English Grammar in Use 4th Edition

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English
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A self-study refere nce an d p ra c tic e book
for interm ediate learners of English
Fourth Edition
with answers and CD-ROM
Ray m o n d M urp hy
CD - ROM
C A MBRID GE U N IV ERSI T Y PRESS

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Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 201 2
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English Gra m m ar in Use first published 1985

Fourth edition 2012
Reprinted 2012
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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978- 0-521-18906- 4 Edition with answers

ISBN 978 - 0 - 521-18908-8 Edition wit h o ut answers
ISBN 978- 0-521-18939- 2 Edition with answers and C D - R O M
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Contents Telegram channel: @uzteachers
Thanks vii
To the stu d e nt viii
To th e t e ach er x
Prese n t a n d p ast
1 Present co ntin u o us (I a m d oin g)
2 Prese nt simple (I d o)
3 Prese nt co ntin u o us and present simple 1 (I a m d oin g and I d o)
4 Present co ntinuous and present sim ple 2 (I a m d oin g and I d o)
5 Past simple (I did)
6 Past co ntin uo us (I w a s d oin g)
Prese n t p e rfe ct an d p ast

7 Present p erfect 1 (I h a v e d o n e)
8 Present p erfect 2 (I h a v e d o n e)
9 Present p erfect co ntin u o us (I h a v e b e e n d oin g)
10 Present perfect co ntinuo us and simple (I h a v e b ee n d oin g and I h a v e d o n e)
11 H o w lo n g h a v e y o u ( b e e n )... ?
12 F o r and since W h e n ... ? and H o w lo n g ... ?
13 Present p erfect and past 1 (I h a v e d o n e and I did)
14 Present p erfect and past 2 (I h a v e d o n e and I did)
15 Past p erfect (I ha d d o n e)
16 Past perfect co ntin u o us (I ha d b e e n d oin g)
17 H a v e and h a v e g o t
18 Us e d t o (d o)
Future
19 Present tenses (i a m d oi n g / I d o) for th e future
20 (I'm ) g oin g t o (d o)
21 W i ll / s h a ll 1
22 W i ll / s h a ll 2
23 I w i l l and I'm g oin g t o
24 W i l l be d oin g and w i l l h a v e d o n e
25 W h e n I d o / W h e n I'v e d o n e W h e n and if
Mo d als
26 C a n, c o u ld and (b e) a b le t o
27 C o u ld (d o) and co ul d h a v e (d o n e)
28 M u s t and c a n ’t
29 M a y and m i g h t 1
30 M a y and m i g h t 2
31 H a v e t o and m u s t
32 M u s t m u s t n 't n e e d n't
33 Sh o u l d 1
3 4 Sh o u l d 2
35 H a d b e t t e r It's t i m e . . .
36 W o u l d
37 C a n / C o u l d / W o u l d y o u ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitatio ns)
IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N IT S Y O U N EE D T O STU DY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326.

If an d wish
38 If I d o ... and If I did ...
39 If I k n e w ... I w is h I k n e w ...
4 0 If I h a d k n o w n ... I w is h I h a d k n o w n ...
41 W is h
Passive
42 Passive 1 (is d o n e / w a s d o n e)
43 Passive 2 (b e d o n e / b e e n d o n e / b ein g d o n e)
4 4 Passive 3
45 It is said t h a t ... H e is said t o ... H e is su p p ose d t o ...
46 H a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e
Re p orte d speech
47 Re p orte d speech 1 (H e said t h a t ...)
4 8 Re p orte d speech 2
Q uestions an d au x iliary verbs

49 Q u estio ns 1
50 Q u estio ns 2 (D o y o u k n o w w h e r e ... ? / H e ask e d m e w h e r e ...)
51 A u xiliary verbs (h av e / d o / ca n etc.) I t h in k so / I h o p e so etc.
52 Q u estio n tags (d o y o u ? is n't i t? etc.)
-ing an d to...
53 Verb + -ing (e n j o y d oin g / st o p d oin g etc.)
54 Verb + t o ... (d e ci d e t o ... / f o r g e t t o ... etc.)
55 Verb (+ o bject) + t o ... (I w a n t y o u t o ... etc.)
56 Verb + -ing or t o ... 1 (r e m e m b e r / r e g r e t etc.)
57 Verb + -ing or t o ... 2 (t ry / n e e d / h e lp)
58 Verb + -ing or t o ... 3 (li k e / w o u l d lik e etc.)
59 Pr e f e r and w o u l d r a t h e r
6 0 Pre p osition (in / f o r / a b o u t etc.) + -ing
61 Be / g e t use d t o so m ethin g (I'm use d t o ...)
62 Verb + preposition + -ing (s u cce e d in -ing / a cc u s e so m e b o dy o f -ing etc.)
63 Ex pressions + -ing
6 4 To , f o r ... and so t h a t ...
65 A d jective + t o ...
66 To ... (afraid t o d o) and preposition + -ing (afraid o f -ing)
67 Se e s o m e b o d y d o and se e s o m e b o d y d oin g
68 -ing clauses (F e e li n g tir e d , I w e n t to bed early.)
A rticles a n d nouns
69 C o u nt a ble and u nco u nt a ble 1
70 C o u nt able and u nco u nt a ble 2
71 C o u nt a ble nouns wit h a / an and so m e
72 A / an and t h e
73 T h e 1
74 T h e 2 (sc h o o l / t h e sc h o o l etc.)
75 T h e 3 (c h il d r e n / t h e c h il d r e n)
76 T h e 4 (t h e g ir a f f e / t h e t e l e p h o n e / t h e p ia n o etc., t h e + a djective)
77 N a m es wit h and wit h o u t t h e 1
78 N a m es wit h and wit h o u t t h e 2
IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N ITS Y O U N EE D T O STUDY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326

79 Sin gular and plural
80 N o u n + noun (a t e n n is b a ll / a h e a d a c h e)
81 -'s (y o u r sist e r's n a m e) and o f ... (th e n a m e o f t h e b o o k)
Pronouns a n d determiners
82 M y s e lf / y o u rs e lf / t h e m s e lv e s etc.
83 A friend o f m in e M y o w n house O n m y o w n / by m yse lf
84 T h e re ... and i t ...
85 So m e and a n y
86 N o / n o n e / a n y N o t h i n g / n o b o d y etc.
87 M uch, m a n y, lit tl e , f e w , a lo t, p l e n t y
88 A l l / a l l o f m o s t / m o s t o f no / n o n e o f etc.
89 Bo t h / b o t h o f n e i t h e r / n e i t h e r o f e i t h e r / e i t h e r o f
9 0 A ll, e v e r y and w h o l e
91 Ea c h and e v e r y
Rela tive clauses

92 Relative clauses 1: clauses wit h w h o / t h a t / w h ic h
93 Relative clauses 2: clauses wit h and wit h o u t w h o / t h a t / w h ic h
94 Relative clauses 3: w h o s e / w h o m / w h e r e
95 Relative clauses 4: e xtra infor m atio n clauses (1)
96 Relative clauses 5: e xtra infor m atio n clauses (2)
97 -ing and - ed clauses (th e w o m a n t a l k i n g t o T o m, th e boy in j ure d in t h e a cci d e n t)
A d jectives an d adverbs
9 8 A djectives ending in -ing and - ed (b orin g / b ore d etc.)
99 A djectives: a nice n e w house, yo u look tir e d
100 A djectives and adverbs 1 (q u ic k / q uic k ly)
101 A djectives and adverbs 2 (w e ll / f a s t / l a t e , h a r d / h a r d ly)
102 So and such

103 En o u g h and t o o
104 Q u it e , p r e t t y , r a t h e r and f a ir ly
105 C o m p arison 1 (c h e a p e r, m o r e e x p e n siv e etc.)

106 C o m p arison 2 (m u ch b e t t e r / a n y b e t t e r / b e t t e r a n d b e t t e r / t h e s o o n e r t h e b e t t e r)
107 C o m p arison 3 (as ... as / t h a n)
108 Su p erla tives (t h e lo n g est, t h e m o s t e n j o y a b l e etc.)
109 Wo r d order 1: verb + object; place and ti m e

110 Wo r d order 2: adverbs wit h t h e verb
111 St ill, y e t and a lr e a d y A n y m o r e / a n y l o n g e r / no l o n g e r

112 Eve n
C onjunctions an d prepositions
113 A l t h o u g h / t h o u g h / e v e n t h o u g h In s p it e o f / d es p it e
114 In c a s e
115 U n l e ss As lo n g as Pr o vi d e d / p r o vid in g
116 A s (As I walk e d along th e s t r e e t ... / A s I was hungry ...)
117 Like and as
118 Like / as if / as t h o u g h
119 For, d urin g and w h il e
120 B y and u n til By t h e t i m e . . .
IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N IT S Y O U N EE D T O STU D Y, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326.

Pre p ositio ns
121 A t / o n / in (ti m e)
122 O n t i m e and in t i m e A t t h e e n d and in t h e e n d
123 In / at / on (p ositio n) 1
124 In / at / on (p ositio n) 2
125 In / at / o n (p ositio n) 3
126 T o / a t / in / int o
127 In / o n / a t (o t h er uses)
128 By
129 N o u n + preposition (r e as o n f or, ca us e o f etc.)
130 A d jective + preposition 1
131 A djective + preposition 2
132 Verb + preposition 1 t o and a t
133 Verb + preposition 2 a b o u t / f o r / o f / a f t e r
134 Verb + preposition 3 a b o u t and o f
135 Verb + preposition 4 o f / f or / fro m / o n
136 Verb + preposition 5 in / i n t o / wit h / t o / o n
Phrasal verbs
137 Phrasal verbs 1 G e n eral points
138 Phrasal verbs 2 in / o u t
139 Phrasal verbs 3 out
140 Phrasal verbs 4 o n / o ff (1)
141 Phrasal verbs 5 o n / o ff (2)
142 Phrasal verbs 6 up / down
143 Phrasal verbs 7 up (1)
144 Phrasal verbs 8 u p (2)
145 Phrasal verbs 9 away / back
Ap pendi x 1 Regular and irregular verbs 292

A p pen di x 2 Present and past tenses 294
Ap pendi x 3 The future 295
A p pen di x 4 Mo d al verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) 296
A p pen di x 5 Sh ort f or ms (I'm / y o u 'v e / d i d n't etc.) 297
Ap pendi x 6 Sp ellin g 298
Ap pendi x 7 A m erica n English 300
A d ditio n al exercises 302
St u d y guide 326
Key t o Exercises 336

Key t o A d ditio n al exercises 368
Key t o Stu d y guide 372
Index 373
IF Y O U ARE N O T S U R E W H I C H U N I T S Y O U N EE D T O STU DY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA CE 326.

This is th e f ourth edition of English Gra m m ar in Use. t wro t e t h e original e dition wh e n I was a t e ach er at
th e Swa n Sch ool of English, O xford, i would like to re p eat my than ks to my colleagues and stu d ents at the
school for th eir help, e nco ura g e m e n t and interest at t h a t time.
Regarding th e prod uction of this fourth e dition, I a m grate ful to Noiri'n Burke, A n n a b el Marriott, M a t t h e w
Duffy, Liz Driscoll, Ja n e Walsh, Je a n e t t e Alfoldi and Ka m ae Design. I wouLd like to than k C a m brid ge
U niversity Press for permission to access th e Ca m brid ge Int ern a tio n al Corpus.
Thank you also to th e followin g illustrators: H u m b ert o Blanco, Paul Fellows, So p hie Joyce, Katie Mac,
Ian Mitchell, Gillian Martin, Sa n d y NichoLls, Roger Penwill, Lisa Smith, Dave Wh a m o n d and Si m o n Willia m s.
•*
VII
To the student
A .
This book is for stu d ents w h o w a n t help wit h English gra m mar. It is writt e n for yo u to use wit h o u t a
teacher.
The book will be useful for yo u if you are not sure of t h e answers to q uestions like these:
Q What is the difference b et we e n I did and I h ave d on e?

Wh en do we use will for th e f u t ure?
Q What is t h e struct ure aft er I wish?
Q Wh en do we say used to do and wh e n do we say used to d oin g?
Wh en do we use th e?
What is th e difference b et we e n like and as?
These and m a ny ot h er points of English gra m m ar are e x plained in th e book and t here are exercises on
each point.
Lev el
T he book is intended m ainly for in term e diate stu d ents (stu d e nts wh o have alre a dy studied t h e basic
gra m m ar of English). It co nce ntra t es on th ose structures which in ter m e dia t e stu d ents w a n t t o use,
but which often cause difficulty. So m e a dvance d stu d ents w h o have proble ms wit h gra m m ar will also
find t h e book useful.
The book is n ot suitable for ele m e n t a ry learners.
H o w t h e b oo k is org a nise d
There are 145 units in t h e book. Each unit co nce n tra t es on a p articular p oint of gra m mar. So m e
proble ms (for e x a m ple, th e present perfect or t h e use of the) are covere d in more t han one unit. For a
list of units, see th e C o nte nts at t h e beginning of th e book.
Each unit consists of t w o facing pages. O n the left there are e x pla natio ns and e xa mples; on the
right th ere are exercises. At th e back of th e book th ere is a Key for you to check yo ur answers to the
e xercises (page 3 3 6).
There are also seven A p pen dices at th e back of th e book (pages 29 2 - 301). These include irregular
verbs, su m m aries of verb forms, spelling and A m erica n English.
Finally, t here is a d etailed Inde x at the back of the book (page 373).
H o w t o use t h e boo k
T he units are n ot in order of difficulty, so it is n ot intended t h a t yo u work through the book fro m
beginning to end. Every learner has different proble ms and you should use this book to help you wit h
t h e gra m m ar t h a t y o u find difficult.
It is suggested t h a t yo u work in this way:
Use th e C o nte nts and / or Inde x to find which unit deals wit h t h e p oint yo u are interested in.
if yo u are not sure which units yo u need to study, use th e Stu d y guide on page 326.
St u d y th e e x pla natio ns and e x a m ples on th e left - hand page of th e unit yo u have chosen.
Do the exercises on th e right - hand page,
C heck yo u r answers wit h t h e Key.
If yo u r answers are not correct, stu dy th e left - hand page again to see w h a t w e n t wrong.
You can of course use th e book si m ply as a reference book wit h o u t doing the exercises.
•••
vin
A d d i t i o n a l e x e r c is e s
A t t h e back of t h e book th ere are A d ditio n al e xercises (pages 3 0 2 - 3 2 5). These exercises bring t o g et h er
so m e of th e gra m m ar points fro m a n u m b er of different units. For e x a mple, Exercise 16 brings t o g e t h er
gra m m ar points fro m Units 26 - 3 6. You can use th ese exercises for e xtra practice aft er you have studied
and practised the gra m m ar in t h e units concerne d.
English Gra m m ar in Use was writt e n as a self - study g ra m m ar book, but t each ers m ay also find it useful
as a d ditio n al course m at erial in cases wh ere furt her work on gra m m ar is necessary.
The book will probabLy be m ost useful at middle - and u p p er - inter m e diate levels (wh ere all or nearly
all of th e m at erial will be releva nt), and can serve both as a basis for revision and as a means for
practising new structures. It will also be useful for so me m ore a dvance d stu d ents w h o have proble ms
wit h gra m m ar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by
e le m e n t a ry learners.
The units are organised in gra m m a tical cate g ories (Prese nt a n d past, Articles a n d nouns, Prepositions
etc.). T h ey are not ordered according to level of difficulty, so th e book should not be work e d through
fro m beginning to end. It should be used selectively and fle xibly in accord ance wit h th e gra m m ar
syllab us being used and t h e difficulties stu d ents are having.
The book can be used for i m m e dia te co nsolid atio n or for later revision or re m e dial work. It might
be used by the w h ol e class or by in divid ual stu d ents needing e xtra help. The left - hand pages
(e x plan ations and e x a m ples) are writt e n for the stu d e nt to use individ ually, but t h ey m ay of course
be used by th e t e ac h er as a source of ideas and infor m atio n on which t o base a lesson. The stu d e nt
then has t h e left - hand page as a record of w h a t has been ta u g h t and can refer t o it in th e future. The
exercises can be d on e individually, in class or as ho m ework. A lt e rn a tiv ely (and a d ditio n ally), individual
st u d e nts can be directe d to st u d y certain units of t h e book by th e mselves if t h e y have p articular
difficulties not shared by o th er st u d e nts in th eir class. D o n ’t forget th e A d ditio n al e x ercises at t h e back
of th e book (see To t h e s t u d e n t).
This f ourth edition of English Gra m m ar in Use has been revised and updated. There are no n ew units,
but so me of th e e xercises have been rewritt en or replaced.
An e dition of English Gra m m ar in Use wit h o u t t h e Key is availa ble. So m e te ach ers m ay prefer this for
use wit h th eir students.
An online version of English Gra m m ar in Use is also availa ble.
x
Unit
1 Present continuous (I am doing)
St u d y this e x a m ple situation:
Sarah is in her car. She is on her w a y to work.

She is d rivin g t o work.
This means: she is driving now, at th e ti m e of speaking.

The action is not finished.
A m / is / are + -ing is th e prese n t continuous:
I am (= I'm) d rivin g
he / she / it is (= he's etc.) workin g
we / yo u / th ey are (= w e'r e etc.) d oi n g etc.
I a m d oi n g so m e thin g = I'm in t h e mid dle of doing it; I've starte d doing it and I h ave n't finished:
U Please d o n't make so much noise. I'm t r y i n g to work. (n ot I try)
‘Wh e re's M a r k?' ‘H e's h a vin g a shower.' (n ot He has a sh ower)
Let's go o ut now. It is n't ra in in g a ny more. (n ot It d oesn't rain)
(a t a p a r t y) Hi, Ja n e. A r e you e n j o yin g th e p ar ty? (not Do yo u e njoy)
W h a t's all t h a t n oise? W h a t's g oin g o n? (= W h a t's ha p p e nin g?)
So m e ti m es the actio n is not hap pening at t h e ti m e of speaking. For e x a mple:
St ev e is talkin g to a friend on th e phone. He says:
I'm reading a really good book at t he m o m ent.

It's a b out a man w h o ...
Steve is not reading th e book at th e ti m e of speaking.

He means t h a t he has starte d it, but has n ot finished it yet.
He is in t h e mid dle of reading it.
So m e more e x a mples:
Kate wa nts t o work in Italy, so she's l e a r n in g Italian, (b ut perhaps she isn't learning Italian
at th e ti m e o f speaking)
So m e friends of mine a r e b u ild in g t h eir own house. T h ey hope to finish it ne x t su m mer.
You can use th e present co ntinuo us wit h t o d a y / t h is w e e k / t h is y e a r etc. (periods around n ow):
a : Yo u're w o r k i n g h ard t o d a y . (n ot You work hard t o d ay)
b: Yes, I have a lot to do.
The co m p a ny I work for is n't d oin g so w e ll t h is y e a r.
W e use t h e p rese n t co n ti n u o u s w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t ch a n g es h a p p e n in g aro u n d n ow, e s p e cia lly

v.a with these verbs:
get ch a n g e b eco m e i n cre a se rise f a ll grow im prove b e gin start
Is yo u r English g e t ti n g b e t t e r? (n o t Does yo ur English get b etter)

The p o p ulatio n of t h e world is in cr e asi n g very fast. (n o t increases)
A t first I did n't like m y job, but I'm b e gin n in g t o e njoy it now. (not I begin)
Prese n t co n tin u o us and present si m ple - U n its 3 - 4 Prese n t te nses for t he f uture U n i t 19
Exercises
T h e s e n t e nc es on t h e rig ht f o ll o w t h os e on t h e le ft. W h ic h s e n t e nc e g o es w it h w h ic h?
1 Please d o n't make so much noise. a It's g etting late. 1 .£

2 I need to eat so m ethin g soon. b T h ey're lying. 2
3 I d o n't have a nyw h ere to live right now. c It's startin g t o rain. 3
4 W e need t o leave soon. d T h ey're tryin g to sell it. 4
5 T hey d o n't need th eir car a ny more. e I'm g ettin g hungry. 5
6 Things are not so good at work. f 4'm tryin g to work. 6
7 It isn't true w h a t t h ey said. g I'm looking for an a p art m e nt. 7
8 We'r e going to get wet. h The co m p a ny is losing money. 8
C o m p l e t e t h e co nve rsa ti o n s.
1 a : I saw Brian a f ew days a g o .
b: O h, d i d y o u? W H &t ’s He ciomg these d ays? (w h a t / h e / d o)
a : He's at university.
b: ? (w h a t / he / stu dy)
a : Psychology.
b: it? (he / e njoy)
a : Yes, he says it's a very good course.
2 a : Hi, Nicola. H o w ... (yo ur n ew jo b / go)

b : N o t bad. It w asn ’t so good at first, but b etter now.
(it / get)
a : W h a t a b o ut D a niel? Is he O K?
b : Yes, but . . . his work right now. (he / not / enjoy)

H e ’s been in th e same jo b for a long ti m e and t o get bored
wit h it. (h e / b e g i n)
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p ositive (I'm d oin g e tc.) or n e g a tiv e (I'm n o t d o i n g e tc.).

1 Please d o n't make so much noise. . I’rn tryin g (I / try) to work.
2 Let's go o ut now. I t u s n t ram'mq (it / rain) any more.
3 You can turn off th e radio. (I / listen) to it.
4 Kate phoned m e last night. She's on h oliday in France, (she / have)
a great ti m e and d oesn't w a n t t o co m e back.
5 ! w a n t t o lose weig ht, so this wee k (I / eat) lunch.
6 A n dre w has j ust starte d evenin g classes. (he / learn) Jap a nese.
7 Paul and Sally have had an argu ment, (t h e y / speak)
to each other.
8 (I / get) tired. I need a rest.
9 Tim (work) today. He's ta k en th e d ay off.
10 (I / look) for Sophie. Do you k now wh ere she is?
O C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using t h e f o ll o w i n g verbs:
start get incre ase ch a n g e rise
1 The p op ulation of th e world & marexLsmq very fast.

2 The world ........ ........ Things never stay t h e same.
3 The situation is alrea dy bad and it ... worse.
4 The cost of Living is rising . Every y e ar things are more ex pensive.
5 The w e ath er t o i m prove. T h e rain has sto p p e d, and t h e win d isn't
as strong.
3
Unit
2 ^ Present simple (I d o)
Ale x is a bus driver, but n ow he is in bed asleep.

H e is n ot driving a bus. (H e is asleep.)
b ut He d riv e s a bus. (H e is a bus driver.)
D riv e(s) / w o r k(s) / d o(e s) etc. is th e prese nt sim ple:
l / we / you / t hey d riv e / w o r k / d o etc.
he / she / it d riv e s / w o r k s / d o e s etc.
W e use th e present si m ple to talk a b o ut things in general. W e use it t o say t h a t so m ethin g happens all
t he ti m e or repeatedly, or t h a t so m e thin g is true in general:
Nurses lo o k aft er p atients in hospitals.
I usually g o a w a y at wee kends.
The earth g o es round t h e sun.
T he cafe o p e n s at 7.30 in th e morning.
Re m e m ber:
I w o r k ... b u t He w o r k s . . . T h ey t e a c h . . . b ut My sister t e a c h e s ...
For spelling (-5 or - es), see A p pendi x 6 .
W e use d o / d o es t o mak e q uestions and n e g ative sentences:
work
do l / we / you / t hey ? l / w e / y o u / t h ey d o n 't
d riv e
does he / she / it he / she / it d o e s n 't
d o? do
C I co m e fro m Canada. W h e r e d o yo u c o m e fro m?

I d o n 't g o a w a y very often.
O W h a t d o e s this word m e a n ? (n o t W h a t means this w o r d?)
Rice d o e s n't g r o w in cold cli m ates.
In t h e f o ll o w in g e x a m ples, d o is also t h e m ain ver b (d o y o u d o / d o e s n't d o e tc.):

C 'W h a t d o yo u d o?' ‘I work in a shop.'
He's always so lazy. He d o e s n't d o a nythin g to help.
W e use th e present simple to say h o w often w e do things:

I g e t up a t 8 o'cloc k e v e r y m ornin g.
C H o w o f t e n do you g o to t h e d e n tist?
Julie d o e s n 't d rin k tea v e r y o ft e n .
Robert usually g o es a w a y t w o o r t h r e e ti m e s a y e a r.
I p r o m ise / I a p o l o g is e etc.
So m e ti m es we do things by sayin g so m ething. For e x a mple, wh e n you pro mise t o do so m ething,

yo u can say 'I p r o m ise ...'; wh e n yo u suggest so m ething, yo u can say ‘I s u g g e s t ...':
I p ro m is e I w o n't be late. (n ot I'm pro mising)
j ‘W h a t do yo u s u g g e st I d o?' ‘I s u g g est t h a t yo u ...'
In t h e sa me w a y w e say: I a p o lo g is e ... / 1 a d vis e ... / I i n s i s t ... / 1 a g re e ... / I re f u s e ... etc.
Prese n t si m ple and present co n tin u o us - > U n i t s 3 - 4 Prese nt te nses for the f ut ure - U n i t 19
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w i n g verbs:
c a u s e(s) c o n n e c t(s) d rin k(s) liv e(s) o p e n(s) -spe a k(s) t a k e(s)
1 Tanya sp eu ks G er m a n very well.

2 I d o n't oft e n coffee.
3 The swi m min g pool opens at 7.30 every morning.
4 Bad driving causes m a ny accidents.
5 My parents live in a very s m all flat.
6 The O ly m p ic G a m e s take place every four years.
7 The Pa n a m a Canal connects th e A tla n tic and Pacific Oceans.
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m.
1 Julie d o e s n ’t drunk (n ot / drink) tea very often.
2 W h a t ti m e do........
the banks close.. (th e banks / close) here?
3 I've g ot a car, but I .... dont use . (n ot / use) it much.
4 'W h e r e does Ricardo come (Ricard o / co m e) fr o m ?' 'Fro m Cuba.'
5 ‘W h a t do you do (y o u / d o )?' T m an electricia n.'
6 It ........takes ... (tak e) me an hour to g et to work. H o w long
does it take
.....................................................(it / ta ke) y o u?
7 Look at this sentence. W h a t does this word mean (this word / m e a n)?
8 David isn't very fit. He doesnt do (n ot / do) a ny sport.
Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. So m e t i m e s y o u nee d t h e n e g a tive :
b e li e v e eat flo w ^go- - grow- make rise t e ll tra n sla te
1 The earth goes round t h e sun. 7 An interpreter translates from one

2 Rice < loesn't grow in Britain. language into another.
3 The sun rises . . in t h e east. 8 Liars are people w h o
dont tell th e
4 B e e s ...... make honey. truth.
flows
5 Ve g etaria ns dont eat meat. 9 The River A ma z on into
6 An at h eist doesnt believein God. the A tla n tic O cea n.
You ask Lisa q u estio ns a b o u t h e rse lf an d h er f a m ily. W r i t e t h e q u estio ns.

1 You k now t h a t Lisa plays tennis. You w a n t to k now h o w often. Ask her.
H o w often d o yow p t e n n i s ?
2 Perhaps Lisa's sister plays tennis too. You w a n t to know. Ask Lisa.
Does . yo ur sister . play
.. tennis
............................... -.......................................
3 You k n o w t h a t Lisa reads a newsp a p er every day. You w a n t t o k now which one. Ask her.
Which newspaper do you read
4 You k now t h a t Lisa's brother works. You w a n t to k now w h a t he does. Ask Lisa.
What does your brother do
5 You k now t h a t Lisa goes to th e cin e m a a lot. You w a n t to k now h o w often. Ask her.
How often do you go to the cinema
6 You d o n't k now w h ere Lisa's grand parents live. You w a n t t o know. Ask Lisa.
Where do your grandparents live
C o m p l e t e using t h e f o ll o w in g :
I a p o lo g is e I in sist I p ro m is e I reco m m en d 4 su g g est
1 Mr Evans is not in t h e office to d ay. I su g g est yo u try calling him to m orrow.

