Jamila May I.

Bercacio 202297009 STS 0002-60 BSBA-OM

Assignment No.5: S&T in Middle and Modern Ages

A. Watt’s Steam Engine

The history of the steam engine is fascinating, and James Watt deserves credit for his
many innovations such as the Steam Engine from the second half of the 18th century that
encouraged the start of the Industrial Revolution. The first major innovation was the
separate condenser that allowed heat from the steam to be transferred to a different area
of the cylinder, where it could be used to power a shaft or flywheel that would provide the
mechanical energy needed for industrial processes. Over time, other innovations like
rotary engines and flywheels were developed that allowed for the untroubled transfer of
energy between the engine and workload, with the work of James Watt helping usher in
the Industrial Revolution by making stationary power sources much more efficient than
previous ones. Later on, the 19th century led to an enhancement of smaller and more
powerful steam engines to perform a broader scope of industrial work.
 B. Steam Turbine

In 1884, the first modern steam turbine was established by Charles A. Parson. This
turbine produced 7.5 KW of energy to enkindle an exhibition in Newcastle, England. This
steam turbine functions with the use of heat sources such as gas, coal, nuclear, and solar
that produce heat reaching high temperatures until it produces steam. The steam flows
through the spinning blades, where the steam expands and cools. As the turbine blades
rotate the potential energy of the steam turns into kinetic energy, it is fitted for driving
electrical generators for electrical power generation. The generator with an axle that is
connected to the turbine, produces power/energy by way of a magnetic field that produces
electric currents.
 C. Internal Combustion Engine

With over 250 million mass transportation vehicles rely on internal combustion engines
because they deliver excellent vehicle control and longevity. The fundamental chemical
process of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture is the combustion, also referred
to as burning. The fuel is ignited and burned inside of an internal combustion engine
(ICE), which is how the engine is classified. The energy from the combustion is then
partially converted to work by the engine. The engine is made up of a stationary cylinder
and a moving piston. The piston is pushed by the expanding combustion gases, and the
crankshaft is subsequently rotated. This displacement eventually drives the vessel's
wheels via a system of gears in the drive system.
References:

A. Watt’s Steam Engine

Kelly, Martin. (2021, January 26). Invention of the Steam Engine. Retrieved
from https://www.thoughtco.com/invention-of-the-steam-engine-104723

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.co.uk%2Fpi
n%2F424534702358643396%2F&psig=AOvVaw1FoAuVVgIjSix2h2oRsaO9&ust=16
65205975787000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCODtp-
itzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAI

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmadeupinbritain.uk%2FSte
am_Engine&psig=AOvVaw1FoAuVVgIjSix2h2oRsaO9&ust=1665205975787000&so
urce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCODtp-itzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAT

B. Steam Turbine
How does a Steam Turbine work? (2017). Retrieved from Petrotech:
https://petrotechinc.com/how-does-a-steam-turbine-work/

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cholaturbo.com%2Fst
eam-turbine-and-its-
components&psig=AOvVaw2JFWMwJwguRfxBUFxkgDVZ&ust=1665206665388000
&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCLjDy7-
xzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAT

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin
%2F399976010628154588%2F&psig=AOvVaw2JFWMwJwguRfxBUFxkgDVZ&ust=
1665206665388000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCLjDy7-
xzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAN

C. Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine Basics (2013). Retrieved from Energy.gov:
https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/internal-combustion-engine-basics

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechanicalguruji.com
%2F2020%2F10%2Fclassification-IC-
Engine.html&psig=AOvVaw3_gci4ZGvztvJMYDcKB7WB&ust=1665207460635000&
source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIiM4f-
zzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fengineeringexploration.com
%2Fwho-invented-the-internal-combustion-engine-and-how-did-it-change-the-
world%2F&psig=AOvVaw3_gci4ZGvztvJMYDcKB7WB&ust=1665207460635000&so
urce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIiM4f-zzfoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAZ