Name: LUNA, MA. DANICA LOUISE M.
Behavioral Science 2
Section: 2C
THEORY RATIONALE
1. Psychoanalysis - Remains unsurpassed as a
method to discover the
meaning and motivation of
behavior, especially the
unconscious elements
informing thoughts and
feelings.
- Refers to individual (dyadic)
treatment which is a direct
function of the Freudian theory
of neurosis as an intra-psychic
phenomenon, which takes
place within the person as
instinctual impulses continually
seeking discharge.
2. Psychoanalytic - use of insight-oriented
Psychotherapy methods only
- Strategies currently range
from expressive
(insight-oriented, uncovering,
evocative, or intepretive)
techniques to supportive
(relationship-oriented,
suggestive, suppressive, or
repressive) techniques.
- Rarely uses the couch;
instead, patient and therapist
sit face to face because it helps
to prevent regression because
it encourages the patient to
look on the therapist as a real
person from whom to receive
direct cues, even though
transference and fantasy will
continue.
CHAPTER 28: ​PSYCHOTHERAPIES
PROPONENT INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS SPECIFIC METHODS
Sigmund • Significant suffering • Absence of suffering - Long term
Freud - So that patients are • Poor impulse control
- Usually 3-5
motivated to make the • Inability to tolerate
sacrifices of frustration and anxiety - Expressive mode (short
time and financial • Low motivation to or long term, several
resources required for understand sessions to months or
psychoanalysis. • Presence of extreme years)
• Genuine wish to dishonesty or antisocial - Supportive mode (short
understand themselves personality and intermittent long
• Able to withstand disorder term single session to
frustrations, anxiety, • Concrete thinking or lifetime)
and other strong absence of
affects psychological
- That emerge in mindedness
analysis without fleeing • Some patients who
or acting out their might ordinarily be
feelings in a psychologically minded
self-destructive manner are not suitable for
• Honest analysis because they
• Average IQ are in the midst of a
• Must be major upheaval or life
psychologically minded crisis, such as a job loss
- They must also have a or divorce.
reasonable, mature • Serious physical
superego that illness
allows them to be - Can also interfere with
honest with the analyst a person’s ability to
invest in a longterm
treatment process
• Patients of low
intelligence
- Generally, do not
understand the
procedure or cooperate
in the process
• Close relationship
with the analyst
- Analysts should avoid
analyzing friends,
relatives, or
persons with whom
they have other
involvements.
Sigmund - Significant suffering - Absence of suffering Duration is generally
Freud - Genuine wish to - Poor impulse control shorter and more
understand themselves - Inability to tolerate variable than
- Able to withstand frustration and anxiety psychoanalysis.
frustrations, anxiety - Low motivation to
and other strong understand
affects - Presence of extreme
- Honest dishonesty
- Average IQ - Antisocial personality
- Must be disorder
psychologically minded - Concrete thinking
- Absence of
psychological
mindedness
3. Group - A modality that employs
Psychotherapy professionally trained leader
who selects, composes,
organizes, and leads a
collection of members to work
together toward the maximal
attainment of the goals
Mutual support can be
harnessed in the service of
providing relief from
psychological suffering and
supply peer support to counter
isolation experienced by many
who seek psychiatric
4. Family Therapy, - Psychotherapeutic endeavor
Couples that explicitly focuses on
Therapy altering the interactions
between or among family
members and seeks to improve
the functioning of the family
- Meant to heal a rift between
parents and their adult
children
Aimed at increasing the
family’s coping with
schizophrenia and at reducing
the family’s expressed emotion
5. Dialectical - To help create a life worth
Behavior living for patients who often
Therapy suffer tremendously from
chronic and pervasive
problems across many areas of
their lives
- This method is eclectic,
drawing on concepts derived
from supportive, cognitive, and
behavioral therapies
Patients are seen weekly, with
the goal of improving
interpersonal skills decreasing
self-destructive behavior using
techniques involving advice,
metaphor, storytelling, and
confrontation among others
6. Cognitive - Short-term structured
Therapy therapy that uses active
collaboration between patient
and therapist to achieve its
therapeutic goals, which are
oriented towards current
problems and the resolution.
Irvin Yalom - Authority Anxiety: - Severely depressed - Successful with as few
Patients whose - Patients who are as 3 members and as
primary problem is actively sui-cidal many as 15, but most
their relationship to - Patients who are therapists consider 8-10
authority and who are delusional and who members the optimal
extremely anxious in may incor-porate the size
the presence of group into their - Once a week.
authority figures delusional system
- Those who pose a
- ​Peer Anxiety: physical threat to other
borderline and schizoid members because of
personality disorders uncontrollable
who have destructive ag-gressive outbursts
relationships with their
peer groups
Salvador - For those who are - Patients with severe - Emergency cases:
Minuchin experiencing marital forms of psychosis sessions are usually held
maladjustment particularly patients no more than once a
- Treatment of with paranoid elements week
numerous specific and those in whom the - Each session may
psychiatric disorders marriage's homeostatic require as much as 2
Also a therapeutic mechanism is a hours
collage of ideas protection against Long sessions can
regarding the psychosis, marriage in include an intermission
underpinnings of family which one or both to give the therapist time
and individual stability partners really want to to organize material and
and change, divorce, and marriage plan a response
psychopathology, and in which one spouse
problem in living refuses to partucipate
because of anxiety or
fear.
Franz - Patients with - No known - Sessions are held
Alexander borderline personality contraindications weekly, generally 50-60
disorder minutes
- Those who has - Skills learned during
parasuicidal behavior group training are
reviewed and life events
from the previous week
are examined
- Patients are
encouraged to record
their thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors on diary
cards, which are
analyzed in the session
Aaron T. Being oriented towards Psychotic - Conducted in an
Beck symptom-relief, Low IQ individual basis,
collaborative Finances although group
empiricism and methods are sometimes
modifying peoples core helpful
beliefs, this is often the
preferred treatment - Therapy is relatively
for: short and lasts about 25
→ Depression weeks
→ Panic disorder
→ Obsessive-co
mpulsive
disorder
→ Personality
disorders
→ Somatoform
disorders
→ Substance
abuse
→ Eating
disorders
7. Behavior - Systematic Desensitization:
Therapy based on the behavioral
principle of
counterconditioning, whereby
a person overcomes
maladaptive anxiety elicited by
a situation or an object by
approaching the feared
situation gradually, in a
psychophysiological state that
inhibits anxiety
- Patients attain a state of
complete relaxation and are
then exposed to the stimulus
that elicits the anxiety
response
8. Biofeedback - Involves in the recording and
display (can be visual or
auditory) of small changes in
the physiological levels of the
feedback parameter
- Can be used by itself or in
combination with relaxation
and also for rehabilitation or
neurological disorders
9. Hypnosis - A powerful means of
directing innate capabilities of
imagination, imagery, and
attention
- Patient who has the hypnotic
gift is being assessed by the
clinician. Patient’s capacity is
being assessed to capitalize on
this asset and to help the
patient discover and use it
effectively
- Focal attention and
imagination are enhanced and
hypnotist through formalized
induction procedures, but can
also occur spontaneously
Joseph - Patients with: -- For patients with -- Applied Behavior
Wolpe Agoraphobia, Alcohol significant illness, such Analysis
(Systematic dependence, Anorexia as a severe mood ABA is used to help
Desensitizati Nervosa, Bulimia disorder children succeed at
on) nervosa, -- Individuals with very reaching positive goals
Hyperventilation, limited intellectual and distinguish negative
Paraphilias, functioning behaviors.
Schizoprenia, Sexual
dysdunctions, Shy -- Relationship
bladder Development
Intervention
This relatively new
behavior therapy focuses
on social behaviors of
the autistic child. The
parents are more
involved than a therapist
when using RDI.
3. Sensory Integration
Therapy
This type of therapy
works to improve a
child’s sensitivities to
sensory stimuli that may
be overwhelming to the
child.