2 I w o n't t ell a n y b o d y w h a t yo u said.... I promise .
3 (in a resta u ra n t) You m ust let m e pay for th e m e a l I insist .
4 I apologise for w h a t I did. It w o n't happen again.
5 I recommend
The n e w resta ura nt in Hill Stre e t is very g o o d ...................................... it.
Unit Present continuous and present simple 1
3 (I am doing and I do)
Co m pare:
Prese n t continuous (1 a m d oin g) Prese n t sim ple (I d o)
W e use the co ntin u o us for things hap pening at W e use t h e simple for things in ge n eral or
or around th e ti m e of speaking. things t h a t happen repeatedly.
The action is not co m plet e.
1 a m d oi n g I do
p ast n ow fu tu re p ast now fu tu re
T he w a t e r is b oilin g. Can you turn it o W a t e r b oils at 100 degrees Celsius.

o ff?
Listen to those people. W h a t language Excuse me, d o yo u sp e a k English?
a re t h e y s p e a k in g?
Let's go out. It is n't r ain in g now. It d o e s n ’t rain very much in su m mer.
O T m busy.' ‘W h a t ar e yo u d o i n g?' o W h a t d o yo u usually d o at w ee k e n ds?
I'm g e t ti n g hungry. Let's go and eat. o 1 always g e t hungry in t h e afternoon.
Kate wa n ts to work in Italy, so she's Most peopLe le a rn t o swim wh e n t h ey
le a r n in g Italian. are children.
The p o p ulatio n of th e world is o Every d ay th e p o p ulatio n of th e world
in cr e a si n g very fast. incre ase s by a b o ut 200,000 people.
W e use the continuous for te m porary situations: W e use th e simple for p erm a n e n t situations:
I'm livin g wit h so me friends until 1find a O My parents liv e in London. T h ey have
place of m y own. liv e d t h e r e a ll t h e i r liv e s .
a : Yo u're w o r k i n g h a r d t o d a y . o Jo e isn't lazy. He w o r k s hard m ost of
b : Yes, 1 have a l o t t o d o . th e tim e.
See U nit 1 for more infor m ation. See U n it Z for m ore infor m ation.
I a l w a y s d o and I'm a l w a y s d oin g
I a l w a y s d o (so m et hin g) = I do it every time:

G I a l w a y s go t o work by car. (n ot I'm aLways going)
‘I'm a l w a y s d oin g so m e thin g' has a diff ere nt meaning. For e x a mple:
ve lost my phone again. I'm always losing things. ^
I'm a l w a y s losin g things = I lose things very often,

perhaps to o often, or more often than normal.
More e x a mples:
O Yo u're a l w a y s p la yi n g co m p u ter games. You should do so m et hin g m ore active.
(= You play co m p u t er ga m es t o o oft en)
Tim is n ever satisfied. H e's a l w a y s co m p la in in g . (= H e co m plains t o o m uch)
Prese n t co n tin u o us and si m ple 2 U nit 4 Prese n t te nses for t h e fut ure U n i t 19
Exercises
Are t h e u n d erlin e d ver bs rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 W a t e r boils at 100 degrees Celsius. OK
2 The w a t e r boils. Can you turn it o ff? i&.boiling ............
3 Look! T h at man tries to open t h e d oor of yo ur car. is.....trying .....................
4 Can yo u hear th ose p eo ple? W h a t do t h ey talk a b o u t? are they talking
......... .......................
5 The moon goes round t h e earth in a b o ut 27 days. ok
................................ .... ........
6 I m ust go now. It gets late. it is getting .....................
...........
7 I usually go to work by car. ok
8 'H urry up! It's ti m e to leave / ‘O K, I c o m e .' i am coming
9 I hear yo u've g ot a new job. H o w do yo u get o n? are you getting
10 Pa u lis never late. He's always getting t o work on time. he always gets
11 T h ey d o n't get on well. T h ey're always arguing. ok
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p rese n t co n tin u o us or p rese n t si m ple.
1 Le t’s go out. I t Is n 't ra m w g (it / n ot / rain) now.
2 Julia is very good at languages. She- spe&Jcs (she / speak) four languages very well.
3 H urry up! Everybody is waiting (every b o d y / w ait) for you.
4 ' Are you listening (you / listen) to t h e r a d io?’ ’No, yo u can turn it off.'
5 1 Do you listen (you / listen) to th e radio every d a y?' 'N o, just occasionally.'
6 The River Nile flows (flo w) into the Me diterra nea n.
7 The river is. flowing (flo w) very fast t o d ay - m uch faster than usual.
8 we usually grow (we / usually / grow) vegetables in our garden, but this ye ar
we are not growing
................ (we / not / grow) any.
9 a : H o w's yo ur English?
b : N o t bad. I thin k it is improving (it / im prove) slowly.
10 Rachel is in N e w York right now. she is staying (she / stay) at th e Park H otel.
she always stays (she / always / st ay) t here wh e n she's in N e w York.
11 Can we stop walkin g soo n? ....... i am starting .... (I / start) to feel tired.
12 a : Can yo u drive?
i am learning
b ; ....................................... is teaching
(I / learn). My f a t h e r ................................. (t e ach) me.
13 NormaLly i finish (I / finish) work at five, but this wee k
. i am working ( ! / work) until six to earn a little more money.
14 My parents live (live) in Manchester. T h ey were born th ere and have never
lived a nywh ere else. W h e r e do your parents live (yo ur parents / live)?
15 Sonia is looking (look) for a place to live. she is staying (she / stay)
wit h her sister until she finds so m ewh ere.
16 a: What does your brother do (yo ur brother /d o)?
he is not working
b : He's an architect, but .................................... (he /not /work) at t h e m o m e nt.
17 (a t a p arty) I usually enjoy (I /usually enjoy) parties, but
i am not enyoing (I / n o t / e njoy) this one very much.
Finish B's se n t e nces. Use a l w a y s -ing.

1 a: I've lost my p hone again.
b : N o t again! You Y e olwcujs Losing yo ur p h o n e .
.
2 a: The car has broken d own again.

b: is always broking
T h at car is useless. It .................... ............................... ........ .............
3 a: Look! You've made th e sa m e mistak e again,
b: am always mistaking
O h no, not again! I ..............................................................................................................
4 a: O h, I've f orgotte n my glasses again.
b: Typical! i am always forgotting my glasses .................... .
Unit Present continuous and present simple 2
4 (I am doing and I do)
W e use co ntin u o us for ms for actio ns and hap penings t h a t have starte d but n ot finished (t h e y are
e a ti n g / it is r ain in g etc.). So m e verbs (for e x a mple, k n o w and li k e) are n ot n or m ally used in this
way. W e d o n't say 'I a m k nowing' or ‘t h e y are liking'; w e say ‘I k n o w', 't h e y like'.
The f ollowin g verbs are n ot n or m ally used in th e present continuous:
lik e want need p re f e r
know re a lis e su p p o se mean u n d e rst a n d b e li e v e re m e m ber
b el o n g f it co ntain c o n sis t se e m
I’m hungry. I w a n t so m e thin g to eat. (n o t I'm w a n tin g)

Q D o you u n d e rst a n d w h a t I m e a n?
A n na d o e s n't se e m very ha p py at th e m o m e nt.
T h in k
W h e n t h i n k m eans ‘b elieve' or ‘have an opinion', w e do not use t h e continuous:

I t h i n k Ma ry is C anadian, but I'm not sure, (n ot I'm thin king)
W h a t d o yo u t h i n k of m y pla n? (= W h a t is yo u r o pinio n?)
W h e n t h i n k m eans ‘consider', t h e co ntin u o us is possible:

O I'm t h i n k i n g a b o ut w h a t happened. I often t h i n k a b o ut it.
C Nic k y is t h i n k i n g of giving up her job. (= she is considering it)
Se e h e a r s m e ll t a s t e
W e n or m ally use th e present sim ple (n o t co ntin u o us) wit h t h ese verbs:
O D o you s e e t h a t man over t h e r e? (n ot Are yo u seeing)
This roo m s m ells. Let's open a win d ow.
W e oft e n use ca n + se e / h e a r / s m e ll / t a st e :
I ca n h e a r a strange noise. C a n yo u h e a r it?
Loo k feel
You can use th e present simple or co ntin u o us to say h o w so m e b o d y looks or feels now:
CJ You lo o k w e ll today, o r Yo u're l o o k in g w ell today.
H o w d o yo u f e e l n o w? or H o w are you f e e li n g n o w?
b ut
j I usually f e e l tired in t h e morning. (not I'm usually feeling)
H e is s e lfis h and H e is b ein g selfis h
H e's b ein g = He's behavin g / He's acting. Co m pare:

I ca n't un derstand w h y he's b ein g so selfish. H e isn’t usually like th at.
(b ein g selfish = b ehavin g selfishly at th e m o m e n t)
Q He never thin ks a b o ut o th er people. He is very selfish, (n ot He is being)
(= He is selfish generally, not o nly at th e m o m e n t)
W e use a m / is / are b ein g to say h o w so m e b o d y is behaving. It is n ot usually possible in o t h er

sentences:
J It's hot to day, (n ot It is being hot)
Sarah is very tired, (n ot is being tire d)
8 Present co ntin u o us and si m ple 1 - > U n i t 3 H ave - U n i t 17 Present tenses for t h e f uture -* U n i t 19
Exercises
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p rese n t c o n ti n u o u s o r p rese n t si m ple.
1 Are yo u h u n gry? . Do you w a n t (you / w a n t) so m e thin g to e a t?
I am using
2 D o n't put th e dictio n ary away. (I / use) it.
3 D o n't put th e dictio n ary away. i need (I / need) it.
4 W h o is t h a t m a n? W h a t does he want ( h e / w a n t)?
5 W h o is t h a t m a n? W h y is he looking (he /look) at us?
6 ALan says he's 80 years old, but n o b ody believes
.. .. (b elieve) him.
7 She told me her na me, but i dont remember (I / not / re m e m b er) it now.
8 i am thinking (I / thin k) of selling m y car. Wo u ld yo u be interested in buying it?
9 i think (I / thin k) yo u should sell yo u r car. you do not use
(yo u / n ot / use) it very often.
10 Air consists (consist) m ainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e se n t e n ces. (You sh o uld also st u d y U n it 3 b ef ore y o u do

t h is e x ercise.)
what are you doing?
i am thinking
who does this The dinner smells

umbrella belong to? good
©
(these gloves / not / fit / me)
S- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Excuse me. (anyb o dy / These gloves dont fit me
Is anybody sitting
T hey're too small.
there?
V ______________________ ___
A re t h e u n d erlin e d v er bs rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.

1 Nic k v is thin king of giving up her job. OK .............. ...............
2 Are yo u believing in G o d? Do you believe in ....
God? .........
3 I'm feeling hungry. Is th ere a nythin g to e a t? ok
4 This sauce is great. It's tastin g really good. it tastes
....... ........ .....
5 I'm thinking this is yo ur key. A m I rig ht? i think
...... ........
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e m o st s u it a b le f or m o f be. Use a m / is / a r e b ein g (c o n ti n u o u s)

w h e r e p ossible; o t h e r w is e use a m / is / a r e (si m p le).
1 I ca n't un derstand w h y kie-’s being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
2 Sarah is being very nice to me at t h e m o m e nt. I w o n d er why.
3 Yo u'll like So p hie wh e n yo u m e e t her. She is
....... . very nice.
4 You're usually very patient, so w h y are you being so u nreasona ble a b o ut w aitin g
ten more m in u t es?
5 W h y isn't St e ve at work t o d a y? is he ill?
Unit
^5|f Past simple (I did)
St u d y t his e x a m ple:
Wolf g a n g A m a d e us Mo z art w a s an Austrian

musician and co mposer. He liv e d fro m 1756 to
1791. H e s t a r t e d co m posin g at the age of five
and w r o t e m ore th a n 6 0 0 pieces of music.
He w a s o nly 35 years oLd wh e n he died.
Liv e d / s t a r t e d / w r o t e / w a s / d i e d are all p ast simple.
Very oft e n th e past simple ends in - ed (re g ular verbs):

O I work in a travel a g e ncy now. Bef ore t h a t I w o r k e d in a d e p art m e n t store.
W e in vit e d t h e m t o our party, but t h ey d ecid e d n ot t o co me.
O The police st o p p e d m e on my w a y h o m e last night.
Laura p asse d her e x a m because she st u d ie d very hard.
For spelling (sto p pe d, stu die d etc.), see Ap pendi x 6 .
But m any ver bs are irre g u la r. T h e p ast si m p le d oes n o t e n d in - ed. For e x a m ple:
w rite —> w r o t e O Mo z art w r o t e m ore th a n 6 0 0 pieces of music,
se e —> s a w Q W e s a w Tanya in t o w n a f e w d ays ago.
go —> w e n t I w e n t to th e cin e m a t hree ti m es last week,
sh u t —» s h u t It was cold, so I s h u t th e win dow.
in q u e stio n s a n d n e g a tiv e s w e use d i d / d i d n 't + in fin itiv e (e n j o y / s e e / g o e tc.):
I enjoyed you e n j o y? I enjoy

she saw did she s e e? she d i d n't see
t h ey went t h ey g o? t h ey go
O a: D i d y o u g o o u t last n i g h t?
b: Yes, I w e n t to th e cine ma, b ut I d i d n't e n j o y th e film much.
3 ‘W h e n did M r T h o m a s d i e ?' ‘A b o u t t e n ye ars ago.'
T h ey d i d n't i n vit e us to th e party, so we d i d n't go.
C ‘ D id y o u h a v e ti m e t o do t h e sh o p pin g?' ’ N o, I d i d n't .'
In t h e f ollowin g e x a mples, d o is t h e main verb in t h e sente nce (did ... d o / d i d n't do):
W h a t did y o u d o a t t h e w e e k e n d? (n o t W h a t did yo u a t t h e w e e k e n d?)
Q I d i d n 't d o a nyt hin g. (n o t I d id n't a nyt hi n g)
T he p ast of b e (a m / is / a re) is w a s / w e r e :
l / he / she / it w a s / w a s n 't was l / he / she / it?
we / yo u / th ey w e r e / w e r e n 't were w e / y o u / t h ey?
N o t e t h a t w e do not use did in ne gatives and q uestions wit h w a s / w e r e :

I w a s angry because t h e y w e r e late.
O W a s t h e w e a t h e r g o o d w h e n y o u w e r e o n h o lid a y?
T h ey w e r e n 't able to co m e because t h ey w e r e so busy.
Did yo u go o u t last night or w e r e yo u t o o tire d?
10 Past si m ple and past co ntin u o us U nit 6 Past si m ple and p rese nt p erf ect * > U n its 12 - 14
Exercises
Re a d w h a t Laura says a b o u t a t y p ic a l w o r k in g d ay:
I usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which
takes me a b out half an hour, I start work at 8,45. I never have Lunch. I finish
work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal
in the evening. I d on't usually go out. I go to bed at ab out 11 o'clock, and I
always sleep well.
x—__________________________________________________________________________________
Laura
Y e st e r d a y w a s a t y p ic a l w o r k in g d a y f o r Laura. W r i t e w h a t she did or d id n't do y e st e r d a y.

1 SVie got wp at 7 o'clock. 7 she finished work at 5 o'clock.
2 She had a big breakfast. 8 she was tired wh e n she got home,
3 S h e ..
walked to work 9 she cooked a m eal yest e r d ay evening.
took her half an hour to get t o work.
4 I t ............................. 10 she............................
did not go o ut yest e r d ay evening.
5 she started work at 8.45. 11 she went to bed at 11 o'clock.
6 she did not have lunch. 12 she slept w e ll last night.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs in t h e c o rr e c t f or m :
buy c a tc h cost f a ll h urt s e ll sp e n d teach throw Wntc
1 Mo z art wro t e more than 6 0 0 pieces of music.

2 'H o w did yo u learn t o d rive?' 'M y fat h er taught me.'
3 W e co uld n't afford t o keep our car, so w e sold it.
4 Dave fell d own th e stairs this morning and hurt his Leg.
5 threw
j o e .......................... th e ball to Sue, wh o caught
..................... it.
6 Ann ... spent a lot of m o n e y yester day. She bought a dress which
cost £ 100 .
You ask Ja m e s a b o u t his h olid ay. W r i t e y o u r q u estio ns.

Hi. H o w are thin gs?
Fine, than ks. I've j ust had a great holiday.
1 Wh ere y ow 9° ?
To t h e U.S. W e w e n t on a trip fro m San Francisco to Denver.
2 H o w ..... did you go ? By car?
Yes, w e hired a car in San Francisco.
3 It's a long w a y to drive. H o w long did it take to get to D e nver?
Two weeks.
4 Wh ere did you stay ? tn h o tels?
Yes, s m all h otels or motels.
5 was the weather
........................................................... g o o d?
Yes, but it was very hot - so m e ti m es t o o hot.
6
did you go to t h e Gran d C a n yo n?
O f course. It was wo n d erful.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m , p ositiv e or n e g a tive.

1 It was war m, so I took o ff my coat, (tak e)
2 The film w a s n't very good. I d u tr) t enjoy it much, (enjoy)
3 I k new Sarah was busy, so I didnt disturb her. (disturb)
4 W e were very tired, so we left t h e p arty early, (leave)
5 The bed was very u nco m f orta ble. I didnt sleep ... welL. (sleep)
6 The w in d o w was open and a bird flew . into t h e room, (fly)
7 The h otel w a s n ’t very e x pensive. It didnt cost m uch t o stay there, (cost)
8 I was in a hurry, so I didnt have ti m e t o phone you. (have)
9 It was hard carrying th e bags. T h ey were very heavy, (be)
Unit
6 . Past continuous (I w as doing)
Study this example situation:
Yest erd ay Karen and Ji m played tennis. T h ey starte d at

10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
So, at 10.30 t h ey w e r e p la yi n g tennis.
T h ey w e r e p la yi n g = t h ey were in t h e mid dle of playing.

T h ey had not finished playing.
W a s / w e r e -ing is th e p ast continuous:
p la yi n g
l / he / she / it was
ru n - -- d oin g
~ |iu ] we / yo u / th ey were
w orkin g etc.
I w a s d oin g so m ethin g = I was in t h e mid dle of doing so m e thin g at a certain tim e. The actio n or
situ a tio n had alre a d y starte d before this ti m e, but had n ot finished:
I s t a r t e d d oin g I w a s d oin g I fi n is h e d d oin g

I '
p ast p ast n ow
O This ti m e last ye ar I w a s livin g in Brazil.
W h a t w e r e yo u d oin g at 10 o'clock last nig ht?
I wave d to Helen, but she w a s n 't lo o kin g.
C o m p are t h e p ast con tin uo us (I w a s d oin g) and p ast sim ple (t did):
Past continuous (in t h e mid dle of an actio n) Past sim ple (co m ple t e actio n)
I w a s w a l k i n g h o m e wh e n I m et Dan. I w a l k e d h o m e aft er th e p arty last night.
(in th e mid dle of walkin g ho m e) (= all th e way, co m ple t ely)
Kate w a s w a t c h i n g T V wh e n we Kate w a t c h e d televisio n a lot wh e n she
arrived. was ill last year.
W e often use t h e past simple and t h e past co ntinu o us to g e t h er to say t h a t so m e thin g hap pened in th e
mid dle of so m e thin g else:
M a tt p h o n e d w hile w e w e r e h a vin g dinner.
It w a s r ain in g w h e n I g o t up.
I s a w you in th e park yesterd ay. You w e r e sit t i n g on th e grass and re a d in g a book.
I h u rt m y back while I w a s w o r k i n g in t h e garden.
Bu t w e use th e past sim ple to say t h a t one thin g hap pened aft er another:
I w a s w a l k i n g alon g th e road wh e n I s a w Dan. So i st o p p e d , and w e h a d a chat.
C o m pare:
W h e n Karen arrived, we w e r e h a vin g U W h e n Karen arrived, w e h a d dinner.

dinner. (= w e had alrea dy started (= Karen arrived, and th e n we had
before she arrived) dinner)
So m e verbs (for e x a mple, k n o w and w a n t) are not n or m ally used in th e co ntinuo us (see U nit 4A):
W e were good friends. W e k n e w each o t h er well. (n ot W e were k nowing)
I was e njoyin g th e party, but Chris w a n t e d to go ho me. (n ot was wa ntin g)
Exercises
W h a t w e r e y o u d oin g a t t h ese t i m e s? W r i t e s e n t e nc es as in t h e e x a m ples. T h e p ast c o n ti n u o u s
is n o t a l w a y s n e ce ssa ry (se e t h e seco n d e x a m ple).
1 (a t 8 o'cloc k y est er d ay eve nin g) I w a s h avin g d in n e r . ...... .................. .............
2 (at 5 o'clock last Mo n d ay) I w a s on a bus on my w a y home.
3 (a t 10.15 yest e r d ay morning) i was.......having............
breakfast ............. ......
4 (at 4.3 0 this mornin g) i was in bed asleep
5 (at 7.45 yest e r d ay evening) i was in my car on way to work . .
6 (half an hour ago) .... i..was doing exercise
................................................................ .......
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use t h e p ast co n ti n u o us.

1 M a tt phoned w hile we w e r e h avin g d x n n e r
2 The d oorb ell rang w hile I i was watching tv
3 The car began to mak e a strange noise wh e n we were driving
4 Jessica fell asleep w hile she was.......
reading a book
was watching it
5 The t elevision was on, but n o b o d y ...................
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m , p ast c o n ti n u o u s o r p ast si m ple.
I saw (see) Sue in t o w n I met (m e e t) I was cycling to(cycle) ho m e

yesterday, but she ... To m and Ja n e at th e airp ort a yest e r d ay wh e n a man
didnt see (n o t / see) me. f ew wee ks ago. T hey stepped (step) o ut
She was looking were going(go) to Paris and into th e road in front of me. I
(look) th e o th er way. I was going (go) was going (go) q uite fast,
to Rome. W e had
........ (have) managed
but luckily I ..........................
a ch at w hile we were waiting (m a na ge) to stop in ti m e and
(w ait) for our flights. did not hit (n o t / hit) him.
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m , p ast co n ti n u o u s or p ast si m ple.

1 Je n n y w a s w aitin g (w ait) for me wh e n I a r r i v e d (arrive).
2 'W h a t were
....... you doing (yo u / do) at this ti m e y e st e r d a y?' 'I was asleep.'
3 ‘ did you .... go (yo u / go) o ut last nig ht?' ‘ No, I was t o o tired.'
4 H o w fast were you driving (you / drive) w h e n t h e accid e nt happened
(h a p p e n)?
5 Sa m took
...................................... (ta k e) a picture of m e while I was not looking
(n ot / look).
6 W e were in a very difficult position. W e didnt know (n ot / k now) w h a t to do.
7 I h ave n't seen Alan for ages. W h e n I last saw... (see) him, he
was trying (try) t o find a job.
8 I was
....... walking . ... (wal k) alon g th e stre et w h e n su d d e nly I heard
(hear) f ootste ps behind me. So m e b o d y was following (f o llo w) me. I was
scared and I started (start) to run.
9
wanted
W h e n I was young, I .............................. (w a n t) to be apilot.
10 Last night I ... dropped ...(drop) aplate wh e n ! was doing (do) the
washing - up. F ort u n ately it did not broke (n o t / b r e a k).
-» A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 1 (p a g e 3 0 2) 13
St u d y t his e x a m ple situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He ca n ’t find it.

(j'v e lost m y key. ^
H e has l o s t his key.
He has l o s t his key = He lost it recently, and he still
d oesn't have it.
H a v e / h a s lo st is t h e prese nt p e rfe ct sim ple:
fi n is h e d
l / we / they / you h a v e (= I'v e etc.)
lost
done
he / she / it has (= he's etc.)
b e e n etc.
The present p erfect sim ple is h a ve / h as + p ast p articiple. The past participle often ends in -ed
(finish e d / d ecid e d etc.), but m a ny i m p ort an t verbs are irre g u la r (l o s t / d o n e / w rit t e n etc.).
For a list of irre g ular verbs, see A p p e n di x 1.
W h e n we say t h a t 'so m et hin g has h a p p e n e d', this is usually n e w infor m ation:

O w! I'v e c u t m y finger.
The road is closed. T h ere ’s b e e n (there has b e e n) an accid ent.
(fro m the news) Police h a v e a rr e s t e d tw o men in co n n ectio n wit h t h e robbery.
Wh e n w e use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in th e past has a result now:
‘Wh e re's yo u r k ey?' 'I d o n't know. I've l o s t it.' (= I d o n't have it n o w)
O He told m e his na me, but I'v e f o r g o t t e n it. (= I ca n't re m e m b er it now)
‘Is Sally h ere?' ‘No, she's g o n e out.' (= she is o ut n ow)
I ca n't find my bag. H a v e you se e n it? (= Do you k n ow wh ere it is n o w?)
N o t e t h e difference b et we e n g o n e (t o) and b e e n (t o):

... Ja m es is on holiday. H e has g o n e t o Italy. (= he is th ere n o w or on his w a y th ere)
. Ja n e is back h o m e now. Sh e has b e e n t o Italy. (= she has n o w co m e back)
You can use th e present p erfect wit h j u s t, a lr e a d y and y e t .
Ju s t = a short ti m e ago:
‘Are yo u h u n g ry?' ‘No, I've j u s t h a d lunch.'
Hello. H a v e you j u s t a r riv e d ?
W e use a lr e a d y to say t h a t so m e thin g hap pened sooner than e x pected:

O ‘ D o n't forget to pay y o ur electricity b ill' ‘I've a lr e a d y p aid it.'
0 ‘W h a t ti m e is Mark le avin g?' 'H e's a lr e a d y le f t.'
Y e t = until now. Y e t shows t h a t t he speaker is e x pecting so m ethin g to happen. Use y e t o nly in

questions and ne gative sentences:
H a s it st o p p e d raining y e t ?
o I've writt e n t h e e mail, b ut I h a v e n 't s e n t it y e t .
You can also use t h e past simple (did, w e n t , h a d etc.) in the e x a m ples on this page. So yo u can say:
‘Is Sa lly h ere?' ‘No, she w e n t out.' or 'No, she's g o n e out.'
O ‘Are you h u n gry?' ‘ No, I j u s t ha d lunch.' or ‘No, I'v e j u s t h a d lunch.'
Present p erf ect -¥ U n its 8,11 Be e n t o U n its 8 A, 1 2 6 A Present p erf ect co ntin u o us U n its 9 - 10
Present p erfect and past 4 U n its 12 - 14 Y e t and a lr e a d y U n i t 111 A m erica n English 4 A p p e n di x 7
Unit
Exercises
Re a d t h e sit u a ti o n s a n d w rit e se n t e n ces. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g v er bs in t h e p rese n t p erf ect:
a rriv e b re a k f a ll go up grow im prove lo se
1 Tom is looking for his key. He ca n't find it. Tom kias l o s t His k ey.
2 Lisa ca n ’t walk and her leg is in plaster. Lisa has broken her leg
3 Last we e k th e bus fare was £1.80. N o w it is £2. The bus fare has gone up
.............
4 M a ria ’s EngLish w a s n't very good. N o w it is better. H er has improved
English .....................
5 Dan did n't have a beard before. N o w he has a beard. Dan beard has grown
6 This mornin g I was e x pecting a letter. N o w I have it. The lett er has arrived
.........
7 The t e m p era t ure was 20 degrees. N o w it is o nly 12. The temperature has fallen
................................
Pu t in b e e n or g o n e.
1 Ja m es is on holiday. He's 90ne t o Italy.
2 Hello! I've j ust been to t h e shops. I've bou ght lots of things.
3 gone
Mic e isn't here at th e m o m e nt. S h e 's ....................... t o th e shop t o get a newspaper.
4 Tom has gone out. H e'll be back in a b o ut an hour.
5 ‘Are you going to th e b a n k?' 'N o, I've alre a dy been to th e bank.'
C o m p le t e B's se n te nces. Ma k e se n t e nces fro m t h e words in brackets.

