Components & Machine

Elements
presented by : Mostafa Mahmood
Recall: What is a machine?
• A machine is any system used to produce useful work
like:

Mechanical advantage Transformation of Energy To the most complicated tasks

 General Components of a Machine:

All machines consists of these main parts:

1. Power supplier.
2. Mechanism that transmits the power.
3. Structure or frame to hold all these parts
together.
 Machine Elements
a machine element is the smallest mechanical part or part
assembly in a machine. They usually perform a single function.
Such as: bolts, bearing etc.

Lets take a look at most common elements & components of machines:

 1. Couplings
Coupling is a mechanical component which connects a driver and driven shafts
and transfers torque between them. It is a very important element because it
has the advantage of:
• 1) transmitting power
• 2) it can be dismounted foe maintenance unlike permanent
connection like wielding.
• 3) reduce vibrations and absorb shock loads.
• 4) accomudate misalignment of shafts by (flexible couplings)
• 5) protecting against overload(torque limiters couplings pic.
below)
 Types of coupling
It has mainly two types:

a)Rigid Coupling : a rigid coupling permits little to no relative

movement between the shafts. Engineers prefer rigid couplings when
precise alignment is necessary. Such as Flange coupling.
Sleeve Compression coupling

Sleeve coupling
b)Flexible coupling:
Any shaft coupling that can permit some degree of relative
motion between the constituent shafts and provide vibration
isolation is known as a flexible coupling.
Other types of couplings:
Torque limiter coupling
Application: tunnel
boring machine
 2. Keys
• A key is a piece of metal used to connect a rotating machine
element to the shaft.
• A key prevents a relative rotation between the two parts, and
may enable torque transmission to occur.
• Its always inserted parallel to the axis of the shaft.
• Keys are used as a temporary fastenings and are subjected to
shear and crushing stresses.
Classification of keys:
1. Sunk Keys: they are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in
the keyway of the hub.

Rectangular key square key Gibhead key Parallel key

2. Saddle Keys: (STEEL)
# these keys completely fits in the hub of the rotating element and there is no
keyway on the shaft.
# Torque is transmitted by friction only and cannot therefore transmit high
torque and is used only for light applications.
# The saddle keys are of two types: Flat Saddle Key and Hollow Saddle Key.
 3. Spline Keys:

• This type is
used when
the load
needed to be
transmitted
is large
which makes
it stronger
than other
types of keys
 3.Power screw
• Power screw: is a device used in machinery to change angular
motion into linear motion.
Applications
Types of power screw
Lead screw
Ball screw
 Ball screw advantages
• Ball screws are more efficient (prevent backlash).
• Ball screws have lower friction.
• Increase lifetime.

What is Backlash??
Backlash (lash) is defined as the relative axial clearance between a
lead screw and nut without rotation of the screw or nut. Backlash
can increase wear and stack up over time, resulting in inaccurate
positioning.
 Power screw design
•Number of starts: A power screw may be single start, double start and
triple start depend on the selection due to the application.

Lead: is the liner distance

traveled in one revolution.
Pitch: distance between two
consecutive teeth.
 4- Ball bearing
• Think with me.. What is “bearing” and why should I use it?!!
• Bearing is a machine element which support another moving
machine element.
• It permits a relative motion between the two contact surfaces
• To reduce friction and in some cases to carry away the heat
generated, a layer of fluid which known as lubricant is used.
 Bearing classification
• Bearing can be classified depend on the nature of contact and
depend on the type of load.
• Depend on the type of load, bearing can be classified into:
1. Radial bearing
2. Thrust bearing

• Depend on the nature of contact, bearing can be classified into:

1. sliding bearing
2. rolling bearing
 Radial bearing Vs. thrust bearing
• The main difference between radial bearing and thrust bearing is that
in radial bearing is supported to radial load and thrust bearing is
supported to axial or thrust load.
 Sliding bearing Vs. Rolling bearing
• The main difference between sliding bearing and rolling bearing is
that in rolling bearing there are rolling elements separate the two
surfaces of the bearing.
 Classification of rolling bearing due to rolling
element:
Rolling bearing

Ball bearing Rolling element bearing

➢ Deep groove ball bearing ➢ Cylindrical rolling element
➢ Angular contact ball bearing ➢ Spherical rolling element
➢ Self- aligned ball bearing ➢ Needle rolling element
➢ Tapered rolling element
Classification of rolling bearing
 Elements that Supports Motion

1. Cylindrical linear Guide

2. Linear bearing guideway
 Gears
• In mechanical systems that involve precisely controlled rotary motion,
gears:
-Control rotational direction
-Control rotational speed
-Control torque
1. Spur Gear.
 Types of gears
2.Helical gear: teeth wrap around the gear hub in the form of a helix.
• They operate quitter, smoother, and endure more load than spur
gear.
3. Worm gear and worm
wheel

Application: Car glass mechanism

• Spiral Bevel gears: conical form; teeth are the same shape as on
spur gears.
Rack and pinion: spur gear (pinion) that interfaces
with a flat bar into which straight gear teeth have
been cut (rack).
This gear is used in automobile steering
systems.
5. Other Machine elements

Bearing housing
 Brackets & hangers
They are used to support rotating parts from
different fixations in structure

brackets hanger
Shaft or pulley bracket
 6. Ribs & angles
An element which is necessary to strengthen up
a structure and reduces vibration from dynamic
loades subjected to it.
Thanks