L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4: Curriculum Integration Reading Program

Curriculum Integration Reading Program
180 words
L4
Lesson Components
BIG IDEA Let’s Focus
The Big Idea section stimulates The Let’s Focus section encourages
students’ interest and gives students to think about the main idea as
them a wider understanding of they read through the passage.
the chapter’s theme.
Link to Text [Self]

The Link to Text [Self] section allows
students to think back about what they
have read or to relate ideas from the
passage to their own lives.
In Other Words
In this section, students learn additional
useful words and their synonyms.
Contents Map
The Contents Map section previews the content covered in each
lesson and presents the unifying theme. Reading Comprehension
In this section, students’ understanding of
the passage is checked through multiple-
choice and short-answer questions.
Background Link Graphic Organizer &

The Background Link section Summary
offers students background A two-step summarizing activity teaches
information involved in the students how to make outlines and
lesson. Also, it asks them summaries.
to answer simple questions
or complete short activities
related to the content of the Find Evidence
passage. The Find Evidence section encourages students to closely focus on
the meaning of individual words and sentences by finding evidence
from the text to answer comprehension questions. Both detail and
inference questions are included.
Vocabulary Worksheet
After studying the Key Word section, students apply what they’ve
Key Words learned using the Vocabulary Worksheet. While answering
The Key Words section highlights the key questions that include the key words, students can activate their
words from the lesson. prior knowledge or experience and reinforce their learning.
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Rain CHAPTER 3 Competition
LESSON SUBJECT TITLE WORDS PAGE LESSON SUBJECT TITLE WORDS PAGE
1 Science Where Does Rain Come From? 190 6 9 History The Ancient Greek Olympics 187 58
Animals Compete to
2 Social Studies Rainmaking Ceremonies 181 14 10 Science Attract Mates
195 66
Matisse and Picasso:

3 Music Chopin’s Musical Raindrops 185 20 11 Art Rivals and Friends
189 72
Arachne and Athena’s

4 History The History of the Raincoat 181 26 12 Literature Weaving Contest
186 78
CHAPTER 2 Dots CHAPTER 4 Air

LESSON SUBJECT TITLE WORDS PAGE LESSON SUBJECT TITLE WORDS PAGE
5 Music Staccato 188 32 13 Science Air in Motion 190 84
6 History Reading by Touching 191 40 14 Social Studies Amazing Air Shows 187 92
7 Art The Dot Paintings of Aborigines 193 46 15 History Life-Saving Airbags 188 98
Science & Social Studies The Growing Danger of

8 Health A Test for Your Eyes 194 52 16 & Health Air Pollution
192 104
Supplementary
Vocabulary Worksheet p. 113
Material
CHAPTER 1
Rain 1 Where Does Rain

Come From? 2 Rainmaking
Ceremonies
Soc
e ial
nc
St
Sci
ud
ies
Rain
His
to
sic
ry Mu
The History of Chopin’s Musical
4 the Raincoat 3 Raindrops
BIG IDEA
Why do we need rain?
Where Does Rain
RAIN
1
Science Come From?
Background Link
Water has no taste, smell, or color. It can be
in three different states depending on the
temperature: solid, liquid, or gas. Write down
each state of water in the blanks. water vapor 2.
When water boils, it

When water vapor cools becomes a gas in the air.
down, it becomes a liquid. This is called evaporation.
This is called condensation.
ice 1.
losing heat
gaining heat
Key Words 02
wonder source vapor

form experiment pour water 3.
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 113 3. liquid 2. gas Answers: 1. solid
8 Lesson 1 • Rain 9
RAIN Science
03
Where Does Rain
Come From? Water vapor is light, so it rises. On the way up, it
loses heat and cools down. This causes the water vapor
to condense. When this happens, it changes into water
droplets. A lot of droplets together form clouds. When
the water droplets get bigger and heavier, they fall as 15
water droplets
rain.
Here’s an experiment you can try. First, pour some

water into a clear cup. Next, cover the top with plastic
wrap. Then put it in the sun.
After a few hours, water droplets will gather on the 20
plastic wrap. Sunlight heats the water inside and turns

Let s Focus it into water vapor. The water vapor rises and condenses
on the plastic wrap. When the droplets get too big and
heavy, they fall like rain!
You have probably seen rain falling from the sky.
But do you ever wonder how rain is made and why it
Words 190
falls?
Rain is water that falls from clouds.

It comes from water sources around 5 a few hours later
us, such as oceans and lakes.

water vapor When the sun heats water, the water
evaporates. This means it changes
into water vapor. Water vapor is
water in the air that we can’t see. 10
Lin to Text
What happens when water
is put in a warm place?
In Other Words rise go up cause lead to gather come together turn change
Reading Comprehension Graphic Organizer & Summary
1. What is this passage mainly about? Step 1 Complete the information with the words from the box.
a. where rain is formed
b. how rain is made
2
c. how much rain falls during a storm
d. why water vapor rises
2. What causes water to evaporate?

How Rain Is Formed 3
a. dust from the air b. rain from the clouds 1
c. droplets from a lake d. heat from the sun
3. What happens to water vapor as it rises?

a. It turns hotter in the clouds.
b. It becomes cooler and condenses. 1 Water evaporates from lakes and oceans .
c. It gets lighter until it becomes rain. 2 Water vapor condenses into water droplets . These form
d. It gathers more heat from the sun. clouds.
3 Rain falls when droplets in clouds get bigger and heavier.
4. Which do you NOT need for the experiment mentioned in this passage?
a. a cup b. plastic wrap droplets condenses form evaporates oceans falls
c. rainwater d. sunlight
5. When do water droplets fall as rain?

They fall after they get bigger and heavier .
Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
6. In the experiment, how does water vapor turn into water droplets?
It rises and condenses on the plastic wrap.
Sunlight causes water to evaporate . The water vapor goes up and
condenses as water droplets. These form clouds . The droplets get
bigger and fall as rain. We can see this in a(n) experiment with water in a
Find Evidence cup. Cover the cup with plastic wrap and put it in the sun. Then, the
7. What can be inferred from this passage? water turns into water vapor and condenses into water droplets on the
a. Water evaporates when it cools down. plastic wrap. Later, they fall just like rain .
b. Water droplets are lighter than water vapor.
c. Evaporation and condensation cannot be observed.
d. The temperature of water vapor can change.
Go to the passage and underline the evidence for your answer.
7. (lines 11-12) On the way up, it loses heat and cools down.
Rainmaking
RAIN
oc
2
ial Studie Ceremonies
1
S
Background Link
What happens when there’s no rain? Write the
correct letter for each picture.
2
a. Crops don’t grow, and the land dries out.
b. There is little water to drink or use.
c. Wildfires can start more easily.
d. Water levels get lower, so marine animals die.
Key Words 04
resource perform ceremony

spirit pray please
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 114 4. d 3. b 2. c Answers: 1. a
RAIN Social Studies
05
Rainmaking
Ceremonies Some people in Thailand have cat parades.
According to an old belief, a cat’s cry can bring rainfall. In
a cat parade, people carry around a cat in a basket. Then
everyone gently splashes water onto the cat to make it
cry. People also sing songs praying for rain. 15
In some parts of India, frog weddings are held.

People believe marrying the frogs will please the rain
god. Before the wedding, the frogs are given a bath and
are dressed in nice clothes. Red paint is put on their
heads. After the event, people expect the rain to arrive 20
soon.
Let s Focus Words 181
Rain provides us with water, a precious natural

resource. But what if it doesn’t rain for a long time?
Some people believe they can make rain by performing
special ceremonies.
Native Americans do rain dances. They believe 5
the dances bring a blessing of rain from the spirits.

turquoise For the dance, they wear feathers and turquoise to
represent wind and rain. They stand in two lines facing
each other and dance in a zigzag pattern. Sometimes
they spin with their arms spread. 10
Lin to Sel
a zigzag pattern
Are there any rainmaking
ceremonies in your
country?
In Other Words precious valuable represent symbolize spin turn expect hope
1. What is the main idea of this passage? Step 1 Write each letter under the correct ceremony.
a. Native American rain dances are a popular way to make rain.
b. Different countries hold animal parades to celebrate rain.
c. Managing water resources helps the environment.
d. People around the world ask for rain in different ways.
Rain Dance Cat Parade Frog Wedding
2. What is NOT mentioned about the Native American rain dance?
a. The dance is to get a blessing from the spirits. a, e d, f b, c
b. The dancers form two lines and face each other.
c. The dancers move in a zigzag pattern.
a. People wear symbols of the weather.
d. The dancers shake their arms while dancing.
b. It is held in some areas of India.
3. What do some Thai people think they need to bring rain? c. People try to make the rain god happy.
a. a marriage between cats b. a cat’s dance d. People think an animal’s cry can cause rain.
c. a cat’s cry d. a song about a cat e. People believe spirits bring a blessing of rain.
f. Water is splashed on an animal.
4. What is NOT mentioned as part of the Indian rain ceremony?
a. cleaning the frogs
b. feeding the frogs
c. dressing up the frogs
d. putting color on the frogs
5. What do feathers and turquoise represent in a Native American rain dance? Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
They symbolize the wind and the rain .
6. Why do some Indians have frog weddings? Some people have special ceremonies to try to make rain. Native Americans
They believe marrying the frogs will please the rain god .
do rain dances to get a blessing of rain. They use feathers and
turquoise to represent the wind and the rain. In Thailand, there are cat
parades. People carry around a cat and splash water on it.
Find Evidence People in India hold frog weddings. These events are believed to
[7–8] Choose True or False. please the god of rain.