>
/ 7 B
r
r
1 Wo u ld yo u like so m ethin g to e a t? f No, than ks I’ve j u s t H a d lu ncH. '

(1 / j ust / have / lunch)
2 Do yo u k now w h ere Julia is? i have just seen her
Y e s,....................................................................
(1 / j ust / see / her)
3 W h a t ti m e is David leavin g? he has already left
(he / alre a dy / leave)
4 W h a t's in th e newsp a p er t o d a y? 1 d o n't know. i have
. not read it yet . ..
(1 / not / read / it y e t)
5 Is Sue co min g to th e cin e m a wit h us? No, she has already seen the film
(she / alre a dy / see / t h e film)
6 Are yo ur friends here y e t? they have just arrived
Y e s,....................................................................
(t h e y / j ust / arrive)
7 W h a t does Tim think a b o ut yo u r pla n? we have not told him yet
^ (we / not / t ell / him y e t) ^
V J
Re a d t h e sit u a ti o n s and w r it e s e n t e n c e s w i t h j u s t , a l r e a d y or y e t .
1 A ft er lunch yo u go to see a friend a t her house. She says, ‘Wo u l d yo u like so m ethin g to e a t?'
You say: N o than k yo u. I’v e j u s t Had. LuncH . (have lunch)
2 Jo e goes out. Five minutes later, t h e phone rings and th e caller says, 'Can I speak t o J o e ? ’
he has just gone out
You say: I'm a f r a i d ..................................................................................................... (go o u t)
3 You are eatin g in a restaurant. The w ait e r thinks yo u have finished and starts to ta k e yo ur
plate away. You say: W a i t a min ute! i have not finished yet
.......... ... .. . (n o t / fi n is h)
4 You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phoned to reserve a table. Later yo u r friend says,
i have already done it
‘Sh all I phone t o reserve a t a b l e?' You say: No, ......................................................... (d o i t)
5 You k now t h a t a friend of yo urs is looking for a place t o live. Perhaps she has been successful.
Ask her. You say: have you found a place to live yet
............................... ......... ? (find)
6 You are still thin kin g ab out wh ere t o go for yo ur holiday. A friend asks, ‘W h e r e are yo u going
for yo u r h o lid a y?' You say: i have.......not decided
......... yet ............................ . (n o t / d e ci d e)
7 Linda w e n t shopping, but a f ew min utes ago she returned. So m e b o d y asks, ‘Is Linda still out
sh o p pin g?' You say: No, she has just come back ............. ......... (co m e back)
15
Unit
; Present perfect 2 (I have done)
St u d y this e x a m ple conversation:
d a v e: H a v e you t r a v e ll e d a lot, Ja n e?
ja n e : Yes, I'v e b e e n to lots of places.
Jan e's life
d a v e: Re ally? H a v e yo u ever b e e n to C hin a?
(a p erio d u n til n ow)
ja n e: Yes, I'v e b e e n to China twice.
d a v e: W h a t a bout In dia?
p ast now
ja n e: No, I h a v e n 't b e e n t o India.
W h e n w e taLk a b o ut a period of ti m e t h a t continues fro m th e past until now, we use th e prese nt

p e rfe ct (h a v e b e e n / h a v e t r a v e ll e d etc.). Here, Dave and Ja n e are talking a b o ut th e places Ja n e
has visite d in her life, which is a period t h a t co ntin u es until now.
So m e m ore e x a mples:
H a v e yo u ever e a t e n cavia r?
W e 'v e never h a d a car.
‘H a v e yo u re a d H a m le t?' 'N o, I h a v e n 't re a d a ny of Shak espeare's plays.'
Susan really loves t h a t film. Sh e's se e n it eight times!
W h a t a boring film! It's th e m ost boring film I've e v e r see n.
Be e n (t o) = visited:
0 I'v e never b e e n t o China. H ave yo u b e e n t h er e?
In t h e f ollo win g e x a m ples too, t h e speakers are talkin g a b o u t a period t h a t continues until now
(r e c e n t ly / in t h e l a s t f e w d a ys / so f a r / since b r e a k f a s t etc.):
H a v e yo u h e a r d a nythin g fro m Brian r e c e n t ly?
rece ntly
I'v e m e t a lot of people in t h e l a s t f e w d ays.
in t h e last f e w days
O Everythin g is going well. W e h a v e n 't ha d any proble ms
since breakfast
so far.
I'm hungry. I h a v e n 't e a t e n a nythin g si nce b r e a k f a st. p ast n ow
(= fro m breakfast until now)
It's good t o see you again. W e h a v e n 't se e n each o t h er f o r a lo n g ti m e .
In th e sa me w a y we use th e present p erfect wit h t o d a y / t h is e v e n i n g / t h is y e a r etc. wh e n t h ese

periods are not finished at th e ti m e of speaking (see also Unit 14B):
I'v e d ru n k four cups of coff ee today.
H a v e yo u ha d a h olid ay t h is y e a r? today
I h a v e n 't se e n Tom t h is m or nin g . H a v e y o u?
p ast n ow
Q Rob h a s n't w o r k e d very hard t h is t e r m .
W e say: It ’s th e (first) ti m e so m e thin g has h a p p e n e d . For e x a mple:

This is th e first ti me
O Don is having a driving lesson. It ’s his first one. I've d rive n a car.
It's th e first ti m e he has d riv e n a car. (n ot drives)
or He h as n e v e r d riv e n a car b ef ore.
Sarah has lost her passport again. This is t h e second

ti m e this h as h a p p e n e d , (n o t hap pens)
Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's th e third
ti m e he's p h o n e d her t h is eve n in g.
Prese n t p erf ect 1 U n it 7 Prese n t p erf ect + f o r / sin c e U n its 11 - 12

16 Prese n t p erf ect and past -» U n i t s 12 - 14__________________
Unit
Exercises 8
You ask p e o p le a b o u t t h in g s t h e y h ave d one. W r i t e q u e stio ns w it h e v e r.
1 (ride / h orse?) H ave you ever ri d d e n a h o r s e ?.. .. ......
2 (be / C alif ornia?) H ave you ever been to California?
3 (run / m ar a t h o n?) have you ever run in a marathon ?
4 have you ever....................................................................
(speak / fa m o us p erso n?) ................... spoken with a famous person ?
5 (m ost bea utiful place / visit?) W h a t's the most........
beautiful place. have yo........ever visited?
C o m p l e t e B's a nsw ers. So m e s e n t e n c e s are p ositive and so m e n e g a tive. Use t h es e ver bs:
be be eat happen h ave have m eet p lay rea d se e try
B
/ I
1 ' W h a t's Mark's sister lik e?"' Î've no idea. I'v e never m et her.
2 Is everyt hin g going w e ll? Yes, we h a v e n ’t h a d a ny proble ms so far.
3 Are yo u h u n gry? Yes. have not eaten
i ............................ ..... m uch to d ay.
4 Can you play chess? Yes, but i.......................
have not played .. for ages.
5 Are yo u e njoying yo ur h olid ay? Yes, it's th e best holiday i have had for a
long time.
6 W h a t's t h a t book like? i have not........................
I d on't k n ow.................... read it.
7 !s Brussels an interesting place? I've no idea. i have not been there.
8 I hear yo ur car broke d own Yes, it's th e second ti m e it has happened
again yesterd ay. this month.
9 Do you like caviar? I d o n't know. i have
........not tried
....................... it.
10 Mike was late for work again today. A g ain? He has been
late every d ay this wee k.
11 ^ Wh o's t h a t w o m a n by t h e d o or?^ I d o n't know. i have not seen her before.
W r i t e f o u r s e n t e nc es a b o u t y o u rs e lf. Use I h a v e n 't an d ch o ose fr o m t h e bo x es.
used a c o m p u t e r t r a v e ll e d by bus e a t e n a n y f r u it
to day
b ee n t o t h e cin e m a read a b oo k lo st a n y t h i n g
t h is w e e k
1 I h a v e n ’t u s e d a co mputer t o d a y . r e c e n tly
2 i havent travelled by bus this year f o r ages
i havent
3 ........... eaten any fruit recently
. . .............................. since ...
i havent been to the cinema this week
4 ........................................................... t h is y e a r
i havent lost anything
5 ................................... today
...................... .
Re a d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d w r i t e s e n t e n c e s as s h o w n in t h e e x a m ple.
1 Jac k is driving a car, but h e ’s very nervous and not sure w h a t to do.
You ask: .... H a v e you. d riv e n a c a r b e f o r e? .... ...............
He says: . No, t h is Is t h e - first ti m e I ’v e d riv e n a c a r . ...........
2 Ben is playing tennis. He's not good at it and he d oesn't k n o w th e rules.
You ask: H ave you played tennis before?
He says: No, this is th e first time.......i have played........ tennis ..
3 Sue is riding a horse. She d o esn't look very co nfid e n t or co m fort able.
Have you ridden a horse before?
You ask: ..........................................................................................
No, this.....
Sh e says: ...... is the firs............
time i have ridden a horse
4 Maria is in Jap a n. She has j ust arrived and it's very n e w for her.
Have you been to Japan before?
You ask: .............................................................................................
No, this is the firs time i have been in Japan
She says: ..........................................................................................
17
Unit
' Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
It has b e e n raini n g
Is it raining?
No, but the ground is wet.
It has b ee n rainin g.
H a v e / h a s b e e n -ing is th e p rese n t p e rfe ct continuous:
d o in g
l / we / they / you have (= I've etc.)
been w a itin g
he / she / it has (= he's etc.)
p l a y i n g etc.
W e use th e present p erfect co ntin u o us for an activity t h a t has rece n tly stop ped or j ust stopped.
There is a co n n ectio n wit h now:
O You're o u t of breath. H a v e yo u b e e n r u n n i n g? (= yo u're o ut of breath now)
Paul is very tired. H e's b e e n w o r k i n g very hard. (= he's tired n ow)
W h y are y o u r cloth es so d ir ty? W h a t h a v e yo u b e e n d o i n g?
C I'v e b e e n t a l k i n g to A m a n d a a b o ut th e proble m and she agrees wit h me.
W h e r e have you b e e n? I'v e b e e n l o o k in g for yo u everywh ere.
It h as b e e n ra in in g f o r t w o h o urs.
It began raining t w o hours ago and it is still raining.

H o w long h as it b e e n ra in i n g?
It has b e e n ra in in g for t w o hours.
W e use the present perfect co ntinuo us in this w a y esp ecially
wit h h o w lo n g, f o r ... and since ... . The a ctivit y is still
hap pening (as in this e x a m ple) or has j ust stopped.
H o w lo n g h a v e you b e e n le a r n in g En glish? (= yo u're still learning English)

Ti m is still w a tchin g TV. H e's b e e n w a t c h i n g T V a ll d ay.
W h e r e have yo u b ee n? I'v e b ee n l o o k in g for yo u f o r t h e l a s t h a lf ho ur.
Chris h a s n't b ee n f e e li n g w ell r e c e n tly .
You can use th e present p erfect co ntin u o us for actio ns re peated over a period of tim e:
Silvia is a very good te n nis player. Sh e's b e e n p la yi n g si nce sh e w a s eig ht.
Every m ornin g th ey m e e t in t h e sa m e cafe. T h e y'v e b e e n g oin g t h ere f o r y e a rs.
C o m p are I a m d oin g (see U nit 1) and I h a v e b e e n d oin g:
I a m d oin g I h a v e b e e n d oin g
present continuous present perfect continuous
+
n ow now
D o n't disturb me now. f'm w o r k i n g . I'v e b e e n w o r k i n g hard. N o w I'm going
to have a break.
W e need an u mbrella. It's rainin g. U The ground is wet. It's b e e n rainin g.
Hurry up! W e'r e w a itin g . W e 'v e b e e n w a i t i n g for an hour.
Prese n t p erf ect co n tin u o us and si m ple U n its 10 - 11 Prese n t p erf ect + f o r / sin c e U n its 11 -12
Exercises
W h a t h ave t h es e p e o ple been d oin g or w h a t has been h a p p e nin g?
0 earlier n ow e arlier now
has been watching TV

They y e been shopping She
e arlier n ow
a e arlier n ow
They have been playing tennis He

has been running
W r i t e a q u estio n f o r e ach sit u a tio n.

1 You m e e t Paul as he is leaving th e swi m min g pool.
You ask: (you / s wi m ?) H ave you been swimming ?........................................................
2 You have j ust arrived to m e e t a friend w h o is waitin g for you.
You ask: (you / w a it / lo n g?) . have you been waiting?
.......... ........ .......
3 You m e e t a friend in th e street. His face and hands are very dirty.
You ask: (w h a t / you / d o?) what
.. .. have you been doing? ............
4 A friend of yours is n o w working in a shop. You w a n t t o k now how long.
You ask: (h o w long / you / work / t h er e?) how long .........have you been working
.......... there?
.........
5 A friend tells yo u a b o ut his jo b - he sells mobile phones. You w a n t t o k now how long.
You ask: (h o w Long / you / sell / mobile phones?) how long have you been selling mobile phones?
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s and c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.

1 It's raining. The rain starte d t w o hours ago.
It s been raining for t w o hours.
2 W e are waitin g for t h e bus. W e starte d waitin g 20 min utes ago.
have been waiting the bus
W e ....................... for 20 minutes.
3 I'm learning Spanish. I starte d classes in Dece mber.
have been learning Spanish
I ..................................................................................................... since Dece mber.
4 Jessica is working in a supermarket. She starte d working there on 18 January.
Jessica has been working in a Supermarket since 18 Jan uary.
5 O ur friends always spend th eir holidays in Italy. T h ey starte d going th ere years ago.
They have been
_.................._ spending their
......................... holidays in Italy
-. ........... for years.
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e p rese n t c o n ti n u o u s (I a m - ing) or p rese n t p e rf e ct co n tin u o us

(I h a v e b e e n - ing).
1 h a s been Learning (Maria / learn) English for t w o years.
2 Hello, Tom. I have been looking ( ! / look) for you. W h e r e have you b ee n?
3 W h y ..... you are looking (you / look) at me like t h a t? Sto p it!
She has been teaching
4 Linda is a t e ac h er................................. (she / t e ach) for ten years.
5 I have been thinking (I / think) a b o ut w h a t yo u said and I've decided to take
yo ur advice.
6 ‘Is Paul on h olid ay this w e e k?' ‘No, .... he is working (h e / w o r k).'
7 Sarah is very tired. she has been working (she / work) very hard recently.
I've b een p ain ti n g my b e d ro o m / ) I've p ain t e d my b e d ro o m . ^
There is paint on Kate's clothes. H er b edroo m was green. N o w it is yellow.

Sh e has b e e n p a in tin g her bedroo m. Sh e h as p a in t e d her bedroo m.
H as b e e n p a in ti n g is th e p rese n t p e rfe ct H a s p a in t e d is t h e prese n t p e rfe ct sim ple.
continuous. Here, t h e i m p ort a n t thin g is t h a t so m et hin g
W e are thin king of th e activity, it does not has been finished. H a s p ain t e d is a co m plet e d
m a t t er w h e t h e r it has been finished or not. action. W e are interested in t h e result of
In this e x a m ple, th e a ctivity (p aintin g the th e activity (the painted b e droo m), n ot the
b e droo m) has n ot been finished. activity itself.
C o m p are th ese e x a mples:
o My hands are very dirty. I'v e b e e n o My bike is O K again now. I'v e

re p airin g my bike. re p aire d it.
o Jo e has b e e n e a t i n g t o o m uch recently. o So m e b o d y has e a t e n all the
He should e at less. ch ocolates. The box is e m pty.
o It's nice t o see you again. W h a t h a v e Wh e re's t h e book I gave y o u? W h a t
yo u b e e n d oin g since we last m e t? h a v e you d o n e wit h it?
o W h e r e have yo u b ee n? H a v e you b e e n O H a v e yo u ever p la y e d t e n nis?
p la yi n g t e n nis?
---rw— -- -.... V•
W e use t h e co ntin u o us to say h o w long W e use th e si m ple to say h ow m uch, how m any
(for so m et hin g t h a t is still happening): or h ow m any times:
H o w long h a v e yo u b e e n re a di n g t h a t H o w m uch of t h a t book h a v e yo u r e a d?
b oo k?
Lisa is writin g e mails. Sh e ’s b e e n I Lisa is writin g e mails. Sh e's s e n t lots of
w r i t i n g e mails all morning. e mails this morning.
T h e y'v e b e e n p la yi n g tennis since T h e y'v e p la y e d tennis t hree ti m es this
2 o'clock. week.
I'm learning Arabic, but 1 h a v e n 't b e e n I'm learning Arabic, but I h a v e n 't l e a r n t
le a r n i n g it very long. very much ye t.
So m e verbs (for e x a mple, k n o w / li k e / b e li e v e) are not n or m ally used in t h e continuous:

I'v e k n o w n a b o ut t h e proble m for a long ti m e, (n o t I've been knowing)
U H o w long h a v e yo u h a d t h a t ca m e ra? (n o t have yo u been having)
For a list of th ese verbs, see U nit 4A. For h av e, see U n it 17.
Bu t n ote t h a t yo u can use w a n t and m e a n in th e present p erfect continuous:
I'v e b e e n m e a n in g to p hone Jane, but I keep forgetting.
Prese n t p erfect si m ple U n its 7 - 8 Prese n t p erf ect co n tin u o us -* U n i t 9

Prese n t p erfect + f o r / sin c e U n its 11 - 12
Exercises
Re a d t h e sit u a tio n and c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e ver bs in b rack e ts.
1 Tom starte d reading a book t w o hours ago. He is still reading it and n o w he is on page 53.
He h a s been re a di n g for t w o hours, (read)
He h a s r e a d 53 pages so far. (read)
2 Ra c h elis fro m A ustralia. She is travellin g round Europe at t h e m o m e nt. She began her trip three
m o nths ago.
Sh e has been travelling
....................................................................................... for t hree months, (travel)
She has visited
........................... .. sixcou ntries so far.(visit)
3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playin g ten nis wh e n he was ten ye ars old. This ye ar he wo n
th e n atio n al ch a m pionship again - for the fourth time.
Patrick has won
................... t h e n a tio n al ch a m pionship four times, (win)
Patrick has been playing
............. since he was ten. (play)
4 W h e n t h ey left college, Lisa and Su e starte d making films to geth er. T h ey still make films.
T h ey have been making films since t h ey left college,(ma k e)
They have made five films since t h e y left college, (ma k e)
For e ach sit u a ti o n , ask a q u estio n using t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 You have a friend w h o is learning Arabic. You ask:
(h o w long / learn / A r a bic?) How Long h a v e you beenLe a n i n g A r a b ic?.................................
2 You have j ust arrived t o m e e t a friend. She is waitin g for you. You ask:
you been waiting long?
(w a i t / l o n g ?) H a v e ....................... ......................................................
3 You see so m e b o dy fishing by th e river. You ask:
(catch / a ny fish?) ......... have you caugth any fish? .
4 So m e friends of yo urs are having a p arty ne xt wee k. You ask:
(h o w m a ny peo ple / invit e?) how many people have you...invited? . . ....
5 A friend of yo urs is a teacher. You ask:
(h o w long / t e a c h?) how long have you been teaching? ....................
6 You m e e t so m e b o dy w h o is a writer. You ask:
(h o w m a ny books / w rit e?) how many books have
............... you written?
.................................................................
(h o w long / w rit e / b oo ks?) how long have you........................................
been writing books?
7 A friend of yo urs is saving m o n ey to go on a world trip. You ask:
how long have you been saving money?
(h o w long / sav e?) ...................................................................................................................
(h o w much m o n ey / sav e?) how much money have you saved?
......................................................................................
9 Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e m ore s u it a b le f or m , p rese n t p e rf e c t si m ple (I h a v e d o n e) or co n tin u o u s

(I h a v e b e e n d oi n g).
1 W h e r e have you b e e n? H a v e you been playin g (yo u / play) t e n nis?
2 Look! Somebody has broken (so m e b o dy / break) t h a t win d ow.
3 You look tired. have you been working
.............................. (yo u / work) hard?
4 1 have you ever worked (you /ever /work) in a f a c t o ry?' ‘No, never.'
5 'Liz is a w a y on holiday.' ‘Is sh e? W h e r e has she gone (s h e / g o )?'
6 My brother is an actor. He has appeared (he / a p p ear) in several films.
7 ‘Sorry I'm late.' T h a t's all right. i have not been waiting (I / n ot / w ait) long.'
8 ‘Is it still rainin g?' ‘No, ... it has . stopped (i t / s t o p ).'
9 i have lost (I / lose) my phone. have you seen
.............................................. (y o u / s e e )
it a n y w h e re?
i have been reading
10 ............................................................ (I / read) th e book yo u lent me, but
i have not finished (I / n ot / finish) it yet. It's very interesting.
..................................
11 i have read (I / read) the book yo u lent me, so yo u can have it back now.
12 This is a very old book. i have had (I /have) it since I was a child.
Unit
11 How long have you (been)... ?
St u d y this e x a m ple sit u a tio n:
Dan and Je n n y are married. T h ey got married e x actly

20 years ago, so t o d ay is t h eir 20 th we d din g anniversary.
T h ey h a v e b e e n married f o r 2 0 y e a rs.
W e say: T h ey are married, (prese nt)
b ut H o w lo n g h a v e t h ey b e e n m arrie d? (p rese n t p e rfect)

% (n ot H o w long are t h ey m arrie d?)
T h ey h a v e b e e n married f o r 2 0 y e a rs.
(n ot T h ey are married for 20 years)
W e use t h e p rese n t p e rfe ct t o talk a b o ut so m ethin g t h a t began in th e past and still continues now.
C o m p are th e prese n t and th e prese n t p erfect:
Q Paul is in hospital. prese n t
b ut H e's b e e n in hospital since M o n d a y . (= H e h as been ...) he is
(n o t Paul is in hospital since Mo n d ay) do y o u k n ow
she is waitin g
o D o yo u k n o w each o t h er w e ll?
but H a v e yo u k n o w n each o t h e r f o r a lo n g t i m e ?
(n o t Do yo u k now) p rese n t p erfe ct
he has been
o She's w a i t i n g for so m e b o dy. have yo u k nown
but Sh e's b e e n w a i t i n g a ll m ornin g. she has been waitin g
o D o t h ey h a v e a car?
b ut H o w lo n g h a v e t h ey ha d t h eir car? p ast now
I h a v e k n o w n / h a d / liv e d etc. is t h e prese nt p e rfe ct simple.

I h a v e b e e n le a r n i n g / b e e n w a it i n g / b e e n d oin g etc. is t h e prese n t p e rfe c t continuous.
W h e n w e ask or say ‘h o w long', t h e co ntin u o us is m ore usual (see U nit 10):

I'v e b e e n l e a r n in g English f o r six m o n t h s.
O It's b e e n r ain in g since lu n c h ti m e .
Richard h as b e e n d oin g th e sa m e jo b f o r 2 0 y e a rs.
O 'H o w lo n g h a v e yo u b e e n d riv i n g?' 'Since I was 17.’
So m e verbs (for e x a m ple, k n o w / li k e / b e li e v e) are not n or m ally used in th e continuous:

H o w long h a v e yo u k n o w n Ja n e? (n ot have yo u been knowing)
D I'v e h a d a pain in m y sto m ach all day. (n o t I've been having)
See also Units 4 A and 10C. For h ave, see U nit 17.
You can use eit h er t h e present p erfect co ntin u o us or sim ple wit h liv e and w o r k :
C Julia has b ee n livin g / has liv e d here for a long tim e.
H o w long h a v e yo u b e e n w o r k i n g / h a v e yo u w o r k e d h ere?
Bu t use th e simple (I'v e liv e d / I'v e d o n e etc.) wit h a lw a ys:

I've aLw a ys liv e d in t h e country, (n ot alw ays been living)
W e say 'I h a v e n 't d o n e so m e thin g sin ce / f o r ...' (prese nt p e rfe c t sim ple):
I h a v e n ’t se e n Tom since Mon day. (= Mo n d ay was t h e last ti m e I saw him)
Sarah h a s n't p h o n e d for ages. (= th e last ti m e she phoned was ages ago)
22 I h a v e n 't ... si nce / f or U n it 8B Present p erfect continuous U nits 9 - 10 For and sinc e - > U n it 1 2 A
Unit
Exercises 11
L
Are t h e u n d erlin e d ver bs rig ht o r w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Ben is a friend of mine. I k now him very welt. OK .
2 Ben is a friend of mine. I k now him for a long tim e. i V e known him
3 Sarah and A d a m are married since lulv. have been married
4 The w e a t h er is awful, it ’s raining again. ok
.........................................................
5 The w e a t h e r is awful. It's raining all day. it has been raining........
.......... ..
6 I like yo ur house. H o w long are you living t h ere? have you been living ....
7 G ary is working in a shop for th e last few months. has been working
8 I d o n't k now Tom well. W e'v e o nly m et a f ew times. ok ..............................................
9 I gave up drinking coffee. I d o n't drink it for a year. i havent.........drunk .. ........
10 That's a very old bike. H o w long do you have it? have you had
...... ..
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d w rit e q u estio ns fro m t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 A friend tells yo u t h a t Paul is in hospital. You ask him;
(h o w Long / be / in h ospit al?) How long h a s Pa w l been In h o s p i t a l? ............ ........
2 You m e e t a w o m a n w h o tells you t h a t she teaches English. You ask her:
(h o w long / teach / En glish?) how long have ..... you been teaching ............................
English?
3 You k now t h a t Ja n e is a good friend of Katherine's. You ask Jane:
(h o w long / k now / K at h erin e?)
how long have you known Katherine?.. ..
4 Your friend's brother w e n t to Australia so me ti m e ago and he's still there. You ask yo ur friend:
(h o w long / be / in A ustralia?) how long has your brother been in Australia? ..
5 Tom always wears the sa m e jack et. It's a very old jack et. You ask him:
(h o w long / have / t h a t ja c k e t?) how
....... long have ........ you had that .... jacket? .... .......
6 You are talking to a friend a b o ut joe. Jo e now works a t t h e airport. You ask yo ur friend:
(h o w long / work / at the air p ort?) how .... long has Joe worked........
............... at the airport?
.......................
7 A friend of yo urs is having guitar lessons. You ask him:
(h o w long / have / g uitar lessons?) how long have you been having . guitar lessons?...
8 You m e et so m e b o dy on a plane. She says t h a t she lives in Chicago. You ask her:
(always / live / in C hica g o?) have you always lived in Chicago
.................................................... ..... ......................
C o m p l e t e B's a nsw e rs t o A's q u estio ns.
AY \ s' / f B_
1 Paul is in hospital, isn't he? Yes, he h a s been in hospital since Monday.
2 Do yo u see Ann very o ft e n? No, 1 h a v e n ’t see n her for three months.
3 Is A m y m arrie d? Yes, she has been married for ten years.
4 Are you waitin g for m e? Yes, 1 have been waiting
............. for t h e last half hour.
5 You k now Mel, d o n't y o u? Yes, we have known each o th er a long tim e.
6 Do you still play te n nis? No, i have
.. not played tennis for years.
7 Is Jo e w a tchin g T V? Yes, he has been watching T V all evening.
8 Do yo u w a tc h T V a lo t? have not watched
No, 1 ...................... .................................. TV for ages.
9 Do yo u have a h e a d ach e? Yes, 1 have had a hea dach e all morning.
10 Adrian is never ill, is he? No, he has not been ill since I’ve k nown him.
11 Are yo u feeling ill? Yes, 1 have
....... been feeling
.......... ......... ill all day.
12 Sue lives in Berlin, d oesn't she? Yes, she . has been living .................... in Berlin for the
last f ew years.
13 Do yo u go to th e cine ma a lo t? No, 1 have not
.............been to the cine ma for ages.
14 Wo uld yo u like to go t o N e w have always wanted
Yes, 1 ................ t o go to N e w York.
^ York one d ay? v ^ (use a l w a y s / w a n t )
J
23
W e use f o r and sin ce t o say h o w long so m e thin g has been happening.
W e use f o r + a period of ti m e (t w o h o urs, six W e use since + th e start of a period

w e e k s etc.): (8 o'cl o c k , M o n d a y, 1 9 9 9 etc.):
I've been waitin g f o r t w o ho urs. I've been w aitin g since 8 o'clo c k .
f or tw o hours since 8 o'cloc k
tw o hours ago - now 8 o'clock now
for since
t w o hours 20 min utes five days 8 o'clock Mo n d ay 12 May
a long ti m e six m onths 50 years April 2001 C hrist m as
a wee k ages years lu nchti m e w e arrived i got up
Sally has been working here f o r six Sally has been working here since A p r i l
m o n t h s. (n ot since six m o nt hs) (= fro m April until now)
I h ave n't seen Tom f o r t h r e e d ays. I h ave n't seen Tom since M o n d a y.
It is possible t o leave o u t f o r (b ut not usually in ne gative sentences):

T h ey've been married (for) t e n y e a rs, (wit h or w it h o u t f or)
O T h ey h a v e n ’t h a d a h olid ay f o r ten years, (yo u m ust use f o r)
W e do n ot use f o r + a ll ... (a ll d a y / a ll m y lif e etc.):
O I've lived here a ll m y life, (not for all my life)
You can use in instead of f o r in ne gative sente nces (I h a v e n 't ... etc.):
C T h ey h a v e n 't h a d a h olid ay in t e n y e a rs. (= for te n years)
C o m p are w h e n ... ? (+ p ast sim ple) and h o w lo n g ... ? (+ prese n t p e rfe ct):
a : W h e n did it start raining?

b : It starte d raining a n h o u r a g o / a t 1 o'cl o c k
a : H o w lo n g has i t been raining?

b : It's been raining f o r an h o ur / since 1 o'clo c k .
a : W h e n did Jo e and Carol first m e e t?

a lo n g t i m e ago.
b : T hey first m et
w h e n t h e y w e r e a t sch o ol.
a : H o w lo n g have t h ey k nown each o t h er?

f o r a lo n g ti m e ,
b : T h e y'v e k nown each o t h er
since t h e y w e r e a t sc h o o l
W e say: It's (= It is) a long ti m e

or It's b e e n (= It h as b e e n) six m o nths (etc.)
It's t w o y e a r s since I last saw Joe. or It's b e e n t w o y e a r s sin ce ...

(= I h ave n't seen Jo e for t w o years)
It's a g es since w e w e n t t o th e cine ma, or It's b e e n a g es sin c e ...
(= W e h ave n't been to th e cin e m a for ages)
H o w lo n g is it si nce Mrs Hill die d? or H o w lo n g h as it b ee n since .
(= W h e n did Mrs Hill die?)
H o w lo n g h a v e y o u (b e e n) . . . ? - * U n i t 11
Unit
Exercises 12
W r i t e f o r o r sin c e .
1 It's been raining sir*ce lu nchtim e.
2 Sarah has lived in Paris since 1995.
3 Paul has lived in Brazil for ten years.
4 I'm tired of waiting. W e'v e been sitting here for an hour.
5 Kevin has been Looking for a job since
........ he left school.
6 I h ave n't been t o a p a r t y .. for ages.
7 I w o n d er wh ere Jo e is. I h ave n't seen him since Last week.
8 Ja n e is away. She's been a w a y since Friday.
9 The w e a t h er is dry. It h asn't rained for a f ew weeks.
W r i t e q u estio ns w it h h o w l o n g and w h e n .
1 It's raining.
(h ow Long?) How long h a s ub been r a i n i n g?
(w h e n?) Wh e n d i d , J b s t a r t rainin g ?......................................
2 Kate is learning Japanese.
(h ow Long / Learn?) how long............
..... has Kate been learning...... Japanese?
(whe n / st a rt?) when did Kate ..... start learning Japanese?
3 I k now Simon.
(h ow Lo n g / yo u / k n o w?) how long have you known Simon?
.............. .......
(whe n / you / first / m e e t?)
when did you first meet
...........
Simon?
4 Rebecca and David are married.
(h ow lo n g?) .. how .............................
long have Rebecca and David been married?
.............................
(w h e n?) When did ........ Rebecca...........................
and David get married? ..
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s and c o m p le t e t h e se n te nces.

1 It's raining. It ’s been raining since lu nchtim e. It s t a r t e d rainin g at lunchtime.
2 Ann and Jess are friends. T h ey first m et years ago. T h ey've known e ach o th er -for ...years.
3 Mark is ill. He b eca m e ill on Sunday. He has been
... ill since
................................ . Sunday,
4 Mark is ill. He b eca m e ill a f ew days ago. He has been ill for a f ew days.
5 Sarah is married. She's been married for a year. She got married last year
6 You have a headache. It starte d w h e n yo u wo k e up.
I've had headache since
.................................................. I wo k e up.
7 Sue has been in It aly for t h e last three weeks.
She w e n t to Italy three weeks ago
............................................................................................
8 You're working in a hotel. You starte d six m onths ago.
I've been
....... working in the Hotel for six months
...............................................................................................................
W r i t e B's s e n t e nc es using t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 a: Do you often go on h olid ay?
b: No, ...! h a v e n 't h a d a h o li d a y f o r five years.
2 a: D o you often see Laura?
b: No, I have not seen for
................... ....... ........ ab out a month.
3 a: Do you often go to t h e cin e m a?
b: N o, have not been to the cinema for
.......................................................................... a Long time.
4 a: Do yo u often e at in resta ura nts?
b: No, have not eaten in restaurants
....................... .. for ...... ages.
N o w w rit e B's a nsw e rs again. This ti m e use It's ... sin c e ... .
5 (1) No, i t ’s -five y e a r s since- I h a d a h o l x d a y,.................................................
6 (2) No, its about a month
..................... since i saw Laura .....................................................
.....................................
7 (3) No, its long time since
........ i went to the cinema
...................................... ..................... ................ ..................
8 (4) No, ...........................................................................................................................................................
its ages since i ate in restaurants
25
Unit
13 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)
Tom is looking for his key. He ca n't find it.

He has lo st his key. (presentperfect)
This means t h a t he d oesn't have his key now.
Ten m in u t e s later:
N o w T o m has f o u n d his key. He has it now.

H as he l o s t his k ey? No, he h as f o u n d it.
Did he lose his k ey? Yes, he did.
He l o s t his key (past simple)
but n ow he has f o u n d it. (present perfect)
The present p erfect (so m et hin g has h a p p e n e d) is a present tense. It always tells us a b o u t the
situatio n now. 'Tom h as l o s t his key' = he d oesn't have his key now (see U n it 7).
The past sim ple (so m et hin g h a p p e n e d) tells us o nly a b o ut th e past. If so m e b o dy says T o m l o s t his
key', this d o esn't t ell us w h e t h e r he has t h e key n o w or not. It tells us o nly t h a t he lost his key at so m e
ti m e in th e past.
Do not use th e present p erfect if t h e situatio n n o w is different. Co mpare:

O T h e y'v e g o n e away. T h ey'll be back on Friday, (t h ey are a w a y now)
T h ey w e n t away, but I thin k t h ey'r e back at h o m e now. (not T h ey've gone)
It has st o p p e d raining now, so w e d o n't need th e u m brella, (it isn't raining now)
It st o p p e d raining for a while, but n ow it's raining again, (not It has stop ped)
You can use t h e present perfect for n e w or rece nt happenings:

O ‘I'v e re p aire d th e washin g machine. It's working O K now.' ‘O h, th at's goo d.’
‘Sally h as ha d a baby! It's a boy.' 'T hat's great news.'
Usually, y o u can also use th e past simple:

O I re p aire d t h e washin g machine. It's working O K now.
Use t h e past si m ple (not th e present p erfect) for things t h a t are not rece nt or new:
G Mo z art w a s a co m poser. H e w r o t e more than 6 0 0 pieces of music.
(not has been ... has w ritt e n)
M y m o t h er g r e w up in Italy, (not has grown)
C o m pare:
G Did yo u k now t h a t so m e b o d y h as i n v e n t e d a new ty p e of washin g m achin e?
W h o in v e n t e d th e t ele p h o n e? (not has inve nte d)
W e use t h e present p erfect t o give n e w infor m atio n (see U n it 7). But if w e co ntinu e t o talk a b o ut it,
w e n or m ally use th e past simple:
a : O w l I'v e b u r n t m y s e l f .
b : H o w d id y o u d o t h a t? (not h ave y o u d o n e)
a : I p ic k e d up a h o t dish. (not h ave pick e d)
a : Loo kl So m e b o d y h a s s p il t s o m e t h i n g on t h e sofa.
b : W e ll, it w a s n 't me. I d i d n 't d o it. (not h asn't b e e n ... h a v e n't d o n e)
Past si m ple ^ U n i t 5 Prese nt p erf ect U n its 7 - 8 Prese nt p erf ect and past 2 - > U n i t 14
26 A m e rica n English Ap pen dix 7
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e ver bs in b rack ets. Use t h e p rese n t p e rf e ct w h e r e p ossible.
O t h e r w is e use t h e p ast si m ple. _________________________
The office is e m p ty now.
has gone
I can't get in.

I ve lo st (lose) my
key.
forgot it went
Yes, I ......... had

(have) a headache, but I'm has. broken
fine now.
A re t h e u n d erlin e d p arts o f t h e s e se n t e n c e s rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.

1 Did you hear a b o ut Su e? She's given up her job. OK
2 My m ot h er has grown up in Italy.
3 H o w m any poe ms has Willia m Sha k espeare w rit t e n? did WS write?
........ ....................
4 O w! I've cut m y finger. It's bleeding. ok
...........................................................
5 Drugs have b eco m e a big proble m everywh ere. ok ..
6 W h o has invented p a p er? invented
..... ...................
7 W h e r e have yo u been b orn? where were you born?
..........
8 ELlie isn't at home. She's gone shopping. ok
...........................................................
9 Alb ert Einstein has been th e scie ntist w h o
was
has d evelo p e d th e t h e ory of relativity.
developed
.................................................. ......
Pu t t h e ve r b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f o r m , p rese n t p e rf e c t or p ast sim ple.

1It stop ped raining for a while, but n ow it's raining again, (it / stop)
2 T he t o w n wh ere I live is very diff ere nt now. It h a s chavigect a lot. (it / change)
3 I studied G er m a n at school, but .......i have forgotten m ost of it now. (1 / forget)
arrested
4 The police . . t hre e people, b ut later t h e y let t h e m go. (arrest)
5 W h a t do yo u thin k of my En glish? Do yo u think it has improved ? (it / i m p r o v e)
6 a : Are yo u still reading th e p a p er?
b: N o, i have finished wit h it. You can have it. (I / finish)
7 i applied for a jo b as a to urist guide, but I w asn't successful. (I / a p ply)
8 Wh e re's my bike? it was o utsid e t h e house, but it's not th ere now. ( i t / b e)
9 Q uick! W e need to call an a m b ula nce. there has been an accident, (there / be)
10 a : H ave yo u heard a b o ut Be n? .he broke .......... his arm. (he / break)
b : Re ally? H o w did that.......
happen ? (t h a t / hap pen)
a: he fell off a ladder, (h e / f a ll)
27
Unit
14 Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)
Do n ot use th e present perfect (I h a v e d o n e) wh e n yo u talk a b o u t a finish e d ti m e (for e x a m ple,
y e s t e r d a y / t e n m i n u t e s a g o / in 2 0 0 5 / w h e n I w a s a ch ild). Use a past tense:
It w a s very cold y e s t e r d a y , (n ot has been)
Paul and Lucy a rriv e d t e n m i n u t e s ago. (n ot have arrived)
Did yo u e a t a lot of swe ets w h e n y o u w e r e a c h il d ? (n ot have yo u eat e n)
I g o t ho m e late l a s t nig ht. I w a s very tired and w e n t straig ht to bed.
Use th e past t o ask W h e n ... ? or W h a t t i m e ... ?:

W h e n did y o ur friends a r r iv e? (n ot have ... arrived)
O W h a t t i m e did yo u fi nis h w o r k?
C o m pare:
Prese n t p e rfe ct Past sim ple

T o m h a s Lost his key. H e c a n ’t g e t T o m l o s t his k ey y e s t e r d a y .
into t h e house. H e c o u l d n't g e t in to t h e house.
Is C arla here or h a s she l e f t ? G W h e n did C arla l e a v e ?
C o m pare:
Prese n t p e rfe ct (h a v e d o n e) Past sim ple (did)

I'v e d o n e a Lot of work t o d a y . I did a lot of work y e s t e r d a y .
W e use th e present p erfect for a period of ti m e W e use t h e past simple for a finish e d ti m e in
t h a t co ntinu es u n til now. For e x a mple: th e past. For e x a mple:
t o d a y / t h is w e e k / since 2 0 0 7. y e s t e r d a y / l a s t w e e k / fr o m 2 0 0 7 t o 20 10.
- unfinished - r unfinished -
t o d ay yest er d a y
p ast now p ast now
It h a s n't ra in e d t h is w e e k . _ It d i d n't rain l a s t w e e k .
H a v e yo u se e n An na t h is m o r n i n g? Did you se e A nna t h is m o r n i n g?

(it is still morning) (it is n o w afterno o n or evening)
H a v e yo u se e n Tim r e c e n t ly? Did you se e Tim o n Su n d a y?
1 I d o n't k now wh ere Lisa is. I h a v e n 't a W a s Lisa a t t h e p a rty o n S u n d a y ?

:
se e n her. (= I h ave n't seen her b: I d o n't t hin k so. I d i d n 't see her.
rece ntly)
W e 'v e b e e n w a it i n g for an hour. W e w a i t e d (or w e r e w a iti n g) for an

(we are still waitin g n ow) hour, (we are no longer waitin g)
O Jac k lives in Los Angeles. He has liv e d Jack live d in N e w York for te n years.
there for seven years. N o w he lives in Los Angeles.
1 h a v e n e v e r p la y e d golf, (in my life) I d i d n't p l a y golf la st s u m m e r.
It's the last day o f y o u r holiday. You say: A ft e r y o u co m e back fro m h olid ay yo u
It's b e e n a really good holiday. say: It w a s a really good holiday.
I'v e really e n j o y e d it. I really e n j o y e d it.
Past si m ple U n it 5 Prese n t p erf ect U n its 7 - 8 Prese n t p erfect and p ast 1 U n i t 13
j
Unit
Exercises 14
Are t h e u n d erlin e d p arts o f t h es e s e n t e nc es rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e re n ecessary.
1 I've lost m y key. I ca n't find it a nywhere. O K....................... ...................
2Have you eaten a lot of sweets wh e n yo u were a child? D i A yow eat ...
3 I've bought a n e w car. You m ust co m e and see it. ok
4 I've bought a n e w car last wee k.
i bought
.......... ..... ........
5 W h e r e have yo u been yest er d ay eve nin g? were you
.........................................................
6 Lucy has left school in 1999. left
.............................. .........
7 I'm looking for Mike. H ave you seen hi m? ok .........................
8 ' H ave you been t o Paris?' ‘Yes, m a ny tim es.' ok ....
ok
9 I'm very hungry. I h ave n't eaten much today. ............................................... .......
was this book
10 W h e n has this book been p u blish e d? ............................. .................
Ma k e se n t e nces fr o m t h e w o r d s in b rack ets. Use t h e p rese n t p e rf e ct or p ast si m ple.

1 (it / not / rain / this wee k) It H a s n ’t rained, t h is week .............. ..
2 has been cold recently
(the w e a t h er / be / cold / rece ntly) The w e a t h e r ......................................................................
3 (it / cold / last we e k) It ... was cold...........
last week ........................... ........ ..........
4 (I / not / read / a newsp a p er yest er d ay) I i did not read a newspaper yesterday
5 (I / not / read / a newsp a p er t o d ay) i have not read a newspaper yesterday .
6 (Em ily / earn / a lot of m o n ey / this ye ar) i has earned
..... a lot of money this year ..
7 (she / not / earn / so much / last ye ar) she did...........................
not earn so much last year ........ ........
8 (yo u / have / a h olid ay rece n tly?)
have you had
.....
a holiday recently?
Pu t t h e ver b into t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p rese n t p e rf e c t or p ast sim ple.

1 ‘W h a t's Madrid li k e?' ‘I d o n't k n o w I H a v e n ’t been (| / not / be) there.'
2 Wh en i got (I / get) ho m e last night, i was . (I / be)
very tired and i went (I / go) straight t o bed.
have you seen
3 a: (yo u /see)Lisa rece n tly?
b : Yes,
i
...... saw (I / saw) her a f ew days ago.
4 I'm tired. .. i didnt. sleep. (I / not / sleep) w ell last night.
5 The bus drivers were on strike last wee k. there were (there / be) no buses.
6 Mr Lee worked (work)inabank for 15 years. Then he gave (he / give)
it up. N o w he works as a gardener.
She has lived
7 Mary lives in D u blin.............................. (she / live) there all her life.
8 a: did you go (you / go) to the cine ma last nig ht?
b : Yes, but it was (it / be) a mistake. The film was (be) awful.
9 My gra n dfat her
died (die) before I was born.
i never
.
met ...
(I / never / m e et) him.
10 I d o n't k now Karen's husband. i have never met (I /never /m e et) him.
11 It's nearly lu nchtim e, and i have not seen (I / not / see) Martin all morning.
I w o n d er wh ere he is.
12 ‘W h e r e do you liv e?' 'In Boston.'
have you lived
'H o w Long ................................... (you / live) t h e r e?' 'Five years.'
‘W h e r e did you live (you / live) before t h a t?' ‘In Chicago.'
‘And h ow Long did you live (you / Live) in C hica g o?' ‘Two years.'
W r i t e se n t e nces a b o u t y o u rs e lf using t h e id eas in b rack ets.

1 (so m et hin g you h av e n ’t done t o d ay) ...) H a v e n ’t e a t e n a n y - fruit t o d a x j .....
2 (so m et hin g yo u h ave n't done t o d ay) i havent slept in the afternoon
3 (so m et hin g yo u did n't do yester d ay) i didnt learn english testerday
4 (so m et hin g yo u did yest er d ay evening) i ate cake... yesterday evening
5 (so m et hin g yo u h ave n't done rece ntly) i havent played tennis recently
...........................................................................
6 (s o m e t h in g y o u'v e done a lot rece ntly) i have worked a lot recently ..... .......
-> A d d iti o n a l e x ercises 2 - 4 (pages 3 0 3 - 0 4), 14 - 15 (pages 310 - 11) 29

Unit
15 | Past perfect (I had done)
Sarah w e n t t o a p arty last wee k. Paul w e n t t o th e

a t 10.30 a t 11.00
p arty too, but t h ey did n't see each other. Paul left the
p arty a t 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So:
W h e n Sarah arrived at th e party, Paul w a s n't there.

H e ha d g o n e ho me.
H a d g o n e is th e p ast p erfect (sim ple):
gone
l / we / they / you (= I'd etc.)
had se e n
he / she / it (= he'd etc.)
fi n is h e d etc.
P AUL SARAH
T he past p erfect simple is h a d + p ast p articip le (g o n e / se e n / fi nis h e d etc).
So m e ti m es we talk a b o ut so m e thin g t h a t hap pened in t h e past:

Sarah a rriv e d at th e party.
This is th e startin g p oint of th e story. Then, if we w a n t to taLk a b o ut things t h a t hap pened before this
ti m e, w e use t h e past p erfect (h a d ...):
W h e n Sarah arrived at th e party, Paul h a d alre a dy g o n e ho me.
So m e m ore e xa mples:
O W h e n w e g ot ho m e last night, w e found t h a t so m e b o d y ha d b ro k e n into t h e flat.
Karen did n't w a n t to go to th e cin e m a wit h us because she'd alrea dy se e n th e movie.
At first I t h o u g ht I'd d o n e th e right thing, but I soon realised t h a t I'd m a d e a big mistake.
Q The man sittin g ne xt t o me on th e plane was very nervous. He h a d n't f l o w n before.
or ... He h a d never f l o w n before.
C o m p are th e prese n t p e rfe ct (h a v e se e n etc.) and t h e p ast p e rfe ct (h a d se e n etc.):
Prese nt p e rfe ct Past p erfect
h ave seen h a d seen
p ast now p ast now
W h o is t h a t w o m a n? I'v e se e n her I w as n't sure w h o she was. I'd se e n her

before, but I ca n't re m e m b er where. before, but I co uld n't re m e m b er where.
W e are n't hungry. W e 'v e j ust had W e w er e n't hungry. W e'd j ust ha d
Lunch. lunch.
The house is dirty. T h ey h a v e n 't The house was dirty. T h ey h a d n't
cle a n e d it for weeks. cle a n e d it for weeks.
C o m p are th e p ast sim ple (le f t, w a s etc.) and the p ast p e rfe ct (h a d le f t, ha d b e e n etc.):
o a W a s To m th ere wh e n you arrive d?

: o a Wa s Tom t here wh e n yo u arrive d?
:
b: Yes, but he l e f t soon afterwards. b: No, he h a d alrea dy le f t.
o Kate w a s n ’t at h o m e wh e n I phoned. o Kate h a d j ust g o t h o m e wh e n I phoned.

She w a s at her m ot her's house. She ha d b e e n at her m ot her's house.
^ P a s t p erf ect co n tin u o us 4 U n i t 16 Irre g ular verbs (g o n e / s e e n e tc.) Appendix 1

Exercises
Re a d t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d w r i t e s e n t e n c e s f r o m t h e w o r d s in b ra c k e ts.
1 You w e n t to Sue's house, but she w as n't there.
(she / g o / o u t) She- hod, gone o ut. ............................ ..........
2 You w e n t back to yo ur h o m e t o w n aft er m a ny years. It w asn't the sa me as before,
(it / change / a lot) ........it.....................................................................................
had changed a lot
3 I invited Rachel to t h e party, but she co uld n't co me.
(she / arrange / to do so m ethin g else) she had arranged to do something else ..
4 You w e n t t o the cine ma last night. You got to th e cine ma late.
the film had already started
(th e film / alrea dy / start) ................... ..........
5 It was nice to see Daniel again aft er such a long time.
(I / n ot / see / him for five years) i had not seen ....................
him for five years
6 I offered Sue so m et hin g to eat, but she w asn't hungry.
she had just had ...................................................
(s h e / j u s t / have / breakfast) ................ breakfast
m For each sit u a tio n, w r i t e a se n t e n c e e n din g w it h n e v e r ... b e f o re . Use t h e ver b in b rack ets.
1 The man sitting ne x t to you on th e plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly) H e ’d, n ever -flown b ef ore. ... .......
2 So m e b o d y sang a song. I did n't k now it.
had never heard it
(hear) I ................................................................................. ............ ......... before.
3 Sa m played tennis yesterday. He w asn't very good a t it because it was his first ga me.
(play) He had never played before
............... ..........
4 Last ye ar we w e n t t o Me xico. It was our first ti m e there.
(be th ere) W e had never
....... been there before ...................... ............
Use t h e s e n t e nc es on t h e l e f t t o c o m p l e t e t h e p ara g ra p hs on t h e right. T h ese s e n t e nc es are

in t h e o r d e r in w h ic h t h e y h a p p e n e d - so (a) h a p p e n e d b e f ore (b), (b) b e f ore (c) e tc. Bu t y o u r
p ara gra p h begins w it h t h e u n d erlin e d se n t e nce , so s o m e ti m e s y o u nee d t h e p ast p erf e ct.
1 (a So m e b o dy broke into th e office during W e arrived at work in th e morning and
th e night. found t h a t somebody hcut broken
(b W e arrived at work in th e morning. into the office during the night. So
(c W e called th e police. we called the police
.................................. th e police.
2 (a Laura w e n t out this morning. I w e n t t o Laura's house this mornin g and

(b I rang her doorbell. rang her doorbell, but there was no
(c There was no answer. answer. she had gone out.
3 (a Ji m ca m e back from holid ay a f ew he had

I m et Ji m a f ew days ago.
days ago. come back from
. j ust .............. ... holiday,
(b I m e t him t h e same dav. he looked very welt.
(c He looked very well.
4 (a Kevin sent Sally lots of emails. Yesterday Kevin got a phone call
............ from
(b She never replied to the m. He was
Sally............ very surprised,
(c Yesterday he got a phone call from her. because he had sent her lots of emails,
(d He was very surprised. but she had never replied
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p ast p e rf e c t (I h a d d o n e) or p ast si m ple (I did).

1 'Was Paul at th e p arty wh e n you arrive d?' 'No, he Y).qA . gpne (go) ho me.'
went
2 I f elt very tired whe n I got ho me, so I (go) straight to bed.
3 The house was very quiet wh e n I got home. Every b o dy had gone
........................ (go) to bed.
4 Sorry I'm late. The car broke
....................... (break) d own on m y w a y here.
5 W e were driving alon g the road wh e n we saw (see) a car which
had broken (break) d own, so w e stopped (stop) to help.
-* A d d iti o n a l e x ercises 5 - 8 (pages 3 0 4 - 0 7)

Unit
16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
St u d y this e x a m ple situation
Yesterd ay mornin g I g ot up and looked o ut of t h e win d ow.

y e s t e r d a y m ornin g
The sun was shining, but th e ground was very wet.
It h a d b ee n rainin g.
It was n ot raining wh e n I looked out of t h e win d ow;
t he sun was shining. But it had b e e n raining before.
H a d b e e n -ing is th e p ast p e rfe ct continuous:
d oin g
l / we / you / t hey (= I'd etc.)
had bee n w orkin g
he / she / it (= he'd etc.)
p l a y i n g etc.
So m e m ore e xamples:
W h e n t h e boys ca m e into th e house, t h eir cloth es were dirty, t h eir hair was u ntid y and one of
t h e m had a black eye. T h ey'd b e e n fi g h tin g.
G I was very tired wh e n I g ot ho me. I'd b e e n w o r k i n g hard all day.
C W h e n I w e n t to Madrid a f e w years ago, I staye d wit h a friend of mine. She h a d n't b e e n
livin g there very long, but she k new th e city very well.
You can say t h a t so m ething had b e e n h a p p e n in g for a period of ti m e before so m ethin g else happened:
W e'd b e e n p la yi n g ten nis for a b o ut half an hour w h e n it starte d t o rain heavily.
.J Paul w e n t t o t h e d oct or last Friday. He h a d n 't b e e n f e e li n g w e ll for so m e tim e.
Co m pare h a v e b e e n -ing (p rese n t p erfect continuous) and h a d b ee n -ing (past p erfect continuous):
Prese n t p e rfe ct continuous Past p e rfe ct continuous
1 h a v e b e e n -ing 1 h a d b e e n - ing
p ast n ow p ast now
G 1 hope the bus co m es soon. I'v e b e e n A t last th e bus ca m e. I'd b e e n w a i t i n g

w a it i n g for 20 minutes, (b efore now) for 20 minutes, (b efore the bus ca m e)
Ja m es is o ut of breath. H e has b e e n Ja m es was o ut of breath. He h a d b e e n
ru n nin g. ru n nin g.
C o m p are w a s -ing (p ast contin u o us) and h a d b e e n -ing:

It w a s n 't r a i n i n g w h e n w e w e n t o ut. T h e sun w a s s h in i n g . Bu t it h a d b e e n r a in i n g ,
so t h e gro u n d w as w e t.
Katherine w a s s i t t i n g in an a r m c h a ir restin g. Sh e w as tire d b eca use sh e'd b e e n w o r k i n g
v e ry hard.
So m e verbs (for e x a mple, k n o w and li k e) are n ot n or m ally used in th e continuous:

W e were good friends. W e h a d k n o w n each o t h er for years. (n ot had been k nowing)
I was surprised wh e n Lisa cut her hair. Sh e'd h a d long hair since I first m e t her.
(n ot she'd been having)
For a list of these verbs, see U nit 4A. For h ave, see U nit 17.
32 Prese n t p erf ect co n tin u o us U n i t 9 - 10 Past p erf ect si m ple U n i t 15

Exercises
Re a d t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s fr o m t h e w o r d s in b r a c k e ts.
1 I was very tired wh e n I arrived ho me.
(t / work / hard alt day) I d been working h a r d a l t d a y . .......
2 The t w o boys ca m e into t h e house. T h ey had a f o o t b all and t h ey were both very tired.
(t h ey / play / f oot b all) They had been playing football
3 I was disa p pointe d wh e n I had t o ca ncel my holiday.
(I / look / forward to it) i had been looking forward to it ...........................................
4 Ann wo k e up in t h e mid dle of th e night. She was frightened and did n't k now wh ere she was.
(she / drea m) she had been dreaming
5 W h e n I g ot ho me, Mark was sitting in front of th e TV. He had j ust t urne d it off.
(he / w a tch / a fil m) he had been watching a film ........................................
Re a d t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s.
1 W e played tennis yesterd ay. H alf an hour after w e began playing, it starte d t o rain.
W e h a d been playing f o r h a l f a n hour wh e n M? st art e d ...t o...ra w....
2 I had arranged to m e e t Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and w ait e d for him. After 20 minutes
I realised t h a t I was in th e wro n g restaurant.
I ,had been waiting
...................................... realised
for 20 minutes wh e n I ........... that i was in the
....................................
........................................... th e wron g restaurant.
3 Sarah g ot a jo b in factory. Five years later the fact ory closed down.
A t t he ti m e th e fact o ry closed down ,S a r a h .....................................
had been working there for five years.
4 I w e n t t o a co ncert Last week. The orchestra began playing. A fter a b o u t ten min utes a man in
th e au die nce su d d e nly starte d shouting.
The orchestra had been playing for ten minutes whe n
a man in the audiencie started shouting
T his ti m e m a k e y o u r o w n se n t e nce:
5 I began walkin g alon g th e road. I had been walking for 5 minutes......................
it rang my phone
wh e n ....................................................................................................................................
P u t t h e v e r b i n t o t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e f o r m , p a s t c o n t i n u o u s (I w a s d o i n g ), p a s t p e r f e c t
(I h a d d o n e) or p ast p e rf e ct co n ti n u o u s (I h a d b e e n d oi n g).
1 It was very noisy ne xt door. O ur neighbours w er e h avin g (have) a party.
2 W e were good friends. W e d k nown (we / k now) each o t h er for years.
3 Jo h n and I w e n t for a walk. ! had difficulty keeping up wit h him because
he was walking
....................................... (he / walk) so fast.
she had been running
4 Sue was sitting on th e ground. She was o ut of b re at h............................................ (she / run).
5 W h e n I arrived, every b o dy was sitting round t h e ta ble wit h t h eir m ouths full.
they were eating
.......................................(t h e y / e a t).
6 W h e n I arrived, every b o dy was sitting round th e ta ble and talking. Their m o ut hs were e m pty,
they had been eating
but t h eir sto m achs were f ull................... (t h ey / eat).
7 Ja m es was on his hands and knees on th e floor. he was looking (he / look) for his
co n t act lens.
was waiting
8 W h e n I arrived, K a t e .......................... (w ait) for me. She was a n noye d because I was
Late and she had been waiting (she / w ait) for a Long tim e.
9 I was sad wh e n I sold my car. i had had (I / have) it for a very long tim e.
10 W e were e x tre m ely tired at th e end of th e jo urn ey. we had been travelling (we / travel) for
more than 24 hours.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 5 - 8 (pages 3 0 4 - 0 7) 33
H a v e and h a v e g o t (= for possession, relationships, illnesses etc.)
You can use h a v e or h a v e g o t. There is no difference in meaning:

C T h ey h a v e a n e w car. or T h e y'v e g o t a n e w car.
Lisa h as t w o brothers, or Lisa's g o t t w o brothers.
1 h a v e a headache, or I'v e g o t a headache.
O u r house h as a s m all garden, or O u r house has g o t a s m all garden.
H e has a f e w proble ms, or H e's g o t a f e w problems.
W i t h th ese meanings (possession etc.), yo u ca n n ot use co ntin u o us for ms (a m h a vin g etc.):

W e'r e e njoyin g our holiday. W e h a v e / W e 'v e g o t a nice roo m in t h e hotel, (n o t W e Ye
having a nice roo m)
For t h e past we use h a d (w it h o u t g o t):

Lisa h a d long hair wh e n she was a child. (n ot Lisa had got)
In q uestions and n e gative sentences t h ere are t hre e possible forms:
D o y o u h av e a ny q u estio ns? 1d o n 't h a v e a ny questions.

