Elasticity and Finite

Element Method
Instructor： Pan Jinlong

Mobile:13645178762

Email: jinlongp@gmail.com
 Content
 Introduction of a spatial problem
 Differential equilibrium equations
 Geometric equations
 Physical equations
 Summary
 A spatial problem
For a spatial problem, there are 15 unknowns including 6 stress co
mponents, 6 strain components and 3 displacement components,
which are functions of the coordinates x, y and z, and its material
properties.

Arc dam Ribbed plate structure

 A spatial problem
Solution Method
 Within the elastic body, construct the equilibrium equations, g
eometric equations and physical equations considering static e
quilibrium, geometric and physical conditions.
 Considering displacement and stress boundary conditions alon
g the boundary with surface forces or constrains.
 With three groups of equilibrium equations and boundary con
ditions, the unknowns (stresses, strains or displacements) can be
solved.
 A spatial problem
C
 z
z z 
z
dz PA=dx
 zx  zy PB=dy
 zx  dz  zy  dz
z
  x
z
 yz 
 yz
dy
PC=dz
 xz  xz dx y
yx x f z 
f y xy
 xy xz
y fx
 xy  dx 
 x  x  yx  yx dy
x  dx y
x
yz B
P zx
zy
z
A
o y
x
 A spatial problem
Considering static equilibrium of the block element, the force eq
uilibrium equations can be obtained.
According to the moment balance about the axis ab, we have
M ab 0

 yz dy dy  zy dz dz
( yz  dy )dxdz   yz dxdz  ( zy  dz )dxdy   zy dxdy  0
y 2 2 z 2 2

1  yz 1  zy
 yz  dy   zy  dz  0
2 y 2 z

Neglecting the low order terms, we have  yz   zy

The same, we can obtain  xy   yx  xz   zx

Reciprocal theorem of shear stress

 A spatial problem
According to the force balance along the direction of x axis, we have
F x 0

 x 
( x  dx)dxdz   x dxdz  ( yx  yx dy )dzdx   yx dzdx
x y

 ( zx  zx dz ) dxdy   zx dxdy  f x dxdydz  0
z
Simplifying the above expression, we have
 x  yx  zx
   fx  0
x y z
The same, we can obtain the other two equations along the y and z d
irections.
 y  zy  xy
 Fy  0,    fy  0
y z x
F 0  z  xz  yz
z    fz  0
z x y
 A spatial problem
Differential equilibrium equations for a spatial problem:
 x  yx  zx
   fx  0
x y z
 y  zy  xy
   fy  0
y z x
 z  xz  yz
   fz  0
z x y

We have 6 unknown stress components, which are functions of x, y

and z.
 A spatial problem
Geometric equations
Definition : the relationship between strains and displacements of
an Infinitesimal segment. z

z x
o
dz C
dx A
P C’
o x P’
P
C
dy
A
B
B A’
B’
y y
 A spatial problem
Geometric equations
From the projection of the three segments PA and PB on the plane
xoy, we have
x
o u
u  dx
P
u x
A
v P’ A’’
v
 v  dx
x
B
v  A’
v  dy
y B’’
B’
u
y u  dy
y
 A spatial problem
 u 
 u  dx   u u
x 
Linear strain of PA: x   
dx x
v
Linear strain of PB： y 
y
 v 
 v  dx   v
x  v
Angle change of PA：  
dx x

u
Angle change of PB 
y
v u
Shear strain  xy  xy     
x y
 A spatial problem
Geometric equations
From the projection of the three segments PA and PC on the plane
xoz, we have
z
o
w
P C
u P’ C’’

A  C’

A’’
A’
x
 A spatial problem
 u 
 u  dx   u u
x 
Linear strain of PA: x   
dx x
Linear strain of PC：

 w 
w dx   w
x  w
Angle change of PA：  
dx x

u
Angle change of PC 
z
w u
Shear strain  xy  xz     
x z
 A spatial problem
Geometric equations
From the projection of the segments PB and PC on the plane yoz,
we have
z
o
w
P C
v P’ C’’

B  C’
B’’
B’
y
 A spatial problem

Linear strain of PB:

Linear strain of PC：

 w 
 w  dy   w
y  w
Angle change of PB：  
dy y
v
Angle change of PC 
z
w v
Shear strain  xy  yz    
y z
 A spatial problem
Geometric equations:

v
y 
y

v u w v w u
 xy    yz    xz  
x y y z x z
 A spatial problem
Volumetric strain
For a small parallelepiped, the length of the edges are dx, dy and dz.
The volume of the parallelepiped is dxdydz before it deforms.
After the parallelepiped deforms, the volume changes to

The volumetric strain defines the change of volume of unit volume of the
parallelepiped, and can be given by
 A spatial problem
Relationship between strains and displacements
 When displacements are determined, strains are determined.
From physics：after deformation, the locations of all points of the elastic
body is determined. Hence, the strains of an arbitrary segment is determinable.
From mathematics：when the displacement functions are determined, the
derivative of them should be determined, meaning that the strain components
are all determined.
 When strains are determined, displacement may not be determined. The
undetermined terms are rigid displacement and rotation of the elastic body.
From physics：keep the shape of an elastic body unchanged, the elastic body
can rotation and change of location in the plane.
From mathematics：Displacements are obtained by integration of strains.
The integration process will cause undetermined terms.
Note: when the strains are determined, the displacements related to the strains
can be determined, but the displacements which have nothing to do with the
strains should be determined through boundary conditions.
 A spatial problem
Physical equations
Definition: Relationship between stress and strain components
z z
= + +
x
x y x y y
z
y z
x =
x
E
+ 
E
+ 
E
y z
y = 
x
E
+
E
+ 
E
y z
z = 
x
E
+ 
E
+
E
 A spatial problem
Physical equations
1 
 x    x   ( y   z )   xy  xy

E G
1 
 y    y   ( x   z
  yz  yz

E G
1 
 z    z   ( x   y )   xz  xz
E G
1  2
x  y  z  ( x   y   z )
E
Assume  x   y   z   , and we have

1  2 E
   EV 
E 1  2
 A spatial problem
Physical equations
Strain components can be expressed in terms of stress components.

1 1
 x   x   ( y   z )   x  (1   ) x   ( x   y   z ) 
E E
1
x 
1
(1   ) x   x  ( E x  )
E 1 

1  2 E 
   x  ( x  )
E 1  1  2
E 
y  ( y  )
1  1  2
E E E
 xy   xy  yz   yz  xz   xz
2(1   ) 2(1   ) 2(1   )
 A spatial problem
For a spatial problem, we have 15 unknowns, including:
 6 stress components;
 6 strain components;
 3 displacement components;

Within the elastic body, each element satisfies 15 basic equations,

including:
 3 differential equilibrium equations;
 6 geometric equations;
 6 physical equations.

Boundary conditions:
 Displacement boundary conditions for the boundaries with constrains;
 Stress boundary conditions for the boundaries with surface forces.
 hybrid boundary conditions.