— 8h Anewer +he rhe following queer |slhat fi 18 aelmissfon, Who can do valid admission? According to section I7 OF the Indian Evidénce ct1872. ‘An qdmfsoion is a Statements oral or documentary whith Buggests any inference as to any Fact fn fssue or relevant Fact. and Which fs Made by any of the persons and ‘under ‘the’ Circumstances hereinafter mentioned ”’ Elemente ¢ [To constitute admission follow?ng elements mnuet be present. : A Statement oval or written sis 1 D) | Admis any fact fn_fesue or relevant Fact. | Admioston will be:melevant only ff-ft+fe made. by _any of the peraon spedified-in-the Said Act - nifs relevant Only fo-the_cPycumsitances _mentioned fn’ the Act Pevsen who can make Admission ‘ 1Pri) A Party Suing ov being Sued fo a.representatiye Character making _admfasten while holding | Such Charracter. ‘ ut ff ty|4 person who has a proprietary fote rest fn the ct matter oF the suit during the Hnuance._ OF Such inperest ‘ ) | ft peveens ‘From whom the | Parties to the sult have derived thet interest fn the eub-matter OF the Sult duving the continuance of suth interest. : vA person whose Posftfon fa it necessaw to prove ina Suft. ff such Statements woud ‘be* relevant fn q Suit brought by ov against LhimselPs + ‘ t | ee a Vii) A person +o whom a Party to the Suit has Lexpressly referred for fnformation fn: | weference ‘to a: matter In-dispute.. | Lilustraton :- Tthe question fs. whether horse cold by A +o B fs ‘sound. A Soys + B- ‘Go and laek C3 C Known al) oe it? ¢'S statement | {6 an admission «[{Detine -Eulden ce Differ ent types oF Evidence. Evidence @ Se { Ae pen section 3-of Indian Evidence Act» 1812 | | the tevm ‘evidence means and fncludes-~ ijlall Statements whichsthe court pexmits or |vequives to be made before Tt by witnese fn Inelation +o matters of fackeunder faquivy and )| GN) documents. fneluding electronic records» | produced fox the inepection'of. the court.” | [vers oF _beaslce be suthy bt ial [ ORAL -EVEDENCE: ae Oral evidence renders +o the I : Diy words | Spoken by mouth: T+ fe adequate -to be Proved without the Support of any: documenta’ evidence |_ Provided fr has credibility « Poimarry ovat evidence ih 15 the evidence that has. been Pevsenally head [ov seen ov Gathered by the' senses of ‘witness: | : 9]| DOCUMENTARY EvTpENcE 3- Documentany evidence. Pas tt 4 1 fs the evidence that mentions _ Haney fs faoue described ov D*_eupressed Upon omy a imatesfal by Way oF jetteys) Figures: Ov Marks or L | by Move than:one of the Ways Which canbe: used | for redording the f6sue: Suck evidence fs Presented _ | inthe formor q deusment jo. prove a a disputed | fact in count.4 ! } ! | i { | | | | a1 | Priwany EVIDENCE 3- Primary evidence fs - _Considevred the Superioy ~ [class Of evfdence. These are those matters; i | documents, and & facts whith can be_ Preduced f to = ‘the court for forthe assessment: and inspection. - _AS the name pal Suggests; these.are the we cheese eM tly Original I documents. : ‘ Tt Fnetudes » Original doctuments, government * _ TeCordss Letters, Photographs» emaile, Miemohs = ]__BECONDARY EVIDENCE 3- Secondary’ evidence. is | presented in section 68 7 lor the Indian Evidence Act They cannot -—_|S upersede the primary evidence and can be _ t presented: after the primary evidence, * 2 1 Centigied - copies , Compared CopfeS with the = Loxisinal decument$s, Oval accounts: of the _ - | Contente by: the person who has witnessed the 7 AC arre_pome ‘examples of Setondary Sutdenee, Bh HEARSAY. EVIDENCE i: This considered econd- : | hand _fnformatfon. 80, | Hears ay evidence fs Becondaw evidence’ +3 Were 1o witness for Merely. weporting not on the hasis lof what he Saw ov heard . not Sense, but he has srespecting the fack through 374 person. (The heavsay evidence fs not admissfble frig | count of Jw. Admission. Res.Gestae, Dying ~ ‘declaratfon, Confession. Evidence that was, given in the _fowmer proceedings ave few exceptions oF hearsay evidence. _|@)_ DIRECT EVIDENCE :- Direct evidence is the — ctestimony of a witness to the exfatence Ov non-existence of Fact ov fact fn fSsue. Tt ts material evidence. Zt 6 also called as Positive evidence. In divect evidence, Facr actually perceived by a witness With one of his own ‘Sense ov OF an opinion actually held by himself. ql TMDTRECT EVTENGES - Indirect evidence whith 4 relates: to a Series OF Othey _facte than facts fn fosues but So associated with fact fn fosue in relation Of cause and effec: it leads \40_Q Satfefactow Conclusion, ft is also catled a civcumstantal evidence. 