2016 January - Final

Q1.
I).
Organization
Organization is known as a group of people working together in a coordinated fashion
to achieve a set of goals.
Characteristics of organization
* Have a distinct purpose (goal)

* Composed of people

* Have a deliberate Structure.

II).
Four factors considered to be considered when developing an efficient organization.
i). Strategy - How an organization is going to position itself in the market in terms of its
product.

ii).Environment - The environment is the world in which the organization operates, and
includes Conditions that influence the organization such as economic, social-cultural,
legal - political, technological and natural environmental condition.

iii). Organizational size - The larger or organization becomes, the more complicated its
structure. When an organization is small, its structure can be Simple (have a formal
structure).

iv). Organizational life cycle - stages of the progress of the organization is known as a life
cycle. Most organizations go through the following four stages: birth, youth, midlife,
and maturity.

Each stages has characteristics that have implications for the structure of the firm. An
organization may even try to change its position in the life cycle by changing its structure.
III).
Advantages of line organization structure

1. Simplicity - It is the simplest form of organization structure. Can be easily define and
explain to all staff.

2. Responsibility is fixed - Every Person is crystal clear to whom he is answerable and

who are Accountable him. In this type of organization shifting of responsibility is not
possible because responsibilities are fixed.

3. Unified Control - Good Control, and direction is possible in line organization,

because of fixed responsibility.

4 Quick Decision - Single Authority, unified Control and fixed responsibility to help in
quick decision.

5. Excellent discipline - The vertical arrangement of authority and Singleness of

responsibility ensures excellent discipline.

Disadvantages of line organization structure

1. Over loading - The executive is overloaded at each level of the organization. There
are several things he must manage independently. Most of the time the organization
activities suffer due to overloading.

2. Lack of specialization - Different types of Jobs are looked after, supervised and
Control by executive. It is physically not possible for him to learn and acquire the skills
of the jobs he looks into.

3. Chance of Favoritism - There is high chance of favoritism in line organization

structure. Because one superior controls the whole organization.

4. Instability - line organization fully depend upon the ability and skills of one superior.
The organization may collapse if he/she dies or leave the organization.

5. This structure is not applicable for large organizations.

IV)
In large Companies there could be more levels. A matrix organization structures is most
applied (suitable) organizational structure for a major construction project.

A matrix organization structure is a combination of functional and product based

organization structure.

Q2.
I).
Planning
Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired
goal.
II).
Four major steps of Planning

1. Environmental scanning- It is the process of gathering, organizing and analyzing

information.

2. Strategy formulation - Based on the information gathered during environmental

scanning, you should hopefully have “Clear picture of what needs” to be addressed in
order to accomplish your business goals.

3. Strategy implementation - The most important part of implementing a strategy may

be communicating it clearly to begin with.

The entire Company should be engaged and made aware of the Company's long term
vision.

4. Strategy evaluation -Every organization should strive for continuous improvement

and so part of the strategic Planning Process is taking a moment to monitor and adjust
as needed.

III)
Four types of Planning

1. Operational planning

2. Strategic Planning

3. Tactical Planning

4. Contingency Planning.

IV)
Management objectives (MBO)

Management by objectives (MSO) is a strategic management model that aims to

improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objective that are
agreed to by both management and employees.

Advantages of MBO

1. Define organizational goals.

2. Define employee objectives.
3. Continue monitoring performance and progress.
 4. Providing feedback
5. Performance (annual review)
6. Performance evaluation (regular review)

Q3.
I).
a). Quality
Quality is a measurement how good something (good or services). If the quality of a
product is high, then it is fit for its purpose. If the quality of a product is low it may be
break easily or not in properly.
b). Quality management

Quality management Ensures that an organization, product or service consistently

functions well.

It has four main Components.

1. Quality Planning

2. Quality assurance

2. Quality Control

4. Quality improvement.

II).
Total quality Management - TQM

TQM is the continual process of detecting and eliminating manufacturing errors in

manufacturing, improving the customer experience, and ensuring that employees are
up to speed with training.

III).
Elements of TQM

1. Customer focus
2. Commitment from the leadership
3. People engagement
4. Process approach
5. Continuous improvements
6. Evidence – based decision making
7. Relationship managements.

IV). Purpose (Important) of code of Conduct/code of ethics.

i. Avoiding conflicts of interest

ii. It helps to build a strong right culture
iii. It provides a clear guideline of expected behavior in the workplace.
iv. Outlines company's vision, mission, values, and principles.
v. Communicates to employees what you want from them
vi. Outlines a clear hierarchal structure, roles of employees and organizational
structure.
vii. Increase employee morale
viii. Accelerates employee's career growth.

Q4.
I).
Henry Fayol's principles of management.

Fayol was an engineer and he identified the skills that were needed to manage an
organization well and proposed 14 principles of management.