7. Native American rain dances are done in groups. True False
8. Frogs are decorated before frog weddings. True False

7. (lines 8-9) They stand in two lines facing each other and dance in a zigzag pattern.
18 8. (lines 18-20) Before the wedding, the frogs ~ on their heads. Lesson 2 • Rain 19
Chopin’s Musical
RAIN
3
Music Raindrops
Background Link
Chopin was famous not only for his musical
talents but also for his love story. What do
you know about Chopin and his beloved
George Sand?
Eugène Delacroix, Portrait of Chopin and Sand, 1838
Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)

Chopin was born in Poland, but at the age
of 21, he moved to Paris, France. He was a
great composer and an excellent pianist.
George Sand (1804–1876)

Amantine Dupin was her real name, but
she used “George Sand” as a pen name. a
b
Chopin loved her in his later years.
c
Josef Danhauser, Franz Liszt Fantasizing at the Piano, 1840
Key Words 06
Which person in the bottom painting do you think
accomplished compose suffer is Sand? Surprisingly, she often dressed like a man.
damp insist imitate
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 115 Answer: b
RAIN Music
07
Chopin’s Musical
Raindrops When Sand came back, Chopin played her the
music. Sand thought the notes sounded like raindrops.
She made Chopin listen to the raindrops falling on the
roof. This displeased him. He insisted that he never paid 15
attention to those sounds or imitated them.
However, like Sand, many people hear raindrops in

this prelude. Some notes repeating throughout the piece
sound like raindrops. The flow of the music is like rain,
too. The piece starts quietly, but it gets louder, like rain 20
getting heavier. Then the music gradually gets quiet and

finally ends, like rain when it stops.
Let s Focus Words 185
Frédéric Chopin was an accomplished musician.

Chopin composed 24 short pieces for the piano called
preludes. The longest one, Prelude no. 15, is better
known by its nickname, the “Raindrop” Prelude. Where
did it get its nickname? 5
In 1838, Chopin was suffering from lung disease.

GAL
PORTU
SPAIN
Majorca It was cold and damp in Paris, so he traveled to
Majorca. He went there with the woman he loved,
Majorca, a Spanish
George Sand. One day, when Sand went out in a
island rainstorm, Chopin became worried. While waiting for 10
her, he wrote Prelude no. 15.

sheet music of Prelude no. 15 by Chopin the piano Chopin used to play
Lin to Sel
Listen to Chopin’s Prelude
no. 15 and share your
feelings about it.
In Other Words displease annoy pay attention to carefully listen to flow movement gradually little by little
1. What is this passage mainly about? Step 1 Put the sentences in the correct order.
a. why people liked Chopin’s preludes
b. what Chopin loved about Majorca
c. how a prelude by Chopin got a new name
d. how George Sand affected Chopin’s music 2
1
2. Why did Chopin leave Paris and move to Majorca?
a. There was a good doctor in Majorca. 5
b. The weather in Paris was bad for his heath. 4
c. George Sand wanted to visit Majorca.
3
d. He wanted to work in a different place.
6
3. When did Chopin write Prelude no. 15?
a. while living in Paris b. while getting wet in the rain
c. while waiting for Sand d. while talking with Sand
4. What did Sand do after she heard the piece?

a. She had Chopin listen to the raindrops.
b. She said it wasn’t good enough.
c. She asked Chopin to play it once more.
d. She asked Chopin if he liked the sound of rain.
5. What sounds like raindrops in Chopin’s Prelude no. 15?
Some notes repeating throughout the prelude make the sound.
Frédéric Chopin’s Prelude no. 15 is more widely known by its nickname ,
6. How does the flow of the “Raindrop” Prelude change? the “Raindrop” Prelude. In 1838, Chopin left Paris because the weather
It starts quietly , gets louder later, and becomes quiet at the end.
wasn’t good for his lungs . He traveled to Majorca with George Sand.
While waiting for Sand during a rainstorm , he wrote Prelude no. 15.
Find Evidence The notes repeating throughout the piece sound like raindrops. The
7. What can be inferred from this passage? flow is like rain, too. The music gets louder and then gradually
a. Majorca usually has a lot of rain. quieter.
b. All of Chopin’s preludes were written in Paris.
c. The music and a rainstorm are similar in both sound and flow.
d. After being nicknamed the “Raindrop” Prelude, the piece became famous.
7. (lines 18-22) Some notes repeating throughout the piece ~ when it stops.
The History of
RAIN
4
History the Raincoat
Background Link
What do you use to avoid getting wet on
a rainy day? Check what you use.
The first rain boots made of rubber were created in France in

the 19th century. They were mainly used by farmers.
A backpack rain cover keeps your

backpack from getting wet.
The first waterproof umbrellas

were invented in ancient China.
Key Words 08
waterproof fabric block out

stiff weave diverse
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 116 You can keep your clothes dry
when you wear a raincoat.
RAIN History
09
The History of
the Raincoat Over time, people developed better waterproof
fabrics. For example, British designer Thomas Burberry
created gabardine in 1879. This was a special fabric. He
made it by tightly weaving coated yarn. It could breathe. 15
Although it wasn’t perfectly waterproof, it could effectively

block out rain. People used it to make trench coats for
soldiers. Later, trench coats became popular for everyone.
People wore them as raincoats. Thomas Burberry
(1835–1926)
With technological advancement, raincoats have 20
gotten better. Today, raincoats are lighter and more

waterproof than ever. They also come in diverse styles
and colors. Most importantly, they keep us dry in the
Let s Focus rain.
Words 181
Several brilliant inventions keep us dry in the
rain. Raincoats are a good example. But who invented a trench coat
the raincoat?
Scottish scientist Charles Macintosh introduced

a waterproof fabric in 1823. He glued two layers of 5
cotton fabric together with liquid rubber. The rubber

blocked out water. Macintosh made raincoats with
this new fabric. However, they had some problems.
The fabric didn’t breathe, so it made people hot and
Charles Macintosh
(1766–1843)
sweaty. It had a bad rubber smell, too. And it got stiff 10
when it was cold.
Lin to Sel
What do you want your
raincoat to be like?
In Other Words brilliant excellent glue stick effectively successfully advancement development
1. What is the main idea of this passage? Step 1 Complete the information with the words from the box.
a. Waterproof fabrics can block out all water.
b. Raincoat styles are always changing.
c. Experts created a new machine to keep out the rain.
d. Raincoat fabrics have improved over time. • Macintosh’s raincoats used his waterproof fabric.
The First • The fabric had some problems.
2. How did Charles Macintosh create a waterproof fabric? Raincoats 1) It didn’t breathe . 2) It smelled bad.
a. He tightly wove coated yarn. 3) It got stiff in the cold.
b. He used many kinds of cotton.
c. He found a new way of sewing fabric. Improved • Improved fabrics were used to make trench coats for soldiers .
d. He put pieces of fabric together with rubber. Raincoats • Trench coats were later used as raincoats.
3. What was NOT a problem with Macintosh’s raincoats? Today’s • Raincoats have become lighter and more waterproof.
a. Cold air made them stiff. Raincoats • They come in a variety of styles and colors.
b. They were very expensive.
c. People got hot and sweaty in them.
d. The smell of rubber was unpleasant.
4. What is true about Thomas Burberry’s gabardine?

a. It couldn’t breathe.
b. It couldn’t block out rain completely.
c. It wasn’t used to make trench coats.
d. It was cheaper than Macintosh’s new fabric.
5. Who wore trench coats with upgraded fabric?

Charles Macintosh invented a waterproof fabric using rubber
At first soldiers did, but later everyone wore them. and made raincoats with it. However, it smelled bad and didn’t breathe .
It also became stiff in cold weather. Later, better waterproof fabrics,

6. How do today’s raincoats make people fashionable?
They come in a variety of styles and colors . including Burberry’s gabardine, were developed and used to make
[colors] [styles]
trench coats . These coats were often used as raincoats. With technological
Find Evidence advancement, raincoats have gotten lighter and more waterproof. They come
[7–8] Choose True or False. in diverse styles and colors, too.

7. Macintosh’s fabric was invented earlier than Burberry’s. True False
8. Thomas Burberry invented gabardine to make raincoats. True False

7. (lines 4-5) Scottish scientist ~ a waterproof fabric in 1823.
30 (lines 13-14) For example, British designer ~ gabardine in 1879. Lesson 4 • Rain 31
8. (lines 17-19) People used it ~ wore them as raincoats.
CHAPTER 2
Dots 5 Staccato 6 Reading by

Touching
His
sic t
Mu
ory
Dots
Sc H
e
ea nc e
&
A
rt
i
lth
A Test for The Dot Paintings
8 Your Eyes 7 of Aborigines
BIG IDEA
Where can you find dots in your daily life?
DOTS
5 Staccato
M usic
1
Background Link
What kinds of musical instruments are there in an
orchestra? Write the correct letter for each picture.
a. strings b. woodwinds c. brass d. percussion You play them by drawing a bow
across the strings.
You hit them with sticks or your hands

to make the rhythm.
3 4
Key Words 10
mistake symbol press You blow air into a long narrow tube They are made of metal and have
lift technique repetitive to make sound. curved tubes with a bell-shaped end.
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 117
4. c 3. b 2. d Answers: 1. a
34 Lesson 5 • Dots 35
DOTS Music
11
Staccato
When did people start using these notes? They
first appeared in the Baroque period. This was a time of
change for composers. They didn’t make music only for
church anymore. They created new musical styles and
techniques. Staccato was one of them. 15
One famous piece that uses staccato is Joseph

Haydn’s Symphony no. 101. People nicknamed it the
“Clock” Symphony because it sounds like a ticking clock.
The sound comes from the repetitive use of short notes.
Franz Schubert’s Military March is another good example. 20
Short notes create the exciting image of soldiers

marching in a parade.
Let s Focus
Words 188
If you look at sheet music, you might see some

dots above or below the notes. Those aren’t mistakes.
They are symbols for staccato!
How do you play notes like these? That’s simple.

