ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Teacher John Lloyd P. Alarcon

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
any of a large class of chemical compounds in which
one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to
atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen,
oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing
compounds not classified as organic include carbides,
carbonates, and cyanides.
HYDROCARBONS
A hydrocarbon is any of a class of organic chemicals made
up of only the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The
carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the
compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many
different configurations.
HYDROCARBONS: ALKANES
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-
bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other
functional groups.
HYDROCARBONS: ALKENES
An alkene is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double
bond. Alkene is often used as synonym of olefin, that is, any
hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds.
HYDROCARBONS: ALKYNES
An alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least
one carbon—carbon triple bond.
HYDROCARBONS: AROMATIC
An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene (or sometimes aryl
hydrocarbon) is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and
delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming rings
HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
ORGANIC HALIDES
Organic halides are organic compounds containing a halogen
atom bonded to a carbon (C) atom. Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl),
bromine (Br), and iodine (I) are all types of halogen atoms.
ALCOHOLS
Alcohol, any of a class of organic compounds characterized by
one or more hydroxyl (―OH) groups attached to a carbon atom
of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain).
PHENOLS
Phenols are a class of organic compounds containing a hydroxyl
group (- OH) and a benzene ring
ETHERS
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an oxygen
between two alkyl groups. They have the formula R-O-R', with
R's being the alkyl groups.
AMINES
Amines are organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms
with a lone pair.
ALDEHYDES
Aldehyde, any of a class of organic compounds in which a
carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a
single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with
another atom or group of atoms
KETONES
Ketone, any of a class of organic compounds characterized by the
presence of a carbonyl group in which the carbon atom is
covalently bonded to an oxygen atom. The remaining two bonds
are to other carbon atoms or hydrocarbon radicals (R)
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group
attached to an r-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid
is R−COOH or R−CO₂H, with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl,
aryl, or other group.
ESTERS
Esters have a pair of alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a
carbonyl + linking oxygen function. Esters can be shown in text
as: RCOOR or (occasionally) ROCOR. carboxylic acid + alcohol ->
ester + water
AMIDES
Amides are functional groups in which a carbonyl carbon
atom is linked by a single bond to a nitrogen atom and either
a hydrogen or a carbon atom.
 SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

HYDROCARBON TYPE FORMULAS

DERIVATIVES
ORGANIC HALIDES R - X or Ar - X
ALCOHOLS ROH
PHENOLS Ar – OH
ETHERS ROR’
AMINES RNH2
ALDEHYDES RCHO
KETONES RCOR’
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS RCOOH or ArCOOH
ESTERS RCOOR’
AMIDES RCONH2
 BIOMOLECULES: AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids are small molecules that are the building
blocks of proteins.

• Proteins serve as structural support inside the cell and they

perform many vital chemical reactions.

• Each protein is a molecule made up of different

combinations of 20 types of smaller, simpler amino acids.

• Protein molecules are long chains of amino acids that are

folded into a three-dimensional shape.
 BIOMOLECULES: PROTEINS
Proteins are organic molecules that are present in living
organisms. They serve a wide range of functions including
organization, transportation, and defense. Proteins are
composed of amino acid chains, and structure levels are up to
four. Certain specific protein examples include collagen, insulin,
and anticorps