H a v e y o u g o t a ny q u estio ns? 1 h a v e n 't g o t a ny questions.
H a v e y o u any q u estio ns? (less usual) 1 h a v e n 't a ny questions, (less usual)
D o es sh e h av e a car? She d o e s n't h a v e a car.
H as sh e g o t a car? She h a s n't g o t a car.
H as sh e a car? (less usual) She h a s n't a car. (less usual)
In past questions and n e gative se nte nces we use did / did n't:
Did you h a v e a car wh e n you were living in Paris?
I d i d n 't h a v e m y phone, so I co uld n't call you.
Lisa ha d long hair, d i d n't she?
H a v e b r e a k f a s t / h a v e a s h o w e r / h a v e a g o o d t i m e etc.
W e also use h a v e (b ut n ot have got) for m a ny actio ns and e x periences. For e x a mple:
b r e a k f a s t / d in n e r / a cu p o f c o f f e e / s o m e t h i n g t o e a t etc.
a b a t h / a s h o w e r / a s w i m / a b r e a k / a r e st / a p a r t y / a h o li d a y
a n a cci d e n t / a n e x p e rie n c e / a d r e a m
have a l o o k (at so m ethin g)
a c h a t / a c o n v e rs a t i o n / a discussio n (with so m e b o dy)
t r o u b l e / d i f f ic u l t y / f u n / a g o o d t i m e etc.
a b a b y (= give birth to a baby)
H a v e g o t is n ot possible in t h e e x pressions in th e box. Co m pare:

So m e ti m es I h a v e (= e at) a san dwich for my lunch, (n ot I've got)
b ut I'v e g o t / I h a v e so m e sandwiches. Wo u ld yo u like o n e?
You can use co ntin u o us for ms (a m h a vin g etc.) wit h th e e x pressions in t h e box:
We'r e e njoyin g o ur holiday. W e'r e h a vin g a great ti m e, (n ot W e have)
Mark is h a vin g a shower at t h e m o m e nt. He has a sh ower every day.
In questions and ne gative sente nces w e use d o / d oes / did:

I d o n 't usually h a v e a big breakfast, (n ot I usually h ave n't)
G W h a t ti m e d o e s Chris h a v e lu nch? (not has Chris lunch)
D id yo u h a v e trou ble finding a place to live?
H a v e (g o t) t o ... -> U n i t 31 A m e rica n English Appendix 7

)
Exercises
W r i t e n e g a tiv e s e n t e n c e s w i t h h a v e . So m e are p rese n t an d so m e are p ast.
1 Ica n't get into th e house, (a key) I hcLven’t got (Lk ey. ................................
2 Ico uld n't read the letter, (m y glasses) I c l i d V t h a v e rriy g l a s s e s .
3 I ca n't get o nt o th e roof, (a la d d er) I havent got a ladder
4 W e co uld n't visit t h e m useu m, (enou gh ti m e) W e didnt have enough......... time
5 He co uld n't find his w a y to our house, (a map) he didnt have a map ...
6 She ca n't pay her bills, (any m o n ey) she have not got any money
7 Ica n't go swi m min g to d ay, (enough energy) i dont have enough energy
8 T hey co uld n't tak e a ny pictures, (a ca m era) they didnt have a camera
.........................................................
W h ic h a lt e r n a tiv e s are c o rr e c t? So m e t i m e s t w o a lt e r n a tiv e s are p ossible, s o m e ti m e s o n ly one.

1 Excuse me, .......................... apen I could b orrow?
;A)h ave you g ot B are yo u having © d o you have (both A an d C are co rrect)
2 ti m e to go to the bank yest er d ay?
A Had yo u g ot xB Did you have C Had you
3 I need a sta m p for this letter. .... .. o n e?
x A Do you have B Are yo u having xC Have you got
4 W h a t does Jac k d o? a jo b?
x A Does he have B i s he having x C Has he g ot
5 . ..... a lot of friends wh e n you were a child?
x A Did yo u have B We r e yo u having C Had you
6 W h e n you work ed in yo u r last job, yo ur own o ffice?
A had you B have yo u g ot x C did you have
A r e t h e u n d e rli n e d v e r b s O K ? C h a n g e t h e m w h e r e n e c e ss a ry .
1 Is th ere a nyt hin g yo u w a n t t o ask? Do you have a ny q u estio ns? OK
2 Lisa had got long hair wh e n she was a child. Lisa, had. long h a i r . .........
3 Tom co uld n't co n t act us because he h a d n't our number. he didnt have
4 ‘Are yo u feeling O K ?' ‘No, I'm having a t o o th ach e.' have
5 Are yo u e njoying yo u rself? Are yo u having a good ti m e? ok
6 It starte d to rain. I got w e t because I h a d n't an u mbrella. i didnt have .................
.........
ok
7 W ill ca n't drive. He d oesn't have a driving licence. .............................................
8 Did y o u r trip go O K? Had yo u any pro ble ms? did you have ..
9 My friend calle d me wh e n I was having breakfast. ok
...........................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use an e x pressio n fro m t h e list w it h have in t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
have a baby have a break have a chat have tro u b le have a g o o d flig h t
have a lo ok h ave k itreh have a p arty have a nice tim e have a sh o w e r
1 I d o n't eat much during t h e day. I never have lu nch .

2 David starts work at 8 o'clock and has a break at 10.30.
3 We .. had a party last week.It was great - we invited lots of people.
4 Excuse me, can I .... have... a look ... .... at yo u r newspaper, ple ase?
5 Ji m is a w a y on h olid ay at th e m o m e nt. I hope he is having a nice time .
6 I m e t Ann in th e su p er m ark et yester day. W e stop ped and had a chat
7 did you have trouble
a : ................................. finding t h e book yo u w a n t e d?
b : No, I found it OK.
8 Su z anne had a baby a few wee ks ago. It's her second child.
9 a : W h y did n't yo u a nswer t h e p h o n e?
was having a shower
b : I ........................................................ .... . .
10 You meet your friend Sally at the airport. She has just arrived. You say:
Hi, Sally. H o w are y o u? did
.... you have
.. a good flight
... ....... ....... ?
35
So m e t hin g use d t o happen = it ha p pened often in th e past, but no longer happens:
I use d t o p l a y tennis a lot, but I d o n't play very much now.
David use d t o sp e n d a lot of m o n ey on clothes. These days he ca n't afford it.
‘ Do you go to th e cin e m a m u c h?' 'N o t now, but I use d t o .' (= I used t o go)
W e also use use d t o ... for things t h a t were true, but are n ot tru e a ny more:
This building is n o w a f urniture shop. It use d t o b e a cine ma.
I use d t o t h i n k Mark was unfriendly, but n ow t realise he's a very nice person.
I've starte d drinking t ea recently. I never use d t o li k e it before.
Lisa use d t o h a v e very long hair wh e n she was a child.
‘I use d t o do so m et hin g' is past. There is no present. You ca n n o t say ‘I use to do'.
To talk a b o ut t h e present, use th e present sim ple (I do).
Co m pare:
p ast he use d t o p l a y w e use d t o live t h ere use d t o be
prese n t he p la ys w e Live t h ere is
W e use d t o liv e in a s m all village, but n o w we liv e in London.

O There use d t o be four cin e m as in t h e t own. N o w th ere is o nly one.
T he n or m al question for m is did (yo u) use t o ... ?:

Did you use t o e a t a lot of swe ets wh e n yo u were a child?
T he ne gative f or m is d i d n't use t o ... (use d n o t t o ... is also possible):

I d i d n 't use t o like him. (o r I use d n o t t o like him.)
C o m p are I use d t o d o and I w a s d oin g:

I use d t o w a t c h T V a lot. (= I wa tch e d T V oft en in th e past, but I no longer do this)
I w a s w a t c h i n g TV wh e n Rob called. (= I was in t h e mid dle of w a tch in g T V)
Do n ot confuse I use d t o d o and I a m use d t o d oin g (see U n it 61). The structures and meanings are
different:
O I use d t o liv e alone. (= I lived alone in t h e past, but I no longer live alon e)
I a m use d to livin g alone. (= I live alone, and I d o n't find it strange or difficult because I've
been living alon e for so m e ti m e)
Past co n tin u o us (I w a s d oi n g) U n it 6 W o u l d (= use d t o) -* U n i t 3 6

Be / g e t use d t o (d o in g) s o m e t h i n g U n i t 61
Exercises
••
C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h u s e(d) t o + a suit a b le ver b.
1 Nicola d oesn’t travel much now. She u s e d to t r a v e l a lot, but she prefers to stay at ho m e
th ese days.
2 Sophie used to. ride a motorbik e, but last y e ar she soLd it and bought a car.
3 W e m oved to Spain a few years ago. W e used to live in Paris.
4 I rarely eat ice - cream now, but I used to like/love/eat it wh e n I was a child.
5 Jac kie used to be my best friend, but we are n ’t good friends a ny more.
6 It o nly takes me a b o ut 4 0 min utes to get t o work now t h a t t h e new road is open. It
used to take more than an hour.
7 There used to be a h otel near the airport, but it closed a long ti m e ago.
8 W h e n you lived in N e w York, Did you use to go to th e th e a tre very o ft e n?
C o m p a r e w h a t K a r e n said f iv e y e a r s a g o a n d w h a t sh e s a ys t o d a y :
FIVE YEARS A G O I'm a hotel T O D AY My dog died tw o

receptionist. years ago.
I eat lots of
I travel o lot. cheese now.
I read a newspaper
I play the piano. every day now.
I work very hard
I've got lots
these days. h ave n't been t o a
of friends. I never read
party for ages.
newspapers.
I d on't k now many
have n't played the
I’m very lazy. people these days.
d on't drink tea. piano for years.
I d on't like I work in a d on’t go a w a y

cheese. 've got a dog. bookshop now.
go t o a lot of parties. Tea's great! I like it now.
N o w w rit e se n t e nc es a b o u t h o w Kare n has cha n g e d. Use use d t o / d i d n 't use t o / n e v e r use d

t o in t h e first p art o f y o u r se n t e nce.
1 S h e . u s e d to t r a v e l a lo t, but sh e d o e s n't go a w a y much t h e s e d a y s
to have a lots of friends
2 She u s e d ................. but she doesnt know .................................
............................... many people these days
3 She used to be very lazy she works very hard these -days
b u t ................................................ ..... -. ............
4 She didnt use to like cheese she eats lots of cheese now
but ..................................................................
5 She uses to go to a lot of parties but .................
now she hasnt been to a party for ages
6 She used to have a dog Her dog died two years ago
but ..........................................................
She didnt use to drink tea she likes it now
7 but ..............................................................
8 She never used to read newspapers now she read(s) the newspaper
but .................................................. everyday
. ...............
9 She used to play the piano but -............she -...hasnt played the piano for years
-..............................................
she used to be a hotel receptionist she works in a bookshop now
10 but ........................................................... -
W r it e se n te n ce s a b o u t y o u rs e lf lik e t h e e x a m ples. Be gin I use d t o ... (I use d t o b e / w o r k / lik e /

p la y / r e a d e tc.).
1 I used - to liv e in a s m a ll v illa g e , b ut now I liv e in London *...............................
2 I u s e d to p lay te n n is a lo t, b u t I d o n 't p lay a n y more.. ...........
3 I used to live in Antofagasta i live in Santiago
, but ................................. .........................
work in FOLA, but now i work in HSR
4 I ..................................................................................................................................
5 ......................................................................................................................... .....................
N o w begin w it h I d i d n 't use t o ....
6 I d i d n ’t u s e to r e a d a lo t, b u t I d o now,. .................
7 I d id n't use to study english, but i do it now
................................................................................................
8 ..
- A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcis e 9 (page 307) 37

Unit
19 I Present tenses (I am doing / 1do) for the future
Prese nt co ntin u o us (I a m d oin g) wit h a future m eanin g
T his is Be n's diary for n e x t we e k .
H e is p l a y i n g t e n n is on M o n d a y a ft e r n o o n .
H e is g o i n g t o t h e d e n tis t on T u e s d a y m ornin g.
H e is h a v i n g din n er w it h K a t e on Friday.
In a ll t h ese e x a m ples, Be n has a lr e a d y d ecid e d and

a rra n g e d t o d o t h e s e thin gs.
I'm d o i n g s o m e t h i n g (t o m o r r o w ) = I h a v e a lr e a d y d ecid e d a n d arra n g e d t o d o it:

a : W h a t a re yo u d oin g on Sa t ur d ay eve nin g? (n o t W h a t do yo u do)
b : I'm g oin g to th e t h eatre, (n o t I go)
a : W h a t ti m e is Katherin e a rrivi n g t o m o rro w?
b : H alf past ten. I'm m e e ti n g her at t h e station,

i'm n o t w o r k i n g t o m o rr o w , so w e can go o u t s o m e w h er e .
St e v e is n 't p l a y i n g f o o t b a ll n e x t Sa tur d ay. H e's h urt his leg.
'i'm g oin g t o (d o)' is also possible in t h ese sentences:

W h a t a r e yo u g oin g t o d o on Sa t ur d ay eve nin g?
B u t t h e p re se n t c o n t i n u o u s is m o r e n a t u r a l w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t a rr a n g e m e n ts. Se e U n i t 2 0B.
D o n o t use w i l l t o t a l k a b o u t w h a t y o u h a v e a rra n g e d t o do:

W h a t a re yo u d oi n g this eve nin g? (n ot W h a t will you do)
Ale x is g e t t i n g married ne xt m onth. (n o t will get)
Yo u ca n a ls o use t h e p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s f o r a n a c ti o n j u s t b e fo re y o u b e g in to d o it. T his

ha p pe ns esp ecially w it h verbs o f m o v e m e n t (g o / c o m e / l e a v e etc.):
I'm tired. I'm g o i n g t o bed now. G o o d n ig h t, (n o t I go t o b e d n o w)
‘J ess, are yo u re a d y y e t?' 'Yes, I'm co min g.' (n o t I c o m e)
Pre se n t sim p le (I d o) w it h a f u t ur e m e a n in g
W e use t h e p rese n t si m p le w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t ti m e t a b l e s, p r o g r a m m e s e tc. (f o r p u b lic

tr a n s p o r t, cin e m a s e tc.):
M y tr a in l e a v e s a t 11.30, so I n e e d t o be a t t h e s t a t i o n by 11.15.
W h a t ti m e d o e s t h e fil m s t a r t t his e ve n in g?
It's We d n e s d a y t o m orrow. / T o m orrow is We d n esd ay.
You can use th e present sim ple to talk a b o ut people if t h eir plans are fixed like a ti m e ta ble:
I s t a r t m y n e w jo b on Mo n d ay.
W h a t t i m e d o y o u f i n is h w o r k t o m o r r o w ?
Bu t t h e co ntin u o us is m ore usual for p ersonal arran ge m ents:

W h a t ti m e a r e y o u m e e t i n g A n n t o m o r r o w ? (n o t do y o u m e e t)
Co m pare:
Prese n t continuous Prese n t sim ple

W h a t ti m e a re y o u a rrivi n g? W h a t ti m e d o e s t h e t r a i n a r r iv e?
i'm g o in g t o t h e cin e m a t his evening. T h e f il m s t a r t s at 8.15 (this eve nin g).
i'm g o in g t o U n its 2 0, 23 W i l l * > U n i t s 21 - 22 Pr e s e n t si m p le a f t e r w h e n / if e tc. U n i t 25

Unit
Exercises 19
A frie n d o f y o u rs is p la n nin g t o go on h o lid a y soon. You ask h er a b o u t h er plans.
Use t h e w o rd s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e y o u r q u estio ns,
_ _ S s __________________________ /Z_
1 (w h e r e / g o ?)W h e r e a r e you going? Scotlan d.
2 (h ow long / go f or?) how long are you going for?
........ Ten days.
3 (whe n / le ave?) when are you leaving? N e x t Friday.
4 (go / alo n e?) Are you going alone? No, wit h a friend.
5 (travel / by ca r?) Are... you traveling by car? No, by train.
6 (wh ere / s t a y?) ........... ...
where are you staying? In a hotel.
To m w a n ts y o u t o visit him, b ut y o u are v e ry busy. Loo k a t y o u r diary f o r t h e n e x t f e w d ays and

e x plain t o him w h y y o u c a n't co m e.
t o m : C an yo u co m e on M o n d a y eve n in g?
y o u : Sorry, b ut I'mploying v o ll e y b a ll (i)
t o m : W h a t a b o u t T u esd ay eve nin g t h e n?
y o u : N o , n o t T u e s d a y .I i am working late
................................................... (2)
t o m : A n d W e d n e s d a y e v e n i n g?
y o u : i am going to theatre
.................................................................................................................................... (3}
t o m : W e ll, are y o u free on T h u rsd ay?
you: I'm afraid not. i am meeting Julia (4 )
H a v e y o u arra n g e d t o do a n yt h in g a t t h es e t i m e s? W r i t e s e n t e nc es a b o u t yo urse lf.

1 (this evening) iV
going o u t t h is eve nin g, or fYn not doing a nyt hin g t h is evening.
2 (t o m o rr o w m ornin g) I i am working tomorrow morning
.............
3 (t o m o rr o w evening) i am going to be celebrating Melissa’s Birthday tomorrow evening
i am playing tennis
4 (ne x t Su n d ay) ................ next Sunday
.......... ......... ......... .........
5 (choose another day or time) ........ ........ .......... ...............................
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e m ore s u it a b le f or m , p rese n t co n ti n u o u s or p rese n t si m ple.

1 I’m going (I / go) to th e cine ma this evening.
2 Does th e -film s t a r t (th e film / start) at 3.30 or 4. 3 0?
3 we are having (we / have) a p arty ne xt Saturday. Wo uld yo u like to co m e?
4 The art e x hibition finishes (finish) on 3 May.
5 i am not going (I / not / go) o u t this evening. im staying
(I / stay) at home.
6 1 are you doing
.............................
we are going
(yo u / do) a nyt hin g t o m o rro w m ornin g?' ‘No, I'm free. W h y?'
it starts
7 ..... (we / go) to a co ncert t o n ig h t........
(it / start) at 7.30.
8 im leaving (I / leave) now. I've co m e to say goodbye.
9 a : H ave yo u seen Liz rece n tly?
b : No, b u t .... we are meeting (we / m e et) for lunch ne xt week.
10 You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger:
Excuse me. W h a t ti m e does this train get (this train / get) to Lon d on?
11 You are talking to Helen:
Helen, ................................. are you coming
(I / go) to th e supermarket. ............................... (you / co m e)
im gonig
wit h m e?
12 You and a friend are watching television. You say:
I'm bored wit h this progra m me. W h a t ti m e does it end (i t / e n d )?
13 im not using (I / not / use) the car this evening, so yo u can have it.
14 Sue is coming
........................ (co m e) t o see us t o mshe
o rroiswtravelling
. .....
(she / travel) by train and her train arrives (arrive) at 10.15.
- > A d d iti o n a l e x ercises 10 - 13 (pages 3 0 8 - 1 0) 39

Unit
2 0 '- A (I'm) going to (do)
I a m g oin g t o d o so m ethin g = ! have alrea dy decided to do it, I intend t o do it:
‘A r e yo u g oin g t o e a t a n y t h i n g?’ ‘No, I'm not hungry.'

a : I hear Sarah has wo n so m e m oney. W h a t is she g oin g t o d o wit h it?
b : Sh e's g oin g t o b u y a n e w car.
I'm j ust g oin g t o m a k e a quick phone call. Can you w ait for m e?
CD This cheese smells horrible. I'm n o t g oin g t o e a t it.
I a m d oin g and I a m g oin g t o d o
W e use I a m d oi n g (present continuous) w h e n we say w h a t w e have arranged t o do - for e x a mple,

arranged to m e e t so mebody, arranged t o go so m ewh ere:
W h a t ti m e ar e you m e e t i n g Ann this eve nin g?
I'm l e a vi n g t o m orrow. I've g ot m y plane tick et.
I a m g oin g t o d o so m e thin g = I've decided t o do it (but perhaps not arranged t o do it):

‘Yo ur shoes are dirty.' ‘Yes, I know. I'm g o in g t o cl e a n t h e m .' (= I've d ecid e d t o clea n
t h e m , b ut I h a v e n't arranged t o cle a n t h e m )
I'v e d ecid e d n o t t o s t a y here a n y longer. T o m o rr o w I'm g o i n g t o l o o k f o r s o m e w h e r e
else t o stay.
O f t e n t h e diff ere nc e is v e ry s m a ll and e it h er f or m is possible.
You can also say t h a t ‘so m e thin g is g oin g t o h a p p e n' in th e future. For e x a m ple:
T h e m a n isn't lo o kin g w h e r e he is going.
H e is g o i n g t o w a l k in to t h e w a ll.
W h e n w e say t h a t ‘so m e t h i n g is g o i n g t o h a p p e n',

t h e sit u a tio n now m a k es t his clear. T h e m a n is w al k in g
t o w a r d s t h e w a ll n ow, so w e can see t h a t he is g o i n g t o
w a l k into it.
g oin g t o
situation now future happening
Look at th ose black clou ds! It's g o in g t o rain, (t h e clo u ds are t h ere n o w)
I feel terrible. I thin k I’m g oin g t o b e sick. (I f eel terrible n o w)
T h e e c o n o m ic sit u a tio n is bad n o w and t hin gs a r e g o i n g t o g e t worse.
I w a s g oin g t o do so m e thin g = I inten ded t o do it, but did n't do it:

W e w e r e g o i n g t o t r a v e l by train, b ut t h e n w e d ecid e d t o go by car instea d.
Pe t e r w a s g o i n g t o d o t h e e x a m, b ut he ch an g e d his mind.
L I w a s j u st g o i n g t o cr o ss t h e road w h e n s o m e b o d y sh o u t e d 'St o p!'
You can say t h a t ‘so m e thin g w a s g oin g t o h a p p e n' (but did n't hap pen):
I t h o u g ht it w a s g oin g t o rain, but it d i d n't
H-U t a m d o i n g for t h e f ut ure U n it 19A I w i l l and I'm g o in g t o ~¥ U n i t 23

Exercises
ra W r it e a q u estio n w it h g o in g t o f o r e ach sit u a tio n .
1 Your friend has wo n so m e m oney. You ask:
(w h a t / d o w it h i t W'kiat a r e you going to <i.o wit h I t ? ....
2 Your friend is going to a p arty tonig ht. You ask:
(w h a t / w e a r?) what are you going to wear tonight? ..
3 Your friend has j ust bou ght a new table. You ask:
(wh ere / put it?) where are you going to put it
............................................... ....................................
4 Your friend has decided to have a party. You ask:
(w h o / i n vit e?) who are you going to invite? ..........
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s an d c o m p le t e t h e dialo g u es. Use g o in g t o.

1 You have decided to clean y o u r roo m this morning.
f r i e n d : A re y o u g o i n g o u t t h is m o r n i n g ?
yo u; N o, going, to cl e a n my room.
2 You b ought a sweater, but it d o esn't fit yo u very well. You have decided t o take it back
t o th e shop.
f r i e n d : T h a t s w e a t e r is t o o b i g f o r y o u .
y o u : I k n o w. Im going to take it back
3 You have been offered a job, but yo u have decided not to acce p t it.
f r i e n d : I h e a r y o u 'v e b e e n o f f e r e d a jo b .
y o u: T h a t's rig h t, b u t Im not going to accept it

4 You have to p hone Sarah. It's m ornin g now, and you have decided t o phone her tonig ht.
f r i e n d : H a v e y o u p h o n e d Sa r a h y e t ?
y o u : Im going to phone her tonight

N o, ...................................................... ......................................... . ................
5 You are in a restaurant. The food is a wf ul and yo u've decided to co m plain.
f r i e n d : This f o o d is a wf ul, isn't it?
y o u: Yes, it's disg ustin g. Im going to complain
J 2 | W h a t is g oin g t o h a p p e n in t h e s e sit u a ti o n s? Use t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 There are a lot of black clouds in th e sky.
(rain) I t ’s gotng to r a i n . ......
2 It is 8.30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45, but th e jo urn ey takes 3 0
minutes.
(la t e) He is going to be late
3 There is a hole in th e b ott o m of th e boat. A lot of w a t e r is co min g in through t h e hole.
(sin k) T h e b o a t is..................................................................................................................
going to sink
4 Lucy and Chris are driving. There is very Little p etrol left in t h e tank. The nearest p etrol station is
a long w a y away.
(run o ut) T h e y are going to run out petrol ............ ..............................
2 9 C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h w a s / w e r e g o i n g t o + t h e f o ll o w i n g verbs:
buy give up phone p lay say t rave l
1 We w er e going to t r a v e l by train, but then w e decided t o go by car instead.

2 I was going to buy so m e new clot h es yester day, but I was very busy and
did n't have ti m e t o go to t h e shops.
3 O liv e r and I were going to play tennis Last week, but he had to ca ncel
because he'd hurt his knee.
was going to phone
4 I ............................................................. Jan e, but I decided to e m ail her instead.
5 a : W h e n I last saw Tim, he was going to give up his job.
b : T hat's right, but in the end he decided to stay wh ere he was.
6 I'm sorry I interru pte d you. W h a t were yo u going to say ?
41
Unit
21 Will/shall 1
W e use I'Ll (= I w ill) wh e n w e'v e j ust d ecided to do so mething. W h e n w e say I ' l l do so mething',
w e an n o u nce our decision:
O h, I've left th e d oor open. I'l l g o and shut it.
'W h a t wo uld yo u like t o d rin k?' T i l h a v e an orange juice, please.'
‘ Did yo u phone Lucy?' ‘O h no, I forgot. I'll p h o n e her now.'
You ca n n o t use th e prese n t sim ple (I d o / 1g o etc.) in th ese sentences:
0 I'll go and sh ut th e door, (n o t I go and shut)
W e oft en use I t h i n k I'll ... and I d o n 't t h i n k I'll ... :
0 I feel a bit hungry. I t h i n k I'll h a v e so m ethin g t o eat.
0 I d o n 't t h i n k I'll go out to nig ht. I'm t o o tired.
In spoken English th e ne gative of w i l l is usually w o n 't (= w i l l n o t):
I can see yo u're busy, so I w o n 't s t a y long.
Do n o t use w il l to talk a b o u t w h a t yo u decided before (see Units 19 - 20):

I'm g oin g on holid ay ne xt Saturday, (n ot I'll go)
0 A r e yo u w o r k i n g t o m o rr o w? (n ot W ill yo u work)
W e oft en use w i l l in t h ese situations:
O fferin g to do so m ethin g
0 T h at bag looks heavy. I'll h e lp yo u wit h it. (n ot I help)
A greein g to do som ething
a : Can yo u give Tim this b oo k?
0 b: Sure, I'll giv e it t o him wh e n I see him this afternoon.

Pro mising to do so m ething
Thanks for lending me th e m oney. I'll p a y yo u back on Friday,
o I w o n 't t e l l a nyon e w h a t hap pened. I promise.
Asking so m eb o dy to do so m ethin g (W i l l y o u ... ?)

W i l l y o u please turn t h e music d o w n? I'm trying to co nce ntrate.
You can use w o n 't to say t h a t so m e b o dy refuses t o do so m ething:

O I've tried t o give her advice, but she w o n 't list e n.
The car w o n 't st a rt. (= th e car ‘refuses' t o start)
S h a ll I ... ? S h a ll w e ... ?
S h a ll is used m ostly in th e q uestions s h a ll I ... ? / s h a ll w e ... ?