You just need to make it short. For example, on the 5
music notes with staccato piano, you have to press the key and then lift up your
finger right away. On the violin, you have to move your
bow across the string quickly and stop. Or you can
pluck the string with your finger. Shorter notes make sheet music of Joseph Haydn’s Symphony no. 101
music sound cheerful and playful. 10
plucking strings
Lin to Text
Listen to Haydn’s “Clock”
Symphony and share your
feelings about it.
In Other Words right away immediately cheerful pleasant create invent famous well-known
a. how to read sheet music effectively
b. musicians’ different ways of composing
c. a musical technique that started in the Baroque period
d. why modern music is cheerful and playful How to Play You should make the note short.
Musical Effect It makes music sound cheerful and playful .

2. How do piano players play staccato?
a. by plucking a string for a long time History Composers have used it since the Baroque period.
b. by holding a key down for a while
c. by moving a bow quickly across a string • Haydn’s “Clock” Symphony
d. by lifting up the finger right after pressing a key Staccato makes the sound of a(n) ticking clock .
Examples • Schubert’s Military March
3. Why was the Baroque period a time of change for composers? Staccato creates a(n) exciting image of marching
a. More churches needed their music.
soldiers .
b. They were able to try new kinds of music.
c. Churches wanted them to change their music.
d. They couldn’t compose for the church.
4. What kind of image does staccato make in one of Franz Schubert’s music pieces?
a. people welcoming soldiers joyfully b. a music band marching cheerfully
c. soldiers fighting in a war d. an exciting parade of soldiers
5. How can staccato affect a piece of music? Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
It can make the music sound cheerful and playful .
[playful] [cheerful]
6. Why is Haydn’s Symphony no. 101 called the “Clock” Symphony? Dots above or below notes are symbols for staccato. When you
It has the sound of a ticking clock, which comes from the repetitive use of
see the dot, you should make the note short . Staccato makes music
short notes.
sound cheerful and playful. It was first used in the Baroque
Find Evidence period. From this period on, composers tried new musical styles and
7. What can be inferred from this passage? techniques . Some well-known music pieces that use staccato are
a. People enjoyed different music after the Baroque period. Haydn’s “Clock” Symphony and Schubert’s Military March .
b. Haydn and Schubert invented the technique of staccato.
c. You can only play staccato with a few musical instruments.
d. Composers can make some mistakes when writing music.
7. (lines 12-15) This was a time ~ musical styles and techniques.
Reading by
DOTS
6
History Touching Dotted blocks on
sidewalks mean “stop”
for the blind. Striped
blocks mean “keep
Background Link going.”
Have you noticed special dots on sidewalks
or on subway platforms? What do you think
they are for?
Dots on elevator buttons

tell which button is for
emergency calls and
which ones are for going
up or down.
Automated teller
machines (ATMs) have
dotted keypads.
Key Words 12
infection communication similar

arrangement publish recognize
DOTS History
13
Reading by Each block is
called a cell.
Touching
English Braille alphabet
After years of effort, he developed his famous

system of six-dot cells. It used combinations and
arrangements of dots to make letters. They could be
read with only one fingertip. Braille improved the system 15
Let s Focus
more. Finally when he was twenty, he published it.
Louis Braille was born in France in 1809. At the Braille’s system wasn’t widely used before he died
age of three, he hurt one of his eyes with a sharp tool. in 1852. But later, more and more people recognized
Unfortunately, he got an infection. Soon it spread to its effectiveness. In 1878, it became the international
the other eye. He eventually lost sight in both eyes. reading system for the blind. Braille has changed millions 20
of blind people’s lives. Thanks to Braille, they can easily

Braille entered a school for the blind in 1819. 5
read through touch.
That year, he heard about “night writing.” It was a
communication system for soldiers. In this system, Words 191
messages were written in tiny raised dots. By feeling

them, soldiers could read messages silently at night.
Louis Braille (1809–1852)
However, it was very difficult to use. Braille wanted to 10
create a similar but easier system.
Lin to Text
What English word is
shown below in Braille?
In Other Words eventually finally combination mixture improve make something better international worldwide
1. What is the main idea of this passage? Step 1 Put the sentences in the correct order.
a. Louis Braille created a useful reading system for the blind.
b. Soldiers had a special system for communicating silently.
c. Blind people have many difficulties in communication.
d. Braille’s system is only used in a few countries. 4
3
2. How did Louis Braille lose his sight?
a. His sight got weaker as he grew up. 1
b. He hurt one eye and got an infection. 6
c. Reading books at night made his vision bad.
2
d. He hurt both of his eyes with a sharp tool.
5
3. What is NOT true about “night writing”?
a. It was hard to use.
b. It was read by feeling raised dots.
c. It was first made for the blind.
d. It was a way of communicating for soldiers.
4. How did Braille create letters in his reading system?

a. He raised the dots to different heights.
b. He made the shape of a letter with dots.
c. He combined the dots with written letters.
d. He arranged the dots in different combinations.
5. What did night writing allow soldiers to do?

When he was young, Louis Braille lost his sight in both eyes. At
They could read messages silently at night . school, Braille heard about “night writing.” It was a(n) communication
system for soldiers. Braille thought he could create something similar but
6. How did Braille’s invention help blind people read easily?
They could read the raised dots with only one fingertip . easier for the blind. His system used six-dot cells . He used different
arrangements of the raised dots to make different letters . They could
Find Evidence be read with only one fingertip . Later it became the international
[7–8] Choose True or False. reading system for the blind.

7. Braille got the inspiration for his invention from the army. True False
8. Braille’s system was widely used before he died. True False

7. (lines 6-7) That year, he heard ~ communication system for soldiers.
44 8. (lines 17-18) Braille’s system wasn’t widely used before he died in 1852. Lesson 6 • Dots 45
The Dot Paintings
DOTS
7Art of Aborigines
Background Link
Have you ever been to Australia? What do
you know about the country?
Kangaroos and koalas are unique to this country.
Australia is a large island country in the

The Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are
southern part of the world. Its capital
famous places to visit.
is Canberra.
Key Words 14
Native Australians have lived on this land

native theory represent
for over 65,000 years. They are called
temporary encouragement feature
Aborigines.
DOTS Art
15
The Dot Paintings
of Aborigines
In the 1970s, that all began to change. A school

teacher named Geoffrey Bardon started a new art
movement. With his encouragement, some of these 15
people began painting on canvas. Their beautiful

paintings became famous. This was a problem for the
artists, though. Their art contained secrets that they
wanted to protect. So they added dots to hide the
Let s Focus stories. 20
Nowadays, dots are still used in many Aboriginal

Dot paintings are a famous kind of art. They
paintings. But it isn’t to hide anything. The dots are part
are made by native Australians, who are also called
of the style now. They have become the main feature of
Aborigines. Why did these people start painting dots?
this beautiful art.
Here is one of the main theories.
Words 193
Thousands of years ago, Aborigines were already 5
drawing and painting. They had no written language,

Glen Namundja,
so they used art for communication. Their stories were Australian Aboriginal artist
an Aboriginal rock drawn with symbols. For example, curved lines could
painting
represent a rainbow. Small circles inside a bigger
circle could mean a campsite. The art itself, however, 10
was temporary. It was painted on rocks, so it washed

away easily. Also, the art didn’t use dots.
Lin to Sel
What would you do to hide
your secret messages?
In Other Words curved rounded contain include hide conceal main major
a. why Aborigines started painting
b. what features native Australian rock paintings had
c. how native Australian art got its unusual style
thousands of years ago in the 1970s today
d. how native Australians started living in Australia
a b c
2. Why did Aborigines make art at first?
a • Aborigines used paintings b • Aborigines started painting c • The dots
a. to enjoy their free time b. to exchange messages
c. to create a unique culture d. to record their history for communication . on canvas. have become
• They used symbols • Their paintings became the main
3. What is NOT true about Aborigines a long time ago? to tell stories. popular . feature
a. They told stories with their art.
• They painted on • They covered their of their art.
b. They used curved lines to represent rainbows.
rocks . paintings with dots to
c. Their art didn’t stay long.
protect their secrets.
d. Their art was covered with dots.
4. Why do Aborigines paint dots today?

a. They can’t find a better way to paint.
b. They use dots as part of their style.
c. They don’t want anyone to know their secrets.
d. They want to follow the style of ancient Aborigines.
5. How did native Australian art change in the 1970s?
With Geoffrey Bardon’s encouragement , some Aborigines began painting on
canvas . Dot paintings are a famous art form made by Aborigines in Australia.
Thousands of years ago, Aborigines used art to share stories through

