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in ®

Cha
pter-8

L
oca
lGov
ernme
nts

Ne
ed/
Impor
tanc
eofL
oca
lGov
ts

 I
tist
heg
ovta
tvi
l
lag
eanddi
st
ri
ctl
evel
.

 I
tca
nef
fec
ti
vel
ypr
ote
ctl
oca
lint
ere
sts
.

 Theyarenec
ess
aryf
ore
ffe
cti
vel
yus
ingl
oca
lknowl
edg
eandc
oll
ect
ivee
ner
gyoft
he
peopl
e.

 L
oca
lgov
tsa
ret
hepi
l
lar
sofde
moc
rac
y.

 De
cent
ral
i
zat
ionofpowera
ndPl
anni
nga
rei
mpl
eme
nte
dthr
oug
htheL
oca
lgov
ts.

Gr
owt
hofL
oca
lGov
tsi
nIndi
a

 I
tisafac
tthatfr
omt heanc
ientper
iodi
ts
elfg
over
ningv
il
la
gec
ommuni
ti
ese
xis
tedi
n
I
ndia
.TheywereknownasSabhaorSami
ti
.

 Duri
ngtheMiddl
eAg
est
hevil
l
age
shadselfg
ove
rni
ngpower
s.T
heCa
stePa
ncha
yat
h
andthevi
l
lag
eheada
dmi
nis
ter
edthev
il
la
gecommuni
ti
es.

 I
nthemodernIndi
atheloc
als
elfgover
ningi
nsti
tut
ionsbeg
ant
ofunc
ti
onwi
tht
he
a
dmini
st
rat
iver
efor
msimple
mentedbyLordRi
pponin1882.

 Duri
ngt
hef r
eedomstr
ugg
le,
Gandhi
str
ong
lypl
eade
dforde
cent
ral
i
sat
ionofe
conomi
c
andpol
i
tic
alpower.

 WhentheCons
ti
tut
ionwa
sfr
ame
dthes
ubj
ectofL
oca
lGov
tisa
ssi
gne
dtot
heS
tat
e
gov
t.

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofVi
l
lag
ePa
ncha
yatment
ione
dint
heDPS
P.

Noa
dequa
tei
mpor
tanc
eisg
ivent
otheL
oca
lGov
tsi
nthec
ons
ti
tut
ion.
T
woRe
asons
:

1.Nehr
uhi
msel
fbe
li
evedt
hate
xtr
emer
egi
ona
lfe
eli
ngwa
sal
way
sat
hrea
ttot
he

1
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uni
tya
ndi
nte
gri
tyoft
hec
ount
ry.

2.Dr.BRAmbe dk
arfeltthatthecas
teconfl
i
ctsi
ntherur
alcommuni
tyande x
tre
me
cas
tediv
isi
onswoulddefe
a tthenobl
epurpos
eofLoc
alg
ovtsa
ttherur
all
evel
.

L
oca
lGov
tsi
ntheI
nde
pende
ntI
ndi
a

 I
nIndi
aloca
lgov
tsg
otpr
omi
nanc
eaf
tert
hema
kingof73r
dand74t
hCons
ti
tut
iona
l
Amendment
s.

 Bute
arl
i
er,
the
rewe
res
eve
ral
att
empt
stof
orml
oca
lgov
ts.

 T
hef
ir
sta
ttemptwa
stheCommuni
tyDev
elopme
ntPr
ogr
ammei
n1952.

 I
twa
stopr
omot
ePe
opl
e'
sPa
rti
ci
pat
ioni
nloc
aldev
elopme
nt.

 CDPwa
sinef
fec
ti
veduet
othev
ari
ousr
eas
onsl
i
ke:

1.F
unc
ti
one
dwi
thouta
dequa
tepower
s.

2.L
ackoff
unds
.

3.Nopr
ope
rel
ect
ionmet
hod

 TheGovtappoi
ntedsev
eral
c ommiss
ionsandcommit
teestos
tudya
boutt
heme
thods
bywhic
hthefuncti
oni
ngoftheloc
albodie
scanbeimprove
d.

 The mostimpor
tanta
re Bel
vant
h Ray Commiss
ion,Ashok Me
hta Commi
ssi
on,
Hanumant
haRaoCommis
siona
ndP.KThungonCommi t
tee
.

 I
n1989P.KThungonCommitt
eer
ecommende
dtog
iveCons
ti
tut
iona
lSt
atust
othe
L
oca
lSel
fGov
erningBodi
es.

