ARMY TM 5-809-10-1 NAVY NAVFAC P355.1 AIR FORCE AFM 88-3, CHAP 13, SEC A TECHNICAL MANUAL SEISMIC DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR BUILDINGS FINAL MANUSCRIPT Prepared for the U.S. Army Engineering Division Huntsville, Alabama under Contract No. DACA87-92-C-0133 by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. Emeryville, California January 11, 1996 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCEFOREWORD ‘The seismic dynamic analysis manual was developed to meet one of-the objectives for earthquake hazards reduction measures as promulgated by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-124). The objective is the development and implementation of technologically and economically feasible improved design and construction methods and practices in areas of seismic risk in order to provide earthquake resistant structures which are especially needed in time of disaster. ‘Thig manual provides the latest seismic design concepts for earthquake resistant structures by utilizing the dynamic analysis approach. This manual also provides methodologies and procedures to determine site-dependent earthquake ground motions for sites anywhere in the United States. Two levels of earthquake motion are considered. For essential buildings at the first level, the structure will be designed to remain essentially elastic for damage control at a moderate earthquake and at the second level, the criterion requires that the structure will be designed to remain functional after a major earthquake. For nonessential buildings a less severe criteria for performance is accepted, Also, commentary and design examples are included to provide comprehensive applications of the design methodologies for earthquake resistant facilities. ‘The general direction and detailed development of this manual was under the supervision and guidance of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, DC and necessary coordination was maintained with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Headquarters, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC and Directorate of Engineering and Services, Headquarters, Department of the Air Force, Washington, D.C.Technical Manual HEADQUARTERS No. 5-809-10-2 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY NAVY MANUAL THE NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE NAVFAC P-355.2 WASHINGTON, DC, 1995 AIR FORCE MANUAL NO. 88-3, CHAP 13, SEC A SEISMIC DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR BUILDINGS Paragraph Page Chapter 1. GENERAL Purpose... =. - 4 Scope 5 1 References Be ee a Bibliography 2) oa Glossary. pit L Symbols and notations | | 1 Design requirements xz Preparation of project documents” 1 Chapter 2. PERFORMANCE, REQUIREMENTS Introduction 2 Requirements 2 Performance ranges | 2 Requirements for analysis | 1 1). 2 Special requirements for 80-2 1111) 2 2 Drift limits .. 2 Building separations | 2 Vertical ground motion 2- Foundations ebb D DPD ata Torsional instability | | ° ee | 221) Limitations of these requirements Do Special requirements for BQ-IT |<. . Chapter 3. SPECIFICATION OF GROUND MOTION Introduction NEHRP method | Developing site-specific response spectra Chapter 4. GUIDANCE FOR BUILDINGS Introduction Conventional approach to ‘adeion The dynamic approach Purpose of the verification Verification process E Return period Design response spectra Response spectra plotting formats Damping Goce oo EQ-T EQ-Ir : Performance ranges Behavior of structural systems in the performance range a0 oo Resistance of buildings : aca Irregular buildings Influence of gravity loads - ret Non-proportional relationship between A, and 5, ee 17) overturning at ‘the foundation | 1) 1.) 4-a8 Lateral deformations of buildings Dl acne Contents of buildings . . 4220 Alternate scaling method for “izregular buildings . 4-21Paragraph Page Chapter 5. MODAL ANALYSIS Introduction... 22 s-2 Dynamic analysis 5-2 Modelling . . 5-3 Modal quantities and equations” 5-4 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional analyses 5-5 The modal analysis procedure 5-6 Guidance for modal analysis 5-7 Examples of modal analysis 5-8 Influence of higher modes . 5-9 Computer operations 5-10 Chapter 6. THE INELASTIC DEMAND RATIO METHOD Introduction aa 3 6-2 Rationale of the method | 6-2 IDR method 6-3 Chapter 7.” THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD Introduction 7-2 Elements of the method” 72 Pushover analysis 73 Demand check 74 Performance check Dill as Fundamental-mode example: pushover analysis 7-6 Fundamental-mode example: demand check 7-7 Fundamental-mode example: performance check 7-8 Multi-mode example: pushover analysis 7-9 Multi-mode example: demand and performance checks cee Te2O Alternative multi-mode methods Doloran Ductility of members . . Dil toa Chapter @. NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Introduction ann General requirements |: e-2 Response of elements to floor motion’ 8-3 Design earthquakes c Ll a4 Requirements for performance’ | | | 8-5 Determining #0-Y 3-6 Design floor response spectra 8-7 Design forces and displacements : 8-8 Considerations for essential systems 8-3 Chapter ©. SEISMIC ISOLATION AND ENERGY DISSIPATION SYSTEMS Introduction 9-2 Design objectives . | ae Dil 92 Seismic isolation systems 9-3 Energy dissipation systems a4 Guidance for selection and use of seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems 9-5Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix c. Appendix D. Appendix gE. Appendix F. Appendix ¢ Appendix Appendix Appendix REFERENCES SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS GROUND MOTION BACKGROUND DATA SITE-SPECIFIC PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS BACKGROUND FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN EXAMPLES RESPONSE SPECTRA BY NEHRP METHOD H. MODAL ANALYSIS I, BUILDING WITH BEARING WALLS eb Appendix K. Appendix BUILDING WITH STEEL FRAMES BUILDING WITH A CONCRETE FRAME L. ANCHORAGE OF EQUIPMENT Bibliography Glossary Figure LIST OF FIGURES ‘The verification process capacity curve Contour map for effective peak acceleration, A, for the United states. Contour map for effective peak velocity-related acceleration coefficient, A,, for the United States. Annual frequency of exceeding various effective peak accelerations. Spectral shapes for site soil profile types. Tripartite representation of response spectral shapes for site soil profile types. Spectral acceleration versus spectral displacement representation of respons shape for site soil profile types. Example response spectra. Development of response spectrum based on a fixed spectrum shape and a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for peak ground acceleration. Development of equal-hazard response spectrum from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for response spectral values. Major active faults in California Cross-section through Puget Sound, Washington showing subduction zone. Examples of seismic source area zonation for eastern United States. Relationship between earthquake magnitude and rupture area. Diagrammatic characteristic earthquake recurrence relationship for an individual fault or fault segment. Comparison of exponential and characteristic earthquake magnitude distributions. spectralFigures (continued) Table 3-16. 3-17 Example of attenuation relationships for response spectral accelerations (5% damping) . Example of ground motion data scatter for a single earthquake. Example seismic hazard curve showing relationship between peak ground acceleration and annual frequency of exceedance Construction of equal-hazard spectra. Response spectra and ratio of response spectra for ground motions recorded at a soft site and nearby rock site during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Schematic of site response analysis. S-curve vs ZC-curve. Nonproportional relationship between peak ground acceleration, Ay, and spectral acceleration, 5,. Sensitivity of force and displacement to stiffness. Story forces for the 7-story example. Story forces for the 30-story example. Example of demand reduction for IDR method. Capacity curve (fundamental-mode analysis) » Capacity spectrum, Demand spectra csM diagram. Performance curve. Response of flexibly-mounted equipment in buildings Mr vs period ratio ‘Three-mode roof response spectrum. Schematic drawings of representative isolation/ enersy dissipation devices. Seismic isolation -- hard-soil example. Seismic isolation -- soft-soil example. Seismic isolation -- very-soft-soil example. Supplemental damping -- hard-soil example. Supplemental damping -- very-soft-soil example LIST OF TABLES Earthquake performance requirements Damping values for structural systems Yielding elements. Story drift ratio limits. Return period as a function of exposure time and probability of exceedance. Conditions for development of site-specific response spectra. Soil profile types and site coefficients. Ground motion contour levels for NEHRP method for EQ-I and EQ-IT return periods Damping adjustment factors. Sample relationships of Ay, S,, a, AND c, for fundamental mode of vibration. Inelastic demand ratios. Conversion of V and a, to S, and S,. Damping values for the Capacity Spectrum Method Essential systens. Data for a response amplification diagram. Data for a three-mode roof response spectrum. Comparison of building behavior.1M 5-809-10-1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1-1. Purpose. This manual provides criteria and guidance for dynamic analysis for the design of buildings to resist the effects of earthquakes. It is a supplement to "Seismic Design for Buildings" (TM /5-809-10/NAVFAC P-355/AFM 88-3, chap 13) hereinafter referred to as the Seismic Design Manual. 