W e use s h a ll I ... ? / s h a ll w e ... ? to ask so m e b o dy's opinion (esp ecially in offers or suggestions):
O S h a ll I open t h e w in d o w? (= Do yo u w a n t me to o pen th e w i n d o w?)
I've g ot no m oney. W h a t s h a ll I d o? (= W h a t do yo u su g g est?)
‘S h a ll w e g o?' ‘J u st a minute. I'm not rea dy ye t,'
‘W h e r e s h a ll w e have lu nch?' 'Let's go t o Marino's.'
C o m p are s h a ll I ... ? and w i l l y o u ... ?:

0 S h a ll I shut t h e d o or? (= Do yo u w a n t m e to shut it?)
W i l l y o u shut t h e d o or? (= I w a n t you to shut it)
^ W i l l / s h a l l 2 - » U n i t 22 I w i l l and I'm g o in g t o 4 U n i t 23 A m e rica n English -» A p p e n d i x 7

Exercises
C o m p le t e t h e se n te n c e s w it h I'll + a s u ita b le verb.
1 I'm t o o tired t o walk ho me. I thin k I’l l t ake, a taxi.
2 'It's cold in this roo m.' 'Is it? ... i will turn on th e heating then.'
3 'Bye! Have a nice h olid ay!' 'Thanks. i will send you a postcard.'
4 ‘Shall I do th e washin g - u p?' ’ No, it's all right. i ll do it later.'
5 'I d o n't k now h o w to shut d own this co m p uter.' ‘OK, i ll show you.'
6 i will have
‘Wo u ld yo u like tea or co ff e e?' 1.............................. coffee, please.'
7 ‘Are you co min g wit h us?' ‘No, I thin k i will stay here.'
8 Thanks for lending m e the m oney. i will pay it back as soon as
possible, O K?
9 A: I k now yo u're busy, but can yo u finish this re p ort this aft ern o o n?
b : Well, i will try , but I ca n't promise.
Read t h e sit u a tio n s an d w rit e se n t e n ce s w it h I think I'll ... o r I don't think I ' l l ... ,
1 It's a bit cold. The win d o w is open and yo u decide to close it. You say:
I t hin k I U clo s e t h e w i n d o w ...................... ...................... ...
2 You are feeling tired and it's g ettin g late. You decide to go to bed. You say:
i ll go to bed
I t h i n k ............. .......................... ....
3 A friend of yo urs offers you a lift in his car, but yo u decide to walk. You say:
Than k you, but i think i ll walk
................ ..........................
4 You were going t o have lunch. N o w yo u decide t h a t yo u d o n't w a n t to e at anything. You say:
i ll eat anything
I d o n't t h i n k ........... ........................................................................................................
5 You planned to go swim ming. N o w you decide t h a t yo u d o n't w a n t to go. You say:
i dont think i ll go swimming
W h ic h is c o r r e c t? (If n ecessary, s t u d y U n its 1 9 - 2 0 first.)

1 'Did you phone Lucy?' ‘O h no, I forgot. 4 phono / I'll p hone her now.' (I'll p hone is correct)
2 I ca n't m e e t yo u to m orrow. I'm playing / I'll plav tennis. (I'm playing is correct)
3 'I m e e t / I'll m e et yo u outside th e h otel in half an hour, O K ?' ‘Yes, that's fine.'
4 'I need so m e m oney.' 'O K, I'm lending / I'll lend you some. H o w m uch do yo u n e e d?'
5 I'm having / I'll have a p arty ne xt Saturday. I hope you can co me.
6 'Re m e m b er to get a newsp a p er wh e n yo u go out.' ‘O K. I d o n't forget / I w o n't f org e t.'
7 W h a t ti m e does yo ur train leave / will yo u r train leave t o m o rr o w?
8 I asked Sue w h a t hap pened, but she d oesn't tell / w o n't t ell me.
9 ‘Are yo u doing / W ill you do a nythin g t o m orro w eve nin g?' ‘No, I'm free. W h y ?'
TO I d o n't w a n t t o go o ut alone. Do yo u co m e / W ill you co m e wit h m e?
W h a t do y o u s a y in t h e s e sit u a ti o n s? W r i t e se n t e n ce s w it h s h a ll I ... ? or s h a ll w e ... ?

1 You and a friend w a n t to do so m e thin g this evening, but yo u d o n't k now wh at.
You ask yo u r friend: W h a t s h a l l w e d o t h is evening ? ....................
2 You try on a jac k e t in a shop. You are n ot sure w h e t h e r to buy it or not.
You ask a friend for advice:
Shall i buy it? . it?
3 It's Helen's birth d ay next wee k. You w a n t to give her a present, but yo u d o n't k now wh at.
You ask a friend for advice:
What What shall i give her?
................................................................ .... ...........................................................
4 You and a friend are going on hoLiday together, but yo u have t o d ecide where.
You ask him / her: where shall .......
.......... we go? ... ..... ..... ............................................
5 You and a friend are going out. You have to decide w h e t h e r to go by car or to walk.
You ask him / her: shall we go by car or to walk?
6 Your friend wa n ts you to co m e and see her. You d o n't k now w h a t ti m e t o co me.
what time shall i gcomeo?
You ask her: ....................................................................................................... .....................
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 10 - 13 (pages 3 0 8 - 1 0)
Unit
22 Will/shall 2
W e do n ot use w ill t o say w h a t so m e b o dy has alrea dy arranged or d ecided to do:
O Diane is w o r k i n g ne xt week, (n ot Diane will work)
O A r e you g oi n g t o w a t c h a nythin g on TV this eve nin g? (n ot W i ll yo u w a tch)
For ‘is w o r k i n g' and ‘A r e yo u g oin g t o ... ?', see Units 19 - 20.
But often, wh e n w e talk a b o ut t h e future, w e are n ot talking a b o ut w h a t so m e b o dy has decided to do.

For e x a mple:
K a t e is d oin g an e x a m n e x t we e k . C hris and S h e 'll p ass does n ot m ean ‘she has

Jo e are t al k in g a b o u t it. decided to pass'. Jo e is saying w h a t
(Y e s , sh e'll p ass easily, j
he k nows or believes will happen.
Do yo u think -jjr '
Kate w ill pass He is p re dictin g th e future.
the e x a m? W h e n w e predict a future hap pening
or situation, w e use w ill / w o n 't .
CHRIS JOE
T h e y ’ve been a w a y a long tim e. W h e n t h ey return, t h e y'll fin d a Lot of changes here.
‘W h e r e w i l l yo u be this ti m e ne xt y e a r?’ T i l be in Jap a n.'
T h at plate is hot. If you t ouch it, y o u 'll b urn yourself.
O Tom w o n 't p ass th e e xam. He hasn't studied hard enough.
C A n na Looks co m ple t ely diff ere nt now. You w o n 't re co g n ise her.
L W h e n w i l l yo u g e t y o u r e x a m results?
W e often use w i l l ('11) with:
p r o b a b ly I'll p r o b a b ly be ho m e Late tonig ht.

(I'm ) sure D o n't w o rry a b o ut th e e xam. I'm sure y o u'll pass.
(I) t h in k Do yo u t h i n k Sarah w i l l tike t h e present w e bou ght her?
(I) d o n 't t h in k I d o n 't t h i n k the e x a m w il l be very difficult.
I wonder I w o n d e r w h a t w i l l happen.
A ft er I h o p e, w e g e n erally use t h e present (w ill is also possible):

3 I hope Kate p asses t h e e x a m, (or I hope Kate w i l l p ass ...)
O I hope it d o e s n't rain to m orrow.
G e n erally we use w il l t o talk a b o u t the fu ture, but so m e ti m es w e use w i l l to talk a b o u t now.

For e x a mple:
O D o n't p hone Ann now. Sh e'll be busy. (= she'll be busy now)
I s h a ll ... / w e s h a l l ...
N o r m ally we use s h a ll o nly wit h I and w e . You can say:

I s h a ll or I w i l l (I'll) w e s h a ll or w e w i l l (w e 'll)
I s h a ll be late this evening, (or I w i l l be)
W e s h a ll pro ba bly go t o France in Jun e, (or W e w i l l proba bly go)
In spoken English w e n or m ally use I'l l and w e'll:
O W e 'l l pro ba bly go t o France.
The n e gative of s h a ll is s h a ll n o t or s h a n't:
j I s h a n 't be here t o m orrow, (or I w o n 't be)
Do not use s h a ll wit h h e / sh e / it / y o u / t h e y:
She w i l l be very angry, (n ot She shall be)
W il l / s h a ll 1 U n i t 21 I w i ll and I'm g oin g t o ^ U n i t 23 W i l l be d oi n g and w i ll h a v e d o n e - U n i t 24

44 W i l l h ave t o > U n it 3 1 A T he future *4 A p p e n di x 3 A m erica n English A p p e n di x 7__________________ .
Unit
Exercises 22
W h ic h f or m o f t h e ver b is b e t t e r in t h es e s e n t e n c e s? T h e ver bs are u n d e rli n e d .
1 Diane isn't free on Saturday. Sh e'll work / She's work in g. (She's working is correct)
2 ——
I'll go / I'm going to a p arty t o m orro w night. Wo ul d you like to co m e t o o?
3 I thin k A m v will get / is ——
getting th e job. She has a lot of e x perience.
4 I ca n't m e e t you this evening. A friend of mine will ——co m e / is co ming to see me.
5 a : Have you decided wh ere to go for yo ur h olid ays?
——
b : Yes, w e'll go / w e're going to Italy.
——
6 D o n ’t be afraid of th e dog. It w o n't hurt /It isn't hurting you.
Pu t in w i l l ('11) or w o n 't .
1 Can yo u w ait for m e? I won’t b elo n g.
2 D o n't ask A m a n d a for advice. She wont k now w h a t to do.
3 will
I'm glad yo u're co min g to see us ne xt week. It ...................... be good to see you again.
4 wont
I'm sorry a bout w h at hap pened yesterday. It .................. happen again.
5 You d o n't need to take an u m brella wit h you. I d o n't thin k it will rain.
6 I've got so me incredible news! You wont believe it.
C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e nc es using w i l l ('11). C h o ose fro m t h e f oll o win g :
it / be sh e / c o m e you / get y o u / lik e

p e o p le / liv e it / lo o k we / m eet y o u / -pa ss
1 D o n ’t w orry a b o ut yo u r e xam. I'm sure you U p ass .

2 W h y d o n't yo u try on this ja c k e t? .... it will look nice on you.
3 You must m e et D aniel so m eti m e. I thin k you will like him.
4 It's raining. D o n't go out. you......
will get ..... wet.
5 Do you think people will live longer in th e f u t ure?
6 Bye! I'm sure we will meet again before long.
7 she will come
I've invited Anna to th e party, but I d o n't thin k .......... .....................
8 It tak es me an hour to get to work at the m o m e nt, but wh e n t h e new road is finished,
. it will be much quicker.
W r i t e q u estio ns using d o y o u t h i n k ... w i l l ... ? + t h e f oll o w in g :
be b ac k c o st end g e t m a rrie d happen l i ke rain
1 I've bought this picture for Kare n Do you think: s h e ’l l Uk e It. .. ?

2 The w e a t h e r d oesn't look very good. Do you
think it will rain ?
3 The m eetin g is still going on. W h e n do you think it will end ?
4 My car needs to be repaired. H o w much do think it will cost ?
5 Sally and David are in love. Do .......you think they will get married ?
6 'I'm going o ut now.' fO K. W h a t ti m e do think you will be back ?'
7 The future situation is uncertain. W h a t do you think it will happen ?
W h e r e do y o u t h in k y o u w ill be a t t h e s e t i m e s? W r i t e tr u e s e n t e nc es a b o u t yo urse lf. Use:

I'l l be ... o r I'l l p r o b a b ly b e ... o r I d o n 't k n o w w h e r e I'll b e
1 (ne xt Mo n d ay evening at 7.45) l U be a t home,
or i ’ll probobLy be oJb home.
or I d o n ’t know w h e re i ’l l be.
2 (a t 5 o'clock t o m orr o w mornin g) i’ll be at. home sleeping ...
3 (at 10.30 t o m orro w morning) i wont be at home, ill probably be working .
i will probably be playing tennis
4 (ne x t Sa tur d ay aftern o on at 4.15) .............................. .....................
i dont know where ill be
5 (this ti m e ne xt year) .... ..
45
Unit
23 I will and I'm going to
Future actio ns
St u d y t h e difference b et we e n w i l l and (b e) g oin g t o:
Sara h is t al k i n g t o H ele n: Will ('11): W e use w i l l t o a n n o u n c e a n e w

d ecision. T h e p a rty is a n e w idea.
l e t 's have a party That's a great idea.
W e 'll in vit e lots of people.
decision
n ow
W e'll
p ast n ow fu tu re
SARAH HELEN
La t er t h a t day, H e le n m e e ts Dan: (b e) g oin g t o: W e use (b e) g oin g t o wh e n

S' "
w e have alre a d y d ecid e d to do so mething.
Sarah and I have decided to have a party.
W e'r e goin g t o in vit e lots of people. Hele n had alre a dy decided to invite lots
of people b efore she spoke to Dan.
decision
b efore
I
W eVe going to ...
p ast n ow fu tu re
HELEN DAN
v.. .
v. ., - A M . V- - \
Co m pare:
'G a ry phoned w hile you were out.' ‘O K. I'll c a ll him back.'
'G a ry p h o n e d w hile yo u were o u t.’ 'Yes, I know. I'm g oin g t o c a ll him back.'
'Anna is in hospital.' 'O h re ally? I did n't know. I'll g o and visit her.'
‘A nna is in hospital.' ‘Yes, I know. I'm g oin g t o v isi t her this evening.'
Future happenings and situatio ns (predicting th e future)
W e use both w il l and g oin g t o to predict future hap penings and situations. So you can say:
O I think t h e w e a t h e r w i l l be nice later, or
I think t h e w e a t h e r is g oin g t o be nice later.
Those shoes are well - made. T h e y'll l a s t a long ti m e, or
Those shoes are well - made. T h e y'r e g oin g t o l a s t a long time.
W h e n we say so m e thin g is g oin g t o happen, we k now this fro m th e sit u atio n now. W h a t is happening
n ow shows t h a t so m et hin g is g oi n g t o happen in th e future. For e x a mple:
Look a t th ose black clouds. It's g oin g t o rain, (n ot It will rain)
(W e can see t h a t it is g oin g t o rain fro m th e clouds t h a t are in th e sky now.)
O I feel terrible. I thin k I'm g oin g t o b e sick, (not I thin k I'll be sick)
(I thin k I'm g oin g t o b e sick because I feel terrible n ow.)
Do not use w il l in this typ e of situation.
I'm g o in g t o U n it 20 W ill * U n its 21 - 22 The f ut ure -¥ A ppendix B

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using w i l l ('11) or g oin g t o .
1 a : W h y are y o u tu rn in g on th e T V ?
b: Iw 90'ung. t o votxicb t h e n e w s. (I / w a t c h )
2 a: O h , I'v e j u s t r e a lis e d . I h a v e n 't g o t a n y m o n e y .
b: H a v e n 't y o u ? W e l l , d o n 't w o r r y . i will lend y o u so m e. (I / l e n d )
3 a : I'v e g o t a h e a d a c h e .
b: H ave y o u ? W a it a seco n d an d i will get a n a s p irin f o r y o u . (I / g e t)
4 a W h y are you filling t h a t bucket wit h w a t e r?
:
b:
i am going to wash t h e car. (I / w a s h )
5 a : I'v e d e c i d e d t o r e p a i n t t h is r o o m .
b: O h, have y o u ? W h a t colo ur are you going to paint i t ?( y o u / p a i n t )
6 a :W h ere are y o u g o in g? Are y o u g oin g sh o p p in g?
b: Yes, im going to buy s o m e t h i n g s f o r d in n e r. (I / b u y)
7 a : I d o n 't k n o w h o w t o u se t h e w a s h i n g m a c h i n e .
b: It's e a sy. i will show you. (I / s h o w )
8 a : W h a t w o u l d y o u li k e t o e a t ?
i will have
b: a pi z z a, p le a s e . (I / h a v e)
9 a: D i d y o u c a ll Lis a?
b: O h , n o. I c o m p l e t e l y f o r g o t . . i will call her now. (I / c a ll)
10 a: H a s D a n d e c i d e d w h a t t o d o w h e n h e l e a v e s s c h o o l?
b: Yes. E v e r y t h i n g is p la n n e d . he is going to have a h o li d a y f o r a f e w w e e k s .
(h e / h a v e) Then he is... going to do a m a n a g e m e n t t r a i n i n g c o u rs e , {h e / d o )
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces using w i l l (HI) or g oi n g t o .

1 T h e p h o n e rin g s a n d y o u a n s w e r. S o m e b o d y w a n t s t o s p e a k t o Jo h n .
ca l ler: H e ll o . C a n I s p e a k t o Jo h n , p l e a s e ?
yo u: Ju s t a m o m e n t. I LL g e t him. (I / g e t )
2 It's a n ic e d a y, so y o u h a v e d e c i d e d t o t a k e a w a l k . J u s t b e f o r e y o u g o, y o u t e l l y o u r frie n d .
yo u: T h e w e a t h e r's t o o n ic e t o s t a y in. im going to take
..................................................... a walk. (I / t a k e)
f r ie n d : G o o d i d e a! I t h i n k i will join........................ you. (I / j o i n )
3 Y o u r fri e n d is w o r r i e d b e c a u s e s h e h as l o s t h e r d rivi n g lic e n c e .
yo u: D o n 't w o r r y . I'm sure you will find it. (y o u / fin d)
f r ie n d : I h o p e so.
4 T h e r e w a s a j o b a d v e r t is e d in t h e p a p e r r e c e n t ly . A t f irs t y o u w e r e i n t e r e s t e d , b u t t h e n y o u
d e c i d e d n o t t o a p p ly.
f r ie n d : H a v e y o u d ecid e d w h a t t o d o a b o u t t h a t jo b y o u w e r e in t e r e st e d in?
yo u: Y e s , ............... im not going to apply
.......... . ... f o r it. (I / n o t / a p p ly)
5 Yo u a n d a f ri e n d a r e s t u c k in t r a f fic . Yo u h a v e t o b e in a m e e t i n g in f iv e m i n u t e s a n d y o u n e e d a t
le ast a n o t h e r 2 0 m in u tes t o g e t th ere.
yo u: T h e m e e t i n g b e g i n s in f iv e m i n u t e s .
we are going to be late
......... ................... (w e / b e l a t e)
6 A n n a n d S a m a r e s t a y i n g a t a h o t e l. T h e ir r o o m is in v e r y b a d c o n d i t i o n , e s p e c i a ll y t h e c e ilin g .
a n n : T h e c e ili n g d o e s n 't l o o k v e r y sa f e , d o e s i t?
sam: N o , it lo o k s as if ...............it is going to..........................................
fall down (i t / f a ll d o w n )
7 Pa u l h as t o g o t o t h e a ir p o r t t o c a t c h a p l a n e t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g .
pa u l: K a t e , I n e e d s o m e b o d y t o t a k e m e t o t h e a ir p o r t t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g .
k a t e: T h a t's n o p r o b l e m . i will take you. (I / t a k e ) W h a t t i m e is y o u r f li g h t?
pa u l: 10.30.
k a t e: O K, ....... i will pick y o u u p a t y o u r h o u s e a t a b o u t 8 o 'c l o c k t h e n . (I / p ic k)
L a t e r t h a t d a y, J o e o f f e rs t o t a k e Pa u l t o t h e a ir p o r t .
jo e: Pa u l, d o y o u w a n t m e t o t a k e y o u t o t h e a i r p o r t?
pa u l: N o t h a n k s, Jo e . Kate is going to take m e. (K a t e / t a k e)
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 10 - 13 (pages 3 0 8 - 1 0)
Unit
24 Will be doing and will have done
St u d y this e x a m ple situatio n:
These people are standing in a q ueue to get

into th e cine ma.
n ow
H alf an hour fro m now, th e cine m a will be full.
Everyo n e w ill be w a t c h i n g th e film.
h a lf an ho ur fro m n ow
T hre e hours fro m now, t h e ci n e m a w ill be e m p ty.

T h e fil m w i l l h a v e fi n is h e d .
Ev e ry o n e w i l l h a v e g o n e h o m e.
three hours fro m now
t w i l l b e d oin g so m e thin g (fu ture co ntin u o us) = ! will be in t h e mid dle of doing it:
( J This ti m e ne xt we e k I'll be on holiday. I'll be lyin g on th e beach or s w i m m i n g in t h e sea.
1 You have no ch ance of g etting th e job. Y o u'll be w a s t i n g yo ur ti m e if you a p ply for it.
C o m p are w i l l b e (d o)i n g and w il l (do):

D o n't p hone b et we e n 7 and 8 . W e 'l l be h a vin g dinner.
Let's w a it for Liz t o arrive and th e n w e 'll h a v e dinner.
C o m p are w i l l be -ing wit h o t h er co ntin u o us forms:

O A t 10 o'cloc k yester day, Sally w a s in her office. She w a s w o r k in g, (past)
It's 10 o'clock now. She is in her office. She is w o r k in g , (present)
At 10 o'clock t o m orrow, she w i l l b e in her office. She w i l l be w o r k in g .
W e also use w il l b e - ing to talk a b o u t co m ple t e actio ns in the future. ' Later in the progra m me
For e x a mple: . i • .
y
The g overn m e n t w i l l be m a k i n g a st a t e m e n t
a b o ut t h e crisis later today.
W i l l yo u be g oin g a w a y this su m m er?
: Later in th e progra m me, I'll b e t a l k i n g t o t h e
Minister of Ed ucation ...
Q O u r best player is injured and w o n 't be p la yi n g
in th e ga m e on Saturday.
In th ese e x a m ples w i l l b e -ing is si milar t o (be) g oin g t o ... .
W e use w i l l h a v e (d o n e) (f u t u re p e rf e ct) t o say t h a t so m e thin g will alrea dy beco m ple t e before a ti m e

in th e future. For e x a mple:
O Sally always leaves for work at 8.3 0 in th e morning. Sh e w o n't be at ho m e a t 9 o'clock -
s h e'll h a v e g o n e to work.
Q W e'r e late. The film w i l l alrea dy h a v e s t a r t e d by th e ti m e w e g et t o t h e cine ma.
C o m p are w i l l h a v e (d one) wit h o th er p erfect forms:

Q Ted and A m y h a v e b e e n married for 24 years, (p rese n t p e rfect)
N e x t y e ar t h ey w i l l h a v e b e e n married for 25 years.
W h e n t h eir son was born, t h ey h a d b ee n married for t hree years,(p a st p e rfe ct)
48 W i l l -4 U n i t s 2 1 - 22 B y t h e n / b y t h e t i m e -¥ U n i t 120 The f ut ure A ppen dix 3

Exercises
Rea d a b o u t A n dy. T h e n tic k ( / ) t h e s e n t e nc es w h ic h are tru e. In e ach grou p o f se n t e n c e s a t
Least o n e is tr u e .
A n dy goes to work every day. H e Leaves h o m e at 8 o'cLock and arrives at work at a b o ut 8.45. He
starts work i m m e dia t ely and co ntinu es until 12.30 wh e n he has lunch (which takes a b o ut half an
hour). He starts work again at 1.15 and goes ho m e at e x actly 4.30. Every day he f ollows th e sa me
routine and t o m orro w will be no e xception.
At 7.45 At 12.4 5
a h e'll be Leaving th e house a h e'll have lunch
b h e'll have Left th e house b he'LL be having Lunch
c h e'll be at ho me «/ c h e'll have finished his lunch
d h e'll be having breakfast / d h e'll have starte d his lunch
At 8.15 At 4 o'cl o c k
r
a he'll be leavin g th e house a he'll have finished work
b he'll have left th e house b he'll finish work
73
c he'll have arrived at work c he'll be working
d he'll be arriving at work d he w o n't have finished work
At 9.15 At 4.4 5
a he'll be workin g a h e'll Leave work
b he'll start work b h e'll be leaving work
c he'll have starte d work c h e'll have Left work
d he'll be arriving at work d he'll have arrived home
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , w i l l b e (d o)i n g or w i l l h a v e (d o n e).

1 D o n't p hone b etwe e n 7 and 8 . W e ’l l be h avin g dinner then, (w e / have)
2 Pho ne m e aft e r 8 o'clock. we will have finished dinner by then, (w e / finish)
3 T o m orrow aftern o o n w e're going t o play tennis from 3 o'cLock until 4.30. So at 4 o'clock,
we will be playing
....................................................... tennis, (w e / p l a y)
4 a : Can w e m e e t t o m o r r o w ?
b : Yes, but not in th e a ft e r n o o n .............
i will be working ................................ .... (I / w o r k )
5 B has to go to a m eetin g which begins a t 10 o ’clock. It w ill last a b o ut an hour.
a: W ill yo u be free at 11.30?
b : Yes, the meeting will have ended
......... by then, (th e m e etin g / end)
6 Ben is on h olid ay and he is spending his m o n ey very quickly. If he co ntinu es like this,
he will have spent
............................................... all his m o n ey before th e end of his holiday, (he / spend)
you will still doing
7 Do y o u thin k th e sa m e jo b in ten y e a r s't i m e?
(yo u / still / do)
8 Lisa is f r o m N e w Z e a l a n d . Sh e is t r a v e l li n g a r o u n d E u r o p e a t t h e m o m e n t . So f a r s h e h as
travelle d a b o ut 1,000 miles. By t h e end of th e trip, she will have traveled more
than 3, 0 0 0 miles, (she / travel)
9 If you need to co n t act me, ... i will be staying at t h e Lion H o t el until Friday.
(I / stay)
10 a : will you be seeing Laura t o m o rro w? (yo u / see)
b : Yes, probably. W h y?
a : I borrowed this D V D from her. Can yo u give it back t o her?
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise s 12 - 13 (pages 3 0 9 - 1 0)

Unit
25 . When I do / When I’ve done When and if
St u d y this e x a m ple:
Til p hone yo u wh e n I g et h o m e' is a se nte nce

W iliy o u phone Yes, I'll phone
me t o m orro w? yo u w h e n I g e t wit h t w o parts:
ho me from work. the main part: I'LL phone you
and the when-part. when I get ho m e
The ti m e in th e se nte nce is future (t o m o rro w), but

w e use a present tense (I get) in t h e when-part of
th e sentence.
W e do not use will in t h e when-part of t h e sentence.
J
So m e more e xa mples:
' J W e ’ll go o ut when it stops raining, (n ot wh e n it will stop)
G W hen you are in London again, co m e and see us. (not W h e n yo u will be)
(said to a child) W h a t do yo u w a n t to be when yo u grow u p? (n ot will grow)
The sa me thing hap pens aft er while / before / after / as soon as / until or till:
W h a t are yo u going to do while I'm a w a y? (not w hile I will be)
I'll pro ba bly go back h o m e on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit t h e m useu m.
W a i t here until (or till) I come back.
You can also use th e present p erfect (have done) aft e r when / after / until / as soon as:
Can I b orrow t h a t book when you've finished wit h it?
D o n't say a nythin g while Ian is here. W a i t until he has gone.
If yo u use t h e present perfect, one thin g m ust be co m ple t e before the o t h er (so th e t w o things do not
hap pen to g e th er):
W hen I've phoned Kate, w e can have dinner.
(= First I'll p hone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)
Do not use t h e present perfect if t h e t w o things hap pen to g eth er:

W hen I phone Kate, I'll ask her a b o ut t h e party, (not W h e n I've p hone d)
It is often possible to use eit h er t h e present simple or th e present perfect:

I'll co m e as soon as I finish. or I'll co m e as soon as I’ve finished.
You'll feel b e tter after you have or Yo u'll f eel b ett er after you've had
so m e thin g t o eat. so m e thin g to eat.
A f t e r if, w e n or m ally use th e present sim ple (if I do / if I see etc.) for th e future:
It's raining hard. W e 'll g et w e t if w e go out. (not if we will go)
O I'll be angry if it happens again, (not if it will hap pen)
H urry up! If w e don't hurry, w e'll be late.
W hen and if
W e use when for things which are sure to happen:

O I'm going out later, (for sure) W hen I go out, I'll get so m e bread.
W e use if (not w h e n) for things t h a t will possibly happen:
O I mig ht go o ut later, (it's possible) If I go out, I'll g et so me bread.
If it is raining this evening, I w o n't go out. (not W h e n it is raining)
G D o n't w o rry if I'm late to nig ht, (not w h e n I'm late)
If t h ey d o n’t co m e soon, I'm not going to wait, (not W h e n t h ey d o n't co m e)
50 l f - » U n its 3 8 - 4 0 Eve n if / e v e n w h e n - > U n i t 112D U n l e ss - > U n i t 115

Unit
Exercises 25
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using t h e ver bs in brack ets. A ll t h e s e n t e nc es are a b o u t t h e f u t u re . Use
w ill/w on't or t h e p rese n t si m ple (I see / he plays / it is e tc.).
1 W h e n yow a r e (yo u / be) in London again, co m e and see us.
2 I w a n t to see So p hie before she goes (she / g o) out.
3 Call me wh e n you know (yo u / k now) w h a t ti m e yo u're going to g et here.
4 I'm going o ut now. will you be (you / be) here wh e n
i get
....................................... (I / g e t) back?
5 I thin k everyt hin g will be fine, but if there are (there / be) a ny problems,
i will call (I / call) you, O K?
6 W e m ust do so m ethin g soon before it is . (it / be) t o o late.
7 A nna looks very different now. W h e n you see (yo u / see) her again,
you wont recognise (yo u / not / recognise) her.
8 Steve has applied for th e job, but he isn't really qualified for it. i will be... (I / be)
surprised if he gets (h e / g e t) it.
9 I'm going to be a w a y for a f ew days. If you need (yo u / need) to
co n t act me w hile i am (I / be) away, here's m y m obile number.
10 I d o n't w a n t to go wit h o u t you. i will wait (I / w ait) for yo u until
you are (yo u / be) ready.
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o .
1 It will stop raining soon. Then w e'll go out.
W e ’l l go o u t wh e n i t stops ra in in g .
2 I'll find so m e wh ere t o live. Then I'll give you my address.
I will give you when i find somewhere to live
wh e n ............................................................................
3 I'll do th e shopping. Then I'll co m e straight back home.
i will come back home aft er i do. the shopping
4 It's going to get dark. Let's go ho m e before that.
lets go home
................................................................... it gets
before dark
......................................................................
5 She m ust apologise t o me first. I w o n't speak t o her until then.
i wont speak to her until she apologises to me
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.

