FIRST AID: Is the immediate

care or treatment that is given

to an injured or ill person
before professional medical
aid can be obtained.
 Priorities in an Emergency
1. Check the immediate surroundings for
possible dangers.
2. Check to see if the victim is conscious.
3. Check Breathing
4. Control severe bleeding
5. Check the victim for poisoning.
6. Send for medical help.
 Skin Wound Classification
 Abrasion: skin is scraped against a rough
surface
 Bruise: compression causes bleeding under the
skin
 Laceration: an irregular tear of the skin
 Avulsion: skin is ripped off
 Puncture: penetration of the skin by a sharp
object
 First Aid for Open Wounds
1. Stop the Bleeding- apply direct pressure
2. Protect the Wound- Gauze or clean cloth
3. Treat for Shock (the failure of the
cardiovascular system to keep adequate
blood circulating to vital organs of the
body)- Keep victim on back with feet
elevated, cover body with blankets
4. Get Help- Call 911
 First Aid for Open Wounds

1. Wash wound 2. Stop bleeding

3. Use antibacterial creme 4. Apply bandage

• Three types of burns:
– 1st degree- superficial burns, like sunburn,
and involve the top layer of skin. Healing
takes 5-7 days.
– 2nd degree- involve the top several layers of
skin. The skin will have blisters and appear
blotchy. Healing takes 3-4 weeks.
– 3rd degree- destroy all layers of skin as well as
nerves, muscles, fat. It looks black or brown.
First aid for burns
• Rinse with cool water
• Place a clean dressing over area to
prevent infection
• Elevate burned area above the heart
• Treat for shock
• NEVER try to remove clothing stuck to a
burned area
 Poisons
• Swallowing poison
– Symptoms
• Sharp abdominal cramps
• Extreme drowsiness followed by loss of
consciousness
• Vomiting
• Chemical odor
• Treatment
– Call the nearest poison control center
– Be prepared to give information about the
victim and the poison
– Depending on the poison, you may be told to
give the person a substance that dilutes the
poison, or an emetic, and agent that causes
vomiting.
– Treat victim for shock
 Snakebite
• Poisonous snakes in the US
– 4 types- rattlesnake, copperhead, water
moccasin (cottonmouth), and coral snake.
• First aid for snakebite
– Get victim to hospital
– Keep bitten area below the level of heart
– Call EMS
– Keep victim still as possible
 Contact Poisoning
• Poisonous plants
– Symptoms
• Severe skin rash, blistering, swilling, burning,
itching
• Possible fever
– Treatment
• Remove any contaminated clothing
• Rinse with water
• Wash with soap
 Chemical Poisoning

• Symptoms- burning of skin resembling

sunburn
• Treatment
– Remove any clothing that has come into
contact with the chemical.
– Remove as much of the chemical from the
surface of the skin as possible by flooding the
skin with water
– Contact the nearest poison control center
Fractures
 Fracture Treatment
1. Keep the bone end from moving
2. Immobilize the body part
3. Seek medical attention
 Sprain/ Strain
• What Is the Difference Between a Sprain and a Strain?
• A sprain is a stretch and/or tear of a ligament. One or more
ligaments can be injured at the same time. The severity of the injury
will depend on the extent of injury (whether a tear is partial or
complete) and the number of ligaments involved.
• A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon. Depending on
the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the
muscle or tendon, or it can result from a partial or complete tear.
Fainting-temporary loss of consciousness
brought on by reduced supply of blood to the
brain.
• Treatment
1. Don’t prop the person up
2. Loosen any tight clothes
3. Maintain an open airway
4. Sponge the person’s face with water
5. If the person fails to revive promptly,
seek medical attention
 Animal bites
1. Wash with soap and
water
2. Cover with clean
dressing
3. Go to doctor to
check for rabies- a
vital disease of the
nervous system that
eventually causes
madness and death.
 Bee stings
• Take a flat sharp edge
to scrape stinger
away from the skin
• Wash area with soap
and water
• Watch for allergic
reaction
– An allergic person
normally carries
medicine
 Objects in the eye
• Flush eye with water,
DO NOT rub eye
• If object doesn’t
dislodge then seek
medical attention
 Nosebleeds
1. Keep person quiet, don’t blow your
nose
2. Place the person in a sitting
position and have them lean
forward.
3. Apply direct pressure to bleeding
nostril
4. Apply a cold towel to the person’s
nose and face
5. Place a piece of gauze between
the upper lip and teeth to stop the
bleeding
 Frostbite- ice crystals form in the
body cells and destroy them.
1. Don’t rub the skin, soak it in lukewarm
water
2. Bandage the injured part
3. Seek professional help
• If frostbite goes untreated, gangrene may
set in- which is death of a body part.
Gangrene often requires amputation.
 Heat cramps
• Symptoms- muscle cramps,
heavy sweating, headache, and
dizziness.
• Treatment
– Move victim out of heat
– Massage the muscle
– Drink water or gatorade to
replace the lost water and salt
 Heat stroke
• Symptoms
– Lack of perspiration, vomiting, confusion,
irregular pulse
• Treatment
– Remove from heat
– Immerse in cold water or place ice packs
around neck
– Contact emergency services
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
AND
CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION

Dr. Behrouz Moghaddasi

2020 American Heart Association Guidelines

Facilities Planning & Management
UW-Eau Claire
 Basic Life Support
Basic life support (BLS) is a level of
medical care which is used for victims of
life-threatening illnesses or injuries until
they can be given full medical care at a
hospital. It can be provided by trained
medical personnel, including emergency
medical technicians, paramedics, and by
qualified bystanders.
 The Healthy Heart
A Series of Events

An electrical event…

stimulates a
mechanical event…

...resulting in
coordinated
heart pumping, Main Pumping
Chambers
and regular pulse.
 Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of
heart function in a person who may or may
not have diagnosed heart disease.
can strike
anyone,
anytime,
anywhere...
 Signs of cardiac arrest
1. Unconsciousness
2. No reactivity
3. Absence of normal breathing
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPR is an emergency first-aid procedure
that is used to maintain respiration and
blood circulation in a person, whose
breathing and heartbeats have suddenly
stopped, (one or more vital functions
failed ).

Early CPR is important because it helps circulate

the blood that contains oxygen to vital organs.
 Indication of CPR
 Malignant arrhythmia
 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
 Pulmonary embolism
 Intoxication
 Electrocution
 Drowning
 Acute suffocation
 Severe trauma
 Stroke
 Allergic reaction
 WHEN DO YOU DO CPR???
Based on signs of unresponsiveness with
no breathing or no normal breathing
(ie. Victim is gasping!)
 CPR Guidelines

C= Circulation
A= Airway
B= Breathing

The CAB’s are your priority

management steps to life-saving.
 CPR STEPS
1. Scene safety
2. Recognition of cardiac arrest
3. Activation of emergency response system
4. Chest Compression
5. Rescue Breathing
 Scene safety
Always check the scene of an emergency before
you rush in to help. Look for hazardous
conditions, such as:
 Smoke and flames
 Odors
 Downed electrical wires
 Risk of explosion
 Possible building collapse/un stability
 Traffic dangers
 Potential personal violence
If the scene is dangerous, stay away and call
for help. You must not become a victim
yourself!
Recognition of cardiac arrest
Check for responsiveness

No breathing or only gasping

Check an unconscious person by:

Tapping and Shouting
Chain of survival
Early CPR is important because it
helps circulate the blood that contains
oxygen to vital organs.
 Activation of
emergency response system
If you are alone with no mobile
phone, leave the victim to activate the
emergency response system and get
the AED before beginning CPR
Otherwise, send someone and
begin CPR immediately;
use the AED as soon as it is available
Is person unresponsive?
Are you
okay?

Check the victim for a response

 Check for Pulse
Check for Pulse 5-10 seconds
Chest Compression
2 hands on the lower half of the
breastbone (sternum)

1 or 2 rescuers
30:2
 Chest Compression
chest compressions at a rate of
100 to 120/min

Depth of at least 2 inches(5 cm) for an average adult,

while avoiding excessive chest
compression depths (2.4 inches [6 cm])

Allow full recoil after each compression

avoid leaning on the chest between compressions
 Rescue Breathing
Open Airway (Head tilt- Chin lift)

Rescue Breathing
Ventilate adequately (2 breaths after 30
compressions, each breath
delivered over 1 second, each causing chest rise)
Compression Ventilation ratio
1 or 2 rescuers
30:2
 Children CPR
(Age 1 Year to Puberty)

