ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND

ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

TITLE: DETERMINANT AND PERFORMANCE OF TEFF PRODUCTION

IN EAST GOJJAM (IN CASE OF ENEMAY WOREDA)

A SENIOR ESSAY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL PROPOSAL SUBMITTED

TO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
BA DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

PREPARED BY: ASMAMAW BAYE

ID: UGR/8044/12

ADVISOR: DEREJE FEKADU (PHD CANDIDATE)\

SUBMISSION DATE, (JANUARY, 2023)

ABSTRACT
Agriculture remains the most lucrative sector in Ethiopia. Teff is one of the most commonly
grown staple crops in Ethiopia. Even though agriculture is their main activity it has not been
able to satisfy the food requirements of their people. The study purpose is to examine the
determinants of Teff production in East Gojjam. It also examines the performance of farmers in
the production of Teff and the determinants of family size on Teff production in Enemay Woreda.
Cross-sectional data will be collected from workers to investigate this issue. Both descriptive and
econometric statistics will be used to analyze the collected data. Furthermore, the study observed
whether farmers who use or do not use (fertilizers, large farmlands, many oxen, improved seeds)
and who have large or small family sizes will achieve best results for growing Teff.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Agriculture is the backbone of the world economy. Economically speaking, agriculture

contributes substantially to the economies of developing countries in terms of employment,
output, foreign exchange earnings, and tax revenue. Ethiopia has a significant potential in
agricultural production due to its favorable environmental conditions. But steel agriculture in the
country remains underdeveloped. To use their potential, performance and to transform
agriculture to industry Ethiopia adopted ADLI strategy in 19994/1995 (ayele, 2006).The
scientific name of Teff is Eragrostis Teff (Zucc.) and is believed to have originated in Ethiopia
(Pavlov, 1951). Teff is produced extensively in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Teff is one of the most
significant crops for farm income and food security in Ethiopia. Teff is the preferred staple cereal
for most Ethiopian population. The objective of this study is to identify the factors and
determinants of the production of Teff in the study area. In addition, it displays their performance
in Teff production.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is difficult to achieve food self-sufficiency in developing countries due to poorly developed

agriculture. Only a fraction of irrigation is effective (FAO, 2004). Teff farm operations require
heavy labor to prepare, weed and harvest. According to the Ethiopian Economic Association, an
increase in grain yields (Teff, maize, wheat) has not been easy in most developing countries
(EEA, 1995). In Ethiopia, smallholder farmers were characterized by the use of traditional
farming tools. Agricultural activity in rural areas is carried out by primitive means. This is the
reason for the low production of agricultural products (Ayele Kuris, 2006). Teff is also produced
by small-holder farmers using traditional land races of Teff that are distributed throughout the
country. This is the reason for Teff production remaining stagnant (Seyfu, 1997). Previous
research focused mainly on market analysis. The purpose of this study will be to identify the
factors that affect production of Teff and its performance in the study area. And also it will be
used as an information for researchers who want to study in this area.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES

The general objective of this study is to assess the performance and determinants of Teff
production in Enemay woreda.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

To examine the determinants of Teff production.

To examine the influence of family size on Teff production.

To examine the performance of farmers in Teff production.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the factors that determine Teff production in Enemay Woreda?

What is the performance farmers need to produce Teff?

What is the determinant of family size on Teff production?

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There will be significant value in this study since it looks at the determinants of Teff production
and shows better conditions for increasing their productivity. For researchers who wish to study
this area, it may serve as a source of information.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Although there are many rural areas that are not sufficiently investigated, this study delimits its
area of investigation to East Gojjam specifically in Enemay woreda. This is because studying the
entire area of Teff production requires huge amounts of time and resources. Due to the fact that
cereal crop production is multi-dimensional, studying all dimensions requires a great deal of time
and effort. Therefore, I study only the performance and determinants of Teff production in the
study area.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the science or art of cultivating land and raising livestock. Agriculture is the main
economic and social development background for almost all countries of the world. The term
agriculture has different meanings to different people; some say it is farming and animal
husbandry, and others may think of agribusiness firms.

DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Different authors used different classification schemes for agricultural growth determinants.
Millikan and Hapgood (1967) divided the determinants of agricultural output growth into five
major categories. These are physical input factors, economic factors, organization factors,
cultural and motivational factors and knowledge factors.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEFF AND DEFINITION OF TEFF

As its name suggests, Teff derives from the Amharic word "Tefa", which means "lost" due to its
small size, making it difficult to find once dropped (Seyfu, 1993). The scientific name of Teff is
Eragrostis, and there are several endemic and non-endemic species of Eragrostis found in
Ethiopia that can be considered wild relatives of Teff. In addition, genetic diversity for Teff exists
nowhere in the world except in Ethiopia. This indicates that Teff originated and was
domesticated in Ethiopia (Seyfu 1993).