1-2. Scope. This manual gives dynamic analysis procedures and performance based design criteria to be used for the seismic Sesign of buildings, architectural components, and mechanical and electrical equipment supports. a, Applicability. The criteria in this manual are applicable to all elements responsible for the design of military construction in seismic regions. The methods in this manual may be required or used as an alternative for the following: (2) All structures that are required by the Seismic Design Manual to use this manual to satisfy the requirements of SEAOC 1F, the dynamic lateral force procedure (Refer to the Seismic Design Manual for SEAOC designations). An alternate scaling procedure is provided in Chapter 2 paragraph 2-2£. (2) To verify the performance requirements for facilities that are to remain operational during and after an earthquake: (3) To verify performance goals for the design of any new construction. (4) To evaluate the capacity of existing facilities and verify the performance goals for upgrading existing facilities. Refer to "Seismic Design Guidelines for Upgrading Existing Buildings" (TM 5-809-10/NAVEAC P355-2/RFM 88-3 Chap 13, Sec 8.) b, Nonapplicability. Hazardous critical facilities (e.g., nuclear power plants, dams, and liquefied gas facilities) are’not covered within the scope of this manual. ¢. Design Team. when use of this manual is required, the design team selected will include an engineer knowledgeable in Seismic design. That engineer will be included in the facility planning process from the beginning to provide guidance in the Selection of the appropriate seismic resisting system. Early input and a special peer review team is required when seismic isolation and energy dissipation devices are a potential alternative. 2-3. References. Appendix A contains a list of references used in this manual.™ $-809-10-1 4-4, Bibliography. A bibliography is provided for publications that may be useful as back-up material. Bibliography publications are noted in the text by author and year in parenthesis. 1-5. Glossary. Ground motion terms are defined in the Glossary 1-6. Symbols and notations. symbols and notations listed in the Seismic Design Manual apply to this manual. Additional symbols and notations are listed in Appendix B. 1-7, Design requirements. Preparation of seismic design and verification of performance will be in accordance with the criteria, methodologies, and standards herein. a. The initial design of the structure will conform to the Design Criteria of the Seismic Design Manual except for the requirements of SEAOC iF. b. ‘The performance of the structure will be verified by means of the methodology prescribed in this manual. If the performance requirements are not satisfied, the initial design will be appropriately modified. The performance requirements are given in Chapter 2. 1-8. Preparation of project documents. Design analysis, drawings, specifications, and cost estimates will conform to agency standards, and will include the additional requirements of the "Seismic Design Manual” with the following additional requirements for project documents: a. Design analysis (1) Basis of Design. Provide the following: (a) a statement on the methodology used for determining the ground motion, (b)_ a description of the response spectra for which the building will be designed, (c) a general discussion of the structural and foundation systems considered, followed by a more specific description of the systems selected and a discussion of the reasons for their selection, (d)_a statement (to be submitted for review and approval) describing special analytical procedures used to account for irregularities (2) Computations. Provide a description of all the modes of vibration used in the design and the degree of participation of each of the modes.mM 5-809-10-1 b. Drawings. (1) Preliminary drawings will contain a statement that seismic design will be incorporated in accordance with this manual. The Basis of Design, described above, will be submitted along with the drawings. (2) Construction drawings will include the following additional information: (a) a statement on the seismic ground motion, including the design peak ground accelerations and response spectra for the applicable levels of design. (b) a statement on the lateral-force design criteria, including a tabulation of the periods of vibration and equivalent design lateral forces.TM S-809-10-1 CHAPTER 2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 2-1. Introduction. This chapter prescribes the requirements for the verification of building performance. Ground motion is specified in chapter 3; general guidance for applying the requirements is provided in chapter 4. Refer to chapter @ for nonstructural elements. 2-2, Requirements. As a minimum, the structural lateral force design must comply with the requirements of the Seismic Design Manual. The verification process is outlined in figure 2-1 and the requirements for the verification process are given below; Figure 2-1. The verification process. a. Performance requirements are specified in table 2-1. (2) Occupancy category: Each building will be given an occupancy category; occupancy categories are obtained from the Seismic Design Manual. (2), Design Earthquakes: For essential facilities, two earthquakes are considered, 5Q-I and EQ-II. Other occupancies will be analyzed for EQ-II. EQ-1 and EQ-Ii are specified in terms Of return period. The response spectra corresponding to EQ-I and EQ-I will be developed in accordance with the procedures of chapter 3, using the damping values given in table 2-2. (3) Performance Ranges: Buildings (based on occupancy category and design earthquake) will conform with the performance Yeguirements given in table 2-1. The performance ranges are defined in paragraph 2-3 Table 2-1. Earthquake performance requirements Table 2-2. Damping values for structural systems b, General analysis requirements are given in paragraph 2-4 cc. Special requirements for HQ-I and EQ-II are given in paragraphs 2-5 and 2-8. 4. analysis requirements for drift, building separations, vertical ground motions, foundations, and torsional instability are given in paragraphs 2-7 through 2-11.™ S-909-10-1, @. limitations of the requirements are stated in paragraph 2-42. £. When a building is required to use this manual solely to satisfy the requirements of the SEAOC 1F dynamic lateral force procedure, the verification process of figure 2-1 need not be implemented. The dynamic procedure will be satisfied by a modal analysis in compliance with the alternate scaling method in chapter 4, paragraph 4-21. 2-3. Performance ranges. Performance ranges are defined on a capacity curve. The capacity curve is a plot of base shear (V) vs horizontal displacement at the roof (4). The curve is divided into four ranges as defined below. An example capacity curve, with performance ranges indicated, is shown in figure 2-2. a. The service range extends from the origin to the point of first vield, the limit of elastic behavior of the building, where the first element or elements reach their member strength (as defined in paragraph 2-4). In the service range, the capacity curve is a straight line; the slope of the line is the elastic stiffness of the structure. b. The nearly-elastic range (i.e., the overall structure behaves essentially elastic) extends from the point of first yield to the point of maior vield, the onset of damage. The curve is characterized by a slight decrease in slope, from the elastic. c. The damage range extends from the point of major yield to the point of initial deterioration (i-e., when the curve begins to slope downward). In the damage range, it is convenient to break the curve into several segments. The curve segments are characterized by a slope that remains positive but decreases as more and more elements yield. 4. The gurvival range extends from the point of initial deterioration to the point of ultimate limit, the point of collapse. The capacity curve is characterized by a negative slope. Figure 2-2. Capacity curve. 2-4, Requirements for analysis. a, Modal analysis. The building will be analyzed by the modal analysis procedures of chapter 5. Time history analyses may be required for structures founded on seismic isolation systems as described in chapter 9. b. Load combinations. Dead, live, and earthquake loads will be combined according to equations 2-1 and 2-2: QadeLeE (eq 2-2) QsDdee (eq 2-2) 2-2™ 5-809-10-1 (2)_Q 4s the required total load on a building member or connection. (2) D 4s the actual dead load (3)_L is a realistic estimate of the actual live load that will be in place at the time of the earthquake. The value of L may be as low as 25 percent of the code design live load. (4) is the earthquake load obtained from the modal analysis and represented by the response spectrum. (5) _Squation 2-1 applies when the seismic loads are in the game sense as the gravity loads (e.g., both sets of loads result in compression in a column or negative bending moments in a beam). (6) Equation 2-2 applies when the seismic loads are in opposite sense as the gravity loads (e.g., tension in column due to seismic loading may be greater than compression due to minimum dead load, or the positive bending moment- due to seismic loading is greater than the negative bending mombnt due to minimum dead load or the reduction of compression may reduce the bending or shear capacity of a column or wall). c. Member strength, The member strength (MS) of a member is based on the design strength as defined in the NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations of New Buildings, otherwise known as FEMA 222, but without capacity reduction factors (i.e., using ¢ = 1.0). Specific guidance for the various structural materials is given in the following paragraphs. (2) Reinforced concrete members. Reinforced concrete member strengths will be calculated in accordance with ecommendations of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) in ACT 318. The MS is the Nominal Strength as defined in the ACI Commentary, section R9.1.1. For example, the MS for bending moment in a flexural member is M,. (2) Structural steel members. Structural steel member strengths will be calculated in accordance with the recommendations published by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Either Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), or Allowable Stress Design (ASD) may be used, The MS is the nominal strength R, as defined in the LRFD Specification, section A5.3. For example, for flexural members, the design strength is m,, as indicated in section Fl.2. Alternatively, the MS may be determined by the ASD manual, with MS = 1.7 times the allowable load capacity without the one-third stress increase allowed for code design. (3) Reinforced masonry members. Follow FEMA 222, chapter 12, except as follows (a) The steel reinforcing ratio will be limited to 50% of balanced steel as determined by the strength method. (>) For flexural capacity, assume that reinforcing steel controls.