6. Why were Aborigines worried about showing their art to people?
symbols . However, the art easily washed away. From the 1970s,
Their art contained secrets that they wanted to protect .
Aborigines began painting on canvas . Their paintings became popular
Find Evidence across the world. The Aborigines started filling their art with dots to
7. What CANNOT be inferred from this passage? protect their secrets. The dots have become the main style of
a. The materials Aborigines draw on have changed. native Australian art today.
b. The dots in today’s Aboriginal paintings can be washed away.
c. The dots had a different purpose in the past.
d. People recognize Aboriginal art mainly because of its use of dots.
7. (lines 10-12) The art itself, however, was temporary. ~ washed away easily.
DOTS
ie
8 A Test for Your Eyes
Sc
nce lth
a
& He
Background Link 1
Some people can’t see colors correctly. Write the

correct letter for each picture.
a. John Dalton (scientist)
(1766–1844)
He could only see blue and yellow
clearly.
b. Claude Monet (artist)

(1840–1926) 2
In his later days, he had eye problems.
The world looked blue to him.
c. Neil Harbisson (artist)

(1984–)
He sees things only in black and
white.
Key Words 16
notice vision numerous

appear common difference
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 120 3. a 2. c Answers: 1. b
DOTS Science & Health
17
A Test for Your Eyes
The arrangement of the dots seems random. But

Let s Focus there is a reason for this. Most people can see a number
or shape in the dots. That’s because some of the dots
Our world is full of colors. Unfortunately, some are a different color. Other people see all the dots as the 15
people can’t see them well. What’s worse, they don’t same color. So they don’t see any shape or number.
notice this problem because they are usually born with
Let’s look at an example. Seeing red and green
it. Thankfully, people today can easily find out if they
incorrectly is the most common color-vision problem.
have this kind of vision problem. They can take the 5
Most people with this issue do not see a difference
Ishihara test.
between the two images above. There is actually a green 20
This test is named after Japanese eye doctor "12" inside a red circle. Dr. Ishihara’s test is really great!
Shinobu Ishihara. He created the test and published
Words 194
it in 1917. The Ishihara test is a little book. On each
Shinobu Ishihara
(1879–1963) page, there is a circle made up of numerous dots. The 10
dots appear in various colors and sizes.
Lin to Sel
What difficulties might a
person with color-vision
problems have in everyday
life?
In Other Words (be) made up of (be) composed of various different random accidental incorrectly wrongly
a. Color-vision problems can be checked with a special test.
b. It is most common to see red and green incorrectly.
c. Dots help people see colors better.
d. It is impossible to notice color-vision problems. Why It Is • Color- vision problems aren’t easy to notice.
Needed • People need a special test to check their color vision.
2. Why do some people not notice color-vision problems early in life?
What It • The Ishihara test includes circles made up of dots.
a. They are born with the problem.
Looks Like • The dots vary in color and size.
b. The test to check for it is expensive.
c. There is no test to find the problem.
• Most people see a number or shape inside each circle.
d. Nobody sees colors the same way. How It
• People with color-vision problems see all the dots as one
Works
3. Who invented the Ishihara test? color.
a. a teacher b. an eye doctor
c. an artist d. a person with color-vision problems
4. What is NOT true about the dots on the Ishihara test?

a. They are different sizes. b. They are diverse colors.
c. They are located in random places. d. They are arranged to create symbols.
5. How do people become aware of their color-vision issues with the Ishihara
test?
They see all the dots in an image on the test as the same Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
color .
6. What is the most common color-vision problem? The Ishihara test was created by a Japanese eye doctor. It is a(n)
People with color-vision problems often cannot see red and green
[green] [red] little book. On each page, there is a(n) circle filled with dots of
clearly.
various colors and sizes. There is a(n) reason for the arrangement
Find Evidence of the dots. For most people, a number or shape usually appears . People
7. What can be inferred from this passage? with color-vision problems , however, have different results. Thus, the test
a. Color-vision problems were recently discovered. helps people to find out if they have color-vision problems.
b. Dr. Ishihara himself had a color-vision problem.
c. The Ishihara test was developed as a paper-based test.
d. Most color-vision problems can be fixed by eye doctors today.
7. (lines 8-9) He created the test and published ~ is a little book.
CHAPTER 3
Competition 9 The Ancient

Greek Olympics 10 Animals Compete
to Attract Mates
Sc
ory ie
t
His
nc
e
Competition
Lite
at A
ure
rt
r
Arachne and Athena’s Matisse and Picasso:
12 Weaving Contest 11 Rivals and Friends
BIG IDEA
Why do people compete?
The Ancient
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History Greek Olympics

Background Link
The Olympic Games are a sports competition for athletes
from around the world. Have you ever watched the
Olympic Games? What do you know about them? Fill in The Olympic Games are held every 2. years. The Summer Games
the blanks with the words from the box below. and Winter Games alternate, and are two years apart.
four marathon Greece medals
The Olympic flame is lit in Olympia, 3. . It’s where the ancient

Olympic Games began.
In the modern Olympics, winners get 1. . There are three different

types according to place: gold, silver, and bronze.
Key Words 18
originate worship remind

The 4. comes from a story of an ancient Greek messenger. He ran
citizen compete participate
from Marathon to Athens, in Greece, to announce the defeat of the Persian army.
4. marathon 3. Greece 2. four Answers: 1. medals
60 Lesson 9 • Competition 61
COMPETITION History
19
The Ancient
Greek Olympics The rules were different from those of today’s
Olympics. First, only male Greek citizens could compete.
Women could not participate and married women
couldn’t even watch. Furthermore, athletes had to follow 15
chariot racing
one important rule: they had to be naked!
In the ancient games, there were familiar events.

They had running, the long jump, and discus throwing.
But there were some ancient sports, too. There was a
chariot racing event. The games also included pankration, 20
a mixture of boxing and wrestling. Each event had only

pankration
one winner, who got a wreath of olive leaves as a prize.
Poets also wrote songs about the winners.
Let s Focus
Words 187
Today’s Olympics originated from the ancient

Greek Olympics. What were the first Olympics like? The
a wreath of olive leaves
ancient Olympics started as a way to worship Zeus,
king of the Greek gods. They were part of a larger
festival. 5
The games were very important to the Greeks.

Ancient Greece was made up of states that often
fought with one another. Holding the Olympics
reminded them that they were all Greeks. A month
before the event, they stopped fighting. That way, 10
people could travel to the games safely.
discus throwing
Lin to Sel
Zeus, the god of sky and What is your favorite event
thunder
in the Olympics?
In Other Words ancient very old fight battle athlete player follow keep
a. what the ancient Greek Olympics were like
b. why the ancient Greeks created the Olympics
c. how the ancient Olympics were similar to today’s Olympics
d. where the rules for the Olympics originated from Purpose The first Olympics were held to worship Zeus.
• Greek states stopped fighting before the Olympics.

2. Why were the ancient Olympics first created? Importance
• The Olympics reminded everyone that they were all Greeks.
a. to honor the heroes of the past
b. to worship the god Zeus • Athletes had to be male citizens .
c. to make Greek sports more popular
Rules & • Athletes had to be naked when they competed.
d. to find the strongest fighters
Games • Married women were not allowed to watch the games.
3. What is NOT true about the ancient Olympics? • There were many events, such as running and chariot racing.
a. Sports were part of the ceremony.
Prize The winner got a(n) wreath of olive leaves and a poet’s song.
b. Not all women could watch the games.
c. Athletes wore special clothes when they competed.
d. People stopped fighting a month before the games.
4. What prize did the winner of an event get?

a. a golden discus b. a new chariot for racing
c. a sum of money d. a wreath of olive leaves
5. Who could participate in the ancient Olympic Games?
Only male Greek citizens could participate.
The first Olympics were held to worship Zeus. They were so important to
6. What was the pankration event like? the Greeks that the states stopped all wars a month before the games.
It was a mixture of boxing and wrestling .
[wrestling] [boxing] Only male Greek citizens could compete . They had to participate
without clothes during the games. Married women couldn’t even
Find Evidence watch the games. At the Olympics, there were many sporting events, including
7. What CANNOT be inferred from this passage? running and chariot racing. The winners got wreaths of olive leaves,
a. The ancient Olympics helped Greeks to maintain peace. and poets wrote songs about them.
b. Ancient Greeks didn’t treat women and men equally.
c. Some of the ancient Olympic events have disappeared today.
d. A few winners were chosen in each event of the ancient Olympics.
7. (lines 21-22) Each event had only one winner, ~ as a prize.
Animals Compete to
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Science Attract Mates

Background Link
In the animal world, each species has its own way of
attracting mates. What are some interesting ways
that animals attract their partners? A male frigatebird puffs out his bright red pouch. Females are
attracted to males with larger pouch.
A male peacock shows off his

beautiful feathers.
Male deer use their antlers to battle

one another for females.
Key Words 20
behavior attract prefer

A male guppy dances with his long,
show off prove poisonous
beautiful tail.
COMPETITION Science
21
Animals Compete to
Attract Mates
Blue-footed boobies show off their feet. Females

