Principles of Artistic Design and Composition

Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing principles to
develop forms that inform. Among the fundamental principles of art are harmony, variety,
balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether analyzing or composing
artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art principles are created (Elsen,
1981).

The Principle of Harmony. When all of the elements of art interact well in an
artwork, visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types of
geometric shapes, lines or colors within a work of art to create a unified
composition. Likewise, using various cool or warm colors would help to produce a
harmonious work of art.
The Principle of Variety. A stable composition will also demonstrate the
principle of variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and shapes
within an artwork to make key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a
viewer’s eye to a place within the art that he or she wants to emphasize.
The Principle of Balance. It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual
forces. It is created in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are
combined harmoniously.
The Principle of Movement. It is the way that an eye moves throughout a
work of art. In this work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the
rippling surface of the water to the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual
movement to drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork.

Principle of Emphasis. It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal

point within an artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and
the viewer’s eye should be drawn to that area.
Principles of Proportion. This principle is created when the sizes of
elements in an artwork are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to
make all of the parts in a composition relate logically to each other to depict the
human form within the proper proportion.
Principle of Rhythm. It refers to the use of visual pattern within a work of art.
Models within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes in
specific areas. It can also be used to form a variety of texture within a work of art.