™ s-a09-10-2 (4) Wood members. Working-stress criteria in agency manuals for ordinary or nonseismic construction may be increased by 100% (i.e., MS 2.0 times allowable. (5) Connections. For EQ-I, all connections that do not develop the strength of the connecting members will have a strength reduction factor of 9 = 0.75 applied to the yield Strength of the connecting material. In addition, the inelastic demand ratio (i.e., IDR method, chap 6) will equal 1.0 and the MS will not be exceeded during the pushover procedure in the capacity Spectrum method (i.e., CSM, chap 7) unless ductile behavior can be assured. For EQ-Ii, the forces on the connections shall not exceed the MS unless the connection can be shown to behave in a ductile manne: 2-5. Special requirements for HQ-I. The structure will remain in the service range or the nearly elastic range of figure 2-2. Nearly elastic behavior means that the calculated forces on some structural elements slightly exceed the member strength (MS), but that elastic (linear) behavior of the overall structure is maintained, For a structure that has a multiplicity of structural elements that form the lateral-force-resisting system, the Yielding of a small number of elements will generally not affect the overall elastic behavior of the structure if the excess load can be redistributed to other structural elements that are not loaded to their MS. This condition will be considered satisfied (a capacity curve need not be developed) if the guidelines given below are met. a. Structural framing systems conforming to Seismic Design Manual classifications. Table 2-3 gives the maximum allowable ratio of demand to member strength, Q/MS, and the maximum allowable percentage of members that can approach this ratio on any one floor. Table 2-3. Structural System Max. ratio, | Max. elements per floor o/ms (see Note) Horizontal __ Vertical Ductile systems 2.25 208 20% (R, = 10 oF 32) Other systems 2.20 208 108 (R= 8) Box system 2.00 None None (R< 8) Note: The Q/Ms ratios may be exceeded in selected members if it can be shown that the effects are tolerable. b, Energy dissipating elements. In some lateral force resisting systems elements are specifically designed to yield prematurely in order to dissipate energy. Examples include the link beams in eccentric braced frames, beams connecting coupled shear walls and specialized energy dissipating elements discussed in chapter 9. In the event of a major earthquake these elements 2-4™ 5-809-10-1 are expected to yield prior to having the lateral forces reach a level that will damage other structural elements. These special energy dissipating elements are not subject to the requirements of this chapter as long as they are in conformance with the requirenents of the Seismic Design Manual and chapter of this manual. 2-6. Special requirements for EQ-II. It is anticipated that the earthquake demands will exceed the elastic limit of the structure; the structural response is inelastic; and the structure will be in the damage range of figure 2-2. ‘Two methods are presented for evaluating inelastic behavior: The structure will be analyzed by the inelastic demand ratio (IDR) method; in some cases the structure will be subjected to further investigation, using the Sapacity spectrum method (CSM). Several outcomes aré possible: a. If the structure meets the requirements of the IDR method, as specified in chapter 6, the structure will be deemed acceptable without further analysis. b. If the structure fails to meet the requirements of the IDR method, then the engineer should review the results, realizing that the IDR method is an elastic method generally considered to be conservative, which may not provide a true characterization of the structure. If the deficiencies are severe, this is an indication that the structure should be modified and re-analyzed However, the structure may be a better performer than the IDR- method can demonstrate, and it may be possible to show this by means of further analysis using the CSM of chapter 7. 2-7. Drift limits. Interstory drift will not exceed the values given in table 2-4 unless it can be demonstrated that greater drifts can be tolerated by both structural and nonstructural elements. Tf the specified limits are met, P-Delta effects need not be considered Table 2-4. Story drift ratio limits category 5Q-T EQ-IT I. Essential 0.007 0.015 Facilities IL. Hazardous Not Required 0.02 Facilities II. special Not Required 0.02 ‘Occupancy IV. standard Not Required 0.02 Occupancy 2-8, Building separations. a. EQ-I. All portions of structures will be designed and constructed to act as an integral unit in resisting horizontal forces unless separated structurally by a distance sufficient to avoid contact under deflections calculated from EQ-I, using the 2-8™ 5-809-10-1 square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the modal deflections. (Note that the deflection of each adjacent building is an SRSS value.) b. EQ-IT. Under the conditions of EQ-II, some contact between buildings is acceptable if the floors have common elevations and if it can be shown that the effects of pounding will not cause loss of function, instability of the affected portion of the structure, or hazard to life-safety. 2-9. Vertical ground motion. The vertical component of earthquake motion (i.e., up-and-down motion) need be considered only for horizontal cantilever and horizontal prestressed elements where A, or A, 2 0.20 g. For horizontal cantilever elements, these effects will be satisfied by designing for a net upward force of 0.2D as an additional load case. For other horizontal elements employing prestressing, these effects will be satisfied by substituting equation 2-3 for equation 2-2. Q = 0.5D + 1.0E (eq 2-3) 2-10. Foundations. No additional requirements are specified for foundations. It is assumed that by satisfying the requirements of the Seismic Design Manual, the performance of foundations will be acceptable in EQ-I. For HQ-II, consideration will be given to the effects of overturning at the foundation, such that it does not contribute to the damage of the building. 2-11, Torsional instability. Lateral-force-resisting elements should preferably be located at or near the periphery of the building to maximize torsional rigidity. When this cannot be accomplished or when there are large horizontal eccentricities, the structure must be analyzed for potential torsional instability. a. Compare the forces due to translational motion to the forces due to torsional motion for all lateral-force-resisting components. If the torsional portion is a substantial amount of the total design force (e.g., one-third of the total), then torsional stability will be evaluated. b. Review the mathematical modeling assumptions and calculations to evaluate the validity of the modeling techniques. Determine if uncertainties in assumptions would increase or decrease the torsional characteristics ©. Investigate the consequences of the worst-case conditions. d, Evaluate the feasibility of revising the lateral-force- resisting system to minimize the effects of horizontal torsional moments. 2-12, Limitations of these requirements. As a minimum, the structural lateral load resisting systems must meet all requirements of the Seismic Design Manual. The performance requirements are presented as a method to give a higher level of confidence in satisfying the performance goals. The methods presented are based on approximations, of nonlinear inelastic response of buildings to postulated earthquakes. Although it is presumed that adherence to these requirements will greatly improve 2-6™ S-a09-10-1. the confidence level on the design and construction of buildings, there is no guarantee that all performance objectives will be fulfilled.TM 5-809-10-1, Make initial design by Seismic Design Manual I Establish performance requirements in accordance with Chapter 2 ‘Specify ground motion and develop response spectrum using Chapter 3 procedures Model building using guidance of Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 Is BQ-I analysis required? ves No I Perform EQ-I analysis Results acceptable? No ‘Yes Perform the IDR procedure of Chapter 6 Results acceptable? No ves I Done Perform the capacity Spectrum method of Chapter 7 Results acceptable? No yes Done Revise initial design and re-analyze Figure 2-1. The verification processTM 5-809-10-1 Table 2-1, Harthquake Performance Requirements BQ-T Q-1T occupancy ‘category Return | Performance | Return | Performance Period Range? | Period Range! ears. “years a Essential 70 Nearly 21000 Middle Facilities elastic third of range damage range qr, Hazardous Not Not 3000 | tast third Facilities | Required | Required Of damage range qIr. special Not Not 500 Middle occupancy | Required | Required third of damage range Iv. standard Not Wot soo | Last third Occupancy | Required | Required of damage range Notes: ‘The earthquake demands on the structure, indicated by a performance point, shall not exceed the limits of the performance Fange specified in this table and described in figure 2-2TM 5-809-10-1- Table 2-2. Damping values for structural systems.* Structural system Q-1 EQ-12 analysis? analysis' IDR Method CSM Structural steel ae * note 3 Reinforced concrete st 1o¥ note 3 Masonzy shear walls * ae note 3 Wood 208 ast note 3 1 systems note 4 note § _note $ Damping values are expressed as percentage of critical damping. EQ-I values are consensus values for elastic systems. EQ-II damping values are intended to approximate the effects of inelastic action. See Table 7-2 for damping values used in the csm. For dual systems in EQ-I, use the value of the primary or more rigid system. If both systems are participating significantly, a weighted value, proportionate to the relative participation of each system, may be used. For dual systems in BQ-IT, the larger of the damping values for the systems may be used.INITIAL DETERIORATION ULTIMATE LIMIT @| (BASE SHEAR) NEARLY ELASTIC RANGE | DAMAGE_ RANGE RANGE RANGE, | SURVIVAL | | SERVICE. ° Or Figure 2-2: Capacity Curve.‘mM 5-809-10-1 CHAPTER 3 SPECIFICATION OF GROUND MOTION 3-1. Introduction a. General. The purpose of this chapter is to define the methodologies for determining design earthquake ground motions for building sites anywhere in the United States. For purposes of the seismic dynamic analysis of buildings described in this manual, the ground motions will be in the form of acceleration response spectra. Guidance is also provided for developing acceleration time histories because of their use in the seismic dynamic analysis of base-isolated structures (refer to chapter 9). b, Definition of design earthquakes. Site ground motions should be specified for two design earthquakes for which buildings will be analyzed: (1)_£Q-I, which represents the earthquake specified for the nearly elastic performance goal of table 2-1, has a return period of 70 years. This is the nominal value that’ corresponds to an event that has a 50% probability of being exceeded in 50 years (note: the actual return period is 72 years; the 70-year event has a 51% probability of being exceeded in 50 years). (2) BQ-II, which represents the earthquake specified for damage-range performance goal of table 2-1 has a return period of 1000 years for essential and hazardous facilities and a return period of 500 years for special and standard occupancies. (a) 1000 years is the nominal return period for an event that has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 100 years (note: the actual return period is 950 years; the 1000 year event has approximately 9%t probability of being exceeded in 100 years). (b) 500 years is the nominal return period for an event that has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years and is the basis for the Seismic Design Manual design earthquake. (note: the actual return period is 475 years, the 500-year event has approximately 97% probability of being exceeded in 50 years.) ¢. Relationship between return period and probability of exceedance. The relationship between the probability of exceedance of ground motions in a certain time period (exposure time) and the return period for ground motion exceedance is shown in table 3-1 (these relationships are based on a Poisson probability distribution, for which the mathematical relationship is given in appendix D).’ Note that the recurn period is equal to the reciprocal of the annual frequency of exceedance. Table 3-1: Return period as a function of exposure time and probability of exceedance @. Procedures for obtaining design response spectra. Two procedures for obtaining site response spectra for design™ 5-a09-10-2 earthquakes are described in this manual: the NEHRP method (refer to. PEMA 222); and the site-specific procedure, The NEHRP method utilizes standard response spectrum shapes which are anchored to effective peak ground accelerations obtained from a national map, This procedure is described in paragraph 3-2. (2) ‘The site-specific procedure involves estimation of response spectra based on a site-specific assessment of regional seismic sources, seismicity, ground motion attenuation characteristics, and local Site effects. The site-specific approach is described in paragraph 3-3 and further details of the methodology are described in Appendix D. (2) The conditions for which the site-specific procedure is required are summarized in table 3-2. For other conditions, the NEHRP method may be used. However, the site-specific procedure can always be used as an alternative to the NEHRP method. As shown in table 3-2, for essential, hazardous, or special occupancy facilities, site-specific procedures are required either for sites having relatively higher seismic hazard, as determined by the maximum earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance, or containing Type $3 or S4 soft soils (see table 3-3 for definition Of these soil types). For standard occupancy facilities, site-specific procedures are required for sites located close to active faults or containing Type S4 soft soils. Site-specific procedures are also required when developing spectra for base isolated structures. Site-specific procedures should also be considered whenever the structure is of sufficiently high importance. Whenever site-specific procedures are used, the results should be peer-reviewed by a ground motion specialist. Site-specific response spectra should be compared with the response spectra obtained using the NEHRP method, and if the Site-specific spectra are lower or significantly higher than these obtained using the NEHRP method, the differences should be justified. All recommendations for site ground motions are Subject to the approval of the responsible agency proponent Table 3-2: Conditions for development of site-specific response spectra. Table 3-3: Soil profile types and site coefficients. ©. Background information. Background information about earthquakes and earthquake ground motions is presented in appendix ©. Technical information on the definition and computation of response spectra can be found in Ebeling (1992), see Bibliography Information on site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is given in appendix D. 3-2. NEHRE Method overview of method.TM 5-809-10-1 (2) The NEHRP method was originally developed by the Applied Technology Council (1978). Subsequently, this method has become the basis for seismic loading criteria presented in various building codes and guideline documents, including the 1991 Uniform Building Code (UBC, 1991), 1991 National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New Buildings (NEHRP, 1991), and the 1990 Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary of the Seismology Committee of the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC, 1990) . (2) The steps involved in obtaining design response spectra using the NEHRP method are as follows: (a) Determine the effective peak acceleration (EPA) for the site. (>) Determine the site soil profile type. (c) Determine the response spectrum. These steps are described in the following paragraphs b. Determination of effective peak acceleration. (2) Values of effective peak acceleration (EPA) for a 475-year return period (probability of exceedance of 10 percent in 50 years) are presented in the national maps of figures 3-1 and 3-2/and in the large fold-out maps from NEHRP 1991, Figure 3-1 and NEHRP Map i show values of acceleration-related EPA, denoted Ay, which controls the short-pericd (acceleration) region of the response spectrum as described in paragraph 3-2d below. Figure 3-2 and NEHRP Map 2 show values of velocity-related EPA, denoted Ay, which controls the intermediate-period (velocity) region of the response spectrum as described in paragraph 3-2d. The NEHRP maps are of larger-scale and show county boundaries. The minimum values of A, and A, from the maps should be taken as/0.05. The NEHRP maps were prepared in the mid-1970s. The maps are out-of-date relative to the current state of knowledge of earthquake sources and earthquake Ground motions in many parts of the United States and especially in the northwest region (Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and northwest California). Thus these maps should be used with’ caution. It is anticipated that new NEHRP maps based on mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey will be available in 1997. In the interim, unless approved by the responsible agency proponent, values of A, and A, will not be less than the Z-value of the Seismic Design Manual for the above-listed regions. Figure 3-1: Contour map for effective peak acceleration, Ay, for the United States (from Applied Technology Council, 1978) . Figure 3-2: Contour map for effective peak velocity-related acceleration coefficient, A, for the United States (from Applied Technology Council, 1978) .mM 5-809-10-1 (2)_‘The values of A, and A, obtained from figures 3-1 and 3-2, and NEHRP Maps 1 and 2 for a specific site location should be adjusted to the corresponding set of values for the probabilities Of ground motion exceedance specified for #Q-I (70-years) and EQ-IT (1000-years for essential and hazardous facilities and 500-years for special and standard occupancies). Figure 3-3 and table 3-4 show graphically and in tabular form the values of A, and A, for EQ-I and EQ-iI that correspond to the contour levels of A, and A, in figures 3-1 and 3-2 and the NEHRP maps. Values between ‘contour levels can be interpolated. Figure 3-3: Annual frequency of exceeding various effective peak accelerations. Table 3-4: Ground motion contour levels for NEHRP method for BQ-I and EQ-II return periods. ¢. Determination of site soil profile type. Site soil profile types are described in table 3-3. The four profile types, St through $4, are distinguished by the stiffness of the soil materials and depth to rock d. Determination of design response spectrum. (1) With the known values of A, and A, for EQ-I and £Q-IT and the site soil profile type, the S-percent damped response spectra are defined by the following equations: Constant Spectral Acceleration (Short-Pericd) Region of Spectrum 5.22.5 A (eq 3-1) where S, is spectral acceleration. Constant Spectr Spectrum velocity (Intermediate-Period) Region of SQsAxS/T (eq 3-2) but not exceeding the value of S, given by equation 3-1. S is the site coefficient which is a function of the site soil profile type; values are given in table 3-3. The corresponding spectral velocity, S, in inches/second, is equal to 61 x A, x S for A, in g's Constant Spectral Displacement (Long-Pericd) Region of Spectrum (T 2 4 seconds) S24 axs/t (eq 3-3) ‘The corresponding spectral displacement, S, in inches, is equal 39x Ax S for A, in g's™ 5-809-10-2 (2) For cases where A, is equal to A,, the response spectrum acceleration amplification factor, S/A, (i.e. spectral Shape) defined by equations 3-1 and 3-2 is’ shown in the arithmetic plot of figure 3-4 for soil profile types S,, S,, and S,. As noted fn table 3-2, response spectra for soil profile type S, should be developed on’a site-specific basis. The response spectral shapes shown in figure 3-4 are identical to those presented in the Uniform Building Code (UBC, 1991) and the Recommended Lateral Force Provisions and Commentary of the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC, 1990). The response spectra defined by equations 3-1 through’3-3 are plotted in a tripartite logarithmic representation (assuming a value of A, = 1.0 g and A, =A.) in figure 3-5. The figure shows the constant spectral acceleration, constant spectral velocity, and constant spectral displacement regions of the spectrum. in this form of response spectrum presentation, the spectral accelerations, velocities, and displacements can be read froma single plot. In'both figures 3-4 and 3-5 the period at which the response spectrum begins to decrease from the amplified acceleration region (S, = 2.5 A,) to the zero-period acceleration (equal to A,) is equal to 0.15 seconds, Note that structural engineers’ often assume that S, does not dectease to the zero-pericd acceleration, at least for the first mode, This is because yielding in the structure can lengthen the fundamental period and shift response to the amplified acceleration region. In figure 3-6, the response spectra defined by equations 3-1 through 3-3 are plotted in the form of spectral acceleration, S,, versus spectral displacement, S,. This form of plot is useful for visualizing the combined Spectral response parameters of acceleration and displacement for different periods of vibration. Figure 3-4: Spectral shapes for site soil profile types. Figure 3-5: Tripartite representation of response spectral shapes for site soil profile types. Figure 3-6: Spectral acceleration versus spectral displacement representation of response spectral shape for site soil profile types. (3) The St - damped response spectra defined by equations 3-1 through 3-3 can be adjusted to other damping ratios using the factors given in table 3-5. These factors are based on the effects of damping on response spectra defined by Newmark and Hall (1982) . Table 3-5. Damping adjustment factors.