PRODUCTION OF TEFF IN ETHIOPIA

Teff is one of Ethiopia's largest crops. The majority of the country's citizens use it for food. Metz
(1999) estimates that Teff contributes up to two-thirds of Ethiopia's human nutrition. Its
cultivation is heavily dependent on soil type, altitude and agro-ecological and climatic
conditions. It is the largest in terms of cultivated area in the group of cereal crops and next to
maize in volume of production yield (Engdawork, 2009).

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEFF IN ETHIOPIA

The majority of Teff is produced by small farmers on fragmented lands with rain fed conditions
during both the Maher and Bela seasons. This is in the central, eastern and northern highlands of
the country. Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray and Benishangul-Gumuz regions are the major
Teff producers in the country (Engdawork, 2009).

EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Money finding was undertaken to find out the factor affecting agricultural productivity from
them. A study done in Borno state of Nigeria using data collected from 1086 sample farmers in
2004, reveal that form size, fertilizer and hired labor were the major factor that determine output
of food crops (Amaze, Bila and lhenacho, 2006).In Ethiopia different finding take place on the
determinants of agricultural productivity. The study done by Belay Kejela , (2005) by using
multi-regression model on productivity of smallholder farmer, according to his study number of
oxen, improved seed, fertilizer and price of output as factor affecting productivity of small
holders. Many findings were employed on, market analysis for Teff, chain value of Teff but study
on determinants of Teff production is not more. Teff is cultivated in large hectare of Ethiopian
land but its yield is lower among cereal crops. Engdawork (2009, analysis the data of period
between 2003/04 to 2007/08 the volumes of production shows an increasing trend with average
annual growth rate of15.75%.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DATA TYPE AND SOURCE

During this study, data will be gathered from primary and secondary sources. Primary data will
be collected from Enemay woreda farmers and extension workers. Data from the Enemay
woreda agricultural and rural development office, as well as relevant texts and documents will be
collected as secondary data.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

In this study simple random probability sampling techniques will be employed for 25 numbers of
Keble in Enemay Woreda.

METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

In order to analyze the data, both descriptive statistics and econometric models will be used.

MODEL SPECIFICATION FOR TEFF PRODUCTION

The model shows the relationship between Teff production and its determinants. Due to having
more than one determinant, the model uses multiple linear regression models.

Quit=B0 +B1X1t +B2X2t+ B3X3t+B4X4t+B5+X5t+Ut

Qit=quantity of Teff produced measured in quintal.

X1t=number of oxen used in the production of Teff.

X2t= the land used for Teff production measured in hectares.

X3t=the family size of the farmers

X4t= the amount of improved seed the farmers use measured in kilograms

X5t=the amount of fertilizer used in Teff production measured in kilograms

Ut= error terms

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS

In this chapter data analysis will be detailed, both descriptive statistics and econometric models
will be extensively used.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter the recommendations and the conclusion of the study will be explained.
Furthermore, project plan, budget and reference will be included.

REFERENCE

Ayele, k. (2006). Ethiopia economy 2nd edition.

Vavilov N.I. (1951). The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants, Roland
press

FAO. (2001, 2004). Annual report on Ethiopia economic performance.

EEA. (2004). Annual report on Ethiopia Economy A.A Ethiopia.

Seyfu ketema. (1993, 1997).Teff sragrostic Teff trotter promoting the consecration and use of
underutilized crops.

Millikan and Hapgood. (1967).Easy harvest the dilemma of agriculture in under developing
countries.

Metz. (1999). Assessment of the suitability of Teff for use in food assistance program.

Engdawork Tadesse. (2009). A review of supply and marketing issues. January 2009 A.A
 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMCIS

APPENDEX
SURVEY QUESTIONS
Dear Respondent, the purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate the factors that influence teff
production in the Guzamen woreda. Your information will only be used for the study, nothing
else. As a result, we respectfully ask that you respond truthfully.
I want to thank you in advance for your cooperation.

Direction: - for close ended question mark () in a given box for open ended question give short
& precise answer.

