Leibniz dy df de ae Newton 7 ; S(*) Lagrange f(x) ‘Cauchy Ore) Lae Fory= f(x), the derivative of “y” with respect to-x is defined as instantaneous rate of change of ‘y’ w.t.t ‘x’. Symbolically jg LEM LE) h L(:+8x)-F (2) is called average 0 gcis 3x ao 4yt)= Be f(x+6x)- f(x) rate of change of (x) over the de 590 ox interval [x,x+ 5x] i) f'(a)= 1AM) The process of finding derivative is called itterentition, Theorems on Differentiation 0 £(e)=0, where eis a constant @ Z()-1 ty) Z(@)=0 ) fr) m!, neR ® Lex") =m" i) eens: jetts gah = F(s)ov= F(2) =F) (vii) X( £(2).2(2))= ras g(x)+ f(x)8" (x) (the product rule). (vty s{oe £@)8()=f0)8'0), (the quotient rule) a(x) (a) S 2 -%. ae A (ye chain ul) we ee Fe ‘81 ~PREP BOOKCrapter-2 ® alas} =f) (reciprocal rule) 4\4(x)) [49] i d 47,\ dt ) ZUM)=1OE Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions @ — Ssinx=cosx @)— Leosr=-sinx Gi) Ztans see? x @)— Leotx=-coses! x ©) — Lcoseex =-coseexcot x dk wi) d Geet = sex tan x Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions O Sass = Joey oerey xeR Gi) os t= ga ents kas ii) 23 ii) tan"! x= 7 z é i be eorty= lk. Gy) Foote a Secosec!x=—2! we[-Lif ae we-l sect ze Z oxe[-L1] & x1 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions xeR wy) wi) © Ssinnx=coshx (i deoshx sions (iii) oe ; Gv) Seothx =—cosech* x d —cosech x = —coth xcosech x m Feo Differentiation KETs-PREPBOOK. 82Cospter-2. Differentiation eee oom wi en x =-tanhxsechx perivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions a Sn! x= te sxeR t a Heo x2 oa! rn) Sant x ay Hist ) Seon x= ae sje 0 Seats acai d “1 -1 ~cosech™ x = .xeR-{0} WO & x ee xe R-{0} Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4 of) =e!) f'(x) 0 w Ze ii) fale =a Ina.f'(x) @) Sa'=a'na o Smse)-75 7 7a!” d 1 oS os d (vii) gies Fay nat f' (x) - d ity) 4 tog,x2—— De Finapifferential The term infinitesimal (infinitely smal calculus (branch of Mathematics) to refer to an some varying quantities called variable. ts infinitely small change in variable “x”” differential is used in 11) change in For example the differential x represent nti-Derivative Let f(x) bea d 4(F(x))= 4(r(a)=F0 Then F(x) is called anti-der given function. If there is a differentiable fanction F(x) such that jvative or primitive of f(x) Indefinite Integral If F(x) is an anti-derivative o intégral of f (x)- ie. f f(x)ae= FO) +E The process of finding anti-derivative is called integration. + ty= {fener then Z= fe. + Since the derivative of a constant is zero, integrals differ by an arbitrary constant. Rules of integration BB corre CWT se, met JU@T r@a=ns@)re F)?° : Some General Formulae of Integration x)+e is called indefinite ff (x), then the expression F( all indefinite “ ferar-2 +e, nee flécninete Pe ty Jef)de = cf fon)de, eis a constant JU) te (x) ]ae= J s(x)ae fa(x) ee wi here f(x) and g(x) are continuous function X®TS - PREP BOOK 87 4Chapter-3 Integration Integration of Trigonometric Functions cos mx 6 in xd = — 7 sin mxdy = -SOS™ 4 6 @ — fsinxde =-cosx+e fain mx ma sin mx ii idx = sinx+c, cos mxdx = S07 4 6 (i) foosx x Joosmx 7 (ili) fsec?xde = tanx +c (iv) foosectxdr =-cotx +e @)— scoxtanxde =seex +c (i) foosecxcot de =—cosecr +e (vii) ftanxde = Inseex+¢=-Incosx+e (vill) foot xde=Insinx+e rs) fseesde=Infiex+tans|=tntn(x+ 2) 40 @) Foose xde = In|eosee x—cot x|= tntan(2) +e tan? xd = tanx-x + foot? xdx =—cotx—x 40 : in 2. 