1 Tt vefeys to evidence that helps fn Proving the. facta by giving information, that is a piece of Lindivect eurd'ence. 2——a] Dt Tnguish betw. Civcum StanHal evidence _ Direct. euid ente dnd "+ Ans~ _piefevence between Direct and: chrcumstantfal evidence ave as foljows:! Basis Fo} Dive ck *“Chrcumstantay comparison , 7 —_—| Divect evidence Tmpites the] evidence I evidence natant’ad evidence evidence which: eontiyms vefevs the evidence Meaning, 1Q fact and fn whch the_ Wherein the jury has to deaw fntevences based inferences, OF the furry | fe not seequi-ved. on the: facts obtained Based on Pextonal Knowledge of linking f+ te the ‘conclusm- Fock from which existence the witness av br _non- existence of Obsewotlen of the Fact. lancthey Fack can be lyeasonably fnferred. facts fn fosue Series of related focrs Provabiii when tne Judge ®& Luthen the evidence doeg OF Suilt ||Satfefied with the evidend| not divechy prove Sulit but brings about doubt of the defendants an inference Of guilt, | guite. which f beyond a easonable doubt:Direct j,__.cPreumnetantio! evidence _ evidence Less : Compavasively Easy to oe i DIFFfcut to Suppress i . Suppress [Theevence 7 Not required ; Required to Lox prestumPHon tohen proved prove: Lt See |e 4j [what i8 Estoppel ? \What are different types? I ' q i ated en Ans? According to section 115: OF the Indian: Evidence Act, 18125 E6tepp el. meane'- \Alhen a person has by hie declaration, actor Lormmigeten fntentfonally caused ov permitted ‘another persen to believe a thing 40 be Tues and +o_act Upon Such belWer-" neither he now his _mepresentarive Can be allowed, to'deny the huth oF thot thing fn a Suit ov proceeding berkvueen t mm > and Such + -peicon ‘ov “ho vepresentative. | : au j Kaus as ESTOPPEL $7 wie ‘ q FemspeEl BY RECORD = under thPe Kind of estoppel, i OQ ‘peroon fo not permitted to | cVoputre the facts Upon: which a judgment ‘against| him: fa_based. | _—23| EOTOPPEL BY DEED = Under this Kind of estoppel, where a party ha® entered ino - 0 8elemn engagement by deed as to certain fase - Lnetthey hes nov any one claiming through ov Z ind ee him, fa_permttted to deny Such facts _ | ESTOPPEL’ BY ConDUCcT :- Estoppel by’conduch, aometime, a Called estoppel in Pats. may e ariee From Aggrement or misrepresentaton: {=e Aman, efther by words or by conduct» haa | intimated that he Consents +o ack which has been dones and. +hot he wit hot offer any opposition to it although f+ cowd not have been lawfully done without his consent, and he thereby fnduces 2 otherS to do that Prom which they otherwise Light have abstained From doing» he cannot | queetfon: the legality OF the act +o the Prejudice OF thede who have ao given faith to his Words On to the Fairy fnference to be draun From hig ‘ Conduct: : | : OU ESTOPPEL ON BENPMZ. “TRANSACTIONS If the owner of property clothes Q third _pereon with ‘the Qpparent Swonership and @ ‘wfaht ____oF die position thereof, not merely by ‘tranaFenring | ft +e him, bur aleo by acknowledagi ing that the itraneferee has pafd him the Consideration For ith, he fo estopped from aceerting his +titHeag iagainet ‘a persen te: whom euch third party has | dispowed of the property and who has raken fe te Tn Qoed: Fath and fer value: i Sh, ESTOPPEL BY. NEGLIGENCE ‘- This type OF + “ ‘ estoppel Enables “A _party +48 against some Other party» to: Claim a___ i might _of Prop ety. Which in Fact he doa not | |Poscess. Such estoppel fs descrvibed as estoppel. | | by negligence ov by Conduct or crep-resen tatfon Hore by a hoid?ng our of ostensible authority: [Buch estoppel based .an the. existence of 4 duty lwhich. the person “estopped fs owing to the | pevaen 1ed_fnto the unong belfef ov tothe general public Of Whom the person 7s one. aTA coneaafen: fo an Admiasion —__Made at any +Hme by a person Stn, sHg ed d the came: An inference © that + he_ LA dtvrect tia an...td kL. feck acknowledgement of guilt should be a a