1 A friend of yo urs is going on holiday. You w a n t to k now w h a t she is going to do.
You ask: W h a t are yo u going t o do wh e n yow <h t & oy \ hoUcUuj ?
2 A friend is visiting you. She has to go soon, but yo u'd like to sh ow her so m e pictures.
You ask: Do you have ti m e to look at so m e pictures before you go ?
3 You w a n t t o sell yo ur car. Mark is interested in buying it, but he hasn't decided yet.
You ask: Can yo u let me k now as soon as you decide it ?
4 Your friends are going to Hon g Kong soon. You w a n t t o k now wh ere t h ey'r e going to stay.
You ask: W h e r e are you going t o st ay wh e n you are in Hong Kong ?
5 The traffic is very bad in yo ur town, but t h e y are going to build a n ew road.
You say: I thin k things will be b ett er wh e n t h e y build the new road
Pu t in when or if.
1 D o n't w orry i/f I'm late tonig ht.
2 Be careful. Yo u'll hurt yo urself if yo u fall.
when
3 I'm going to Ro m e ne xt week. I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
4 I'm going shopping. if you w a n t a nything, I can g et it for you.
5 if ... I d o n't see yo u t o m orrow, wh e n will I see you a gain?
when
6 I'm going a w ay for a f ew days. I'll call yo u I get back.
7 I hope Sarah can co m e to th e party. It will be a sha m e if she ca n't co me.
8 W e can e at at h o m e or, if yo u prefer, w e can go to a restaurant.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 12 - 15 (pages 309 - 11), 32 (p a g e 321) 51

Unit
26 Can, could and (be) able to
W e use can to say t h a t so m e thin g is possible or allowe d, or t h a t so m e b o d y has t h e a bility t o do
so mething. W e use can + in finitive (can do / can see etc.):
C 1 W e can see t h e lake fro m our hotel.
. J 'I d o n't have a pen.' ‘You can use mine.'
Can you speak any foreign languages?
I can come and see yo u t o m o rro w if you like.
The word ‘drea m' can be a noun or a verb.
The ne gative is can’t (= cannot):

I'm afraid 1can't come to th e p arty on Friday.
You can say t h a t so m e b o dy is able to do so m ething, but can is more usual:

W e are able to see th e lake fro m our hotel.
But can has o nly tw o forms: can (prese nt) and could (p ast). So so m e ti m es it is necessary t o use (be)
able to. Co m pare:
I can't sleep. I haven't been able to sleep recently.

Tom can co m e to m orrow. Tom might be able to co m e to m orrow.
Maria can speak French, Spanish A p plica nts for t h e job must be able to
and English. speak t w o foreign languages.
Could
So m e ti m es could is th e past of can. W e use could esp ecially with:

see hear smell taste feel remember understand
W e had a lovely roo m in t h e hotel. W e could see th e lake.

As soon as I walk ed into th e room, I could smell gas.
I was sitting at th e back of th e th e a tre and couldn't hear very well.
W e also use could t o say t h a t so m e b o d y had t h e ge n eral a bility or permission t o do so mething:

My gra n d fat h er could speak five languages.
W e were t o t a lly free. W e could do w h a t we wa n te d. (= w e were allowe d t o do)
Could and was able to
W e use could for g e n eral ability. Bu t if yo u w a n t t o say t h a t so m e b o d y did so m e thin g in a specific

situation, use was/were able to or managed to (n ot could):
The fire spread thro u g h t h e building very quickly, but f ort u n a t ely every b o d y was able to
escape / managed to escape, (n ot could escape)
W e did n't k now wh ere David was, but w e managed to find / were able to find him in th e
end. (n o t could find)
Co m pare:
Jac k w as an e x celle nt tennis player wh e n he was younger. He could beat anybo dy.
(= he had t h e g e n eral a bility t o b eat a ny b o dy)
b ut Jac k and A n d y played a m atch yesterd ay. A n dy playe d well, but Jac k managed to beat him.
(= he manage d to b eat him this ti m e)
The ne gative couldn't (could not) is possible in all situations:

My gra n d fat h er couldn't swim.
W e looked for David everywh ere, but w e couldn't find him.
A n dy playe d well, but he couldn't beat Jack.
m m
C o u l d (d o) and c o u l d h a v e (d o n e) - * U n i t 27 M u s t and c a n 't U nit 28
C an / co uld yo u U n i t 37
Unit
Exercises 26
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces using ca n or (b e) a b l e t o. Use ca n if possible; o t h e r w is e use (b e) a b l e to.
1 G ary has travelle d a lot. He ca n speak five languages.
2 I h ave n't been a ble to sleep very w e ll recently.
3 Nicole can drive, b ut she d oesn't have a car,
4 I used to be.......................
able to stan d on my head, but I c a n ’t do it a ny more.
5 I ca n't un derstand Mark, i've never been able ...to un derstan d him.
6 I ca n't see you on Friday, but I will able to m e e t you on Sa t ur d ay morning.
7 Ask Katherine a b o ut yo u r proble m. She might be able to help you.
W r i t e s e n t e nc es a b o u t y o u rs e lf using t h e id eas in brack ets.

1 (so m et hin g you used to be able to do)
I u s e d to be able to sung well.,........................... ........... ............ ...
2 (so m et hin g you used to be able to do)
I used to be able to play
.......... piano
.......... ............ ........
3 (so m et hin g you wo uld like to be a ble t o do)
liketo be able to speak english
I'd ................................................................ .............................................................................
4 (so m et hin g you have never been able t o do)
I've never been able to ...
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h c a n / c a n 't / c o u l d / c o u l d n 't + t h e f oll o w in g :
co m c - eat hear ru n sle e p w ait
1 I'm afraid I c a n 't come to yo u r p arty ne xt week,

2
could run
W h e n Dan was 16, h e ................................. 100 m etres in 11 seconds.
3 A r e yo u in a h urry?' 'N o, I've got ple nty of ti m e. I can wait
4 I was feeling sick yester day. I coudnt eat anything.
5 Can yo u speak a little lo u d er? I cant hear you very well.
6 coudnt sleep
'You look tired.' ‘Yes, I .......................... last night.'
C o m p l e t e t h e a n sw e rs t o t h e q u esti o ns w it h w a s / w e r e a b l e t o ... .
1 a: Did every b o d y escape fro m t h e fire?
b : Yes, alth o u g h th e fire spread quickly, e v e r y b o d y w a s a b le to e sc a p e ...............................
2 a : Did yo u finish yo ur work this aft e rn o o n?
was able to finish my work
b : Yes, t h ere w as n o b ody to disturb me, so I .
3 a: Did you have proble ms finding o ur h o use?
b : N o t really. Your directions were good and w e were able to find your...house .. .
4 a: Did t h e t hie f get a w a y?
b : Yes. No - one realised w h a t was ha p pening and t h e t hief ...was able to get away ... .
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using c o u l d , c o u l d n 't or m a n a g e d t o .
1 My gran dfat her travelle d a lot. He c o u l d speak five languages.
2 I looked everywh ere for t h e book, but I couUtn t find it.
3 T h ey did n't w a n t t o co m e wit h us a t first, but w e . managed, to persuade th e m.
4 Laura had hurt her leg and couldnt walk very well.
5 I ran m y first m arat h o n recently. It was very hard, but I managed to finish.
6 I looked very care fully and I could see so m e b o dy in t h e distance.
7 I w a n t e d to buy so m e to m at oes. The first shop I w e n t t o did n't have any, but I
managed to get so m e in t h e ne xt shop.
8 My g ra n d m o th er loved music. She could play t h e piano very well.
9 A girl fell into t h e river, but f ort u n a t ely we managed to pull her out.
couldnt
10 I had f org otte n t o bring m y ca m era, so I .................. take any pictures.
53
Unit
27 Could (do) and could have (done)
W e use c o u ld in a n u m b er of ways. So m e ti m es c o u ld is t h e past of ca n (see U nit 26):
Listen. I ca n h e a r so m ething, (n ow)
I listened. I c o u ld h e a r so mething, (p ast)
Bu t c o u ld is n ot o nly used in this way. W e also use c o u l d to talk a b o ut possible actio ns n ow or in

th e future (esp ecially to make suggestions). For e x a mple:
O a : W h a t shall we do t o nig h t? W h a t shall we ( W e co uld g o to th e cinema. )

b: W e co ul d go to th e cine ma. do t o nig h t?
i s --------------
C a : W h e n yo u go t o Paris ne xt m onth,
you c o u ld s t a y wit h Sarah.
b : Yes, 1suppose 1co uld .
C a n is also possible in these sente nces ('W e ca n go to the

cine m a.' etc.). C o u ld is less sure t han can.
W e also use c o u ld (n ot ca n) for actio ns t h a t are not realistic. For e x a mple:

O I'm so t i r e d ,! c o u ld sle e p for a week. (n ot I can sleep for a we e k)
C o m p are ca n and co uld :

O I ca n s t a y wit h Sarah wh e n ! go t o Paris, (realistic)
May b e I c o u ld s t a y wit h Sarah wh e n I go to Paris, (possible, but less sure)
J This is a wo n d erf ul place. I co ul d s t a y here for ever, (unrealistic)
W e also use c o u ld (n ot ca n) to say t h a t so m e thin g (a sit u atio n or a hap pening) is possible n ow or in

th e future. The m eanin g is si milar t o m i g h t or m a y (see U nit 29):
Cj T he story c o u ld be true, but I d o n't think it is. (n o t can be true)
O ! d o n't k now w h a t ti m e Lisa is co ming. Sh e c o u ld g e t here at a ny time.
C o m p are ca n and co uld :
The w e a t h e r ca n change very quickly in th e m ou ntains, (in general)
O The w e a t h e r is nice now, but it c o u ld change, (th e w e a t h e r now, not in general)
W e use c o u ld h a v e (done) to talk a b o ut t h e past. Co m pare:

I'm so tired, I c o u ld sle e p for a week, (n o w)
I was so tired, I c o u ld h a v e sl e p t for a wee k, (p ast)
O T he situation is bad, but it c o u ld be worse, (n ow)
T he situ atio n was bad, but it co uld h a v e b e e n worse, [past)
So m e t hin g c o u ld h a v e hap pened = it was possible but did n ot happen:

W h y did yo u stay at a h otel wh e n yo u were in Paris? You c o u ld h a v e s t a y e d wit h Sarah,
(yo u did n't stay wit h her)
David was lucky. He c o u ld h a v e h u r t hi mself w h e n he fell, but he's OK.
W e use c o u l d n 't to say t h a t so m e thin g wo uld n o t be possible:

O i c o u l d n 't liv e in a big city. I’d hate it. (= it w o u ld n't be possible for me)
Everythin g is fine right now. Things c o u l d n 't be better.
For t h e past we use c o u l d n 't h a v e (done):

O W e had a really good holiday. It c o u l d n 't h a v e b e e n better.
O The trip was ca ncelle d last wee k. Paul c o u l d n 't h a v e g o n e a n y w a y because he was il
(= it wo uld not have been possible for him to go)
C o u l d n 't h a v e (d o n e) U n it 2 8B C o u l d and m i g h t - ¥ U n i t 2 9 C C o u l d I / yo u ... ? - ¥ U n i t 37

54 C o u l d wit h if - ¥ U n its 3 8 C P 3 9 E, 4 0 D Mo d al verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d e tc.) - A p p e n d i x 4
Unit
Exercises 27
A n s w e r t h e q u esti o ns w it h a su g g estio n. Use could.
/ L
1 r W h e r e shall w e go for our h olid ays?^ (to Sco tla n d) W e c o u l d go to Sc o t l a n d
2 W h a t shall we have for dinner t o nig h t? (fish) W e could have fish
3 W h e n shall I p hone Vic k y? could phone her now
(n o w) You ...............................................
4 W h a t shall I give Ann for her birth d ay? You could give her a book
(a book) ..................................................
5 Wh e re shall w e hang this picture? (in the kitchen) You could hang it in the kitchen
In so m e o f t h ese se n t e nces, y o u nee d could (n o t can). C h a n g e t h e s e n t e nc es w h e r e n ecessary.

1 The story can be true, but I d o n't think it is. c o u l d be t r u e
2 It's a nice day. W e can go for a walk. OR (could go is also p ossible)
3 I'm so angry wit h him. I can kill him! could
..
4 If yo u're hungry, we can have dinner now. could
5 It's so nice here. I can stay here all day, but could
.....................
u n fortu n a t ely I have to go.
6 a :Wh e re's m y bag. Have you seen it?
could
b : No, but it can be in th e car.
7 Peter is a keen musician. H e plays th e flute

and he can also play th e piano. ok
................................
8 a : I need to b o rro w a ca m era.
ok
b: Y o u c a n b o r r o w m in e .
9 Be careful clim bing t h a t tree. You can fall. could
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use could or could h a v e + a s uit a b le ver b.

1 a :W h a t shall w e do this eve nin g?
b: I d o n't mind. We couLd. go to th e cine ma.
2 a ;I s p e n t a v e r y b o r i n g e v e n i n g a t h o m e y e s t e r d a y .
b: W h y d i d y o u s t a y a t h o m e ? You could have gone o u t wit h us.
3 a : H ave yo u seen this jo b advertise d in th e p a p er? You could apply for it.
b: W h a t sort of j o b? Sh o w me th e a dvertise m e nt.
4 a : H o w was yo ur e x a m? Wa s it difficult?
b: It w asn't so bad. It could have been worse.
5 a : I got very w e t walkin g ho m e in t h e rain last night.
b: could have taken
W h y did yo u w a l k? Y o u .......................................... a taxi.
6 a : Wh e r e shall we m e e t t o m o rr o w?
b: Well, I could come to yo ur house if yo u like.
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces. Use couldn't o r couldn't h a v e + t h e s e ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f or m):
be be co m e fin d get liv e wear
1 I c o u l d n't liv e jn a big city. I'd hate it.

2 W e had a really good holiday. It c o u l d n ’t H a v e been better.
3 I couldnt wear t h a t hat. I'd look silly and people would laugh at me.
4 W e managed t o find t h e resta ura nt you reco m m en de d, but we couldnt have found it
wit h o u t the map t h a t yo u drew for us.
5 Paul has to get up at 4 o'clock every morning. I d o n't k now h ow he does it. I .......................
couldnt get up at t h a t ti m e every day.
6 The staff at th e h otel were reaLly nice wh e n we staye d th ere last su m mer. T h ey ...............
couldnt have been
................ more helpful.
7 a : I tried to p hone you last week. W e had a p arty and I w a n t e d to invite you.
b: T h at was nice of you, but I
coudnt have come a nyway. I was a w a y aLL last week.
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 16 - 18 (pages 311 - 13) 55

Unit
28 Must and can't
Study this example:
( V i y house is v ery near the m o t o rw a y. ^ Qt must be very n oisy / )
You can use m u s t t o say t h a t yo u b elieve so m e thin g is certain:

Yo u've been travellin g all day. You m u s t b e tired. (Travelling is tiring and y o u ’ve been
travellin g all day, so yo u m u s t be tired.)
'Joe is a hard worker.' ‘J o e? You m u s t b e j o k i n g . He d oesn't do a nything.'
O Louise m u s t g e t very bored in her job. Sh e does t h e sa me thin g every day.
j I'm sure Sally gave me her address. I m u s t h a v e it so m ewh ere.
You can use c a n 't to say t h a t yo u b elieve so m et hin g is not possible:

O Yo u've j u st had lunch. You c a n 't b e hungry already. (Pe o ple are not n or m ally hungry just
aft er eatin g a meal. Yo u've j u st eaten, so y o u c a n ’t be hungry.)
O T h ey h av e n't lived here for very long. T h ey c a n 't k n o w m a ny people.
St u d y th e structure:
b e (tired / hungry / at work etc.)

m ust
l / you / he (etc.) b e (d o i n g / g o i n g / j o k i n g etc.)
c a n 't
d o / g e t / k n o w / h a v e etc.
For th e past w e use m u s t h a v e ( d o n e ) and c a n 't h a v e (d o n e ).

St u d y this e x a mple:
There's nobody at Martin and Lucy are stan ding at th e door

ho me. They must of t h eir friends' house.
have gone out. T h ey have rung t h e d oorb ell twice, but
n o b o dy has answered. Lucy says:
T h ey m u s t h a v e g o n e out.
‘W e used t o live very near t h e m o t orw ay.' ‘ Did y o u? It m u s t h a v e b e e n noisy.'

‘I've lost one of m y gloves.' ‘You m u s t h a v e d r o p p e d it so m ewh ere.'
O Sarah hasn't co n t act e d me. She c a n 't h a v e g o t my message.
Tom walk e d into a wall. He c a n 't h a v e b e e n l o o k i n g wh ere he w as going.
St u d y t h e structure:
b e e n (asleep / at work etc.)

m ust
l / you / he (etc.) have b e e n (d o i n g / l o o k i n g etc.)
c a n 't
g o n e / g o t / k n o w n etc.
You can use c o u l d n 't h a v e instead of c a n 't h a v e :

Sarah c o u l d n 't h a v e g o t m y message.
To m c o u l d n 't h a v e b e e n l o o k i n g w h ere he was going.
C a n 't ('I ca n't sw i m ' etc.) U n it 26 M u s t ('I m ust g o' etc.) -* U n its 31 - 32
56 M o d a l verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) Appen dix 4 A m e rica n English -* A p p e n d i x 7
Unit
Exercises 28
Pu t in m u s t or c a n't .
1 Yo u've been travellin g all day. You m ust be tired.
2 T h at restaurant must be very good. It's always full of people.
3 T hat restaurant cant be very good. It's always e m pty.
4 must
I'm sure I gave yo u th e key. You ................ have it. H ave you looked in yo u r bag?
5 I often see t h a t w o m a n walkin g along this street. She .. live near here.
6 It rained every d ay during t h eir holiday, so t h ey have had a very nice time.
7 C o n grat ulatio ns on passing yo u r exam. You be very pleased.
8 You got here very quickly. You have walk e d very fast.
9 Bill and Sue always stay at lu x ury hotels, so t h ey be short of money.
C o m p le t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a ver b (o n e or t w o w or ds).

1 I've lost one of my gloves. I m ust have, dropped... it so m ewh ere.
2 Their house is very near th e m ot orway. It m ust bevery noisy.
3 Sarah k nows a lot a b o ut films. She m ust t o th e cine ma a lot.
4 ! left my bike outside th e house last night and n o w it's gone. So m e b o d y must
......................................... it.
5 ‘H o w old is T e d?' ‘He's old er than me. He m ust .... a t least 40.'
6 I did n't hear th e p hone ring. I m ust asleep.
7 a : You're going on h olid ay soon. You m ust ....... forward to it.
b : Yes, it will be really good to get away.
8 The police have closed the road, so w e have to go a diff ere nt way. There m ust
an accident.
9 I'm sure you k now this song. You m ust . . it before.
10 There is a man walkin g behind us. He has been walkin g behind us for the last 20 minutes. He
m ust us.
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s a n d use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o w r i t e s e n t e nc es w it h m u s t h a v e and

c a n 't h a v e .
1 W e w e n t to t h eir house and rang th e doorbell, but n o b o dy answered, (t h e y / go out)
T h ey m ust H a ve gone out.,.............................................. ......
2 Sarah hasn't co ntacte d me. (she / g et / m y message)
S h e ojun’t h a v e got my m essa g e. .... ........ .. ......
3 The jack et yo u bought is very good quality, (it / very e x pensive)
4 I h ave n't seen our neighbours for ages, (t h ey / go a w ay)
5 I ca n't find my u mbrella. (I / leave / it in th e restaurant last night)
6 A m y was in a very difficult situation wh e n she lost her job. (it / easy for her)
7 There was a man stan ding outside th e cafe, (he / w ait / for so m e b o dy)
8 Rachel did th e op p osite of w h a t I asked her to do. (she / understand / w h a t I said)
9 W h e n I got back to my car, th e door was unlocked. (I / forget / to lock it)
10 ! was wo k en up in th e night by th e noise ne xt door, (m y neighbours / have / a p arty)
11 The light was red, but th e car did n't stop, (th e driver / see / t h e red light)
A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 16 - 18 (pages 311 - 13) 57

You are looking for Ben. N o b o d y is sure wh ere he is, but you get so m e suggestions.
m a y be in his office ^ (= perhaps he is in his office)
^ H e m ig h t be h avin g lu nch ^ (= perhaps he is having lunch)
Ann. She might k now / ) (= perhaps she k nows)
W e use m a y or m i g h t to say t h a t so m e thin g is possible. Usu ally yo u can use m a y or m ig h t, so you

can say:
It m a y be true, or It m i g h t be true. (= perhaps it is true)
She m i g h t know, o r She m a y know.
The n e g ative for ms are m a y n o t and m i g h t n o t [or m i g h t n't):

It m a y n o t be true. (= perhaps it isn't true)
She m i g h t n o t work here a ny more. (= perhaps she d o esn't work here)
St u d y th e structure:
b e (true / in his office etc.)

m ay
l / you / he (etc.) (n o t) b e (d oi n g / w o r k i n g / h a vin g etc.)
m ig ht
k n o w / w o r k / w a n t etc.
For th e past w e use m a y h a v e (d o n e) or m i g h t h a v e (d o n e):

O a : I w o n d er w h y Kate did n't a nsw er her phone.
b : Sh e m a y h a v e b e e n asleep. (= p erha ps she w as asle e p)
a : I ca n't find m y p hone a nywh ere.
b : You m i g h t h a v e l e f t it a t work. (= p erha ps yo u le ft it a t w o r k)
O a : W h y w as n't A m y a t t h e m e etin g y est e r d a y?
b : Sh e m i g h t n o t h a v e k n o w n a b o u t it. (= p erha ps she did n't k n o w)
. a : I w o n d er w h y David was in such a bad m ood yesterd ay.

b : H e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n f e e li n g w e ll. (= perhaps he w a s n't f e elin g w e ll)
St u d y t h e structure: always have for past
b e e n (asleep / at h o m e etc.)
m ay
l / you / he (etc.) (n o t) h a v e b e e n (d oin g / w o r k i n g / f e e li n g etc.)
m ig ht
k n o w n / h a d / w a n t e d / l e f t etc.
C o u ld is si milar to m a y and m ig h t:
It's a strange story, but it c o u l d be true. (= it is possible t h a t it's true)
You couLd h a v e l e f t yo u r p hone at work. (= it's possible t h a t you left it th ere)
Bu t c o u l d n 't (n e g a tive) is diff ere nt fro m m a y n o t and m i g h t n o t. Co m pare:

Sara h c o u l d n 't h a v e got m y message. O t h er wis e she wo uld have replied.
(= it is n ot possible t h a t she g ot my message)
I w o n d er w h y Sarah hasn't replied t o my message. I sup pose she m i g h t n o t h a v e got it.
(= it's possible t h a t she did n't get it - so perhaps she did, perhaps she did n't)
C o u l d 4 U n i t 27 M a y / m ig h t 2 - f U nit 30 M a y I ... ? * > U n i t 37 C

M i g h t wit h if ^ U n its 3 0B, 3 8 C , 4 0 D Mo d al verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) A ppen dix 4 )
Unit
Exercises 29
W r i t e t h e s e s e n t e nc es in a d if f e r e n t w a y using m ig h t.
1 Perhaps Hele n is in her office. S h e mig ht be in h e r o f f ic e .
2 Perhaps Hele n is busy. .......................................
3 Perhaps she is working. ................................................ .................
she might want to be alone. (without s)
4 Perhaps she wa n ts to be alone.
5 Perhaps she was ill yesterd ay.
6 Perhaps she w e n t h o m e early. ........
7 Perhaps she had to go h o m e early. she......................................................................
might have had to go home early
8 Perhaps she was working yester day.
she might have been working yesterday
..................................
In s e n t e n c e s 9- 11 use m i g h t n o t.
9 Perhaps she d o esn't w a n t t o see me. ............................ ....... ..............
10 Perhaps she isn't working to d ay. .......... ..................... ...................
she might not have been feeling well yesterday
11 Perhaps she w asn't feeling w e ll yester day. ......
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a v e r b in t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
1 ‘Wh e re's Be n?' T m not sure. H e mig ht be h ayin g lunch.'
2 ‘W h o is t h a t man wit h A n n a?' T m not sure. It mig ht her brother.'
3 a : W h o was th e man we saw wit h A nna y e st e r d a y?
b : I'm n ot sure. It m ay .... her brother.
4 a : W h a t are th ose people doing by th e side of th e roa d?
b : I d o n't know. I suppose t h ey mig ht for a bus.
5 ‘Is Sarah h ere?' ‘I ca n't see her. She m ay not yet.'
Re a d t h e sit u a tio n a n d m a k e s e n t e n c e s fro m t h e w o r d s in brack ets. Use m ig h t.

1 I ca n't find Je ff a nywhere. I w o n d er w h ere he is.
a (he / go / shopping) He mig ht h a v e gone shopping ..................................................
b (he / play / tennis) He w ig h t be placin g t e n n is. .............. .......................
2 I’m looking for Sophie. Do yo u k now wh ere she is?
a (she / w a t c h / T V )
b (s h e / g o / o u t) ..
3 I ca n't find my u m brella. H ave you seen it?
a (it / be / in t h e car) .... ... .......... ........
b (you / leave / in th e resta ura nt)
4 W h y did n't Dan a nswer the d o o r b ell? I'm sure he was at h o m e at th e tim e.
a (he / go / to bed early) ... ........
b (he / n ot / hear / th e d oorb ell) ........ . .......... ............................
c (he / be / in t h e shower) ........................... ...........
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using m i g h t n o t h a v e ... or c o u l d n 't h a v e ... .

1 a : Do yo u thin k Sarah got th e message I sent h er?
b : No, she w o uld have replied. Sh e c o u l d n't h a v e got i t ....... ..............
2 a : I was surprised A m y w asn't at t h e meeting. Perhaps she did n't k now a b o ut it.
b : That's possible. S h e might n ot h a v e known, a b o u t i t .......... .
3 a: I w o n d er w h y t h e y h ave n't replied t o th e e m ail I sent. Do you thin k t h e y received it?
b: May b e not. T h ey ........ ......... .....................................................
4 a: I w o n d er h o w t h e fire started. W a s it an accid e n t?
b: No, th e police say i t .
5 a: Mike says he needs to see you. H e tried to find yo u yester day.
b: We ll, he very hard. I was in m y office all day.
6 a: The man yo u spoke to - are yo u sure he was A m erica n?
b: No, I'm n ot sure. He ... ... .
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 16 - 18 (pages 311 - 13) 59

Unit
30 May and might 2
W e use m a y and m i g h t to talk a b o ut possible actio ns or happenings in th e future:
I h ave n't decided y e t wh ere t o go on holiday. I m a y g o to Ireland. (= perhaps I w ill go th ere)
Take an u m brella wit h you. It m i g h t rain later. (= perhaps it will rain)
Q T h e bus isn't always on tim e. W e m i g h t h a v e t o w a it a f ew minutes. (= perhaps w e will
have t o w ait)
T he ne gative for ms are m a y n o t and m i g h t n o t (m i g h t n't):

O A m y m a y n o t go o ut to nig ht. She isn't feeling well. (= perhaps she will n ot go out)
C There m i g h t n o t be enough ti m e to discuss everythin g at th e m eeting. (= perhaps th ere will
n ot be enough ti m e)
C o m p are w il l and m a y / m ig h t:
I'll be late this evening, (for sure)
I m a y / m i g h t be late this evening, (possible)
Usu ally yo u can use m a y or m ig h t. So yo u can say:

Cj I m a y go t o Ireland, or I m i g h t g o to Ireland.
ja n e m i g h t b e able to help you. or Ja n e m a y b e able to help you.
But w e use o nly m i g h t (n ot m a y) wh e n t h e sit u atio n is not real:

If t h e y paid me better, I m i g h t work harder. (n ot I m ay work)
T he situ atio n here is n ot real because t h e y do n ot p ay me well, so I'm not going to work harder.
There is a co ntin u o us form: m a y / m i g h t b e -ing. C o m p are this wit h w i l l be -ing:

O D o n't p hone at 8.30. I'll be w a t c h i n g th e f o o t b all on television.
D o n't p hone at 8.30. I m ig h t be w a t c h i n g (or I m a y be w a t c h i n g ) t h e f o o t b all on TV.
(= perhaps I'll be wa tchin g it)
W e also use m a y / m i g h t be in g for possible plans. Co mpare:

O I'm g oin g t o Ireland in July, (for sure)
I m ig h t be g oin g (or I m a y b e g oin g) to Ireland soon, (possible)
But yo u can also say 'I m i g h t g o / I m a y go ...' wit h little difference in meaning.
M i g h t as w e ll
Hele n and Clare have j ust missed th e bus. The buses run every hour.
^ W h a t shall w e d o? Shall we w al k?
W e m ig h t as w e ll. It's a nice day and

I d on’t w a n t to wait here for an hour. ,
' — -------
W e m i g h t as w e l l do so m e thin g = W e should do
it because th ere is no b etter altern ative. There
is no reason not to do it.
M a y as w e l l is also possible.
Z a : W h a t ti m e are yo u going o u t?
b;Well, I'm ready, so I might as well go now.
Buses are so e x pensive these days, yo u might as well get a taxi. (= ta xis are as good,
no more e x pensive)
W i l l b e - ing - > U n i t 2 4 M a y / m ig h t 1 -* U nit 29 May I U n it 37C

60 M i g h t w it h if - U n its 3 8 C , 4 0 D
Unit
Exercises 30
W r i t e s e n t e nc es w i t h m ig h t.
1 W h e r e are yo u going for y o u r h olid ays? (to Ir e la n d???)
I h av e n't decided yet. I. might qo to IreUmct.
2 W h a t sort o f car are you going to b uy? (a H o n d a???)
I'm n ot sure ye t. I ............ .............................................................................................
3 W h e n is Tom co ming to see us? (on Sa t u r d a y???)
He hasn't said yet. .. .. .......
4 W h e r e are yo u going to hang t h a t pict ure? (in t h e dining r o o m ???)
i h av e n't made up my mind yet. ..................................................... .........
5 W h a t is Tanya going to do wh e n she leaves sch o ol? (go to u n iv e rsit y???)
She's still thin king a b o ut it. ......... ......
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using m i g h t + t h e f o ll o w in g :
b it e b re a k need -rairv slip wake
1 Take an u m brella wit h yo u wh e n yo u go out. It might r a i n later.