Witnessed collapse: Follow steps for adults

Unwitnessed collapse: Give 2 minutes of CPR
Leave the victim to activate the emergency
response system and get the AED
Return to the child and resume CPR;
use the AED as soon as it is available
 Children CPR
2 hands or 1 hand (optional for very small child) on
the lower half of the breastbone (sternum)

About 2 inches (5 cm)

1 rescuer; 30:2 2 or more rescuers; 15:2

 Infants CPR
(Age Less Than 1 Year, Excluding Newborns)

Witnessed collapse: Follow steps for adults

Unwitnessed collapse: Give 2 minutes of CPR
Leave the victim to activate the emergency
response system and get the AED
Return to the infant and resume CPR;
use the AED as soon as it is available
 Infant CPR

1 rescuer: 2 fingers in the center of the chest,

just below the nipple line
2 or more rescuers: 2 thumb–encircling hands in the
center of the chest, just below the nipple line

At least one third AP diameter of chest

About 1½ inches (4 cm)

1 rescuer; 30:2 2 or more rescuers; 15:2

Infant CPR
THANK YOU !
Behrouz.Moghaddasi@gmail.com
First Aid

Dr. Behrouz Moghaddasi

Basic First Aid
Securing the Scene
Before performing any First Aid,
Check for:
 Electrical hazards
 Chemical hazards
 Noxious & Toxic gases
 Ground hazards
 Fire
 Unstable equipment
Universal Precautions for
Airborne
& Bloodborn Pathogens

HIV & Hepatitis

Gloves & Respiratory

Barrier devise are a must to
prevent transmission of
diseases

Tuberculosis
 Fundamentals of First Aid
Activate EMS System

“Call Out or 911”

1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation)
2. Control bleeding
3. Treat for Shock (medical emergencies)
4. Open wounds & Burns
5. Fractures & Dislocations
6. Transportation
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
 Control of Bleeding

Elevation
Direct
Pressure

Cold
Applications

Pressure
bandage
Sources for Consideration

Artery Spurting

Veins Steady flow

Capillary Oozing

Internal
Injuries
 Pressure Points
Where the artery Temporal

passes over a bone Facial

close to the skin

Carotid

Sub-clavian
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar

Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal
 Tourniquet

Absolute last resort in

controlling bleeding.
Remember

Life over limb

Once a tourniquet
is applied, it is not
to be removed ,
only by a doctor
 Shock

Shock affects all major

functions of the body
loss of blood flow to
the tissues and organs

Shock must be
treated in all
accident cases
 Treatment for Shock
Lie victim down if possible
-Face is pale-raise the tail
-Face is red-raise the head
Loosen tight clothing
Keep victim warm and dry
Do not give anything by mouth
Transport!
 Thermal burns
Dry sterile Cold Remove
dressing application constricting
clothing

Treat for
shock

TRANSPORT!
 Severe Burns
Send for medical attention.
Cool the burn area with water for 10 to 20minutes.
Lay the casualty down and make him as
comfortable as possible, protecting burn area
from ground contact.
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or
constricting clothing from the injured area before
it begins to swell.
Cover the injured area loosely with sterile
unmedicated dressing or similar non fluffy
material and bandage.
 Severe Burns
Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.
Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the
injury.
Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the
injured area.
Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.
If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin
resuscitation immediately,
If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally,
place in the recovery position.
Treat for shock.
 Fractures & Dislocations
Don’t align a break -
Must treat for bleeding Unless equipped and
first trained - treat as found

Do not push bones

back into place
 Splints
Must be a straight line break Can be formed to shape
of deformity

Be careful of temperature or elevation change

Neck & Spinal Injuries
CARE AND TREATMENT
ABC's
extreme care in initial examination
— minimal movement
urgent ambulance transport
apply cervical collar or support
treat for shock
treat any other injuries
maintain body heat
if movement required, 'log roll' and
use assistants
always maintain head alignment
with the spine
Lifting
Techniques
Two person carry

Lift & roll or log roll

4 person straddle
 Questions?

