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46.1 Introduction
The structure of Coronavirus is in the spherical shape and diameter of 100 nm [1]. Due
to the small structure of Coronavirus, we have to resort to a high computation potential
N. Pathak · S. Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maharishi University of Information
Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226013, India
N. K. Misra (B)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bharat Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad 501510, India
B. K. Bhoi
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,
Burla 768018, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 523
A. K. Somani et al. (eds.), Smart Systems: Innovations in Computing,
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 235,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2877-1_48
524 N. Pathak et al.
like quantum computing. Quantum computing is an area that can handle a pandemic
situation of COVID-19 [2]. To study this small compound of coronavirus, we will
need a supercomputer or powerful computer that process the complex function with
very high speed [3]. This powerful supercomputer will study the protein structures.
As we are getting into this pandemic situation, we have to solve the COVID-19
problem by using an interdisciplinary approach and the latest technology [3]. As
we know that COVID-19 is a problem, it is an exponential it could be even more
complex in future [4]. To solve this exponential problem, we have to use a quantum
computer to solve the exponential problem in high computation speed [5].
A new paradigm of quantum computing during pandemic situation of COVID-19
has been presented with these main contributions.
• We present the basic concepts that can solve COIVD-19 problem in the era of
quantum computing.
• We discuss quantum computing two superpower states using it we can solve an
exponential problem like COVID-19
• We demonstrate the programming of quantum computers such as Qiskit (IBM),
pyQuil (Google), and ProjectQ (ETH),
• We demonstrate the programmable features of quantum circuit design and analysis
tool as Revkit, RCViewer+.
• We present the basic quantum gates into decomposition gates using programmable
quantum gates
• We propose an algorithm as transforming cascade to the quantum circuit. The
presented algorithm is verified by cascading of F2G and PG gates.
We are observing that in this pandemic situation, we are resorting to the digital
computer that is working on the binary digits. We also have another computation
potential like quantum computer which is working on the Qubit [5]. As we come to
the qubit era world, we see that quantum computing is the best solution to solve the
exponential problem like COVID-19. If we see the computational power inside the
qubit which is the fast computing for huge data [6]. Qubit is the unit which gives
information in the quantum computing world.
Classical computers are work in binary digits such as 0 and 1. We can do these easy
problems with classical computers; but if there is a complex problem that is COVID-
19, we have to resort to quantum electronics era. As we see there is a COVID-19
virus in our nature, this is exponential problems. Quantum computing is the era
to tackle this exponential problem easily. As we go to some fundamental in the
46 Concept and Algorithm of Quantum Computing … 525
quantum computing, we observe that quantum computing has two superpower states
as entanglement and superposition [7].
46.2.1.1 Superposition
46.2.1.2 Entanglement
Entanglement is a property in the quantum computing world that makes the correla-
tion between quantum particles. Entanglement and superposition are two properties
in the quantum computing world that can perform the vast number of calculation
as fast as well as simultaneously [8]. We can analyze its COVID-19 compound in
the fast-way by using entanglement and superposition properties. If we look at the
classical digital computers, it is only on the binary digits like 1 and 0. If we see
the advantage of quantum computing, it is also processing by binary 1 and 0 and
superposition of 1 and 0. In classical computing, we cannot process the complex
tasks, but we can solve it by moving it to quantum computing era. If we look as
novel COVID-19, it is a complex compound here some different things are mixed in
it not like normal, so we can use the entanglement and superposition properties of
quantum computing to compute and analyze fast [9].
46.2.2 Qubit
Quantum computing does not binary digit which is a new unit like a qubit. In quantum
computing, there is no such state like 1 or 0 as in classical computers, here the
superposition of those classical states [10]. In a more formal way, qubit can exist as
1 and 0 or simultaneously as combined 1 and 0 with vector coefficient delegacy the
probability for each other. If we see in physical science, qubit can be projected by
the spin of the electron may be +1/2 and −1/2 based on orientation. Qubit has two
states like 1 and 0, which are associated with two number of eigenstates of the spin
of an electron as the below equations.
Ex-OR Ex-NOR
OR NOR
46 Concept and Algorithm of Quantum Computing … 527
Toffoli.tfc
.v A,B,C QC=5
.i A,B,C
TG
.o A,B,C
BEGIN
T3 A,B,C
END 1 2 3 4 5
PG.tfc QC=4
.v A,B,C
.i A,B,C
.o A,B,C
PG
BEGIN
T3 A,B,C
T2 A,C
END
1 2 3 4
FRG.tfc QC=5
.v A,B,C
.i A,B,C
.o A,B,C
FRG
BEGIN
T2 C,B 1 2 3 4 5
T3 A,B,C
T2 C,B
END
Table 46.1 shows reversible logic gates codes (use for quantum circuit construction),
reversible circuit, and quantum circuit.
To design any quantum circuit, we need basic reversible gates, programming, and
tool to design point of view. There are the latest tools and devices such as Qiskit
(IBM), pyQuil (Google), ProjectQ (ETH), Revkit, and RCViewer + to design and
compute qubits in quantum computers [14–18].
46.2.5.1 ProjectQ
ProjectQ is an open-source tool started at ETH Zurich that we can use in synthesizing
quantum circuit in quantum computing era. We synthesize quantum circuit through
quantum programs in Python.
528 N. Pathak et al.
46.2.5.2 Qiskit
46.2.5.3 pyQuil
In this pyQuil, we do quantum programming using the python platform. This pyQuil
has three main tasks. The first tasks as from PyQuil we generate some program
which is used for quantum gates and its operations. Second tasks are quil compiler in
the quantum virtual machine is used for compiling and simulating quil programs in
python. In the third tasks, we can execute a quil program that is like a real quantum
processor as the use of quantum cloud services.