 I
n1989theCent
ralGovti
ntr
oducedtwoCons
ti
tut
iona
lAme
ndment
s.T
heya
ret
he
73r
dand74t
hConst
it
uti
ona
lAme ndment
s.

 Theai
mofthe
seamendment
swastost
rengthenthel
ocalg
ov t
sandt
oens
ureuni
for
m
pat
ter
noft
hestr
uct
ureandf
unc
ti
onsofloc
al bodi
est
hroughoutt
hec
ount
ry.

 I
n1992,t
hePar
li
amentofIndi
apasse
dthes
eamendmentsa
ndt
heya
rec
ons
ide
reda
ll
mil
est
one
sint
hehis
toryofConst
it
uti
ona
lAmendment
s.

2
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73r
dCons
ti
tut
iona
lAme
ndment
s

 T
hisAme
ndme
ntAc
tisa
boutt
hef
orma
tionofpa
ncha
yat
s.

 I
tisme
nti
onedi
ntheAr
ti
cl
e243(Ar
ti
cl
e243(
A)t
o243(
O))
.

 Ca
mei
ntof
orc
eon20t
hApr
il
,1993a
ndg
otCons
ti
tut
iona
lSt
atus
.

Pr
ovi
si
onsof73r
dCons
ti
tut
iona
lAmendme
nt

 I
tma
dePa
ncha
yat
iRa
jla
wsac
ons
ti
tut
iona
l.

 I
tga
ves
hapet
oat
hreet
iers
yst
emofPa
ncha
yat
iRa
jins
ti
tut
ions
.

 Ac
cor
dingt
othi
sAmendme
ntAc
t,a
lls
tat
ess
houl
dha
vet
hre
eti
eri
nst
if
tut
ions
.

1.
Gra
maPa
ncha
yat

 Ba
sicoft
hePa
ncha
yat
iRa
jsy
ste
m.

 I
tinc
lude
sonev
il
la
geors
eve
ral
vil
l
age
s.

2.
Bloc
kPa
ncha
yat

 I
tist
hei
nter
medi
aryl
eve
lbe
twe
enGr
amaPa
ncha
yata
ndDi
st
ri
ctPa
ncha
yat
.

 I
tisa
lsok
nowna
sTa
lukPa
ncha
yat
.

3.
Dis
tri
ctPa
ncha
yat

 I
tisa
nape
xpa
ncha
yatRa
jSy
ste
m.

E
lec
ti
ons

 I
tsmembe
rsa
redi
rec
tl
yel
ect
edbyt
hepe
opl
e.

 T
enur
eis5y
ear
s.

 S
tat
eGov
tha
spowert
odi
ssol
vei
t.

Res
erv
ati
ons

 50%s
eat
sar
ere
ser
vedf
orwome
n.

 S
C/S
Tsa
rea
lsog
ive
nres
erv
ati
oni
npr
opor
ti
ont
othepopul
ati
on.

3
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T
rans
ferofS
ubj
ect
s

 T
he29S ubj
ect
sinc
lude
dint
he11t
hsc
hedul
ear
etobet
rans
fer
redt
oPa
ncha
yat
iRa
j
i
nst
it
uti
ons.

 T
hes
eSubj
ect
sar
etobet
rans
fer
redt
othembyt
heS
tat
ethr
oug
hleg
isl
ati
on.

 E
achSt
atecande
cidef
romt
he29s
ubj
ect
sli
st,whi
chs
ubj
ect
sshoul
dbet
rans
fer
red
t
othel
ocal
bodi
es.

 Eg
:Dr i
nkingWater,RuralHousing,Ani
malHusbandar
y,Fi
sher
ies,MinorIr
ri
gati
on,
Agr
icul
tur
e,Cot
tageIndus
tri
es,Povert
yAll
evi
ati
onProg
rammes,Famil
yWe l
far
e,Publ
ic
Di
str
ibuti
onSys
tem, Mark
e t
,et
c .
..
,

S
tat
eEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
on

 S
tat
eGov
tha
stoa
ppoi
ntaS
tat
eEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
one
r.

 Hi
sof
fi
cei
sana
utonomousa
ndI
ndepe
ndentOf
fi
cer
.

 Res
pons
ibl
eforc
onduc
ti
nge
lec
ti
onst
othePa
ncha
yat
iRa
jins
ti
tut
ions
.

 Nol
i
nkwi
tht
heChi
efE
lec
ti
onCommi
ssi
onerofI
ndi
aandi
snotunderhi
scont
rol
.