Let s Focus are strongly attracted to the blue color. Research shows
that this is because stronger and healthier males have
bluer feet. When a male wants to win a female’s love, he
Mating is one of the most basic and important
dances for her. He lifts up his blue feet to make sure the 15
animal behaviors. Many male animals compete to
female can see them.
attract mates. Here are three animals that do this in
unique ways. Male humpback dolphins give females gifts. They
pull sponges from the ocean floor and carry them around.
Elephant seals have fierce fights. Since females 5
Sometimes the male wears his sponges as a hat. He a sea sponge
prefer powerful males, the males compete to see who in the ocean
then gives it to a female. Scientists believe the dolphins 20
is stronger. Using their huge bodies, which can weigh
are trying to prove they are strong and smart. Pulling
up to 4,000 kg, they crash into each other again and
sponges requires great strength. Also, as the sponges
again. Whoever gets hurt or tires out first loses the
are poisonous, safely removing them shows that the
fight. 10
male is clever.
a humpback dolphin
with a sponge
Words 195
Lin to Sel
Which animal’s way to
find mates is the most
interesting? Why?
In Other Words fierce wild crash into run into win gain remove get rid of
a. Some animals have unique ways of finding partners.
b. The color of an animal’s feet is important for mating.
c. Animals need mates to survive in a competition.
d. Animals usually have fierce fights to attract females. • Powerful males can appeal to mates.
• Males fight to show who is stronger.
2. Why do male elephant seals fight each other?
Elephant Seals • They repeatedly crash into each other.
a. They have to compete for food.
b. They enjoy using their huge bodies. • Females are attracted to the color of the males’ feet.
c. Female elephant seals enjoy their fighting. • Males with bluer feet are healthier .
Blue-footed
d. Stronger males are preferred as mates. Boobies • Males lift up their feet while dancing for females.
3. Why do male blue-footed boobies show off their feet? • Males give gifts to females.
a. to prove they can dance well • Males pull sponges from the ocean floor.
Humpback
b. to show they are strong and healthy Dolphins • It proves they are strong and smart .
c. to warn females of threats
d. to attract attention from other males
4. What do male humpback dolphins give to females?

a. sand b. hats
c. sponges d. fish
5. How do male elephant seals decide who lost?
The one who gets hurt or tires out first loses.
Animals have unique ways of finding mates . Since female elephant
6. What does a male humpback dolphin show by pulling out the sponges? seals prefer strong males, the males have fierce fights . They
The dolphin tries to prove that he is strong and smart .
[clever] run into each other repeatedly. Blue-footed boobies show off
their blue feet. The blue color attracts females, so males dance and
Find Evidence lift up their feet. Male humpback dolphins pull sponges from
7. What can be inferred from this passage? the sea floor. Then they give them to females. They are trying to show off
a. Female elephant seals don’t have huge bodies. their strength and cleverness.
b. Female humpback dolphins can easily pull out sponges.
c. Female animals usually choose mates based on looks.
d. Female animals tend to be attracted to the male’s physical power.
7. (lines 5-7) Since females prefer powerful ~ who is stronger.
70 (lines 12-14) Research shows that this ~ males have bluer feet. Lesson 10 • Competition 71
(lines 20-22) Scientists believe ~ requires great strength.
PETITIO
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Art Rivals and Friends 1 2
Background Link
In the early 20th century, modern artists tried new ways
to change art. Two of the most famous movements were
Fauvism and Cubism. Write F (Fauvism) or C (Cubism) for
each painting on the right.
Fauvism
• They used strong and vivid colors.
• They painted images simpler than reality.
• Henri Matisse (1869–1954) was a famous fauvist.
Woman with a Hat
Hat, 1905
Cubism
The Weeping Woman, 1937
• They broke a subject into many pieces. The
pieces showed views from different angles.
• They painted objects in an abstract way.
• Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) was a popular cubist.
3 4
Music, 1939
Key Words 22
include passionate abstract

Girl before a Mirror,
Mirror 1932
motivate defend criticize
4. C 3. F 2. F Answers: 1. C
COMPETITION Art
23
Rivals and Friends The two men met for the first time in 1906. From
then on, they competed to create more outstanding 10
artwork. At the same time, they motivated each other.

For example, Picasso was amazed by Matisse’s The Joy
of Life. After seeing it, he painted The Young Ladies of
Avignon. Likewise, Matisse worked on a portrait called
Madame Matisse. He painted it in response to Picasso’s 15
cubist works.
Matisse and Picasso competed as rivals. But they

also cared for each other. During World War II, Picasso
took care of Matisse’s paintings. Matisse defended
Picasso when people criticized him. Picasso once said, 20
Let s Focus “There is only Matisse.” In turn, Matisse commented,

“Only one person has the right to criticize me. It’s
Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso were two great Picasso.” Their relationship was truly respectful.
artists of the modern period. They were different in
Words 189
many ways.
Matisse was born in France in 1869. He was

quiet, but his fauvist artwork included vivid and lively 5
colors. Picasso, on the other hand, was Spanish. He

was bold and passionate. As a cubist, he painted in an
abstract style that showed many viewpoints at once.
Henri Matisse, The Joy of Life, 1906 Pablo Picasso, The Young Henri Matisse,
Ladies of Avignon, 1907 Madame Matisse,
1913
Lin to Sel
Can you remember a time
when competition made
you do better?
In Other Words at once at the same time outstanding excellent amazed surprised take care of look after
a. Two great artists had a special relationship.
b. The styles of fauvists and cubists are very different.
c. Two modern painters had a lot in common.
d. Henri Matisse invented a new, abstract style of art. Henri Matisse Pablo Picasso
• born in France • born in Spain

2. What is NOT mentioned as a difference between Matisse and Picasso?
Differences • a fauvist painter • a cubist painter
a. their countries b. their personalities
c. their religions d. their artistic styles • quiet • bold and passionate
• They competed as rivals.

3. What motivated Picasso to paint The Young Ladies of Avignon ? Their
a. criticism from Matisse • One painted in response to the other’s art piece.
Relationship
b. Matisse’s painting The Joy of Life • They also cared for and respected each other.
c. advice from other cubist artists
d. Matisse’s painting Madame Matisse
4. What did Picasso do for Matisse during World War II?

a. He saved Matisse’s life.
b. He helped Matisse run away.
c. He protected Matisse’s paintings.
d. He bought Matisse’s paintings at high prices.
5. What was Matisse’s artistic style like?
Although Matisse was a(n) quiet person, the colors in his paintings were
vivid and lively . Matisse was a quiet French artist. He used vivid colors in his paintings.
[lively] [vivid] Picasso was a(n) bold Spanish artist. His art had a(n) abstract
6. Why was the relationship between Matisse and Picasso unique?
style. These two artists competed to make more outstanding artwork.
They competed as rivals , but their relationship was truly respectful .
This motivated them to create amazing works of art. The two artists were
Find Evidence rivals , but they cared for each other. Picasso looked after Matisse’s
7. What can be inferred from this passage? paintings during a war, and Matisse defended Picasso. Their relationship
a. There is no true winner in competitions. was full of respect .
b. The two artists never changed their artistic styles.
c. The two artists affected each other’s work greatly.
d. Each painting style reflects the artist’s personality.
7. (lines 11-16) At the same time, they motivated ~ Picasso’s cubist works.
PETITIO
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Lit
erature Weaving Contest 1 2
Background Link
Ancient Greeks believed gods had control over different parts
of people’s lives. Write the correct letter in each picture.
a. Athena was the goddess of war, wisdom, and weaving.

b. Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty. She was also
the mother of Eros.
c. Artemis was the goddess of wildlife and hunting.
d. Hera was the goddess of women, marriage, family, and
childbirth.
3 4
Key Words 24
brag apologize challenge

disguise trick furious
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 124 4. b 3. a 2. c Answers: 1. d
COMPETITION Literature
25
Weaving Contest Soon, the competition began. They both made
images of the gods. Athena showed the gods helping
15
people from their home on Mount Olympus. But Arachne

Let s Focus There once was a woman named Arachne showed them tricking people and treating them unfairly.
who lived in a small town in Greece. Arachne was a Athena was furious.
wonderful weaver, and she knew it. She even bragged
that she was better than Athena, the goddess of “You may be talented, but you’re foolish,” Athena 20
weaving. Athena became upset, so she dressed as an 5 said. “Now you will weave forever!” She pointed her
old woman and went to see Arachne. finger at Arachne and turned her into a spider!
Arachne was cursed to weave webs forevermore.
“Dear girl,” Athena said, “you must apologize for
speaking badly about the goddess.” Words 186
“Don’t be silly,” Arachne replied, glaring at the old

woman. “I’m simply telling the truth, and I can prove it. 10
I challenge Athena to a weaving competition.”

Angry at these words, Athena took off her
disguise. All the people watching kneeled down, but
Arachne did not. She was ready to start weaving.
Lin to Text
How did Arachne and
Athena show the gods at
the contest?
In Other Words glare at angrily look at prove show treat act towards unfairly unequally
1. What is this passage mainly about? Step 1 Write the correct letter in each box.
a. how Greek women wove images of goddesses
b. why a Greek goddess was upset with people
c. how a goddess and a woman competed
Cause 1 Effect 1
d. why Athena was the goddess of weaving
d Athena was upset and asked Arachne
to apologize.
2. What did Arachne brag about?
a. her popularity as a weaver b. her tools for weaving
Cause 2 Effect 2
c. her weaving skills d. her appearance Arachne wanted to prove she had a
better weaving skills.
3. What did Athena ask Arachne to do when they first met?
a. kneel down and worship Athena Cause 3 Effect 3
b. apologize for her words b c
c. prove her weaving skills
d. compete against Athena in a weaving contest
a. Athena and Arachne had a weaving competition.
4. Why was Athena upset about Arachne’s weaving? b. Arachne made the gods look unjust in her work.
a. It wasn’t well made.
c. Athena became angry and turned Arachne into a spider.
b. It made the gods look bad.
d. Arachne bragged that she could weave better than Athena.
c. It didn’t include images of Athena.
d. It made people afraid of the gods.
5. What did Athena do when Arachne said she would challenge her?
She got angry and took off her disguise� .
Arachne was a(n) weaver living in ancient Greece. She was so confident
6. How did Athena curse Arachne? in her weaving skills that she bragged about being better than
Athena changed Arachne into a(n) spider , making her weave
Athena. Athena went to see Arachne in disguise. She asked Arachne to
webs forevermore.
apologize , but Arachne wouldn’t do it. Instead, Arachne challenged
Athena to a competition. Athena wove images of kind gods. Arachne
Find Evidence wove images of the gods acting unfairly. Athena became upset and
[7–8] Choose True or False. cursed Arachne to live as a(n) spider .