46.2.5.4 Revkit
Revkit is a tool in which we can design a quantum circuit and extract the quantum
parameters as ancilla input, garbage outputs, number of transistors, number of qubits
like one or two, and quantum cost.
Revkit tool design flow for the reversible circuit is summarized as:
(a) To synthesize the reversible circuits, GUI needs to be created in the Revkit-1.3
tool.
(b) The function (*.pla) provide the truth table of the reversible gate. In the embed-
ding, the box is interfaced the *.pla to exact synthesis box. The exact synthesis
box is the next GUI step. The optimal value of circuits cost is achieved by exact
synthesis.
(c) To achieve the reversible circuit and parameter, the circuit viewer and result
boxes are utilized in GUI in Revkit tool.
The complete flow to make this graphical user interface (GUI) is shown in
Fig. 46.2.
46.2.5.5 RCViewer+
a b
Fig. 46.2 GUI for quantum circuit construction based on Revkit-1.3 tool
decompose the quantum circuit into C-V, C-V+ gates and also phase, H and CNOT
gates as shown in Fig. 46.3. There is an optimization facility in RCViewer+ as
shown in Fig. 46.4. In the optimization process, we combine some quantum gates
and optimal circuit form. The benefit of an optimal circuit is that its performance
parameters are good like quantum cost. The benefit of less quantum cost is that it
will have few count of quantum gates in quantum circuits, and it will less delay from
input to output, and the performance of a circuit will be higher. We have also found
out the number of level in the quantum circuit as shown in Fig. 46.5. Through this
level, we have visualized how many quantum gates involved in the quantum circuit.
A simple procedure of parameters extraction is shown in Fig. 46.6.
(a)
(b)
532 N. Pathak et al.
quantum computer and holds the different states such as entanglement, interference,
and superposition [20].
Looking at this pandemic situation of COVID-19 that we are getting the strong
motivation to introduce fundamentals of quantum computing and gives everyone to
understand this quantum technology [21–23].
Process 3. All the nodes we have to see on the combined gate-level architecture will
be prepared *.tfc code by seeing assigned alphabet numbers.
Process 4. The combined.tfc code for the cascaded gate-level circuit is obtained
using Rcviewer + tool, ready for decomposition, optimization, and quantum cost
calculation.
Figure 46.9 describes how the cascaded gates are combined after that we get the
quantum circuit. First, we go to the individual gates by generating the .pla code. In this
transforming cascade to quantum circuit algorithm, first of all, we need the .pla code
of the individual reversible gates. After that, we will level or assign some alphabets
to all inputs and outputs by going to the cascaded gates as F2G and PG combined
in Fig. 46.9. As the example in Fig. 46.9 two gates, F2G and PG are combined.
In the cascade gate, we do not change the sequence of alphabets to anyone while
assigning for inputs to outputs. After assigning this level to all the cascaded gates,
we need to generate the .pla file of the cascaded gates. Now we will input this
.pla file in GUI as mentioned in Fig. 46.2, after that, we have to go to simulation
after completing the GUI in Revkit. After this GUI completes, we will extract its
parameters as ancilla input, garbage outputs, number of transistors, number of qubits
like one or two, and quantum cost [24, 25]. This is the complete flow that we can
analyze quantum circuit performance based on parameters such as ancilla input,
garbage outputs, number of transistors, number of qubits like one or two, and quantum
cost. To be a good designer, we have to optimize all these parameters minimum.
Optimal parameters have benefit quantum circuits performance will be high and fast
computation. Optimizing these parameters has a good research topic in the quantum
computing era. This transforming algorithm is very useful for quantum circuit’s
construction based on cascade gates. This is an obstacle in research that there is no
534 N. Pathak et al.
any algorithm for quantum circuit’s construction based on cascade gates; but through
this algorithm, we can design quantum circuits based on cascade gates in an effective
way. The complete quantum circuit of cascade F2G and PG is presented in Fig. 46.10.
46.5 Conclusion
There are some constraints in VLSI MOS devices like short channel effect and body
effect. At present pandemic, COVID-19 situation problem is exponential nature.
Now we have to use emerging technology such as quantum computing that can
solve this exponential nature problem effectively. In this article, we focus on the
COVID-19 exponential problem which has complex. Looking at this pandemic situ-
ation, quantum technology has a capable technology than can solve the complex
problem based on two properties such as superposition and entanglement. COVID-
19 compound structure analysis is required quantum circuit that effectively compute
and analyze. There is no method to bring the cascade gates to the quantum circuit in
state-of-the-artwork. Accordingly, we have to present a new algorithm that transforms
complex circuit into a quantum circuit and becomes our work easy. In this article
effective algorithm as transforming cascade gates to the quantum, the circuit has been
introduced successfully. Further, the proposed algorithm discussed has verified by
the cascade of F2G and PG and meet the quantum circuits. In future, this algorithm
is very powerful in terms of transforming cascade gates to the quantum circuit, and
it will helpful for a designer who wants to synthesize any complex quantum circuits
based on cascade gates.
References
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2. Online resources at. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/covid-19-quantum-computing-
could-someday-find-cures-for-coronaviruses-and-other-diseases/
3. Boopathi, S., Poma, A.B., Kolandaivel, P.: Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of
action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 1–10
(2020)
4. Vijay, C.S., Gupta, V.: Quantum computing. Resonance 5(9), 69–81 (2000)
46 Concept and Algorithm of Quantum Computing … 535