Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 41(1985) 207—214 207

Elsevier Science Publishers By., Amsterdam — Printed in The Netherlands

On the magma chamber characteristics as inferred from surface

geology and geochemistry: examples from Mexican
geothermal areas *
Surendra P. Verma **

Departamento de Geotermia, Dir’isiàn de Fuentes de EnergIa, Instituto de Incestigac,one,s Elêctrica,s, Apt/u. Postal 475. (‘uernrn’aca.
Mor. 62000 (Mexico)

Verma. S.F., 1985. On the magma chamber characteristics as inferred from surface gcolog~and gcochemistr~: examples
from Mexican geothermal areas. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.. 41: 207—2 14.

A procedure is described which enables us to obtain estimates of some physical and chemical characteristics of
sub-surface magma chambers. This is applied to three geothermal areas of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB) in central
Mexico. The approximate volumes estimated for the underlying chemically and thermally zoned magma chambers are:
3 for Los 1-lumeros. 600 km3 for La Priniavera. and 400 knT~for Los Azufres. These estimates will have to he
1500 km
modified as more geological—geochemical data become available.

1. Introduction thermal ftelds. especially those located in the cir-

The actual geophysical methods, especially those
based on ‘active’ seismology, have proved to be
very effective in tracing subsurface magma bodies
beneath volcanic structures (Rundle et al.. 1985)
but are extremely expensive and time-consuming.
Therefore, some cheaper alternative and/or com-
plementary techniques must be sought and devel-
oped. Elders et al. (1984) made an elegant attempt
to model the magmatic heat source in the Cerro
Prieto (Mexico) geothermal system using the avail-
able geological—geochemical—geophysical data. We
show that geochemistry can be used to help resolve
many problems related to magma genesis and
chamber processes in volcanic areas and, when
combined with geological data, can provide im-
portant constraints on magma bodies. Many geo-
* This paper is from Symposium Sb, ‘Physics of the Earth’s
Interior from the Regional Assembly of the IASPEI held at
Hyderabad, India on November 2, 1984.
** Earlier publications of the author are also under the name
of S. Pal,
cum-Pacific volcanic-chain, are related to im-
portant volcanic structures and may be underlain
by one or more magma bodies at shallow depths.
These may act as the heat source required for the
geothermal development.
2. The present approach
In a subduction environment beneath a con-
tinental plate, magmas may have one or more of
the following petrogenetic components: oceanic
plate without sediments, oceanic plate with sedi-
ments, upper mantle wedge with or without water,
and lower. mtddle or upper continental crust. Fur-
ther. any of the following processes may be domi-
nant: partial fusion or anatexis, crystal fractiona-
tion, mixing of magmas. assimilation and diffusive
transport. etc. Figure 1 gives a schematic account
of these components and processes.
Figure 2 presents a generalized view of our
approach. Our strategy is to first study a volcanic
centre from the geological and geochemical points
208

~ot~iccomposit~n~Thes:, ~ ~
D B CONTnENTAL logical formations, mass-balance estimates from

surface magma bodies. These results could then be

Fig. 1. Magma genesis in a subduction environment. The
petrogenetic components are: (1) oceanic plate without sedi- complemented with those of thermal modelling,
,

ments, (2) oceanic plate with sediments. (3) upper mantle with
or without water. (4) lower continental crust. (5) middle con-
tinental crust, and (6) upper continental crust. The processes
are: (A) partial fusion or anatexis. (B) crystal fractionation. (C)
mixing of magmas. (D) assimilation and (E) diffusive transport.
gravity survey, magnettcs, tellurics. and seismo-
logical studies. Thus with a combined geochemical
and geophysical approach, the model could be
refined and checked.

of view. This involves surface geology, drill-hole 3. Application

geology (if available), geochemistry (major and
trace elements), K—Ar dating of young rocks, and
radiogenic isotopes (t7Sr/56Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, etc.).
These studies will provide us with a description of
the rock-types in the area, the chemical composi-
tion of the magmas, their eruptive history and
VOLCANIC
We now report on the efforts of such a modell-
ing in three geothermal areas of Mexico, viz., Los
Humeros, Los Azufres, and La Primavera; all
located in the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB) and
related to important silicic volcanic centres. Figure
3 gives their locations within the Belt as well as the
present-day tectonic features.

--.-.

SuprAcr~

~
GEOLOGY . ~
DPILU-HOLE.

GEOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY
K-An

DATING ~
RAGIOOENIC

ISOTOPES . ~-----
--- iio’ .\ i~o’ I

VALUE VBVRFflTEO 20 20

~ ~gTMLLOnI~ EISM0L0UYj I ~ I 9O~ w

Fig. 3. Location of Los Humeros, La Primavera, and Los

I REFINEMENTS
Azufres volcanic centres, in the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB).
Other tectonic elements are EPR = East Pacific Rise and MAT
L = Middle America Trench. The map has been modified after

Fig. 2. Schematics of our approach for the study of a volcanic López-Ramos and Sànchez-Mejorada (1976) and Atwater
centre. (1970).
 209

3.1. Los Ilumeros LOS HsPlERos REFINED MODELING,

The first application of the present approach

was carried out by Verma (1 984a) for Los Humeros 100 ~ %~ PARENTAL MAGMA = OLIvINE BASALT

caldera located about 180 km east of Mexico City. 1

Since then, more refined computations have been 20 ST 0 LIQUID ERUPTED 80 ST 0 MINERALS

carried out (Verma, 1985) and the results are de- T 7% OF 20% PHENOCRYSTS

scribed here.
The geology of Los Humeros caldera has been
— ‘ 21 ST 7 ERUPTED 79 ST 7, LEFT BEHIND
reported by Pérez-Reynoso (1978), Yanez-Garcia
(1980), Ferriz and Mahood (1984), and Ferriz 950 °~

(1985). Major and trace element geochemistry of

igneous rocks from the area is given by Verma and 93 ST 0 LIQUID 57 ST 0 MINERALS

LOpez-M. (1982), Verma (1984b). and Ferriz + 8% PHENOCRYSTS

(1985). Ferriz (1985) also reports microprobe data XALTIPAN

on the constituent mineral phases of most volcanic ~ ST ~+ ERUPTED IGNIMBRITE 90 ST 7, LEFT BEHIND

units from the caldera. K—Ar dates on eruptive RHY DA

units of the volcanic centre are reported by Ferriz 8751 C

and Mahood (1984). Finally, Sr and Nd radiogenic 78 ST 7 LIQUID
isotopes are presented by Verma (1983). 2%PHENDCRYSTA ) 22 ST 0 MINERALS
Preliminary geochemical modelling was done I
by Verma (1984a) using mineral compositions XALTIPAN

taken from literature as at that time they were not
available for samples from Los Humeros. More
refined estimates using the actual mineral data
from Ferriz (1985) are summarized in Fig. 4 using
the mass-balance procedures given by Bryan et a!.
(1968). Thus to obtain a rhyolitic magma from a
parental olivine basaltic magma, a large propor-
tion of minerals (about 92 wt.%) must be sep-
arated and left behind in the magma chamber if
the evolved rhyolitic magma erupted with little
phenocryst content (as is the case, for example,
with the most voluminous Xaltipan ignimbrite
unit). The implications of this modelling for Los
Humeros volcanic centre are summarized in Table
I. It is assumed that the net density of the sep-
arated mineral phases is similar to that of the
corresponding evolved magma. It can be seen that
although many eruptive units contribute to the
minerals left behind (in the magma chamber), the
Xaltipan ignimbrite alone exceeds these estimates
by almost an order of magnitude. It must be
pointed out that the crystal fractionation model
(from a parental basaltic magma) for the genesis
of Los Humeros volcanic centre seems to be sup-
ported by the data on trace elements and radio-
genie isotopes (Verma, 1983, 1984b).
8 si~0 ERUPTED ~~TE 92 ST 0 LEFT BEHIND
L 800 °C
Fig. 4. A schematic crystal fractionation model for Los Humeros
volcanic centre.
A schematic diagram of the magma chamber in
Los Humeros is shown in Fig. 5. The depth of
about 5 km for the top of the magma chamber is
based on the thermal modelling of the area by Prol
et al. (1984) and González-Morân et al. (1985).
The shallow nature of the magma chamber is also
supported by the major and trace element modell-
ing (Verma, 1984b) which requires plagioclase as
the dominant phase to be separated from the
mafic magma to generate the more evolved corn-
positions. A volume of about 1 500 km3 estimated
for the magma chamber perhaps is only a mini-
mum estimate for this area, as recent influx of
mantle-derived basaltic magmas into the magma
chamber have not been taken into account.
The chemically zoned nature of the magma
chamber is supported by the diversity of chemical
compositions encountered in Los Humeros
volcanic centre (Verma and Lôpez-M., 1982; Per-
riz, 1985) as well as the presence of alternate
210

MACAMAZES thermally zoned and partly solidified (Ferriz, 1985;

N: ~ Verma, 1985).
3.2. La Primavera
I + L __ ~ ~
SEDIMENTARY ROCHS
I LIMESTONES)