7. Athena decided to curse Arachne before she met her. True False
8. Arachne wasn’t afraid of gods and goddesses. True False

7. (lines 7-8) “Dear girl,” ~ the goddess.” (lines 19-22) Athena was furious. ~ into a spider!
82 8. (line 11) I challenge Athena to a weaving competition. Lesson 12 • Competition 83
(lines 13-14) All the people watching kneeled down, but Arachne did not.
CHAPTER 4
Air 13 Air in Motion 14 Amazing

Air Shows
Soc
e ial
nc
St
Sci
ud
ies
Air
Soc & H e
i al
St
ry
a l t udies
His
to
h
The Growing Danger Life-Saving
16 of Air Pollution 15 Airbags
BIG IDEA
When can you feel air?
AIR
13Science
Air in Motion
Background Link
Q1: Why do big balloons get
Air is a kind of gas. It moves all the time and in small the next day?
all directions. Let’s talk about how air moves in
three different situations. A1: Air constantly moves out of the
balloon through its surface.
Q2: How do you make a table

tennis ball get its shape
back?
A2: Putting it in hot water will make

the ball round again.
Q3: How do Chinese sky lanterns

fly?
Key Words 26 A3: Air becomes more active when

heating up and lifts the lanterns
invisible constantly stretch up.
swell up shrink expand
86 Lesson 13 • Air 87
AIR Science
27
Air in Motion
Here is an experiment that shows this. First, take a
balloon and stretch it over the mouth of an empty bottle.
Next, put it in hot water. Does the balloon swell up? Now, 15
move it into cold water. You will see the balloon shrink.
When the air molecules heat up, they become more

spread out. This makes the air inside the bottle expand.
Thus, it moves out of the bottle and fills up the balloon.
However, when the molecules get colder, they move 20
closer together. So, the air goes back into the bottle.
Words 190
Let s Focus
There is something all around you, but you can’t

see it. You can’t stay alive without breathing it in. What
is it? It’s air!
Air is a mixture of gases. It’s invisible, but it’s

made up of very tiny molecules. These molecules are 5
spread out and are constantly in motion.
Molecules are the Air molecules move differently as the temperature

simplest unit of a
substance. changes. When air gets warmer, the molecules
become more active and move farther apart. They also
take up more space. However, when air gets cooler, 10
the molecules move more slowly and come closer

together. Cooler air molecules fill less space.
Lin to Text
How do air molecules
move differently as the
temperature changes?
In Other Words mixture blend tiny very little active lively take up fill
1. What is the main idea of this passage? Step 1 Write each letter in the appropriate space.
a. Humans breathe in invisible air molecules.
b. People cannot live without air.
c. The way air moves depends on the temperature.
Warm Air Molecules Cool Air Molecules
d. Air molecules are too tiny to see.
2. What is NOT mentioned about air molecules? Both

a. They are very small. b. They are sometimes visible.
c. They take up space. d. They are moving all the time.
b, e, h c, f a, d, g
3. How do air molecules change when it gets warmer?

a. They evaporate and disappear.
b. They take up less space than before.
c. They move faster and stay closer together.
d. They become livelier and more spread out. a. They move slowly. b. They are more active.
c. They are too little to see. d. They take up less space.
4. What is true about the experiment?
e. They take up more space. f. They move without stopping.
a. It uses a bottle filled with water.
g. They move closer together. h. They are more spread out.
b. The bottle is placed outdoors.
c. Air moves in and out of the bottle.
d. The size of the balloon is always the same.
5. Why do air molecules take up less space when they get cooler? Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
They move more slowly and come closer together.
6. How does air go into the balloon when the air molecules are heated? Air molecules move differently depending on the temperature . When
The air in the bottle expands and fills up the balloon.
air gets warmer, the molecules become more spread out . When air
gets cooler, the molecules move more slowly and come closer
Find Evidence together. A(n) experiment with a balloon can show this. When air heats up,
7. What can be inferred from this passage? it expands and fills up the balloon. However, as the molecules cool down,
a. It is harder to breathe in cold climates. they take up less space, and the air goes back into the bottle .
b. Air molecules slow down when it is hot.
c. The results of the experiment can change depending on the bottle size.
d. Putting a balloon full of air in a freezer will make it shrink.
7. (lines 15-16) Now, move it into cold water. You will see the balloon shrink.
AIR
14
oc
ial Studie
Amazing Air Shows
S
Background Link
Is it fun to fly or be high in the air? If you
could try one of the activities shown here,
which one would you choose? Why?
skydiving
paragliding
hot-air ballooning
bungee jumping
Key Words 28
hang gliding
display vary purpose
promote worth thrilling
AIR Social Studies
29
Amazing Air Shows
Let s Focus
Have you heard of air shows? They actually

aren’t shows about air. They’re events for aircraft!
At air shows, aircraft are displayed on the

ground and in the air. Visitors can see them up a plane flying in a loop
close. Air shows have been very popular since the 5
first one was held in France in 1909. Nowadays,

about twenty million people go to air shows
around the world annually.
Air shows vary in size. Some attract large

audiences. Others are small local events. Air 10
Regardless of their size or purpose, air
shows can also have different purposes. Some air
shows feature thrilling performances. At air
shows are commercial. Large aircraft companies
shows, pilots do amazing tricks in the air. They 20
promote their new models in these shows. They
fly jets at full speed, make quick turns, and fly in
sometimes get orders worth billions of dollars
loops. Low-flying aircraft are especially exciting to
there. Military air shows are another kind. They 15
watch.
are held to show off jets and weapons. Many also
show people the history of aircraft. Now that you know more
about air shows, why don’t 25
you visit one sometime?
Words 187
Lin to Sel
What kind of aircraft
would you like to see at an
air show?
In Other Words annually every year local regional commercial for business feature highlight
a. how air shows became popular around the world
b. how pilots prepare to perform in air shows
c. types of aircraft and how they were developed
d. the purpose of air shows and the performances they show • Visitors can see aircraft up close.
Introduction
• They are popular and have a long history .
2. What is true about air shows?
• They are various sizes.
a. They only feature aircraft on the ground.
Size and
b. They became popular recently. • There are different kinds, such as commercial and
Purpose
[military]
c. They started in the early 1900s. military .
[commercial]
d. They are held every three years.
Main Feature They feature exciting performances .
3. What is NOT mentioned as something you see at air shows?

a. various aircraft b. possible buyers
c. different flying techniques d. a military parade
4. What is the main purpose of military air shows?

a. to sell new aircraft models
b. to show pilots doing tricks
c. to show off different kinds of aircraft
d. to share the secrets of their technology
5. What do aircraft companies do in commercial air shows? Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
They promote their new models in these shows.
6. Why are air shows popular regardless of their size or purpose? Air shows are events where you can see aircraft up close. They are
People love them because they feature thrilling performances .
popular worldwide . Some air shows attract large audiences while
others are local events. Their purposes vary, too. Commercial
air shows promote new aircraft models. On the other hand, military air
Find Evidence shows are held to show off jets and weapons. Still, air shows commonly
[7–8] Choose True or False. include amazing tricks , so people love watching them.
7. Air shows have been going on for more than 100 years. True False
8. Pilots do fantastic tricks in the air only at commercial air shows. True False

7. (lines 5-6) Air shows have been ~ was held in France in 1909.
96 8. (lines 18-20) Regardless of their size or purpose, ~ amazing tricks in the air. Lesson 14 • Air 97
AIR
15
History
Life-Saving Airbags
helmet
Background Link
What happens when someone has a car accident without
wearing a seatbelt? He or she is likely to get seriously
injured. Look at each piece of safety equipment and talk knee pads
about when and where to use it.
seat belt
reflective vest
Key Words 30
protect crash inventor oxygen mask

compressed effective detect
life jacket
AIR History
31
Life-Saving
Airbags
American inventor John Hetrick made the first
airbags in 1951. He came up with the idea after almost
having an accident. He remembered something from his 10
time in the navy. He had seen compressed air being used

to shoot weapons underwater. Hetrick tried using the
same system for airbags. When a sensor felt the crash,
compressed air filled the bag. Sadly, at first it wasn’t fast
enough to be effective. 15
Over time, however, people improved airbags. For

example, a man named Allen Breed made a faster
sensor. Airbags are now safe enough for use in cars.
Even now, airbags still keep getting better. Today they can
detect a person’s size and position. Thousands of lives 20
Let s Focus
have been saved thanks to airbags.
Imagine you have a serious car accident. What Words 188
can protect you? Airbags will do the job!
An airbag has a bag and a sensor that can “feel”

a crash. Then the bag immediately fills with gas. For
a very short time, it is totally full. It acts as a big 5
cushion. The bag keeps your body from hitting hard crash sensor
airbag
The sensor
objects. That way, you don’t get seriously hurt.
feels a crash.
The bag fills

with gas.
Lin to Sel
Do you have any ideas
for new safety features in
cars?
In Other Words serious severe come up with think of shoot fire safe secure
100 Lesson 15 • Air 101
a. why John Hetrick invented airbags
b. what features of safety systems cars have
c. how airbags work and how they were improved
d. what types of airbags different cars have safety
made
2. What is the first thing that makes an airbag work? accident compressed
a. The bag fills with air.
b. The airbag makes a cushion.
c. The sensor detects an accident.
enough
d. The air cushion keeps you from getting hurt.
quickly improve saved
3. What made John Hetrick think of airbags?
a. He wanted to protect people in the navy.
b. He needed to make money.
c. He was looking for a way to use the sensors he invented.
d. He nearly had a car accident.
4. What was the problem with John Hetrick’s airbag?

a. It couldn’t detect crashes.
b. It often failed to fill with air.
c. It didn’t work quickly enough.
d. It couldn’t hold enough gas inside. Step 2 Complete the summary with the words from the box.
5. What gave John Hetrick the idea of using compressed air?