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

1 Sex of respondent.
Male Female
2 Age of households__________year?
A. below 20 B.20 - 30 C. 31 - 40
D. 41 - 50 E. 51-60 F. above 60
3 What is your marital status?
A. Married Single Divorced widows
4. What is your educational status?
A. Illiterate B. Fist Cycle C. Second Cycle D. Above Secondary Cycle
5. Household family size ?
6. Age of family size____________? A. 0-14 B. 15-65 C. > 65

II QUESTION RELATED TO OBJECTIVES

1 Did you produce teff in 2022/23?
A. Yes B. No
Based on question number 1, if your answer is yes please fill the following question.
2 How many quintals of teff did you produce per hectare in 2022/23?
3 How many hectares of land did you plough to produce teff in 2022/23?
4 How many numbers of oxen did you use to produce teff?
5 How many labors did you use to produce teff?
6 Did you use modern inputs to produce teff?
A. Yes B. No
7 If your answer is no for question no (6) what is the main reason?
A. Lack of access B. Price expensiveness
C. Lack of awareness D. other (specify)
8 For question number “6” if your answer is yes what inputs did you use?
A. Fertilizer B. Compost C. Other Specify
9 If your answer is fertilizer for question no (8), how many kilograms of fertilizer did
you use to produce Teff?
10 Did you use improved (selected) seed of Teff?
A. Yes B. No
11 If your answer is yes for question (10) , how much kilograms of selected seed did you use?

አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲት

የንግድ እና ኢኮኖሚ ኮሌጅ
የኢኮኖሚክስ ዲፓርትመንት
አባሪ
የዳሰሳ ጥያቄዎች
ውድ ተጠሪ የዚህ መጠይቅ አላማ በእነማይ ወረዳ የጤፍ ምርት ላይ ተፅዕኖ ያላቸውን ነገሮች መመርመር
ነው። የእርስዎ መረጃ ለጥናቱ ብቻ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል, ሌላ ምንም ነገር የለም. በመሆኑም እውነተኛ ምላሽ
እንድትሰጡን በአክብሮት እንጠይቃለን።
ስለ ትብብርዎ በቅድሚያ ላመሰግናችሁ እፈልጋለሁ.

አቅጣጫ፡ - ለተዘጋ የጥያቄ ምልክት () በተሰጠው ሣጥን ውስጥ ለተከፈተ ጥያቄ አጭር እና ትክክለኛ መልስ
ይስጡ።

I. የምላሾቹ የግል መረጃ

፩ ምላሽ ሰጪ ጾታ።
ሀ፡ ወንድ ለ፡ ሴት
፪ የቤተሰብ እድሜ __________ አመት?
ሀ፡ ከ፳ በታች ለ፡፳ እስከ ፴ ሐ፡ ፫፩ እስከ ፵
መ፡ ፬፩ እስከ፶ ሠ ፭፩እስከ፷ ረ፡ ከ፷ በላይ
3 የጋብቻ ሁኔታዎ ምን ያህል ነው?
ሀ. ያገቡ ነጠላ የተፋቱ መበለቶች
4. የትምህርት ደረጃዎ ምን ያህል ነው?
መሃይም ለ. የቡጢ ዑደት ሐ. ሁለተኛ ዑደት መ. ከሁለተኛ ደረጃ ሳይክል በላይ
5. የቤተሰብ ቤተሰብ ብዛት?
6. የቤተሰብ ብዛት ____________? ሀ. 0-14 B. 15-65 C. > 65

II ጥያቄ ከዓላማዎች ጋር የተያያዘ

1 በ 2022/23 ጤፍ አምርተዋል?

. አዎ ለ. አይደለም

በጥያቄ ቁጥር 1 ላይ በመመስረት፣ የእርስዎ መልስ አዎ ከሆነ እባክዎ የሚከተለውን ጥያቄ ይሙሉ።

በ 2022/23 በሄክታር ስንት ኩንታል ጤፍ አምርተሃል?

3 በ 2022/23 ጤፍ ለማምረት ስንት ሄክታር መሬት አረሱ?

4 ጤፍ ለማምረት ስንት በሬዎች ተጠቅመህ ነበር?

5 ጤፍ ለማምረት ስንት ጉልበት ተጠቅመሃል?

6 ጤፍ ለማምረት ዘመናዊ ግብአቶችን ተጠቅመህ ነበር?

A. አዎ ለ. አይደለም

7 ለጥያቄ አይ (6) መልስዎ አይሆንም ከሆነ ዋናው ምክንያት ምንድን ነው?

ሀ. የመዳረሻ እጥረት ለ. የዋጋ ውድነት

ሐ. የግንዛቤ ማነስ D. ሌላ (ይግለጹ)

8 ለጥያቄ ቁጥር "6" መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን አይነት ግብዓቶችን ተጠቅመዋል?

ሀ. ማዳበሪያ ለ. ኮምፖስት ሐ. ሌላ ይግለጹ

9 ለጥያቄ ቁጥር 8 መልስህ ማዳበሪያ ከሆነ ስንት ኪሎ ግራም ማዳበሪያ ተጠቅመህ ጤፍን ለማምረት
ጠቀምክ?
10 የተሻሻለ (የተመረጡ) የጤፍ ዘር ተጠቅመዋል?

A. አዎ ለ. አይደለም

11 ለጥያቄ (10) መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን ያህል ኪሎግራም የተመረጠ ዘር ተጠቅመዋል?