Behrouz.Moghaddasi@gmail.com
 Basic First Aid

Dr. Behrouz Moghaddasi

2020 American Heart Association Guidelines

Facilities Planning & Management
UW-Eau Claire
 Basic First Aid
Training Objectives
• Chain of Survival • Choking
• What is First Aid? • Fractures
• Scene Survey • Heart Attack
• Initial Assessment • Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Victim Assessment • Dressing and Bandages
Sequence • Amputation
• Bleeding Control • Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Shock • Stroke (Brian Attack)
• Burns • Bites and Stings
 Chain of Survival
• In order for a person to survive

Early Early Early Early

Access “911” First Aid/CPR Defibrillation Advanced Care
You EMS on Hospital
Scene
 Basic First Aid
• What Is First Aid?
– The immediate care given to an injured or suddenly
ill person.
– DOES NOT take the place of proper medical
treatment.
– Legal Considerations
• Implied Consent involves an unresponsive victim in a life-
threatening condition.
• It is assumed or “implied” that an unresponsive victim would
consent to lifesaving help.
• Only perform First Aid assistance for which you have been
trained.
 Scene Survey
• When confronted with an accident or illness on
duty it is important to assess the situation to
determine what kind of emergency situation you
are dealing with, for your safety, the victim’s safety
and that of others.
• Do a quick survey of the scene that includes
looking for three elements:
– Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim, or
bystanders.
– The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
– The number of victims.
Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.
 Initial Assessment
• Goal of the initial assessment:
– Visually determine whether there are life-threatening
or other serious problems that require quick care.
• Breathing • Burn • Heart Attack
• Bleeding • Choking • Fractures
• Shock

– Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout.