He had seen compressed air being used to shoot weapons underwater . Airbags can protect you in a car accident . When the sensor
“feels” a crash, the bag fills with gas immediately. It acts like a(n)
6. What is one way that today’s airbags have been improved?
They can detect the size and position of a person in a car. cushion and makes the impact softer. John Hetrick made the first airbag
[position] [size]
in 1952. However, it couldn’t fill up with air fast enough. Later, more
Find Evidence technologies were added to airbags. In fact, they are still getting better
[7–8] Choose True or False. today. Now they can keep people safer than ever before.
7. Breed’s sensor detected accidents faster than Hetrick’s airbags. True False
8. More versions of airbags were made after Hetrick’s invention. True False

7. (lines 14-18) Sadly, at first ~ made a faster sensor.
102 8. (lines 16-20) Over time, however, people improved ~ size and position. Lesson 15 • Air 103
The Growing Danger
AIR
16 of Air Pollution
Soc
lth
ea
lS
ia
tudies & H
Background Link
Air pollution is gas, dust, and smoke floating
in the air. Things that pollute the air are called
pollutants. What human activities create Burning fossil fuels is one of the major causes of bad air. People use a lot
pollutants? of fuels to power their vehicles and to heat houses.
Construction activities, such as clearing land or

paving roads, often create high levels of pollutants.
Key Words 32
particle produce comparison

lung cause deadly
Factories and power plants release dangerous
Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 128 chemicals into the air.
104 Lesson 16 • Air 105

AIR Social Studies & Health
33
The Growing Danger
of Air Pollution
The smaller ones, PM2.5, are more harmful than

PM10. The particles in PM2.5 are very small. That means
they travel deeper into the lungs and blood. What’s
worse, they stay there longer. Thus, they can cause 15
deadly illnesses like lung cancer and heart disease.

Let s Focus
How can you protect yourself from PM, then? First,
Do you check the air quality every morning? What stay inside when the air pollution level is high. When you
makes today’s pollution so dangerous? To answer this go out, wear a mask made to protect against PM. Also,
question, we need to learn about particulate matter take a shower and change your clothes right after you 20
(PM). It’s a mixture of particles and droplets in the air. come home. These small actions can help protect you
It comes mostly from human activities, such as driving 5 from this growing danger.
cars and producing energy.
Words 192
These particles are tiny. They are categorized by

size. Two common examples are PM10 and PM2.5. The
first, PM10, is less than 10 μm (micrometers) wide.
human hair PM10 PM2.5
The second, PM2.5, is less than 2.5 μm wide. For 10
size comparison of human
hair and PM
comparison, a human hair is about 60 μm wide.
Lin to Sel
What can we do to reduce
air pollution?
In Other Words activity action categorize classify harmful dangerous disease illness
106 Lesson 16 • Air 107
a. what particulate matter is made of
b. how tiny particulate matter is
c. the dangerous particles in air pollution
d. ways to protect yourself from air pollution
cars
2. What is NOT true about particulate matter? energy created
a. Its main cause is human activity. b. It comes in only two sizes.
c. It is measured in micrometers. d. It is less wide than a human hair.
3. What is mentioned about PM2.5?

deeper
a. It can go deeper into our bodies. b. It is less harmful than PM10. tiny
c. It can be easily removed. d. It can only travel into the lungs. harmful
illnesses
4. What is NOT a way to protect yourself against particulate matter?
a. staying inside when air pollution is severe
b. changing your clothes after you arrive home
c. using a wet cloth to clean your house
d. wearing a mask that can protect against particulate matter
5. What is the definition of particulate matter?
It’s a(n) mixture of particles and droplets in the air.
[droplets] [particles]
Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of small particles and droplets.
6. What kinds of illnesses can PM2.5 cause?
It can cause deadly illnesses like lung cancer and heart It causes severe air pollution. The two most well-known types are
disease. PM2.5 and PM10. The smaller particles, PM2.5, are more harmful, since they
can get deeper inside your body and stay there longer . They
can cause fatal diseases . So, when air pollution is high, you should
Find Evidence stay inside . When you go out, wear a special mask to protect
7. What can be inferred from this passage? against PM. Also, take a shower and change clothes right after you come
a. You cannot protect yourself from particulate matter pollution. home.
b. Larger pollution particles are generally more dangerous.
c. Smaller particles stay in a human body for less time.
d. Wearing a PM-filtering mask can lower your risk of disease.
7. (lines 18-19) When you go out, ~ protect against PM.
108 Lesson 16 • Air 109
Supplementary Material
Vocabulary Worksheet
RAIN
1
Science
Where Does Rain Come From?
1. If you are wondering about something, 2. Which food is a better source of calcium?
how do you find out more about it?
a.
[examples]
b.
sample
I usually surf the Internet .
[look for it in a book]
3. Where can you see water vapor in nature? 4. How many sticks do you need to form
a square?
I can see it on a lake [river] . I need four sticks.
5. Where do you do experiments at school? 6. What is the woman pouring on the salad?
a. b.
I do experiments in the lab . She is pouring salad dressing .

[laboratory] 113
RAIN RAIN
oc
2 die
Rainmaking Ceremonies 3 Chopin’s Musical Raindrops
s
ial Stu M us i c
1. What natural resources do you know? 2. What is someone trained to perform tasks 1. Who do you think is the most 2. Can you guess how old Mozart was when
in outer space called? accomplished musician today? he composed his first music piece?
[examples]
sample
I know coal [minerals] . He/She is a(n) astronaut . I think BTS is the most accomplished boy band today. I think he was five years old .
3. What kind of ceremony have you attended? 4. Do you like stories of ghosts, spirits , or 3. Do you often suffer
from headaches? If 4. Where is the air damp ?
fairies? so, when do you have them? a.
[examples]
b.
sample sample sample

I’ve attended a(n) wedding ceremony. (Yes / No), I I don’t like them because (Yes / No), I get headaches when I cram for a test .
[graduation]
they scare me .
5. When you go out to eat, do you insist on 6. What animals can you imitate ?
5. Did you pray on your birthday? If so, what 6. What did you do to please your parents choosing the restaurant, or do you let
did you pray for? recently? others choose?
sample
sample sample sample I can imitate the sound of a(n) lamb .
(Yes / No), I prayed for the health of my family. I did the dishes . I usually let others choose . [dog, monkey]
114
[did my homework by myself] [insist on choosing] 115
RAIN DOTS
4
Histor y
The History of the Raincoat 5
M us i c
Staccato
1. What kind of waterproof items do you 2. What type of fabric is usually used for bed 1. When you make a mistake , do you say 2. What does this symbol stand for?
have? sheets? sorry or pretend it’s not your fault?
[examples]
sample
I have a(n) waterproof watch . a. cotton b. wool I usually apologize for my mistake . It stands for recycling .
[waterproof phone case] [pretend it’s not my fault]
3. Where do people usually block out noise? 4. Which trees look stiff ? 3. Which door do you open by pressing the 4. What is the person lifting ?
a. button?
a.
[examples]
b.
b.
sample
They usually do it at the library . She is lifting the lid .
[at a construction site]
5. Which pattern is made by weaving ? 6. Where can you find diverse colors around 5. Which sport do you think uses more 6. Where can you hear repetitive sounds?
you? techniques ? Why?
[examples]
a. b.

a. striped b. zigzag I can find them on clothes . I think soccer uses more techniques I can hear repetitive sounds in a factory .
[on fruits, in a rainbow]
because players use more parts of their bodies .
116 117
DOTS DOTS
6
Histor y
Reading by Touching 7Art
The Dot Paintings of Aborigines
1. What should you do to avoid getting an 2. Which do you think is a better form of 1. Do you know what the native people of 2. What is the Big Bang theory ?
infection ? communication ? Why? New Zealand are called?
a. b.
sample sample
I should wash my hands often . I think sending text messages is a better form of They are called the Maori . It is a scientific theory about how the
communication because I can change the . universe began.
messages easily
3. Is your personality more similar to your 4. Which arrangement seems random? 3. What do the five rings in the Olympic flag 4. Which of these is temporary ?
mother’s or your father’s? represent ?
a.
a. b.
b.
sample
I think I’m a lot more like my father . They represent the five (a. oceans / b. continents)
of the world.
5. Do you know when the play Romeo and 6. Can you recognize the insect in the 5. What words of encouragement can you 6. What is the main feature on a zebra’s
Juliet was first published ? picture? give to a friend who failed a test? body?
sample sample
It was first published in (a. 1597 / b. 1897). (Yes / No). It’s a(n) butterfly . “ You can do better next time. ” The main feature on a zebra’s is
118 its stripped patterns . 119
[black stripes]
DOTS PETITIO
OM
8 A Test for Your Eyes 9 The Ancient Greek Olympics
N
C
ie
Sc
lth
nc e a Histor y
& He
1. When do you notice your English has 2. What do people usually wear when their 1. Do you know where alpacas originate 2. Which animal do people in India worship ?
improved? vision isn’t good? from?
a.
b.
sample
I notice it when I talk freely with my English teacher . People wear glasses . a. North America b. South America
[contact lenses]
3. Where can you see numerous stars at 4. How does the moon appear during a full 3. Do you have anything special that reminds 4. If you could be a citizen of any country,
night? moon? you of your childhood? which country would you choose? Why?
sample sample
a. in the city b. in the countryside It looks round and bright . I have a(n) old toy car . I would choose Finland because
I want to study there .
5. What is the most common birthday 6. Can you find the differences between the 5. Which Olympic sport would you like to 6. Have you participated in any school
present you give your friends? two pictures? How many differences did compete in? clubs?
you find?

