibitor is particularly recommended for crude oil lines and for water injection circuits to control the
trimming of tubing, pumps, pipes, etc. [10]
 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 889
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 11

Fig.9. the deposit inhibitor AD32

8.3. AD32 Inhibitor Instructions for Use

Injected directly into the system to be inhibited, pure or diluted in water, preferably by continuous injection using
a metering pump. [10]

Table 6.The physical-chemical properties of AD32 inhibitor.

Nature  Phosphonate  
appearance  Liquid  
Solidification temperature  ‐5 °C  
PH   6 – 8  

Active matter  25%  

Flash point  100°C (NF T 60‐103)  
Density  1230‐1280 Kg/m3  
Viscosity  10 m Pa/s  

9. Case of Well ONIZ432

9.1. Gauging test

The main purpose of the test is to measure the production flow, the pressure at the top, the pipe and the separator.
All the same, this test allowed us to obtain other parameters such as the GOR, the oil temperature. The results of
ONIZ432 well gauging tests are shown in Table 7

Table 7. Results of ONIZ432 well gauging tests.

Date of D Duse   Q oil   GOR   pressure (Kg/cm2)   T ° oil 

measurement 
(mm)   (m3/h)   (sm3/sm3)   (°c)  
Head  Pipe   Sép  

18/09/2016   15   3.05   1162   26.49   17.73   17.19   22  

890 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891
12 ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

22/12/2016   15.08   0.25   41221   24.1   21.1   _   _  

21/02/2017   15.08   2.13   1360   33.4   17.6   _   _  

11/04/2017   15.08   0.95   2288   25.75   15.92   16.38   21  

07/07/2017   15.08   0.15   5218   32   18   5.3   34  

18/07/2017   15.08   1.39   530.27   381   26.1   13.6   34  

31/07/2017   15.08   0.16   9953   17.4   12.13   14.29   36  

26/08/2017   15.08   0.63   2024   23.3   9.19   _   27  

03/09/2017   15.08   0.83   1187   18.2   10.1   _   33  

There was a potential drop in the ONIZ432 well from 31/07/2017.

Using laboratory analysis results, BaSO4, Silica, salts (NaCl) and CaSO4 were confirmed in the tubing and
around the well. It is suspected because of the incompatibility of the injected water (contains sulfate) and the
formation water (contains barium) creates a deposit of BaSO4.

Table 8. Analysis results of a well sample ONIZ432.

WELL Location Date Results

sampling (cote) of Sampling
3,7%Sels (NaCl) ,8 %
ONIZ432 3099 m 16/03/2017 CaSO4
47% BaSO4
41,2 % silice, Rest of treatment products

From the results of the Gauging test, it can be concluded that:

➢ the disruption of the production flow during the period (18/09/2016 until 18/07/2017).
➢ the decrease in flow from 1.39 m3 / h to 0.16 m3 / h corresponds to a fall of 1.23m3 / h during (18/07/2017 to
31/07/2017) because of the precipitation of sulphate deposition from barium.
➢ the variation of the GOR values is directly proportional to the values of the production flow.
Before connecting the well to the ONI skid (before treatment with the AD32 inhibitor):

Table 9. Results of gauging tests before the operation

Date of measurement D Duse Q oil GOR pressure (Kg/cm2) T ° oil

(mm) (m3/h) (sm3/sm3) head Pipe Sep (°c)
31/07/2017 15.08 0.16 9953 17.4 12.13 14.29 36

After connecting the well to the ONI skid (after treatment with the inhibitor AD32):

Table 10. Results of gauging tests before the operation

  D Duse   Q Oil  GOR   Pressure (Kg/cm2)   T oil  

Date of measurement  (mm)   (m3/h)   (sm3/sm3)   Tête   Pipe   Sep   (°c)  

26/08/2017   15.08   0.63   2024   23.3   9.19   _   27  

03/09/2017   15.08   0.83   1187   18.2   10.1   _   33  

 Arbaoui Mohamed Ali et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 879–891 891
ARBAOUI mohamed ali / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 13

9.2. Results interpretation

The increase in production flow from 26/08 / 2017and and stabilization at a good flow rate for a month, this
increase is justified by the elimination of the damage caused by barium sulfate, so our well is stimulated.

9.3. Treatment Efficiency

The determination of the treatment efficiency is done by the following relation:

‫ ܧ‬ൌ ሺ ୟ୤୲ୣ୰ െ ୠୣ୤୭୰ୣ ሻȀ ୠୣ୤୭୰ୣ (7)

E: treatment efficiency.
Q after: flow after treatment.
Q before: flow before treatment.
The calculation of the treatment efficiency is: E = (0.63 - 0.16) /0.16 = 3.9375
Therefor the treatment efficiency is: E = 393.75%

References

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expérimentaux, thèse de doctorat, Université Claude Bernard- Lyon, 2006.
[3] KACI Y., ScaleBlaster and Tube Clean Reformat treatment through 2"7/8 CCE OMM32 (zone 1A- Complexe), stimulation program,
September 2016, EP HASSI MESSAOUD.
[4] ALIA K., CHENGUEL R., Optimisation des paramètres d'inhibition des sels insolubles au niveau des installations industriels ET des puits
pétroliers de la région Ourhoud, mémoire master, université d'El Oued, 2014
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