Check for ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed. It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first
aid is required at any point.
** AHA GUIDELINE FOR CPR: CAB
 Victim Assessment Sequence
• Assessment Sequence Components:
– If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints
as well as others that may be involved.
– If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent).
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness:
– Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness
observed.
 Bleeding Control
• Control Methods For External Bleeding:
– Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
• Wear medical exam gloves (if possible)
• Place a sterile gauze pad or a clean cloth over wound
– Elevation injured part to help reduce blood flow.
• Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this
will allow you to attend to other injuries or victims).
– If bleeding continues, apply pressure
at a pressure point to slow blood flow.
• Pressure point locations:
– Brachial (Top of elbow)
– Femoral (Inside upper thigh)
 Bleeding Control Cont.
• Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:
– Signs of internal bleeding:
• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright red blood
– What to Do:
For severe internal bleeding, follow these steps:
• Monitor ABC’s (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. (This will help
prevent expulsion of vomit from stomach, or allow the vomit
to drain and also prevent the victim from inhaling vomit).
• Treat for shock by raising the victim’s legs 20-25cm
• Seek immediate medical attention
 Shock
• Shock refers to circulatory system failure
that happens when insufficient amounts of
oxygenated blood is provided for every
body part. This can be as the result of:
– Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or
other circulatory system problem.
– Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive
sweating.
– Trauma (injury)
– Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
 Shock Cont.
• What to Look For
– Altered mental status
• Anxiety and restlessness
– Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail beds
– Nausea and vomiting
– Rapid breathing and pulse
– Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
 Shock Cont.
• What to Do
– After first treating life-threatening injuries
such as breathing or bleeding, the
following procedures shall be performed:
• Lay the victim on his or her back
• Raise the victim’s legs 20-25cm to
allow the blood to drain from the
legs back to the heart.
• Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over the victim
 Burns
• Burns have been described as:
– First-degree burns (Superficial)
• Only the skin’s outer layer
(epidermis) is damaged.
– Symptoms include redness, mild
swelling, tenderness, and pain.
– Usually heals without scarring.
• What to Do:
– Immerse in cold water 10 to
45 minutes or use cold, wet
cloths.
» Cold stops burn progression
» May use other liquids
– Aloe, moisturizer lotion
 Burns Cont.
• Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)
– Epidermis and upper regions of
dermis are damaged.
• Symptoms include blisters, swelling,
weeping of fluids, and severe pain.
– What to Do:
• Immerse in cold water / wet pack
• Aspirin or ibuprofen
• Do not break blisters
• May seek medical attention
 Burns Cont.
• Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)
– Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers,
into the underlying fat and muscle.
• Symptoms include: the burned area appears
gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial
edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
– What to Do:
• Usually not necessary to apply cold to areas of third
degree
• Do not apply ointments
• Apply sterile, non-stick
dressings (do not use
plastic)
• Check ABC’s
• Treat for shock
• Get medical help
 Burns Cont.
• Burn injuries can be classified as follow:
– Thermal (heat) burns caused by:
• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
– What to Do:
• Stop the burning
– Remove victim from burn source
– If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar
item, or have the victim roll on ground.
• Determine the depth (degree) of the burn
 Burns Cont.
• Chemical burns
– The result of a caustic or corrosive substance
touching the skin caused by:
• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)
 Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Remove the chemical by flushing the area
with water
• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
• Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure
to the chemical
– Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and
jewelry while flushing with water
– Flush for 20 minutes all
chemical burns (skin, eyes)
– Cover the burned area with
a dry, sterile dressing
– Seek medical attention
 Burns Cont.
• Electrical Burns
– A mild electrical shock can
cause serious internal injuries.
– There are three types of electrical injuries:
• Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact with
the skin are ignited by an electrical current.
– Mostly caused by the flames produced by the electrical
current and not by the passage of the electrical current or arc.
• Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or
arcs, from one spot to another.
– Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.
• True Electrical Injury (contact) – Occurs when an
electric current truly passes through the body.
 Burns Cont.
• What to Do:
– Make sure the scene is safe
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power company or EMS
for help.
– Do not contact high voltage wires
– Consider all wires live
– Do not handle downed lines
– Do not come in contact with person if the electrical source is
live
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
– If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
– Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs
20-25cm if no spinal injury is suspected.
– Seek medical attention immediately.
 Choking
• What is it?
– Obstruction in the airway.
• General Precaution
– If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.
• Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuver.
– Keep eyes on that person.
– Ask the person if he/she needs help.
• Signs and Symptoms
– Person is not able to breath or talk due to obstruction,
choking sign given, distressed, and panic.
– Hands wrapped around the neck is universal sign for
choking.
 Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Perform Heimlich Maneuver if
you are properly trained
• Conscious Victim:
– Approach from behind and wrap arms
around the victim’s waist.
– Place one fist just above the victim’s navel
with the thumb side against the abdomen.
– Second hand over the fist.
– Press into the victim’s abdomen with one upward thrust
– Repeat thrust if necessary.
– Try to pop the obstruction out with swift thrusts in and up.
– Continue until the obstruction is relieved or victim
collapses.
– Have someone call for help.
Note: Always stay calm.
 Choking Cont.
• What to Do:
– Unconscious Victim:
• Ask someone to call 9-911 for help
• Lower victim to floor on back or left side and perform
Heimlich Maneuver
• Open airway with tongue-jaw lift
• Look inside mouth – if you cannot see anything, do
not do a finger sweep
• Try to give two full rescue breaths
• If these do not go in, reposition the
head and give another breath
• Perform abdominal thrusts
• Continue until successful or help arrives
 Fractures
• There are two categories of fractures:
– Closed (Simple) fracture
• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere near
the fracture site.
– Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or
broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding through
the skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.
 Fractures Cont.
• What to Look for:
– General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken,
causing an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones
rubbing together
– can be felt and sometimes even heard.
– Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to detect it.
• Loss of use.
 Fractures Cont.
• Additional signs and symptoms include:
– The history of the injury can lead to suspect
a fracture whenever a serious accident has
happened.
• The victim may have heard or felt the bone snap.
 Heart Attack
• Heart Attack – Usually that happens when
one of the coronary arteries is blocked by
an obstruction or a spasm.
– Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:
• Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that
lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away
and comes back.
• Pain spreading to the shoulders,
neck, or arms.
• Chest discomfort with lightheadedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea,
or shortness of breath.
 Heart Attack
• What to Do:
– Call EMS or get to the nearest hospital
emergency department with 24-emergency
cardiac care.
– Monitor victim’s condition.
– Help the victim to the least painful position,
usually sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
• Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff.
– Determine if the victim is known to have coronary
heart disease and is using nitroglycerin.
– If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and
start CPR, if needed.
 Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Open Wounds
– A break in the skin’s surface that results in
external bleeding and may allow bacteria to
enter the body that can cause infection
• Abrasion
– The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss
– Scrape
• Laceration
– A cut skin with jagged, irregular edges
and caused by a forceful tearing away
of skin tissue
• Incisions
– Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Open Wounds Cont.
– Punctures
• Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
– Avulsion
• Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
– Amputation
• Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• What to Do:
– Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
– Control bleeding
– Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
– Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Wounds Care
– Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
– If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
– Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the
body)
– Keep dressings dry and clean
– Change the dressing daily, or more often if it
gets wet or dirty.
Basic First Aid for Wounds Cont.
• Signs of Wound Infection:
– Swelling, and redness around the wound
– A sensation of warmth
– Throbbing pain
– Fever / chills
– Swollen lymph nodes
– Red streaks
• Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in
first 72 hours.
 Dressings and Bandages
• The purpose of a dressing is to:
– Control bleeding
– Prevent infection and contamination
– Absorb blood and fluid drainage
– Protect the wound from further injury
• What to Do:
– Always wear gloves (if possible)
– Use a dressing large enough to extend
beyond the wound’s edges.
– Cover the dressing with bandages.
Dressings and Bandages Cont.
• Bandage can be used to:
– Hold a dressing in place over an open wound
– Apply direct pressure over a dressing to
control bleeding
– Prevent or reduce swelling
– Provide support and stability for an extremity
or joint
– Bandage should be clean but need not be
sterile.
 Amputation
• What to Do:
– Control the bleeding
– Treat the victim for shock
– Recover the amputated part and whenever possible take
it with the victim
• To care for the amputated body part:
– The amputated part does not need to be cleaned
– Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze or
other clean cloth
– Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or other
waterproof container
– Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
• Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on a bed of ice
– Seek medical attention immediately
 Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Spinal Injuries
– Head injuries may indicate that there are
possible spinal injuries
• It may have been moved suddenly in one or more
directions, damaging the spine.
– What to Look For
• General signs & symptoms
– Painful movement of the arms or legs
– Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning sensation in
the arms or legs
– Loss of bowel or bladder control
– Paralysis of the arms or legs
– Deformity (odd-looking angle of the victim’s head & neck
Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• What to Do:
– Stabilize the victim against any movement.
– Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)
• Unresponsive Victim:
– Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
– Test response by pinching the victim’s hand,
and bare foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.
Checking for Spinal Injuries Cont.
• Responsive Victim
– Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
– Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s hand.
 Stroke (Brain Attack)