™ 5-809-10-2 ©. Examples of how to construct response spectra using the NEHRP method are given in appendix G. Figure 3-7 shows examples of the constructed response spectra for two sites, Las Vegas, Nevada and Emeryville, California. Figure 3-7: Example response spectra. 3-3, Developing site-specific response spectra a, ‘Team for developing site-specific response spectra. Multi-disciplinary expertise is needed for the development of site-specific response spectra. Geological and seismological expertise is required in the characterization of seismic sources. The selection of appropriate attenuation relationships and the conduct of site response analyses requires expertise in geotechnical engineering and strong motion seismology. Conduct of Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses requires expertise in probabilistic modeling and methods. Thus a team approach is often appropriate for site-specific response spectrum development. It is important that the tean or lead geotechnical specialist work Closely with the design engineer to ensure a conmon understanding of design earthquakes, approaches to be followed in developing site-specific response spectra, and the nature and limitations of the ground motion outputs developed from the geotechnical studies b. General Approaches. There are two general approaches to developing site-specific response spectra: deterministic approach; and probabilistic approach. (2) In the deterministic approach, site ground motions are estimated for a specific, selected earthquake, that is, an earthquake of a certain Size occurring on a specific seismic source at a certain distance from the site. Often, the earthquake is selected to be the largest carthquake judged to be capable oF occurring on the seismic source, i.e., maximum credible earthquake, or MCE, and is assumed to occur on the portion of the seismic source that is closest to the site. After the earthquake magnitude and distance are selected, site ground motions are then deterministically estimated using ground motion attenuation relationships, statistical analyses of ground motion data recorded under similar conditions, or other techniques. (2) In the probabilistic approach, site ground motions are estimated for selected values of annual frequency or return period for ground motion exceedance, or probability of ground motion exceedance in a certain exposure time (or design time period) The probability of exceeding a certain level of ground motion at a site is a function of the locations of seismic sources and the uncertainty of future earthquake locations on the scurces, the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of different sagnitudes on the various sources, and the source-to-site ground motion attenuation including its uncertainty. Dy this manual, the design ground motions for £Q-1 and EQ-II are defined in terms of their return period for groundTM S-809-10-1 motion exceedance and thus should be obtained using a probabilistic approach. Note, however, that in many cases it is Useful to make comparative estimates of ground motions using a deterministic approach. c. Overview of methodology. The development of site-specific response spectra using a probabilistic approach involves the following basic steps: (1) characterizing earthquake sources in terms of their locations and geometries, maximum earthquake magnitudes, and frequency of earthquake occurrence; (2) characterizing source-to-site ground motion attenuation; (3) carrying out a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using inputs from (1) and (2); and (4) developing response spectra from the PSHA results. These basic steps are illustrated in figures 3-8 and 3-9. Figure 3-8 is for the case where a PSHA is carried out for peak ground acceleration (PGA) only, and the response spectrum is then constructed by anchoring a’ selected response spectrum shape to the value of PGA obtained from the PSHA for the selected probability level. Figure 3-9 is for the case where a PSHA is carried out for response spectral values as well as for PGA, and an equal-probability-of-exceedance (equal-hazard) response spectrum is directly determined from the PSHA results for the selected probability level. ‘The effects of locai soil conditions on response spectra are incorporated either directly through the choice of appropriate attenuation relationships or spectral shapes, or by supplemental analyses of site effects in the case where the PSHA is carried out for rock motions at the site, The following paragraphs summarize the different steps involved in developing site-specific response spectra; details of the methodology, including the mathematical formulation of the probabilistic médel, are described in appendix D. Examples of the development of site-specific ground motions using PSHA methodology are also presented in appendix D. Figure 3-8: Development of response spectrum based on a fixed spectrum shape and a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for peak ground acceleration. Figure 3-9 Development of equal-hazard response spectrum from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for response spectral values. characterizing earthquake sources. (1) Source identification. Seismic sources are identified on the basis of geological, seismological, and geophysical Studies. In the western United States (WUS), (i.e., west of the Rocky Mountains) major seismic sources include active faults that have been identified on the basis of surface and subsurface evidence. For example, major active faults in California are shown in map view in figure 3-10. An example of faults mapped in a localized region of the western U.S. (San Francisco Bay Area) is shown in appendix D, figure D-10. In'some coastal regions of the 3-7TM 5-809-10-1 wUS, specifically northwest California, Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska, major earthquake sources also include subduction zones, which are regions where a tectonic plate of the earth's crust’ is thrusting beneath an adjacent tectonic plate. For example, a cross section through the subduction zone in the Puget Sound area of Washington is shown in figure 3-11. In the eastern U.S. (EUS), earthquake faults typically do not have surface expression and their subsurface location is usually not precisely known. Accordingly, earthquake sources in the £US are usually characterized as zones with the zone boundaries selected on the basis of boundaries of geologic structures and/or patterns of seiamicity. Earthquake source zones in the EUS have been characterized in studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (1982), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Bernreuter et al., 1989), and Electric Power Research Institute (1986). An example’ of seismic source zones developed for the SUS in the EPRI (1986) study is shown in figure 3-12. Figure 3-10: Major active faults in California (after Wesnowsky, 1986) . Figure 3-11: Cross-section through Puget Sound, washington showing subduction zone (from Noson and others, 1988). Figure 3-12: Examples of seismic source area zonation for eastern United States (from Electric Power Research Institute, 1986) . (2) Maximum earthquake magnitudes. Maximum magnitude is the physical limit on the size of an earthquake that can be generated by an earthquake source that is related to the dimensions of the source or source seaments. For seismic sources in the WUS, maximum magnitudes are usually estimated by assessing the largest dimension (e.g. area) of the source expected to jpture in a single event and then using empirical relationships that relate earthquake magnitude to rupture size. An example of a correlation between rupture area and earthquake moment magnitude is shown in figure 3-13. In the BUS, because the source dimensions are typically unknown, there is a greater degree of uncertainty as to the maximum earthquake magnitude. Typically, maximum earthquake magnitudes in the EUS are estimated based on a conservative interpretation of (or extrapolation beyond) the storical seismicity on the source and by analogies to similar geologic structures and tectonic regimes throughout the world. Figure 3-13: Relationship between earthquake magnitude and rupture area (after Wells and Coppersmith, 1994). (3) Sarthquake recurrence.TM 5-809-10-1 (a) Recurrence relationships characterize the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes of various sizes, from the minimum magnitude of engineering significance to the maximum magnitude estimated for the source. Recurrence relationships are illustrated schematically in diagram a of figures 3-8 and 3-9. (o) Sarthquake recurrence relationships must be developed for each identified seismic source that could significantly contribute to the seismic hazard at a site. Where earthquake sources are defined as area sources, recurrence relationships are usually developed on the