regarded asa: confe2sin. onmmit! PRovISTONS-: Becton 2.4 3- Confession by inducements Threat ay Promise : AS pew this sec. . q confeasion ahall:be irelevant ina: _ Crimirno) Petoceeding iF f s The confession has been obtained by any inducements threat or Promise | Such Pnducements threat Or Promise, Was given | from a person. in quthovity. - | Such inducement Was about +he Charge against |the accused person. _| | | gectfon 26 t- Confession to polfce officers Net | to_be proved | | Ae Per thr Hon, no Confession made to the | Police officer Shall be proved againat the | person Who made ft | Sectfon 26 t+ Confession by Accused when in Custody \____Ae_pexhis secrton, a confesston by the accused while in poitece custedy cannot be proved __| agatnst him. fe LAs excepHon to this ' If Such confesatén While _||fn the —custedy oF police was made fn the Tromediate Presence OF a. Magistrate. ft Shall be Proved as againet such person. I a Becton 21 '- Information Received from Accused ! that may be proved Th fo Section fe cons'dered as -an emcepHon to _SettHon 25 and 2a, __ [Ef theme must be the discovery of a facr in i Consequence oF Pnformation received from q persen accused of any offence, The accused [mus be in the custody of a police officer: & | Such Wnformatfon Should velare dfatinctly to the | Fact dfscovered, are some CondtHone for a | Confession to be Proved under section 27 oF ithe “Indian evidence qet- Becton 2g %- Confession Shall be welevant When the impression of Such fnducement lthweat ov promise fs removed. | Qectfon 29 :- Confesofon otherwise Relevant Not fo Become farelevant AG per eecton 29 OF the Fndian Evidence Ack, Lif Such q confession fe Otherwise welevant,‘i does not become frrelevant merely “ -_becquse f+ was made under q promise lof. seeren +4 oy ‘ - because was made under in Consequence LOF deception ov whe he was daunk 4 ov =| because f was made fn answer to ———|Queetfone hich he need not have answered Or 'because he 10d not warned that he was ‘not bound. +o make auch confession, or it Can be Rl Used againar him. ‘Becton 80 :- Conafderatian of proved .confession | T+ deals with: coneiderah'on of. proved Lcomfessian by the court, whith fa mode by ¢ | person affecting the persen making tt and lOthevs. that are being pied fofntly For the Same offence. if 7Answer the Following questions Leading Question + 1 at tf Sectfon 141 oF the Indian Evrdence ACh 1°72 Provides with leading: QuesHons, whith runs a3 _ follows Any Questions suggesting the answer which ithe person putting f+ wishes ov exprecn | |€xpects to recefve fa called a leading question. Becton 142 of the Acti vuns as follows + _ Leadfng Questfons must not; PF objected to by the adverse Party be aaked fn an examination- fn-ChieF or fog wre- examination > except With \ the Permission of the court: i _ I The Court Shal| permit leading questions a3 to matters: Which Qre Introductory or und feputed or whith have» in its opinion been already LSection 143 OF the Acts uns as follows : Leading questfen may be asked fn -cvo emamination = Leading questions ‘canronly be asked i Chfef When the veFfe= Ses i) Tntvoducto -——1}) | Undisputed or iy Sureicientiy proved - Fors tt Weve not allowed to approach the points» a+ fseue by auch question the examinat'on ou) be most. fneonvenienth | protracted. To abridge ‘the Proceedings and boing the ma. witness a5 800m AS Possible to the matewal pofnt® on toh eh | be io to: epeak, counsel may _lead:him on to thas Ltenath and May wecapitulate +o him the acknowledged facts of the case whith have been already established. : | | | ] 3) “The reason why leading questions are | AiNowed +0 eppreaeh be put -to an adverse whinese fn cross- exnaminatfons befng to test ithe Aceucacy Gred?brifty and Peneval Value of [the evidence given and to ShiP the facks alread i Stated bu the witness iit gametines becames’ | necessary fora party +o put leading lquestiona fo order to elicit Fads: fn suppo-~t Lor hfs case, even through the Fans 90 elfetted lmay be entirely Uncennected With facts testi Phred +0 fn a examination. fn- Chie™ Where a general Lovder fo made that no leading QUueSHons _ Shai) be allowed fn cross ~ examinaton , the. lovder fe flleqo) and vittates the tral. |