• What is Stroke?
– Tissue damage to
area of the brain
due to disruption in
blood supply,
depriving that area
of the brain of
oxygen.
 Stroke (Brain Attack) Cont.
• Signs and Symptoms of Stroke:
– Weakness or numbness of the
face, arm, or leg (usually on one
side of the body)
– Blurred or decreased vision,
especially in one eye.
– Problems speaking or understanding
– Unexplained, severe headache
– Dizziness, unsteadiness,
or sudden fall
 Bites and Stings
• Insect stings and bites
– What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger and
venom sac are embedded in the skin.
– Bees are the only stinging insects that leave their
stingers and venom sacs behind.
– Scrape the stinger and venom sac away with a
hard object such as a long fingernail, credit card,
scissor edge, or knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain, itching,
and swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs will be
a life threatening.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Insect stings and bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a reaction
before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and water to
prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting site to slow
absorption of the venom and relieve pain.
– Because bee venom is acidic, a paste made of
baking soda and water can help.
• Seek medical attention if necessary.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Tick bites
– Tick can remain embedded for days
without the victim’s realizing it.
– Most tick bites are harmless, although
ticks can carry serious diseases.
– Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days
after a tick bites.
 Bites and Stings Cont.
• Tick Bites Cont.
– What to Do:
• The best way to remove a tick is with fine-pointed
tweezers. Grab as closely to the skin as possible
and pull straight back, using steady but gentle force.
• Wash the bite site with soap and water.
– Apply rubbing alcohol to further disinfect the area.
• Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.
• Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
– Keep the area clean.
• Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
– If rash appears, see a physician.
– Also watch for other signs such as fever, muscle
aches, sensitivity to bright light, and paralysis that
begins with leg weakness.
 Basic First Aid
• Summary
– The following information from this
presentation have been covered:
• Chain of Survival • Choking
• What is First Aid? • Fractures
• Scene Survey • Heart Attack
• Initial Assessment • Basic First Aid for Wounds
• Victim Assessment • Dressing and Bandages
Sequence • Amputation
• Bleeding Control • Checking for Spinal Injuries
• Shock • Stroke (Brian Attack)
• Burns • Bites and Stings
 Basic First Aid
• Summary cont.
– Assess the situation
– Ask for permission to help if possible unless
the person is unconscious, then use “implied
consent”
– Call for help when necessary
– Stabilize the situation before help arrives
– Try to remain calm and do not panic
THANK YOU !
Behrouz.Moghaddasi@gmail.com
 Basic First Aid for
Medical Emergencies
Dr.Behrouz.Moghaddasi

BEHROUZ.MOGHADDASI@GMAIL.COM
 Session Objectives
Recognize the benefits of obtaining
first-aid and CPR certification
Identify proper procedures for a variety
of medical emergencies
Assist in administering first aid when a
you have a victim
Do no further harm

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 Prequiz:
True or False?
After an accident, immediately move the
victim to a comfortable position.
If a person is bleeding, use a tourniquet.
Signs of a heart attack include shortness
of breath, anxiety, and perspiration.
All burns can be treated with first aid
alone; no emergency medical attention
is necessary.

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 Help! Emergency!

Minutes could
make a difference

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 Four Basic Rules

1.2.Call
Bring
forhelp
helptoimmediately
the victim
4.3.Do no further
Check harm
the ABCs

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 Assess the Scene

Evaluate the scene

Assess safety
Prioritize care
Check for medical alert tags
Do head-to-toe check
Move only if necessary

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 No Breathing
Administer CPR:
• Lay the person on his or her back
• Give chest compressions
• Tilt head slightly
• Breathe into the person’s mouth
• Continue until EMS personnel arrive

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 Bleeding
• Stop the flow of blood
• Wear gloves
• Cover the wound
• Apply pressure
• If a body part has
been amputated,
put it on ice

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 Shock
• Lay the victim down
• Cover
• Raise feet

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 Anaphylactic Shock
• Give the victim medication
• Call for help ASAP
• Start CPR if necessary

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 Heart Attack
• Call 911
• Make victim comfortable
• Loosen tight clothing
• Check for medication
• Keep victim still
• Don’t give stimulants

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 Choking
• Ask a person to speak
or cough
• Deliver 5 back blows
• Perform abdominal
thrusts
• Repeat sequence of back
blows and abdominal
thrusts

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 If Abdominal
Thrusts Don’t Work
• Call 911
• Finger sweep
• Abdominal thrusts
• Check ABCs
• Perform CPR if
not breathing

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 Electrical Shock
Don’t touch!
Turn power off
Call 911
Remove person
from live wire
Check for breathing

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 Match the problem with the correct first-aid procedure.

Bleeding CPR
Choking Elevate feet
No breathing Keep victim still
Heart attack Direct pressure
Shock Abdominal thrusts
Sweeten deal

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 Review
Do you understand first-aid
procedures for:
• No breathing?
• Bleeding?
• Shock?
• Heart attack?
• Choking?
• Electrical shock?

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 Eye Injuries
• Splashes
• Particles in eye
• Blow to eye
• Cuts near eye
• Penetrating objects

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 Burns
• First-degree burns—Reddened, painful skin
• Second-degree burns—Blistering
• Third-degree burns—Charring, deep tissue damage

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 Exposure to
Hazardous Materials
• Eyes
• Skin
• Inhalation
• Ingestion

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 Broken Bones
• Look
• Ask
• Treat for shock

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 Heat Exhaustion
• Move to cool place
• Lay victim down
• Elevate feet
• Loosen clothing
• Give fluids
• Apply cool compresses

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 Heatstroke

• Immediately call 911

• Cool the person down
• Monitor

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 Fainting
• Check for breathing
• Administer CPR if
necessary
• Call 911 if more than
a few minutes
• If conscious, lay the
victim down with feet
elevated

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 Epileptic Seizures
• Remove victim from
hazards
• Check for breathing
• Nothing in the mouth
• Keep comfortable
• Call 911 if medical
assistance is needed

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 Multiple choice
Which is the worst
kind of burn?
For a particle in
the eye:
For inhalation of
vapors or gases:
For heatstroke:
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a. First degree
b. Third degree
a. Flush with water
b. Rub eye
a. Induce vomiting
b. Move to fresh air
a. Call 911
b. Don’t call 911
 Review
Do you understand first-aid
procedures for:
• Eye injuries?
• Burns?
• Exposure to hazardous
materials?
• Broken bones?
• Heat exhaustion and
heatstroke?
• Fainting?
• Epileptic seizures?
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 Key Points to Remember
Medical emergencies can happen anytime.
Act quickly, calmly, and correctly.
Consider being certified in first aid
and CPR.

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 THANK YOU !

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