S
tat
eFi
nanc
eCommi
ssi
on

 S
tat
eGov
tappoi
ntsaS
tat
eFi
nanc
eCommi
ssi
ononc
einf
iv
eyea
rs.

 E
xami
nest
hef
ina
nci
alpos
it
ionoft
hel
oca
lgov
tsi
nthes
tat
e.

 Rev
iewst
hedi
st
ri
but
ionofr
eve
nuesbe
twe
ent
heS
tat
eandL
oca
lGov
ts.

 I
tal
sor
evi
ewst
her
evenue
sofRur
ala
ndUr
banL
oca
lGov
ts.

74t
hCons
ti
tut
iona
lAme
ndme
nts

 Rel
atedt
oUr
banL
oca
lGov
ts.

 I
tde
fine
sthes
truc
tur
e,power
sandr
egul
ati
onsofMuni
ci
pal
i
tie
sandCor
por
ati
ons
.

 I
tca
mei
ntof
orc
eon1s
tJune
,1993.

 74t
hAmendme
ntAc
tisar
epet
it
ionof73r
dAme
ndmentAc
t.

 Al
mos
tal
lpr
ovi
si
onsoft
he73r
dAmendme
ntAc
tli
kedi
rec
tel
ect
ion,r
eser
vat
ion,

4
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t
rans
ferofsubj
ects
,st
ateelect
ionCommi
ssi
ona
ndf
ina
nceCommi
ssi
ona
rea
lso
i
ncl
udedi
nthe74thAmendmentAct
.

 T
her
ear
ethr
eet
ype
sofUr
banL
oca
lgov
t.T
heya
re:

1.Na
gar
aPa
ncha
yat
s

2.Muni
ci
pal
i
tie
s

3.Cor
por
ati
ons

I
mpa
ctsof73r
dand74t
hAme
ndmentAc
t

 Reg
ula
rpe
riodi
cel
ect
ionst
othel
oca
lbodi
es.

 Mor
etha
n32L
akhsmembe
rsa
ree
lec
tedt
othes
ebodi
ese
ver
yfi
vey
ear
s.

 Uni
for
mit
yint
hes
truc
tur
eofl
oca
lbodi
es.

 Mor
eWome
nre
pre
sent
ati
on.

 T
rans
ferofs
ubj
ect
sst
reng
thenst
hef
unc
ti
oni
ngofl
oca
lgov
ts.

 Rur
ala
ndUr
bandev
elopme
nt.

 Repr
ese
nta
tiv
esa
remor
ere
spons
ibl
e.

 APl
atf
ormf
oror
dina
ryPe
opl
etoeng
agei
ndev
elopme
nta
lpr
ogr
ammes
.

73r
dand74t
hAmendme
ntAc
tandKer
ala

 I
na c
cor
danc
ewiththe73r
dAmendme
ntAct,Ker
alaGovthasena
cte
dal
awf
ort
he
panc
hay
atsi
n1994,
knownasKe
ral
aPa
ncha
ya t
iRajAc
tof1994.

 I
tca
mei
ntof
orc
eon23r
dApr
il
,1994.

 Ont
hebasi
softhe74t
hAme ndmentAc
t,t
heKer
alaL
egi
sl
ati
veAs
sembl
yena
cte
da
l
awKnownask
eral
aMunic
ipa
li
tyAct
.

 Ca
mei
ntof
orc
eon30t
hMa
y,1994.

5
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Bol
i
va

 I
tisaL
ati
nAme
ric
anS
tat
e.

 I
tisc
ons
ide
reda
sthemos
tsuc
ces
sful
exa
mpl
eofde
moc
rat
icde
cent
ral
i
zat
ion.

 I
n1994,
thepopul
arPa
rti
ci
pat
ionL
awde
cent
ral
i
zedpowe
ratt
hel
oca
lle
vel
.

 Acc
ordi
ngtot
hisl
aw,peopl
edi
rec
tl
yel
ectt
heMa
yor
sandt
hec
ount
rywa
sdi
vi
ded
i
nto314Muni
ci
pal
i
tie
s.

 Muni
ci
pal
i
tie
sar
ehea
dedbyMa
yor
s.

 T
enur
eofMa
yori
s5y
ear
s.

 20%oft
hena
tionwi
det
axc
oll
ect
ionsa
rea
ll
ott
edt
otheMuni
ci
pal
i
tie
s.

J
OBYJ
OHN,
St.
John'
sHS
Spa
lav
aya
l