Neal Miller - Patients with urinary - Psychosis - Instrument used
incontinence - Depression depends on the patient
- Rehabilitation of - Obsessional Neurosis and the specific
neurologic disorders - Psychopathic problem
personalities
-Most effective are the:
Electromyogram
(measures the electrical
potentials of muscle
fibers),
Electroencephalogram
(measures alpha waves
that occur in relaxed
state, Galvanic skin
response gauge (shows
decreased skin
conductivity, and the
Thermistor (measures
temperature)
Anton Franz -- A patient’s degree of -- No intrinsic dangers -- Two major procedures
Anton hypnotizability and the to hypnotic process that clinically evaluates
Mesmer technique of hypnosis exist, because of the hypnot-ic capacity:
are clinically useful in increased dependence
diagnosis and in that the hypnotized -- Standford Hyp-notic
treatment patient has toward the Susceptibil-ity Scale (a
-- Smoking, overeating, therapist, a strong long laboratory-based
phobias, anxiety, transference may test that has been
conversion symptoms, occur. modified for clinical
and chronic pain evalu-ation and re-quires
approxi-mately
20minutes to perform
-- Hypnotic Induc-tion
Profile (a shorter test
that uses the eye-roll
sign as a biologi-cal
indicator and measures
cogni-tive flow, which
differentiates those with
no hypnotic capacity
from those with mentally
normal patient with any
inherent hypnotic
capacity)
10. Interpersonal - A time-limited treatment for
Therapy major depressive disorder
- Formulated as an attempt to
represent the current practice
of psychotherapy for
depression
- It assumes that the
development and maintenance
of some psychiatric illness
occur in a social and
interpersonal context and that
the onset, response to
treatment, and outcomes are
influenced by the interpersonal
relations between the patient
and significant others
11. Psychiatric - Designed to help people with
Rehabilitation disabilities cause by mental
illness improve their
functioning and quality of life
by enabling them to acquire
skills and supports needed to
be successful in usual adult
roles and in the environments
of their choice
- It emphasizes independence
rather than reliance on
professionals, community
integration rather than
isolation in segregated settings
for persons with disabilities,
and patient preferences rather
than professional goals
Goals: Improve social skills in
specific situations, moderate
generalization of acquired skills
to similar situations,
acquisition or relearning of
social and conversational skills,
and decreased social anxiety
12. Mentalization-B - Wherein the person attempts
ased Therapy, to stay aware of thoughts,
Mindfulness feelings, affects, moods, and
somatic sensations
- It is an interpersonal
transaction
Gerald L. -- Grief and loss -- Patients who are -- Lasts 12-20 sessions
Klerman & -- Role Transitions resistant to an over a 4-month to
Myrna -- Interpersonal role edu-cational approach 5-month period
Weissman disputes -- Group size of about
Interpersonal deficit 6-9 members
-- Three phases:
- Initial phase: dedicated
to identifying the
problem area that will
be target for treatment
- Intermediate phase:
devoted to working on
the target problem
area
- Termination phase:
focused on
consolidating gains
made during treatment
and preparing the
patients for future
work on their own
- Patient with - Social perceptions -- Primary modality is
schizoprenia disabilities role play of stimulated
- Patients with chronic conversations
psychotic disorders -- Training is typically
conducted in small
groups (6-8 patients), in
which case patients each
practice role playing for
three to four trials and
provide feedback and
reinforcement to one
another
Jon Allen & -- Autism -Avoid interpreting -- Offered to patients
Peter -- Patients with experience as twice per week with
Fonagy & antisocial personality repetition of sessions alternating
Anthony disorder (manipulative, the past or as a between group therapy
Batemen give no thought to displacement. This and individual treatment
results of their actions, simply
lack the capacity for makes the person with
loyalty, unable or BPD feel that
unwilling to emphasize whatever is happening
with others) in therapy is unreal
-- Borderline -Thrown into a pretend
personality disorder, mode
anxiety, chronic pain, -Elaborates a fantasy of
depression, stress understanding with
therapist
-Little experiential
contact with reality
-No generalization