The geology of La Primavera caldera (located

towards west of the City of Guadalajara) has been
Go’) GRANITES the subject of many studies and discussions (Ma-
o,: o~: :,‘: I ~ \. .1:;:, SOHUTS
,zi~ —i~ ,,. hood, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1983; Demant and
~ZtII~~IIIII~II/\ oL Vincent, 1978; Wright, 1981, 1983; Clough et al.,
~ 1981 Walker et al 1981) The geochemistry of the
:G’.~— ~ volcanic products has been reported by Mahood
IT ::: ~ MAGMA CHAMBER
(1981a,b) whereas the K—Ar dates are given by
Mahood (1977, 1980) and Mahood and Drake
~ (1982) The main units of this volcanic centre and
-‘ ,G 0,0 ;~: ~ some of their characteristics are summarized in
Table II It is seen that a total volume of some
where between 50 and 60 km3 of the magma
Fig. 5. A schematic model of the magma chamber underlying erupted from this centre has been rhyolitic in
Los Humeros volcanic centre, composition, with Si0
2 from 75 to 77%. Mahood
(1981a) discussed the major and trace element
data on La Primavera in terms of several models
light-coloured felsic and dark-coloured mafic and pointed out that simple crystal fractionation
pumice layers in the caldera (Verma, 1983; 1984b). and partial melting models are inadequate to ex-
It is also likely that the magmatic heat source is plain the data. She visualized the existence of a

TABLE I
Some physical and chemical parameters of Los Humeros volcanic centre (Verma and LOpez-M., 9982; Ferriz and Mahood, 1984;
Ferriz, 9985; this work)

Formation/flow Magma eq. 3) Age

(Ma) Temp.
(°C) (%)
Si02 Minerals left
behind (km3)
erupted
01. basalt 0.25 (km <0.02 1070 49 —

Rhyodac..dacites 10 0.03—0.02 910 59—69 70

EXC
Cuicuijtic tuff 0.1 69—72 1
LimOn and other andesites 6 0.04—0.02 960 56—59 20
Llano andesite ignim. 0.9
Xoxoctic tuff 0.6 890 65 2
Cueva Ahumada lavas 0.9 0.06
LPC
Zaragoza ignimbrite 10 0.90 880—920 54—71 64
Zaragoza basal fall 2.0 855 71 20
7

Faby tuff 10 0.24 875 69—73 100

Post-Xal. rhyolites 4.7 0.36—0.22 73—76 54
LHC
Xaltipan ignimbrite 115 0.46 800—875 69—77 1200
Pre.Xal. rhyolites 0.1 0.47
Teziutlhn Formation 60 3.5—1.6

(LHC = Los Humeros caldera, LPC = Los Potreros caldera, EXC = El Xalapazco caldera).