basis of historical seismicity. However, for sources defined as faults, the available historical seismicity for the individual fault is usually insufficient to characterize recurrence rates, particularly for larger earthquakes, and use is typically made of geologic data to supplement the historical record. Geologic data include data on fault slip rates and data from paleoseismic studies on the occurrence of large prehistoric earthquakes. (c) Earthquake recurrence curves are usually described by either a truncated exponential recurrence model (Cornell and Van Marke, 1969) based on Gutenberg and Richter's (1954) recurrence law, or a characteristic earthquake recurrence model (Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984; Youngs and Coppersmith, 1985a, 1985b). The exponential relationship describes a rate of earthquake occurrence that increases exponentially as earthquake magnitude decreases. On the other hand, the characteristic relationship predicts that a relatively greater number of earthquakes (compared to the exponential relationship) will occur as "characteristic" magnitude events that are at or near the maximum magnitude for the source. The characteristic relationship is illustrated in figure 3-14. Characteristic and exponential forms of recurrence relationships are compared in figure 3-15. ‘The exponential relationship is usually used for seismic sources defined as areas, whereas both exponential and characteristic earthquake models are used for individual fault sources. Detailed studies of earthquake recurrence in the Wasatch fault region, Utah, and in the San francisco Bay region have shown excellent matches between regional seismicity rates and recurrence modeling when combining the characteristic recurrence model for individual faults with the exponential model for distributed sources areas (Youngs et al., 1987, 1988; Youngs et al, 1993); such 2 comparison ig illustrated’ in che example in appendix D for the San Francisco Bay region. Figure 3-14: Diagrammatic characteristic earthquake recurrence relationship for an individual fault or fault segment (from Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984, and National Research Council, 1988). Figure 3-15: Comparison of exponential and characteristic earthquake magnitude distributions.™ 5-809-10-1 (d)_A Poisson probability model is usually assumed for probabilistic ground motion analyses. In the Poisson model, earthquake occurrence in time is assumed to be random and memoryless. ‘The probability of an earthquake in a given time period is thus determined by the average frequency of earthquakes and is independent of when the last earthquake occurred. This model has been shown to be consistent with earthquake occurrence ona regional basis. However, it does not conform to the process believed to result in earthquakes on an individual fault -- one of a gradual accumulation of strain followed by a sudden release. More realistic "real time" earthquake recurrence models have been developed that predict the probability of an earthquake in the Rext time period, rather than any time period, taking into account the past history (and paleo-history) of large earthquakes on a fault. Usually, there are insufficient geologic and seismicity data on the timing of past earthquakes to justify the use of these models. However, real-time recurrence models have been used, for example, in the study of the probabilities of large earthquakes on the San’Andreas fault system in Northern California by the Working Group on California Earthquake probabilities (1990). These models can be considered for site-specific applications when there is sufficient data on the time-dependent occurrence of earthquakes on specific earthquake sources. Characterizing ground motion attenuation. (1) Attenuation relationships describe the variation of the amplitude of a ground motion parameter as a function of earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance. A number of attenuation relationships have been developed for PGA and also for response spectral accelerations or velocities for different structural periods of vibration. Figure 3-16 illustrates typical attenuation relationships for PGA and response spectral accelerations for three periods of vibration. These relationships are in terms of earthquake moment magnitude and the distance is the closest distance to the ruptured fault. ‘The curves in figure 3-16 are median (S0th percentile) relationships. In a probabilistic ground motion analysis, it is important to include the uncertainty in the ground motion estimates, which reflects the scatter in ground motion data. An example of ground motion data scatter for a Single earthquake is illustrated in figure 3-17. To model this source of uncertainty in ground motion estimation, a probabilistic distribution about the median curves is assigned, as schematically lustrated in diagram b of figures 3-8 and 3-9 and as also lustrated by the plus-and-minus-one-standard deviation curves in figure 3-17. A log-normal distribution is typically used and the standard deviation of the distribution is usually provided by the developer of the particular attenuation relationship. Figure 3-16: Sxample of attenuation relationships for response spectral accelerations (St damping) (from Sadigh and others, 1993) Figure 3-17: Example of ground motion data scatter for a single earthquake (from Seed and Idriss, 1982).T™ 5-a09-10-1 (2) Attenuation relationships have been developed for different tectonic environments including WUS shallow crustal, EUS, and subduction zone environments. Attenuation relationships have also been developed for different broad categories of subsurface conditions, particularly for the categories of rock and firm soils. In some Cases, attenuation relationships have distinguished the effects Of different types of faulting (e.g. strike-slip vs. reverse faulting). It is important to select a Set or sets of attenuation relationships that are most applicable to the site under consideration. £. Conducting probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) ‘The Seiemic source characterization and ground motion attenuation characterization are combined in a probabilistic model to develop relationships between the amplitude of a ground motion parameter and the probability or frequency of its exceedance (diagram c of figures 3-8 and 3-9). These relationships are termed hazard curves. A hazard curve for PGA is illustrated in figure 3-18. ‘The results in figure 3-3 represent average trends for the shapes of hazard curves from PSHAS, conducted in a wide range of seismicity environments in the United States. Appendix D describes the mathematical formulation for the seismic hazard model and provides examples of its usage in obtaining hazard curves. The appendix also discusses the quantification of uncertainty in hazard curves as related to the uncertainty involved in the relationships and parameters of the model (i.e. uncertainty in seismic source parameters such as maximum earthquake magnitude, frequency of earthquake occurrence, etc. and uncertainty in the choice of appropriate attenuation relationships) . g. Developing response spectra from the PSHA. Described below are two alternative approaches for obtaining response spectra based on PSHA: Approach 1 - anchoring a response spectrum shape to the PGAs determined from PSHA; Approach 2 - developing equal-hazard spectra directly from the PSHA. The two approaches are schematically illustrated in figures 3-é and 3-9, respectively. (1) Approach 1 - Anchoring Response Spectrum Shape to PGA Determined from PSHA. tn this alternative, the hazard analysis is carried out only for PGA, and the eGAs for’£Q-I and EQ-1I are Obtained from tne hazard curve developed for the site. The response spectra are then constructed by anchoring appropriate response spectrum shapes to the PGA values. Typically, spectrum shapes for the appropriate category of subsurface condition, such as the shapes illustrated in figure 3-4, are used. However, it Should be noted chat widely used spectrum shapes such as those in figure 3-4 were developed on the basis of predominantly WUS shallow crustal earthquake ground motion data and their use for EUS earthquakes or subduction zone earthquakes should be carefully assessed. Furthermore, the spectrum shapes in figure 3-4 are Considered to be most applicable to moderate-magnitude earthquakes (magnitude = 6 1/2) and close to moderate distances (distances < 100 km). For larger magnitudes and distances, the shapes may be unconservative in the long-period range; conversely, for smaller magnitudes, the shapes may be overly conservative for long periods. To assess the appropriateness of the spectrum shapes, the results of a PSHA may be analyzed to determine the dominant magnitude and distance contributions to the seismic hazard. The ean™ 5-809-10-1 dominate magnitudes and distances will, in some cases, differ significantly for BQs-I and II. Usually the dominant’ magnitudes increase as probability levels decrease (i.e. larger dominant magnitudes for EQ-II than for BQ-1); this is illustrated in appendix D. (2)__ Approach 2_- developing equal hazard response spectra directly from PSHA. In Approach 2, the hazard analysis is carried out for response spectral values at a number of periods of vibration (using response spectral attenuation relationships), as well as for PGA. For the probability levels for EQ-I and #Q-i1, the response spectral values are obtained from the hazard curves and are then plotted versus period of vibration. Then, a smooth curve is drawn through the response spectral vaiues obtained for each earthquake, resulting in an equal-hazard response spectrum for each earthquake, that is, a spectrum having the same probability of exceédance at each period of vibration. The process of constructing equal-hazard response spectra from hazard Curve results is illustrated in figure 3-19 for the same site for which the PGA hazard curve was constructed in figure 3-18. The example in figure 3-19 is for a return period of 1,000 years which is equal to the return period for BQ-II. (Note in figure 3-19 that PGA is identically equal to zero-period response spectral acceleration which, in the example, is equal to response spectral acceleration at periods equal to or less than 0.03 seconds). In general, it is preferable to develop response spectra