4 sin2x 4 Integration Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions (iii) J sin? xdx = 4(z-sinxcoss) +e Go) Joos? xde= F450 1 (x sin oss) +e a @ =sin x +¢ OR -cos!x+e Ferd Gi Ieee x +¢ OR -cosecx"x+¢ Gi) Sota x +¢ OR ~cot'x+¢ Interte file tL ow" (E)| Chapter-3 Integration Integration of Hyperbolic Functions (@) — fsinhxdx = coshx +e (i) fooshxdx =sinhx +e (ii) fsech*xdx = tan hx+e iv) feosech? xdx =-cothx +e () tanh xsech xdx =-sechx +e ‘cosechx +¢ (vi) foosech x coth xe Integration Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 0 To inh'x+e, xeR +x wi f- 2 ma cuir ste PF a tanh'x+e, |x[<1 coth"'x+e, |x]>1 ee = sdk =sech'x+e, O0 Ina (ii) Je Nay = Integration by Substitution Sometimes it is possible to convert an integral into a standard form or to an easy integral .¢ of a variable. Vx+a=t or vx x-a=asin0d bax +x? x+a=asecO Integration by Parts The process of integration of the product of two functions is knownas integration by pars. For example, if u and. v are two functions of x, then du f(r) ae= uve foe) ae This is called integration by parts. ; If the two functions are of different t e can choose the first function as whose initial comes first in the word a where I — Inverse trigonometric function L - Logarithmic function A ~ Algebraic function T —Trigonometric function E — Exponential function Deduction From Integration by Parts (i) fudv=uv~fvdu Gi) fe" (SO) + Sar =e" SO) +e (iii) fen (af (x) + f'(x) de =e f(x) +6 the one KETS - PREP BOOKTrigonometry Formulas ‘Opposite Angle Formulas sin (-8) = -sin (0) cos (—9) = cos (0) csc (-8) = — ese (0) Half Angle Formulas 1 — cosd =f 1+ cos@ =2(/— Pythagorean identities sin? 0 + cos?O =1 tan?0 + 1 = sectO cor?O + 1 = csc?O sin 20 = 2 sin@ cos0 cos 20 = cos*0 - sin?0 = 1-2sin?0 = 2cas?O-1 Triple Angle Formulas sin 30 = 3 sind -4sin’0 cos 30 = 4cos*0 —3cos0 3tan0 —tan?0 _r tan? Law of Cosines a? = b? + 1 - 2b cosA bt = a? + C2 - 2ac cosB c? = a? + b* — 2ab cosC 1 a-b tanfpa-o) +0 tanfhca + 8] Cofunction Formulas (in Quadrant I) ) tnd =cot($-0) coto-=tan(5-0) sind = cos($-6) cos0 =sia(5 sec 0 = ese (5-2) csc = sec (5-8) ‘Angle Addition Formulas sin (A +B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB sin (A—B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB cos (A + B) = cosAcosB — sinAsinB cos (A B) = cos Acos 8 + sinAsinB tand + tanB T-tanA ane tana B T+ tnd tanB tan (A+B) = tan (A - 8) = Product-to-Sum Formulas sin Asin B = J lcos(A ~ 8) — costa + 891 cor -cosB = 5 | costa ~ 8) + cost +.B) sinA+cosB = J Lsinca + 8) + singa ~ 2) cosA-sind = FL sin(A +8) ~ sina ~ 8) | Sum-to-Product Formulas sind + sinB = 2- sin(“£*). cos(45*) sina - sinB =2-sin(424). rene cnt ent 2 2cm( en) mlaitene( £5). sin(45 )1. (a+b)? = a’+b’+2ab or, = (ab) + 4ab 2, (a-b = a’+b’-2ab or, = (a+b) —4ab 3. a?-b? = (a+b) (a—b) 4. a+b? =(atb)*-2ab or, (a-b)’+2ab 5, (atbt+e)'= a°+b?+c* + 2ab + 2be + 2ca 6. (a-b+c)* = a? +b? +c?-2ab- 2be + 2ca 7, (a-b-c) = a® +b? +¢*-2ab + 2be-2ca 8, (atbtc)= a+b? +0?-2ab+ 2be-2ca 9. (at+b-c) = a’ +b? +¢* + 2ab - 2be - 2ca 1. ab = (3H) = (HH)? 11. (a+b) =a’ +b'+3a’b+3ab™ or, a? +b? + 3ab (a+b 12. (a-b)? =a’-b?-3a’b'+3ab’ or, a” - b’- 3ab (a-b)’ 13, a+b? = = (a+b)?-3ab(atb) or, (atb)(a’-ab+b’ 14. a'-b’ = = (a-b)’+3ab(a-b) or, (a-b) (a’+ ab +b’) 15. a°+b*+c?-3ab = (a+btc) (a’+b*+c”-ab-be-ca) 16, a°tb’+c’-3ab = 5 (a+bec) {(a-b)*+ (b-c)*+(c-a)?} 17. a+b'+c? = Babe IF (atb+c=0) 1. a" x a®= am 2. a" a"=a™™" (2 \" _am 4 cane" =qmxn . b = pm . 5. a®=1 6a" xb™ = (ab)™128 35. pacbuKw ocHOBHEIX sneMeHTapHbIx pyHKUHA =|x| > const y=