1. Division of work

2. Authority

3. Discipline

4. Unity of Command.

5. Unity of Direction

6. Collective interest over individual interest

7. Remuneration

8. Centralization

9. Scalar Chain

10. Order
11. Equity

12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel.

13. Initiative

14. Esprit de Corps.

II).
a) Coercive power (Authority)
The power or right to control, judge, or prohibit the actions of others.
b) Organizing
Organizing is the process of arrangement the tasks/activities and allocating resources
of the organization.
c) Controlling

Controlling is the process of monitoring, correcting the performance e taking action to

ensure the desired results.
d) Communication

Communication is the process of sharing / passing information from one person to

another. (Ideas, facts, opinion, expectation).
e) Forecasting

Forecasting is a technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed estimates
that are predictive in determining the direction of future trends.

Q5.
I).
Specification
Specification refers the statement of the requirements of standard and tolerances of a
product.
II).
Importance of specification / purpose of specification
1. Guide the bidder at the time of tendering to arrive at a reasonable Cost for the works.

2 Provide guidance for execution and supervision of works.

3. Guide Contractor for the purchase of materials and Purchase and hiring of
equipments.

4. Serve a Part of Contract document to limit and describe the rights and obligations of
each contracting Parties.

5. Guide the bidder to identify his Capacity to execute the works.

III).
Performance specifications

These Specifications describe the required results of a Product’s use.

(They describe how a product or material is to perform, not necessarily what it is).

IV).
Key investigated areas to obtain effective time management

I. Set goals correctly - set goals that are achievable and measurable.
II. Prioritize wisely - prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency.
III. set a time limit to Complete a task - setting time constraints for Completing tasks
which helps you be focused and efficient.
IV. Take break between tasks - without breaks it is harder to stay focused and
motivated. Allow some down time between tasks to clear your head and refresh
yourself.
V. Organize your self- utilize your Calendar for more long time managements.
Write down the deadline of projects or tasks that are part of completing overall
project. Plan meeting to discuss Cash flaws on a day.
VI. Remove non-essential tasks /activities - It is important to remove excess
activities or tasks.
VII. Plan ahead - make sure you start every day with a clear idea of what you need to
do. Go ahead and write out your “to-do” list for the next workday.
Q6.
I)

During the early phase of a project, such as site investigation, a topographic survey is
normally performed to locate and map the existing site conditions, including both
surface features and underground utilities. Utility locating is usually provided by a
service that identifies underground utility locations of water, natural gas, telephone and
communication, and power. This information helps a surveyor estimate utility
locations and connections. For gravity systems (sanitary sewer and storm drainage
mains), which have more surface access such as manholes and catch basins, surveyors
will locate these surface feature locations, record the inlet and outlet pipe location,
measure the pipe sizes and invert elevations, and record the pipe materials. With these
field measurements, observations, and record drawings, the surveyor can reasonably
record the pipe connections and locations. Another thing is locating services is very
important to avoid damaging the service.

II)

a). Resource allocation

Resource allocation is the process of assigning the resources for a specific period o
various activities.

Resource Levelling

We use resource levelling when we have limited resources and we may extend the
schedule. We use this technique when we must keep some resource usage at a constant
level (optimize the limited resources).

III) Methods of Issuing of Materials

Issues from stores must be efficiently organized so that the requirements of the
production/operations department can be met.

1. Issue on request:

This is the most orthodox way of issue wherein the indenting department normally
sends a man and collects the materials from stores.
2. Issue per schedule:

In a batch production unit sometime, the requisition for issue of stores is sent well
ahead indicating when, i.e., the time and date it is required. The stores department will
collect all the materials and keep them ready.

3. Imprest issues:

In this system a list of certain items especially for tools and components and in specified
quantities is approved. The list is then held in a sub-store or tool kit near the shop floor.

4. Replacement issue:

In most engineering industries a large number of workshop machines are used. So there
will be considerable requirements of tools and gauges. When a fresh issue has to be
made the machine shop operator may be asked to return the old ones to the stores and
obtain new one for replacement. This is done without issue notes and the storekeeper
has to maintain proper records of such replacement.

5. Loan issues:

The issue of stores on loan should, as far as possible, be discouraged. Situations often
arise where some amount of spares; electrical fitting, etc. are required on emergency
basis due to some breakdowns. In such cases the materials are to be issued on a loan
basis. However, the storekeeper is to maintain a separate record and ensure that they
are returned before year-ending when annual stock-taking begins.

6. Stock records:
In a store-house where thousands of transactions take place some amount of records are
too maintained. This makes it possible for the storekeeper to make an entry of all
transactions.

IV)

The most common health and safety risks in the construction industry

• Working from height

• Falls, trips and slips
• Moving equipment
• Noise
• Vibration
• Manual handling
• Collapses
• Asbestos
• Electricity
• Airborne dust