using Approach 2 rather than Approach i. This is partly because response spectral attenuation relationships needed for Approach 2 are available for both the EUS and WUS and are as reliable as attenuation relationships for PGA. Also, by using Approach 2, the resulting response spectrum will directly incorporate the effects of tectonic environment, magnitude, distance, and probability level on response spectral shape. Figure 3-18: Example seismic hazard curve showing relationship between peak ground acceleration and annual frequency of exceedance. Figure 3-19: Construction of equal-hazard spectra. h, Accounting for local site effects on response spectra. (2) Ie the site is a rock site, local soil amplification effects are not applicable, and the response spectrum is directly obtained from the PSHA using attenuation relationships and response spectrum shapes for rock motions. (2) Tf the site is a soil site, it is important to account for soil amplification effects on response spectra. Such effects can be very strong in many cases, such as the case illustrated in figure 3-20 in which ground motions recorded on a soft soil site (Treasure Island) during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake were amplified greatly in comparison to motions recorded on an adjacent rock site (Yerba Buena Island) .7M 5-809-10-1 Figure 3-20: Response spectra and ratio of response spectra for ground motions recorded at a soft site and nearby rock site during the 1989 Loma prieta earthquake. (3) Two approaches for incorporating soil amplification effects are: (1) by directly incorporating soil amplification effects in the PSHA through the use of attenuation relationships applicable to the soil condition at the site; and (2) by developing rock response spectra at the site from a PSHA using rock attenuation relationships and then carrying out site response analyses to assess the modifying influence of the soil column on the ground motions. The choice between approaches (1) and (2) depends on whether attenuation relationships are available that are sufficiently applicable to the soil conditions at the site. I£ such relationships are not available, then approach (2) should be used. Approach (2) can always be considered as an alternative or supplement to approach (1). (4) Soil amplification effects are stronger for soft clay soils than for stiff clays or dense sands, especially in the long period range. Soil amplification is also’ increased by a large change in stiffness or shear wave velocity between the soils and underlying bedrock. Thus it is particularly appropriate to conduct site response analyses when these conditions are present aca site. (5) Site response analysis methodology is schematically illustrated in figure 3-21. The soil profile between the ground surface and underlying rock is modeled in terms of its stratigraphy and dynamic soil properties. Acceleration time histories that are representative of the estimated rock motions are selected and are propagated through the modeled soil profile using nonlinear or equivalent linear response analytical methods and top-of-soil motions are obtained. As in other types of theoretical modeling and numerical analyses, site response analyses are sensitive to the details of the analytical procedures, soil dynamic properties, and input motions. The Sensitivities should be carefully examined when these analyses are conducted. Figure 3-2 Schematic of site response analysis. (6) In certain cases, it may be appropriate to consider other types of site effects in developing site-specific ground motions. These include surface topographic effects when the surface topography is very irregular and could amplify ground motions, and subsurface basin or buried valley response effects when such two- and three-dimensional effects could significantly modify ground motions in comparison to the one-dimensional site response effects that are usually modeled.1™ 5-809-10-2. TABLE 3-1 Return Period as a Function of Exposure Time And Probability of Exceedance Return Period (years) for Exposure Time t (in years) Probability of pxceedance (x) | t= 10 | t=20 | t=30 | e=40 | e=s0 | t = 100 2 995 1990 2985 3980 4975 9950 2 435 390 1485 1980 2475 4950 5 195 390 585 780 975 1950 10 35 130 285 380 475 950 20 45 90 135 180 225 450 30 28 36 ea 112 140 280 40 39 59 78 38 195 50 23 3 58 72 145 60 1 22 33 “4 55 220 70 a3 a7 25 33 a2 83 80 6.2 2 Fry 25 3h 62 30 a3 8.7 13 a7 22 43 95 3.3 6.7 0 3 17 33 98 2.2 43 6.5 3.7 22 99.5 1.9 3.8 5.7 7.5 3.4 29 -14TM 5-803-10-1 ‘TABLE 3-2 conditions for Development of Site-specific Response Spectra 1. Essential and Hazardous Facilities, or Special occupancies a. Sites located within the following distances from identified active faults * Earthquake Moment Source-to-site Magnitude, M Distance, miles 6.25 25 6.5 210 7.0 215 15 228 2.0 235 22.5 «50 Sites located within a seismic source zone having maximum moment magnitude = 6.25. c. Sites containing soft to medium stiff clay soils of thickness » 20 feet (ive. Type $3 of S4 soils, Table 3-3). d, Base-isolated structures. standard occupancies a. Sites located within moment magnitude > 6. 5 miles of identified active faults having maximum b. Sites containing soft soils of thickness > 40 feet (i.e. Type S4 soils, ‘Table 3-3). c. Base-isolated structures. + ncluding faults that are located in subduction zones ‘+ Defined in Appendix c.™ 5-809-10-1 TABLE 3-3 Soil Profile Types and Site Coefficients Soil Profile Type Description Site Coefficient® 8; A soil profile with either a) rock-like 1.0 material characterized by a shear-wave velocity greater than 2,500 feet per second or by other suitable means of classification or b) stiff or dense soil condition where the soil depth is less than 200 feet S, A soil profile with dense or stiff soil Ls conditions where the soil depth exceeds 200 feet. 8, A soil profile 40 feet or more in depth 2.28 and containing more than 20 feet of soft to medium stiff clay but not more than 40 feet of soft to medium stiff clay‘. 5, A Soi1 profile containing more than, £0 2 feet of soft to medium stiff clay 1) than shear wave velecitien aze avatlable, soft to medium stiff clays are characterized by shear ave velocities less than 600. feet/secone 12) MERE metnod not applicable £S 5 profiles. 1 profile type Sy site-specific spectra sheuld be developed for 5, (2) Nove chat these site costtictents are tor response spectrum const faze not the same 49 the Site factors ceed in the static equivalent Lateral fosoe design pescedure of the Uniform Building Shae ce, the Recommended Lateral force Provisions and Commentary sf the Seruceural Engineers Association Sf Galitoenas ton. TheTABLE 3-4 mM 5-809-10-1 Ground Motion Contour Levels for NEHRP Method for EQ-1 and EQ-IT Return Periods Nominal 70-Year Nominal 500-Year Nominal 1000-vear Aor At | Return Period Return Period Return Period 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.23) 0.20 0.08 0.20 0.26 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.50 ‘Earthquake ground motion level A, or A, corresponding to Figures 3-1 and 2-2 and NEERP Maps 1 and 2.™ 5-809-10-1 Damping Adjustment Factors* Ratio of Response spectrum for Damping Ratio B Damping to Response spectrum for B = St Ratio 3 constant Acceleration Region Constant Velocity Region** 3 1.20 2.15 5 1.00 1.00 7 0.96 0.90 10 0.72 0.80 15 0.58 0.70 20 0.46 0.60 28 0.38 0.53 30 0.32, 0.47 ton the basis of Newmark-Hall one-sigma response spectra. For other values and background refer to Newnark-Hall in Bibliography. “constant velocity region is curved portion of response spectrum (figs 3-4, 3-6, and 3-7) where S, is a function of 1/T(8261 ‘Wounog ABojouyoaL paiddy wos) | $8}0}S payUN ey} Joy ‘ Py ‘yUa!D14Je09 uojosaje000 ypad aayjoayjye oy dows sinoyuog :1—-¢ aanbi4 aNPUERTO RICO HANA Figure 3-1: Continued“(8261 ‘yWounog ABojouyoal paddy wos) $9}D}S PaUN 84} Joy ‘ Ay ‘uaioiyja09 UOl}0J3}999D payojei—Ayloojan yoad aajoeyye 10} dows snoyuog :Z7—-¢ aanbiyALASKA a a HAMALL PUERTO RICO Figure 3-2: ContinuedAnnual Frequency of Exceedance Probability of Exceedance in Exposure Time of 10-1 99.3 99.995 z 1072 39 3 10 19 10-5 5 10 2 4 1 2 10-* 0.5 1 10-8 0.05 on 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 05 1.0 Aa or Av (g) Figure 3-3: Annual Frequency of Exceeding Various Effective Peak AccelerationsSpectra ore plotted for EPA =1g and 5% domping So=2.5 x Aa (eq 3-1) 3k / Sa Soil Profile Type (teb 3-3) 2 So=Av x S/T (eq 3-2) ho = A) (EPA (So) § FH = s\2 ia ala BI2 os io) eee i oO 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Period (T), seconds Figure 3-4: Spectral Shapes for Site Soil Profile Types5% damping: Pseudorelative velocity (PSRV) “0.01 Of 1 10 Period (seconds) Figure 3-5: Tripartite representation of response spectral shapes for site soil profile types.3 T=0.5 ~ T=1.0 Tat.5 Kpkatra plotted’ f diand Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g) Spectral Displacement, Sd (inches) Figure 3-6: Spectral Acceleration versus Spectral Displacement Representation of Response Spectral Shapes for Site Soil Profile TypesSpectral Acceleration, Sa (g) Spectral Acceleration, Sa (g) Example Spectro for Los Vegas, Nevada Spectra are for a reinforced concrete essential facility, | with type $2 soil. Exampie Spectra for nee Kenia Spectra ora for two structural 98, ‘an essential facility ond a spect cements structure, both with type S3_soil. EQ-ll (Essential Facility) £Q-lI (Special Occupancy) £Q-I (Both Buildings) 0.5 1 15 2 2.5 Period, T (seconds) Figure 3-7: Example Response Spectrateoo source dn _J \\ cones Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) \\ ‘Sowee=to-Ste Oinoncs fine_Attenuation Relationships, for «. Define ond Characterize Earthquake Sources > Besk“cround *'Ktceteration (OCA) SS Zo €. Conduct Probobilistic Analysis ond Oevelop Hozord Curve for Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) ‘Speci Acceleration, SA ° Perea a Viraion, T 4. Scole Fixed Spectrum Shope to PGA Selected from Hazard Curve Figure 3-8: Development of response spectrum based on a fixed spectrum shape and a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for peak ground acceleration.