compositionally and thermally zoned silicic magma
chamber beneath the caldera and the influence of
melt structure and complex volatile transport as
the main processes responsible for its formation.
However, it is not stated as to what the nature of
the source region was and what the parental mag-
mas were from which the evolved products were
actually derived. A ‘guess’ is made by Mahood
(1980) that a large-scale melting of crustal material
gave rise to La Primavera magmas.
There is a great difficulty, at present, in obtain-
ing estimates on the size of the magma chamber in
La Primavera as the exact nature of the parental
magma(s) is not known. There are no radiogenic
isotope data (Sr, Nd or Pb isotopes) yet available
on the erupted products. So, the nature of their
source region can not be ascertained. However, if
we assume that (1) their source lies in the mantle
or in subducted slab, with little contribution from
the continental crust, (2) the mass-balance data of
Los Humeros (Fig. 4) apply to this region as well
(in spite of the possibility that fractional crystalli-
zation may not be a dominant petrogenetic
process), and (3) the net density of the separating
mineral phases is not drastically different from
that of the associated magmas, then considering
the rather aphyric or very slightly porphyritic na-
ture of most La Primavera erupted magmas, it is
possible to get some estimate on the minimum size
of the underlying magma chamber. This is sum-
marized in Table II. We obtain an approximate
TABLE II
Some physical and chemical parameters of La Primavera volcanic centre (Mahood, 1980, 1981a,b, 1983; Wright, 1981; Walker et al.,
1981; Mahood and Drake, 1982; this work)
Formation/flow Magma eq. Age
3) (Ma)
erupted (km
Southern arc lavas 7 0.060—0.025
uplift
Younger ring domes 3 0.075
Older ring domes 5 0.095
Rhyolitic domes 0.095?
collapse
Tala tuff (Rio catiente
ignimbrite) 35 0.095
Rhyolitic lavas 0:145—0.100
SE See text for assumptions.
211
value of 600 km3 as a minimum volume for La
Primavera magma chamber which may actually be
chemically zoned. The temperature of its top may
lie close to about 800°C(in accordance with the
evolved nature of its erupted products and rather
young radiometric-dates). Thermal modelling
should be carried out to get an idea of its depth.
3.3. Los Azufres
The area of Los Azufres (located about 200 km
west of Mexico City) is already quite developed
from the geothermal point of view. More than 30
wells have been drilled and five well-head genera-
tors with a total capacity of 25 MW of electricity
have already been installed (since August, 1982).
Before long, the installed capacity of Los Azufres
will be increased many-fold (Alonso-Espinosa,
1984).
The geology of the area is described by Garfias-
F. and Gonzalez-S. (1978), Camacho (1979),
Garfias-F. and Rodriguez-S. (1982), De Ia Cruz et
al. (1982), and Dobson (1984). The data on
whole-rock chemistry are given recently by Dob-
son (1984) and Cathelineau et al. (1985). K—Ar
dates have been reported by Demant et al. (1975),
Aumento and Gutierrez-N. (1980), and Dobson
(1984). A summary of the available data is given in
Table III.
Only a few microprobe data on the constituent
‘fresh’ minerals are available and this makes it
Si0
(%) 2 Minerals(km3)
behind left
76—77 80
76—77 35
75—76 58
76—77
76—77 400
75—77
212
TABLE III
Some physical and chemical parameters of Los Azufres volcanic Centre (Demant et al.. 1975; Aumento and Gutierrez-N.. 1980;
Garfias-F. and Rodriguez-S., 1982; Dobson, 1984; Cathelineau et al., 1985; this work)
Formation/flow Magma eq.
3)
erupted (km
Yerbahuena rhyolite 8 0.30—0.14
San Andrés dac.-rhyodac. 18
Agua Fria rhyolites 13
Andesites—minor hasalts
GE see text for assumptions.
difficult to carry out precise mass-balance compu-
tations using the major-element data. Sr or Nd
isotopic data have also not been reported for Los
Azufres geothermal field as is the case with La
Primavera volcanic centre as well. Therefore, pet-
rogenetic modelling can not be done at present.
However if we use the mass-balance model put
forth for Los Humeros, we can obtain some pre-
liminary estimate on the size of the magma cham-
ber in Los Azufres. This is done in Table III.
Thus, an approximate minimum volume of 400
km3 is obtained for this volcanic centre. The tem-
perature of the upper part of the magma chamber
may be somewhat lower than 800°Cas the younger
eruptions have been felsic in their compositions
and took place earlier than about 0.14 Ma ago
(Table III).
4. Other considerations
The volume and other estimates obtained here
depend on a series of assumptions which should be
tested as far as possible. This includes the consid-
eration of other important processes such as diffu-
sion and volatile-complex controlled differentia-
tion and crustal assimilation (Hildreth, 1981;
Bacon et al., 1981). The effects of uncertainties in
volume estimates of the different geological forma-
tions as well as in the amount of the crystal
differentiation could also be taken into account.
Nevertheless, it appears that the present volume
estimates should be correct by a factor of two or
better. They are also compatible with the conclu-
sion of Smith and Shaw (1975) and Smith (1979)
Age SiO, Minerals left
(Ma) (%) behind (km3) A
71—75 92
0.33 65—70 162
1.03—0.84 70—74 150
18—1.4 30—62
that large silicic rnagmatic systems may possess
magma chambers at least 10 times as voluminous
as the amount of magma erupted in caldera-for-
ming ash flow events, because the ratio between
the volumes estimated for the magma chamber
and the corresponding ash-flow magma equivalent
is close to 10 for the Mexican geothermal areas
(see Tables I—Ill).
5. Conclusions
It is shown that a combined geological—geo-
chemical approach is quite useful in the study of
magma chamber characteristics underlying silicic
volcanic centres. Geophysical techniques such as
thermal modelling should be helpful for further
understanding such problems.
The proposed scheme is successfully applicable
in one of the three areas exemplified in the present
study (Los Humeros) whereas in the other two
areas (La Primavera and Los Azufres) further data,
especially those involving microprobe mineral
compositions and radiogenic isotopes, are needed
before better estimates on the underlying heat
sources could be obtained.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to CONACyT, lIE and
IASPEI for each of them having provided partial
supports which enabled him to attend the IASPEI
Regional Assembly at Hyderabad. India. This work
has been supported by Instituto de Investigaciones

Eléctricas. Partial support comes from CON ACyT
through a project-grant PCCBBNA-022813. I am
grateful to my wife Terul for her continued sup-
port during the development of the present work.
A. Patiho is thanked for drafting of the figures.
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