It is a book [a t-shirt] . I would like to compete in short track . (Yes / No). I’ve participated in school orchestra .
120 I found three differences. [speed skating] 121
PETITIO PETITIO
OM OM
10 Animals Compete to Attract Mates 11

N
N
C
C
Matisse and Picasso: Rivals and Friends
Sc i ence Art
1. What kind of behavior is not allowed in 2. What attracts many visitors to Egypt? 1. What kinds of vegetables are usually 2. Who is the most passionate person you
the park? included in a sandwich? know? Why?
a.
b.

Smoking is not allowed. Carrots are usually included. The most passionate person I know is my grandmother
[Drinking alcohol, Littering] [Cucumbers, tomatoes]
because she paints every day .
3. What type of travel do you prefer ? 4. Do you have any skills to show off to your 3. Which one is an abstract painting? 4. What motivates you to get up early?
friends? a.
[examples]
b.
I prefer exciting [relaxing] travel . I can jump with my skateboard . I am motivated to get up early when
I go on a trip .
5. How can you prove that you bought 6. Do you know any poisonous animals or 5. What is someone who defends people in 6. Have you ever criticized a restaurant’s
something? plants? court called? terrible food or service online?
sample sample
I can prove it by showing a (Yes / No). I know there are poisonous He/She is a(n) lawyer . (Yes / No). I left a bad comment about a
(a. shopping list / b. receipt). mushrooms . restaurant’s pizza [chicken] online.
122 123
PETITIO AIR
OM
12 13 Air in Motion
N
C Arachne and Athena’s Weaving Contest
Lit
erature Sc i ence
1. In the story “The Turtle and The Rabbit”, 2. When you do something wrong, do you 1. Bacteria are invisible to the naked eye. 2. What object do you know that is
which one likes to brag ? usually apologize or pretend you didn’t do Which one do you need? constantly moving?
anything wrong?
a. microscope b. telescope
sample
a. the turtle b. the rabbit I need a microscope . Earth is constantly moving.
(Yes / No). I Yes. I apologize. / No, I pretend .
I didn’t do anything wrong
3. If you could challenge Lionel Messi or a 4. Who is wearing a disguise ? 3. Which pants can you stretch more easily? 4. Which one can make your skin swell up ?
soccer-playing robot to a penalty shoot
a. a.
out, who would you choose?
a jeans b. sweatpants
b. b.
I would choose Lionel Messi .

[a soccer-playing robot]
5. Which one is good at tricking people? 6. When do you become furious ? 5. Which sweater shrank ? 6. Which items can expand in water?
a. a. a.
b. b. b.
sample
I become furious when my friends
124 lie to me . 125
AIR AIR
S
14
oc
die
Amazing Air Shows 15 Life-Saving Airbags
s
ial Stu Histor y
1. Which one displays clothes by color? 2. How do the two dishes vary ? 1. What can protect glass from breaking? 2. Which ride might you crash on?
a. a.
b. b.
a. size b. pattern Bubble wrap can protect glass.
3. What’s your purpose for learning English? 4. Which way do you think is better to 3. Which inventor made the first telephone? 4. Which picture shows a compressed car?
promote a new product or service?
a.
a. flyers b. word of mouth a. Thomas Edison b. Alexander Bell
b.
sample sample
I’m learning English because I want to I think flyers (is / are) better Alexander Bell invented the first telephone.
make foreign friends . because they can reach many .people at a time
5. Can you name an item that is worth about 6. What kind of outdoor activity do you think 5. What is the most effective way for you to 6. How many tastes can a human tongue
$10? is the most thrilling ? memorize words? detect ?
[examples]

An umbrella is worth about $10. I think surfing is the most thrilling. I use a dictionary to memorize words. It can detect at least five tastes.
126
[ziplining activity] [write the words many times] 127
AIR
16
Soc
The Growing Danger of Air Pollution Vocabulary List
lth
ea
lS H
ia
tu dies &
1. Which item can block the tiny dust particles 2. This insect produces sweet and sticky
Lesson 1 Lesson 4 Lesson 7
in the air? food eaten by humans. What is this
wonder waterproof native
a. insect?
source fabric theory
vapor block out represent
form stiff temporary

b. experiment weave encouragement
pour diverse feature
It’s the honey bee .
3. How big is Earth in comparison with the 4. Which sport makes your lungs healthier? Lesson 2 Lesson 5 Lesson 8
Moon?
a. resource mistake notice
perform symbol vision
ceremony press numerous
spirit lift appear

b.
pray technique common
the Moon Earth
please repetitive difference
It is about four times bigger
than the Moon.
5. What kinds of problems can using a 6. What deadly natural disasters do you Lesson 3 Lesson 6 Lesson 9
smartphone cause ? know about? accomplished infection originate
compose communication worship
suffer similar remind
damp arrangement citizen
insist publish compete
sample sample imitate recognize participate

It can make your eyes tired when you use it too long . I know about earthquakes .
128
[typhoons] 129
Vocabulary List
MEMO
Lesson 10 Lesson 13 Lesson 16
behavior invisible particle
attract constantly produce
prefer stretch comparison
show off swell up lung
prove shrink cause
poisonous expand deadly
Lesson 11 Lesson 14
include display
passionate vary
abstract purpose
motivate promote
defend worth
criticize thrilling
Lesson 12 Lesson 15
brag protect
apologize crash
challenge inventor
disguise compressed
trick effective
furious detect
130
MEMO

L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4: Curriculum Integration Reading Program

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L4 L4 L4 L4 L4 L4: Curriculum Integration Reading Program

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Curriculum Integration Reading Program

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Background Link Graphic Organizer &

Matisse and Picasso:

Arachne and Athena’s

CHAPTER 2 Dots CHAPTER 4 Air

5 Music Staccato 188 32 13 Science Air in Motion 190 84

Science & Social Studies The Growing Danger of

Rain 1 Where Does Rain

When water boils, it

wonder source vapor

Vocabulary Worksheet → p. 113 3. liquid 2. gas Answers: 1. solid

Here’s an experiment you can try. First, pour some

After a few hours, water droplets will gather on the 20

plastic wrap. Sunlight heats the water inside and turns

Rain is water that falls from clouds.

us, such as oceans and lakes.

2. What causes water to evaporate?

c. droplets from a lake d. heat from the sun

3. What happens to water vapor as it rises?

5. When do water droplets fall as rain?

resource perform ceremony

In some parts of India, frog weddings are held.

Let s Focus Words 181

Rain provides us with water, a precious natural

Native Americans do rain dances. They believe 5

the dances bring a blessing of rain from the spirits.

parades. People carry around a cat and splash water on it.

[7–8] Choose True or False. please the god of rain.

Go to the passage and underline the evidence for your answer.

Eugène Delacroix, Portrait of Chopin and Sand, 1838

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849)

George Sand (1804–1876)

Josef Danhauser, Franz Liszt Fantasizing at the Piano, 1840

attention to those sounds or imitated them.

However, like Sand, many people hear raindrops in

getting heavier. Then the music gradually gets quiet and

Let s Focus Words 185

Frédéric Chopin was an accomplished musician.

In 1838, Chopin was suffering from lung disease.

her, he wrote Prelude no. 15.

4. What did Sand do after she heard the piece?

The first rain boots made of rubber were created in France in

A backpack rain cover keeps your

The first waterproof umbrellas

waterproof fabric block out

Although it wasn’t perfectly waterproof, it could effectively

With technological advancement, raincoats have 20

gotten better. Today, raincoats are lighter and more

Scottish scientist Charles Macintosh introduced

cotton fabric together with liquid rubber. The rubber

when it was cold.

4. What is true about Thomas Burberry’s gabardine?

5. Who wore trench coats with upgraded fabric?

It also became stiff in cold weather. Later, better waterproof fabrics,

[7–8] Choose True or False. in diverse styles and colors, too.

Go to the passage and underline the evidence for your answer.

Dots 5 Staccato 6 Reading by

You hit them with sticks or your hands

One famous piece that uses staccato is Joseph

Short notes create the exciting image of soldiers

If you look at sheet music, you might see some

How do you play notes like these? That’s simple.