©. Define ond Choracterize Earthquake Sources Peck Ground Accelrotin (POA) ‘Source=towShe Oatanee ' Define Attenuation Relationships for Peak Ground ‘Acceleration (PGA) ond Re vol Ampitudes| (Say et Ditlerent Periods of Vibration, T AG seoval Frequency of Exceedonce Ground Wate DL "Arps ¢. Conduct Probobiltic Angisis and Develop Hazard Curve for Pegk Ground, Acceleration (PCA) Sha" Response Spectral Ampitudes (A) ot Oiferent Periods of Vibration, T ‘Specie! Accalaration, SA 7 Period of Vibation, T 4. Construct Response Spectrum from Hozord Curve Results Figure 3-9: Development of equal—hazard response spectrum from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for response spectral values.Figure 3-10: Major active faults in California (after Wesnousky, 1986)(0) Geologic ond geographic features Depth Kilometers 47-48°N 20 <1 (b) Seismicity (deep eorthquokes indicate the slope of the zone of subduction: Vertical exaggerotion of 2 to 1 for seismicity plot indicates steeper thon ectuol slope of subducting Juon de Fuca plate) Figure 3-11: Cross section through Puget Sound, Washington, showing subduction zone (from Noson and others, 1988)Note: Seismic source crea zonation shown in this figure is one of six zonotions developed in the EPRI, 1986 study. Figure 3-12: Example of seismic source area zonation for eastern United States (from Electric Power Research Institute, 1986).9 © Strike Slip ato Reverse J = & Normal = é 148 EQs 2 7F a = & 8 ea 4 < 3 § i Gin 4 M = 4.07 + 0.98% log(RA) 4 1 1 1 1 10 100 10% 10* Rupture Area (square kilometers) Figure 3-13: Relation between Earthquake Magnitude and Rupture Area (after Wells and Coppersmith, 1994)seismicity << data : geologic dato —— Cumulative Number > M per Year Magnitude, M Figure 3-14: Diagrammatic characteristic earthquake recurrence relationship for an individual fault or fault segment (from Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984, and National Research Council, 1988).& Annual frequency > Mw 4 5 Equal moment rate — Exponential see Characteristi Equal rate for M > 6.5 Exponential Choracteristic ss 6 65 7 3 5 55 6 65 i 5s Magnitude, Mw Magnitude, Mw (a) (b) Figure 3-15: Comparison of Exponential and Characteristic Earthquake Magnitude DistributionsPGA (T = 0 sec) 107 107 Spectral Acceleration, 9 10% 10 107! 10-2 Spectral Acceleration, g 108 : 7 10 100108 7 10 fooeeeetion Distance, km Distance, km (from Sadigh et. al., 1993) Figure 3-16 Example of attenuation relationships for response spectral accelerations (5% damping)os 0.1 0.03 1979 Imperial Volley Peak Horizontal Acceleration, g 0.01 Ms=6.8, ML=6.6 0.003 1 3. 10 30 100 300 Closest Horizontal Distance From Zone of Energy Release, km Note: Doshed lines represent estimated median and median + o attenuation curves based on regression analysis of peok acceleration date. Figure 3-17: Example of Ground Motion Data Scatter for a Single Earthquake (from Seed and Idriss, 1982)1 1 oO oO Cc 3 107 410 3 fa oO oO x oO wi 2 S 50 vo 2 S 107b 4100 5 g a > £ 2 2 iL 500 @ S$ 10°b 4 1,000 Cc Eg Ff { 19“ 1 t ; 10,000 0 2 4 6 8 1 Peak Acceleration (g) Figure 3-18: Example seismic hazard curve showing relationship between peak ground acceleration and annual frequency of exceedance.Annual Frequency of Exceedance Spectral Acceleration (9) a (b) 1,000-yr equaihazard spectra Spectral Acceleration (9) 02 05 1D ee Ss 10 Period (sec) Figure 3-19 Construction of equail—hazard spectraos Comp. 090 5% damping Treosure Island (soft net soil site) | Spectral Acceleration, Sq (9) Yerba Buena Island ~ (rock site) ptt 002 005 0.1.02 05 1 2 5 10 20 Period, seconds (a) Response Spectra ° 5 a ‘3 O15 a 2\5 2 512 Blo sb 4 € es s\3 5 ge 2b el 9 es S awe Le ' See ee ee ee eee 002005 0.1 02051 2 5 10 20 Period, seconds (b) Ratio of Response Spectra Figure 3-20: Response spectra and ratio of response spectra for ground motions recorded at_a soft site and nearby rock site during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.Output rock motion o3gsgesess Soil profile and nonlinear dynamic soil properties Input rock motion Figure 3-21: Schematic of Site Response AnalysisTM 5-809-10-1 CHAPTER 4 GUIDANCE FOR BUILDINGS . 4-1. Introduction. This chapter provides general guidance for the dynamic analysis and the verification process. 4-2, Conventional approach to design. The dynamic analysis and performance based approach of this manual are better understood when compared to the conventional equivalent static force procedure of the Seismic Design Manual. There are three fundamental aspects to the Seismic Design Manual approac is a single set of forces that is intended to represent all earthquake effects; the magnitude of the forces is less than that of the forces the building will be called upon to resist in the code-basis earthquake; and the forces are applied statically. The forces are based on a site spectrum (ZC). Tf the building were designed to these forces it would remain elastic in the earthquake. The site spectrum is then reduced for design purposes by an amount that depends on the nature of the system, the amount being greater for systems that have greater ductility, greater ability to deform beyond the elastic limits. The reduced forces, together with the gravity loads, in various load combinations, determine the design strength. ‘There are two methods for design Working Stress and Strength. there a. Working Stress. The demands of the site spectrum are reduced by a coefficient called the R,-factor. Members are analyzed Using the conventional elastic section modulus, and stresses are kept to within conventional.working stresses with an increase allowed for short-term loading. In the SEAOC provisions, this approach is still in effect. For design of concrete structures there are special load factors that are compatible with the strength design procedures of ACI. Eventually, there will be strength procedures for all materials, and SEAOC will be revised for strength design. b. Strength. The demands of the site spectrum are reduced by a coefficient called the R-factor. The approach is similar to the working stress approach: the R-factor reduced demands are greater than working stress procedure demands because the R,- factors are larger than the R-factors; at the same time the member capacities are higher because they are calculated on a strength basis. At the service level, member forces are at the level of unfactored loads and the members are well below che limit of elastic behavior; at the yield level, member forces are at the level of factored loads and the strengths of the members are mobilized. For reinforced concrete, the strength procedure is well established and has long been in use; for steel, strength design (load and resistance factor design, or LRFD) is coming into use; for masonry and wood, strength procedures are under development. In this manual, all member strengths are calculated by strength procedures. For materials other than concrete, empirical formulas are given for transforming working-stres: criteria to strength criteria. 4-3. The dynamic approach. The introduction to seismic design presented in the Seismic Design Manual includes discussions on ground motion, structural response, and behavior of buildings™ 5-809-10-2 ‘The purpose of this discussion is to aid in making the transition from static analysis to dynamic modal analysis. a. Ground motion. At the source of the earthquake, some distance from the site of a building, there is a release of energy that causes the earth to shake. The ground mot:on that occurs at the site is dependent on the size of earthquake, the distance from the source, the geological characteristics of the material between the source and the building, and the characteristics of the soil at the building site. The motion at the site can be described by a single number, such as peak ground acceleration (A,). However, this single number does not give the information on the characteristics (or signature) of the earthquake. b. Response spectra. Response spectra give information on the characteristics of the ground motion. whereas, the peak ground motion gives the maximum motion at the ground, the response spectrum gives the maximum motion of a simple oscillator that represents a single mode of the structure. For example, the ground acceleration may be amplified in a short period dscillator, but for a long period oscillator, the accelerations may be less than the ground accelerations. The peak response of the oscillator (5,) is a point on the response spectra for the period of the oscillator. ¢. Building response. The motion in the building is dependent on both the ground motion characteristics and the building's vibrational (i.e., dynamic) characteristics. If the periods of Vibration, the shapes of the various modes, and the weights of each story are known, the lateral forces, acceleration, and displacements of the building can be calculated from the response spectrum. The total force at the base of the building (i.e., the base shear) can be obtained from summing the story forces for each mode and then combining the modes. The base shear divided by the weight of the building gives the base shear coefficient c, (i.e., vw). d. Inelastic (nonlinear) response. In order to estimate the behavior of a structure that may be subjected to a major, damaging earthquake, it is necessary to investigate its inelastic response characteristics and capacity. When one major structural element begins to yield, changes will begin to occur in the structure's. behavioral characteristics. For example, force distribution, periods of vibration, and mode shapes will be altered as parts of Various elements yield. Dynamic analysis procedures for nonlinear systems can be very complex, requiring step-by-step, time-history- forcing-functions, and inelastic force-distortion properties of all the structural elements and their connections. However, the verification process of this manual uses approximate methods that allow inelastic behavior to be analyzed by elastic procedures. @. Relationship between ground motion and building response. When describing amplitude of motion it is important to use the proper terms. Some of these terms include earthquake magnitude (M), modified Mercali earthquake intensity (iI), peak ground acceleration (A,), spectral acceleration (S,), peak roof acceleration (a;), and base shear coefficient (Cy). ‘They all have very different meanings and can have very different relative values. Examples are given in table 4-1 for a low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise building. The values are just for illustrative