2 D o n't make t o o much noise. You th e baby.
3 Be careful of t h a t dog. I t .............. . you.
4 D o n't t hro w t h a t le tt er away. W e ... it Later.
5 Be careful. The f o o t p at h is very icy. You ......... ................
6 D o n't let th e children pLay in this roo m. T h ey so mething.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use m i g h t b e a b l e t o or m i g h t h a v e t o + o n e o f t h e f oll o w in g :
fi x -help - le ave m eet s e ll work
1 Tell me a b o ut yo ur proble m. I might be a b le to help you.

2 I'm not free this evening, but I you to m orrow.
3 I d o n't k now if I'll be free on Sun day, i .........................................................................
4 I can co m e to t h e meeting, but I ........ ............................ before th e end.
5 I'm short of m oney. I w a n t to keep my car, b u t! it.
6 a : There's so m e thin g wro n g wit h m y bike.
b : Let me have a look. I ........ ... it.
W r i t e s e n t e nc es w it h m i g h t n o t.
1 I'm not sure t h a t Liz will co m e to t h e party.
Li z mig ht not come to t h e p a r t y , ........................... ......
2 I'm n ot sure t h a t I'll go o ut t his evening.
3 I'm n ot sure t h a t w e'll be able to g et tick ets for th e ga me.

We
4 I'm n ot sure t h a t Sa m will be able t o go out wit h us tonig ht.
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d m a k e s e n t e n c e s w it h m i g h t as w e ll.

1 You and a friend have j ust missed th e bus. The buses run every hour.
Yo u s a y: W e 'l l h a v e t o w a i t a n h o u r f o r t h e n e x t b us. W e m t g h t 0 5 w ell w alk.
2 Yo u've been invited to a party. You're not very e xcited a b o ut it, but yo u decide to go.
You say: I'm not doing a nythin g else, so I to th e party.
3 You've j ust painted yo ur kitchen. You still have a lot of paint, so w h y not paint th e b athroo m t o o?
You say: W e .There's ple nty of paint left.
4 You and a friend are at ho me. You're bored. There's a film on T V startin g in a f ew minutes.
You say: ......................................................................................... There's nothing else to do.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 16 - 18 (pages 311 - 13) 61

Unit
31 Have to and must
I h a v e t o do so m e thin g = it is necessary t o do it, I a m obliged t o do it:
You c a n't t u rn right here. You h a v e t o t u r n left. You have to turn le ft here.
O I h a v e t o w e a r glasses f or rea ding.

C Robert c a n 't c o m e o u t w it h us t his eve nin g.
H e h a s t o w o r k late.
O Last w e e k Tin a bro k e h er ar m an d h a d t o g o t o h ospit al.
Q I h a v e n't h a d t o g o t o t h e d o c t o r f o r ages.
W e use d o / d o es / did in q uestions and ne gative sente nces (for th e present and past simple):
W h a t d o I h a v e t o d o to g et a new driving lice nce? (n ot W h a t have I to d o?)
Q Karen d o e s n 't h a v e t o w o r k Saturdays. (not Karen hasn't t o)
W h y did yo u h a v e t o Leave e arly?
You can say I'll h a v e t o ... , I’m g oin g t o h a v e t o . . . and I m i g h t / t m a y h a v e t o . . . :

T h e y ca n't fix my co m p uter, so I'll h a v e t o b u y a n ew one. or
I’ m g o in g t o h a v e t o b u y a n ew one.
To m m i g h t h a v e t o w o r k late t o m orrow, or To m m a y h a v e t o w o r k ...
(= it's possible t h a t he w ill have t o)
M u s t is si milar t o h a v e to:
O It's la ter than I t h ou g ht. I m u s t go. or I h a v e t o go.
You can use m u s t or h a v e t o t o give yo u r own opinion (for e x a m ple, t o say w h a t y o u thin k is
n ec essary or t o reco m m e n d so m e o n e t o do so m ethin g):
C I h ave n't spoken to Sue for ages. I m u s t p h o n e her. / I h a v e t o p h o n e her.
(= I say this is necessary)
Mark is a really nice person. You m u s t m e e t him. / You h a v e t o m e e t him.
(I reco m m e n d this)
W e use h a v e t o (n o t usually m u s t) t o say w h a t so m e o n e is o blig e d to do. The speaker is n o t giving

his / her own opinion:
I h a v e t o w o r k fro m 8.3 0 t o 5.30 every day. (a fact, not an opinion)
Ja n e has t o t r a v e l a lot for her work.
Bu t m u s t is used in writt e n rules and instructions:

A p plicatio ns for th e jo b m u s t b e r e c e iv e d by 18 May.
(e x am instructio n) A nsw er all t h e questions. You m u s t w r i t e yo u r answers in ink.
You ca n n o t use m u s t to talk a b o u t th e past:

G W e did n't have m uch ti m e. W e h a d to hurry, (n o t we m ust hurry)
M u s t n 't and d o n 't h a v e t o are c o m ple t e ly different:
You m u s t n 't do so m et hin g = it is necessary You d o n 't h a v e t o do so m et hin g = yo u d o n't

t h a t yo u do n ot do it (so d o n't do it): need to do it (b ut yo u can if yo u w a nt):
You m u st k ee p this a secret. You m u s t n't You d o n ’t h a v e t o t e l l Tom w h a t
t e l l anyone. (= d on't tell anyone) hap pened. I can t ell him myself.
I promised I wo uld be on ti m e. I m u s t n 't I d o n 't h a v e t o be at th e meeting, but
b e late. (= I m ust be on ti m e) I thin k I’ll go a nyway.
You can use h a v e g o t t o instead of h a v e t o. So yo u can say:

I'v e g o t t o work t o m orrow. or I h a v e t o work to m orrow.
W h e n h as Hele n g o t t o g o? or W h e n d o e s Hele n h a v e t o g o?
M u s t ( ’You m ust be tire d') ^ U n it 28 M u s t / m u s t n 't / n e e d n 't U n i t 32

Unit
Exercises 31
Complete the sentences using have to / has to / had to.
1 Bill starts work at 5 a.m. He h a s to g e t up at four, (he / get up)
2 'I broke my arm last wee k.' 1 D o t you h a v e to go to h os pit al?' (yo u / go)
3 There was a lot of noise fro m the street. t h e win d ow, (w e / close)
4 Karen ca n ’t stay for th e w h ol e m eeting. early, (she / leave)
5 H o w old to drive in yo u r co u n try? (yo u / be)
6 I d o n't have m uch ti m e. soon. (I / g o)
7 H o w is Paul e njoying his n e w j o b? .... a lo t? ( h e / tr a v e l)
8 T m afraid I ca n't st ay long.' ‘W h a t t i m e .... ?' (yo u / g o)
9 'T he bus was late again.' ‘H o w l o n g ?' (y o u / w a i t)
10 There was n o b o dy t o help me. I ... everythin g by myself. ( I / d o)
Complete the sentences using have to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are positive
(I have to ... etc.) and some are negative (I don't have to ... etc.):
ask do drive get up^ go make make pay s how
1 I'm n ot working t o m orrow, so I d o n ’t h a v e to g et up early.

2 St eve did n’t k now h o w to turn off t h e co m p uter, so I hod. to show him.
3 Excuse m e a m o m e n t - I ... ..... .......................... a phone call. I w o n't be long.
4 I'm not to o busy. I have a f ew things to do, but I .......... . t h e m now.
5 I co uld n't find th e stre et I wa nt e d. I so m e b o dy for directions.
6 The car park is free. You to park yo u r car there.
7 A man was injured in th e accid e nt, but he ... to hospital because it
w a s n't serious.
8 Ja n e has a senior position in th e co m pa ny. She .... i m p ort a n t decisions.
9 W h e n Patrick starts his n ew jo b ne xt m onth, he 50 miles t o
work every day.
In some of these sentences, m ust is wrong or unnatural. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 It's la ter than I th ou g ht. I m ust go. OK (have to is also correct)
2 I m ust work every d ay from 8.30 to 5.30. I h a v e to work
3 You m ust co m e and see us again soon. .... .......
4 Tom ca n't m e e t us to m orrow. He m ust work. ..... ....
5 I m ust work late yest er d ay evening. ........
6 I m ust get up early t o m orrow. I have a lot to do.
7 Julia wears glasses. She m ust w e ar glasses
since she was very young. .................... .........
Complete the sentences with m ustn't or don't/doesn't have to.

1 I d o n't w a n t a nyon e to k now a b o ut our plan. You rn ustn t t ell anyone.
2 Richard d o e s n ’t h a v e to w e ar a suit to work, b ut he usually does.
3 I can sleep late t o m orro w m ornin g because I .......................... go to work.
4 W h a t e v e r you do, yo u .. t ouch t h a t switch. It's very dangerous.
5 T h ere ’s a lift in th e building, so we cli m b th e stairs.
6 You forget w h a t I told you. It's very im p ortant.
7 Silvia . get up early, but she usually does.
8 D o n't make so much noise. W e ... ........ ..... wa k e th e children.
9 I .......................... . e at t o o much. I'm supposed t o be on a diet.
10 You be a good player to enjoy a ga m e of tennis.
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 16 (p a g e 311) 63
M ust and mustn't
You m ust do so m e thin g = it is necessary t h a t you do it:

C D o n't t ell a ny b o d y w h a t I said. You m ust keep it a secret.
O W e h av e n't g ot m uch ti m e. W e must hurry.
You m ustn't do so m et hin g = it is necessary t h a t y o u do n ot do it (so d o n't do it):

You m ust keep it a secret. You mustn't t ell anyone. (= d o n't t ell a nyon e)
O W e must be very quiet. W e m ustn't make a ny noise.
Needn't and don't need to
You needn't do so m e thin g = it's not necessary t o do it (b ut yo u can if yo u like):

W e'v e g ot ple n ty of ti m e. W e needn't hurry. (= it is n ot necessary t o hurry)
Jo e can stay here. He needn't come wit h us. (= it is not necessary for him to co m e)
You can also use don't/doesn't need to:

W e don’t need to hurry.
Re m e m b er t h a t we say don't need to do / doesn't need to do, but needn't do (with o ut to).
Needn't have (d o n e)
Paul and Sue decided to go to a restaurant. But the resta ura nt was al m ost e m pty.
T h ey reserved a table. So t h ey needn't have reserved a table.
T h ey needn't have reserved a table. = T h ey reserved a table, but this was not necessary.
C o m p are needn't (do) and needn't have (done):

Everythin g will be O K. You needn't worry, (it is n ot necessary)
O Everythin g was OK. You needn't have worried, (yo u worrie d, but it was not necessary)
Needn't have (done) and didn't need to (do)
H e needn't have done so m ethin g = he did it, but now w e k now t h a t it was not necessary:
W h y did he g et up at 5 o'clo c k? He needn't have got up so early. He could have staye d in
bed longer.
He d i d n 't n e e d t o do so m et hin g = it was n ot necessary t o do it. It d oesn't m a t t e r w h e t h e r he did it

or not:
G H e didn't need to g et up early, so he didn't.
O H e didn't need to get up early, but it was a b ea utiful morning, so he did.
He didn't have to ... is also possible in these e x a mples.
M u s t (‘You m ust be tir e d 1) U n it 2 8 H a v e t o and m u s t U n i t 31

Mo d al verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) A ppen dix 4 A m e rica n English - ¥ A p p e n d i x 7 )
Exercises
W h ic h is c o rr e c t?
1 W e h ave n't g ot m uch tim e. W e m ust / m ust n't hurry, ( m ust is correct)
2 W e'v e got ple n ty of tim e. W e m ust n't / d o n't need t o hurrv.
3 I have to talk to Cary. I m ust / m ust n't re m e m b er to call him.
4 I have to talk to Gary. I m ust n't / n e e d n't f orget to call him.
5 There's ple nty of ti m e for yo u t o make up yo ur mind. You m ustn't / d o n't need to decide now.
6 W e n e e d n't / m ust n't wash t h ese to m a t oes. T h ey've alrea dy been washed.
7 This is a valu a ble book. You m ust / n e e d n't take good care of it and you m ust n't / d o n't need to
lose it.
8 a : W h a t sort of house do yo u w a n t t o b uy? So m e t hin g big?
b : Well, it m ust n't / n e e d n't be big - th at's not so i m p ortant. But it m ust / m ustn't have a nice
garden - th at's essential.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use n e e d n 't + o n e o f t h ese ver bs:
ask co m e e x p la in l eave - walk
1 W e'v e got ple nty of time. W e need,n!t l e a v e yet.

2 I can m anage t h e shop ping alone. You wit h me.
3 We all th e w a y ho me. W e can get a taxi.
4 Ju st help yo urself if yo u'd like more to eat. You first.
5 I un derstand th e sit uatio n perfectly. You further.
W r i t e t w o s e n t e n c e s f o r e ach sit u a ti o n . Use n e e d n 't h a v e in t h e first se n t e n c e an d c o u l d h a v e

in t h e seco n d (as in t h e e x a m p le). F or c o u l d h a v e , see U n it 27.
1 W h y did yo u rush? W h y did n't yo u ta k e yo ur ti m e?
You n e e d n ’t h a v e r u s h e d . You. c o u l d h a v e t a k e n yo ur to n e.
2 W h y did yo u walk h o m e? W h y did n’t you take a t a x i?
3 W h y did yo u st ay at a h o t el? W h y did n't you stay wit h us?
4 W h y did she phone me in t h e mid dle of th e nig ht? W h y did n't she w ait until the m ornin g?
5 W h y did you sho ut at m e? W h y w e r e n't you more p a tie n t?
6 W h y did yo u leave wit h o u t saying a nyt hin g? W h y did n't yo u say goo d bye to m e?
C o rr e ct t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n ec essary.
1 W e have ple nty of time. W e d o n't need h urrv. W e d o n ’t n e e d to h u rry
2 You m ust keep it a secret. You m ust n't t ell a ny b o dy else. OK
3 I'll be all right. You n e e d n't t o w o rry a b o ut me.
4 You m ust n't w a it for me. You go on and I'll join you la t er..........................
5 You d o n't need to keep these e mails. You can d elete the m.
6 I n e e d n't have gone out, so I staye d at home.
7 I n ee d n't have bou ght eggs. W e had so m e already.
A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcis e s 16 - 17 (pages 311 - 12)

You s h o u ld d o so m e thin g = it is a good thing to do or th e right thin g t o do. You can use s h o u ld to
give a dvice or t o give an opinion:
C You look tired. You s h o u ld go to bed.
T he g overn m e n t s h o u ld do more to im prove e d ucation.
O ‘Sh o u l d w e i n vit e Ste p h a nie t o t h e p ar ty?' 'Yes, I thin k we sh o ul d .'
W e oft en use s h o u ld wit h I t h i n k / 1d o n 't t h i n k / D o y o u t h i n k ... ?:
G I t h i n k th e g overn m e nt s h o u ld d o more to im prove e d ucation.
I d o n 't t h i n k yo u s h o u ld w o r k so hard.
Q D o y o u t h i n k I s h o u ld a p p ly for this j o b?' ‘Yes, I t h i n k y o u sh o ul d .'
You s h o u l d n 't do so m ethin g = it isn't a good t hin g t o do:

You s h o u l d n't b e li e v e everythin g yo u read in t h e newspapers.
Sh o u l d is n ot as strong as m u s t or h a v e to:
O You s h o u ld apologise. (= it wo uld be a good thin g to do)
G You m u s t apologise. / You h a v e t o apologise. (= yo u have no alt ern ative)
You can use s h o u ld w h e n so m e thin g is n ot right or w h a t yo u e x pect:

O Wh e re's Tin a? She s h o u ld be here by now.
(= she isn't here yet, and this is not nor m al)
The price on this p ack et is wrong. It s h o u ld be £2.50,
n o t £3.50.
O T h a t man on t h e m otorbi k e s h o u ld be w e a ri n g a hel m et.
W e also use s h o u ld t o say t h a t w e e x p ect so m e thin g to happen:
G Hele n has been stu dyin g hard for t h e exam, so she s h o u l d pass.
(= I e x pect her to pass) He s h o u ld b e w e a ri n g
There are ple nty of hotels in t h e town. It s h o u l d n 't be hard t o a hel m et.
find a place to stay.
(= I d o n't e x pect it to be hard)
You s h o u l d h a v e d o n e so m ethin g = yo u did n't do it, but it wo uld have been th e right thin g to do:
O You missed a great p arty last night. You s h o u ld h a v e co m e . W h y did n't y o u?
(= yo u did n't co me, but it wo uld have been good t o co m e)
O I w o n d er w h y t h ey'r e so late. T h ey s h o u ld h a v e g o t here Long ago.
You s h o u l d n't h a v e d o n e so m et hin g = yo u did it, but it was th e wron g thin g t o do:
I'm feeling sick. I s h o u l d n't h a v e e a t e n so much. (= I a te t o o much)
She s h o u l d n 't h a v e b e e n lis t e n i n g t o o ur co nversation. It was private.
(= she was Listening)
C o m p are s h o u ld (d o) and s h o u ld h a v e (done):

You look tired. You s h o u ld g o t o bed now.
Q You w e n t t o bed very Late last night. You s h o u ld h a v e g o n e to bed earlier.
O u g h t t o ...
You can use o u g h t t o instead of sh o u ld in t h e sentences on this page. W e say ‘ought t o do' (with t o):
G Do yo u think I o u g h t t o a p p ly for this jo b? (= Do yo u thin k I s h o u l d a p p ly ...?)
Jac k o u g h t n o t t o go to bed so late. (= Jac k s h o u l d n't go ...)
G It was a great p arty last night. You o u g h t t o h a v e co m e.
O H ele n has been stu dyin g hard for th e exam, so she o u g h t t o pass.
Sh o uld 2 -U nit 3 4 Sh o u l d and h a d b e t t e r U n i t 3 5B

Modal verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) - > A p p e n d i x 4
Exercises
For e ach sit u a tio n, w rit e a s e n t e n c e w it h s h o u l d or s h o u l d n 't + o n e o f t h e f oll o w in g :
-go a w a y f o r a f e w d ay s go t o bed so l a t e lo o k f o r a n o t h e r j o b
p u t s o m e p ic t u re s o n t h e w a lls take a photo use h er c a r so m uch
1 A n na needs a change. Sh e s h o u l d go a w a y -for a -few cla ys.

2 Your salary is very low. You . ..
3 Jac k always finds it hard to get up. He .. ..
4 W h a t a b ea utiful view! Y o u ........................................................................
5 Sue drives everywh ere. She never walks. She ...
6 Dan's roo m isn't very interesting.
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s and w rit e se n t e n c e s w it h I t h i n k / I d o n 't t h i n k ... s h o u l d . . . .

1 Jo e and C at herin e are planning to get married. You thin k it's a bad idea.
I d o n ’t t hin k t h e y s h o u l d g et m a rri e d . ...............................................................
2 Ja n e has a bad cold, but plans t o go o ut tonight. You d o n't thin k this is a good idea. You say to
her: .......................................................................................................................................
3 Peter needs a job. He's j ust seen an a dvert for a jo b which you think wo uld be ideal for him, but
he's not sure w h e t h e r to a p ply or not. You say to him:
4 The g overn m e nt wa n ts t o increase taxes, but yo u d o n ’t think this is a good idea.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h s h o u l d ( h a v e ) + t h e ver b in brack ets.

1 Hele n should - p ass th e e xam. She's been stu dying very hard, (pass)
2 You missed a great p arty last night. You s h o u l d h a v e come . (co m e)
3 W e don't see you enough. You and see us more often, (co me)
4 I'm in a difficult position. W h a t do yo u think I n o w? (do)
5 I'm sorry t h a t I did n't ta k e yo ur advice. I ........... w h a t yo u said, (do)
6 W e lost th e ga m e yesterd ay, but w e . W e were t h e b etter
t ea m, (win)
7 Tanya has a ten nis m atch against Ja n e to m orrow. Ja n e - s h e's
much b etter than Tanya, (win)
8 'Is Jo e here y e t?' 'N o t y e t , but he . here soon.' (be)
9 W e w e n t the wro n g w a y and got lost. W e right, not left, (turn)
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s and w rit e s e n t e nc es w it h s h o u l d / s h o u l d n 't . So m e o f t h e s e n t e nc es are

p ast a n d so m e are prese nt.
1 I'm feeling sick. I ate t o o much. I sh o u ld n t h a v e e a t e n so m uch.
2 T h at man on th e m otorbik e isn't wearin g a helm et. That's dangerous.
He s h o u l d be wearin g a h el m et.
3 W h e n w e g ot to th e restaurant, th ere were no free tables. W e ha d n't reserved one.
We .................................................................................................................................
4 The notice says t h a t the shop is open every day fro m 8.30. It is 9 o'clock now, but th e shop isn't
open yet. .................................. ........................................................................ ............. .........
5 The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50.
She .............................................................................................................................
6 Laura told me her address, but I did n’t writ e it down. N o w I ca n't re m e m b er t h e house number.
I ....................... ................................................................. .....................................................................
7 I was driving behind a n o th er car. Sud denly, the driver in fro nt stop ped wit h o u t warnin g and I
drove into th e back of his car. It w as n't m y fault.
The driver in fro nt .................................................................................................
8 I walk ed into a wall. I was looking behind me. i w asn't looking wh ere I was going.
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 16 - 18 (pages 311 - 13)

Unit
34 Should 2
You can use s h o u ld after:
in sist reco m m en d s u g g e st demand p r o p o se
1 I in sis t e d t h a t he s h o u ld a p olo gise.

D octors r e c o m m e n d t h a t everyon e s h o u ld e a t ple nty of fruit.
W h a t do you s u g g e st w e sh o u ld d o?
Ma ny people are d e m a n d in g t h a t so m e thin g s h o u ld b e d o n e a b o ut t h e proble m.
also
It's i m p o r t a n t / vit a l / n e c e ss a r y / e ss e n t i a l t h a t ... s h o u ld ... :
It's e ss e n t i a l t h a t everyo n e s h o u ld be here on tim e.
You can also leave o ut s h o u ld in t h e sentences in section A. So yo u can say:

It's e ss e n t i a l t h a t everyo n e be here on time. (= ... t h a t everyo n e s h o u ld be here)
O I in sist e d t h a t he a p o lo gis e. (= ... t h a t he s h o u ld a p o lo g is e)
W h a t do yo u s u g g e st w e d o?
Ma ny people are d e m a n d in g t h a t so m ethin g be d o n e a b o ut th e proble m.
This for m (b e / d o / a p o lo g ise etc.) is called t h e su bju nctive. It is t h e sa m e as th e in finitive (w it h o u t t o).

You can also use n or m al present and past tenses:
It's e ss e n t i a l t h a t everyo n e is here on tim e.
O I insist e d t h a t he a p ol o g ise d .
A ft er su g g est, yo u ca n n ot use t o ... ('t o do / to b u y’ etc.). You can say:

W h a t do yo u s u g g est w e s h o u ld d o?
or W h a t do yo u s u g g est w e d o? (b ut not W h a t do yo u suggest us to d o?)
Ja n e wo n th e lottery.
I su g g e st e d t h a t she s h o u ld b u y acar wit h t h e m o n ey she'd won.
or I su g g e st e d t h a t she b u y a car.
or I su g g e st e d t h a t she b o u g h t a car.(but n ot Isuggested her t o buy)
You can also use -ing aft er s u g g e st (W h a t do yo u s u g g e st d o i n g?). See U nit 53.
You can use s h o u ld aft er a n u m b er of adjectives, especially:
st r a n g e odd funny t y p ic a l n atural i n t e r e st i n g su r p ris e d sur p risin g
it's s t r a n g e t h a t he s h o u ld b e late. He's usually on tim e.

I was su r p ris e d t h a t he s h o u ld s a y such a thing.
You ca n say ‘if s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d h a p p e n For e x a m ple:

W e have no jo bs at present, but if t h e situ a tio n s h o u ld ch a n g e , w e will co n t act you.
You can also begin wit h s h o u ld (Sh o u l d so m et hin g happen ...):

Sh o u l d t h e sit u atio n ch a n g e, w e will co n t act you.
This m eans t h e sa me as ‘If th e situ a tio n c h a n g e s , Wi t h sh o uld , th e speak er feels t h a t the
possibility is smaller.
You can use I s h o u ld ... / I s h o u l d n 't ... to give so m e b o d y a dvice. For e x a mple:
‘Shall I leave n o w?' ‘No, I sh o u ld w a i t a bit.'
Here, I s h o u ld w a i t = I wo uld w ait if i were you, I advise you t o wait.

More e xamples:
‘I'm going o ut now. Is it cold o u t?' ‘Yes, I s h o u ld w e a r a coat.'
O I s h o u l d n 't s t a y up t o o late. You have to be up early t o m orrow.
Sh o u l d 1 U n it 33 A m erica n English Appen dix 7

Exercises
W r i t e a s e n t e n c e (b e gin nin g in t h e w a y s h o w n) t h a t m e a n s t h e sa m e as t h e first se n t e n ce.
1 ‘I think it wo uld be a good idea to see a specialist / th e d oct or said to me.
The d oct or reco m m e n d e d t h a t I should, s e e a s p e c i a l i s t ....................... .............. ,
2 'You really m ust stay a little longer / she said t o me.
Sh e insisted t h a t I ............................................................................................. .............
3 ‘W h y d o n't yo u visit t h e m useu m aft er lu n c h?’ I said t o th e m.
I suggested t h a t .......................................................................
4 ‘You m ust p ay th e rent by Friday / t h e landlord said to us.
The landlord d e m a n d e d t h a t . .
5 ‘W h y d o n't w e go a w a y for a f ew d a ys?' Jac k said to me.
Jac k suggested t h a t ..................... .
Are t h e s e s e n t e n c e s rig ht o r w r o n g?
1 a Tom suggested t h a t I should look for a n o t h er job. OK
b Tom suggested t h a t I look for a n o t h er job. .............................................
c Tom suggested t h a t I looked for a n o th er job.
d Tom suggested me to look for a n o t h er job.
2 a Wh e r e do yo u suggest I go for m y h olid ay? ...............
b W h e r e do yo u suggest me t o go for my h olid ay? ...
c Wh e r e do yo u suggest i should go for m y hoLiday? ... .......................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using s h o u l d + t h e f oll o w in g :
ask -be- l e a v e lis t e n say w o rry
1 It's strange t h a t he s h o u l d be late. He's usually on time.

2 It's fu n ny t h a t yo u t h at. I was going t o say t h e sa m e thing.
3 It's o nly natural t h a t parents a b o ut t h eir children.
4 Isn't it ty pical of Jo e t h a t he wit h o u t saying goo d bye to a ny b
5 I was surprised t h a t t h ey m e for advice. W h a t a dvice could I give t h e m ?
6 I'm going to give you all so m e essential infor m atio n, so it ’s i m p orta n t t h a t every b o dy
very carefully.
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e n ces. Use If ... s h o u l d ... .

1 W e have no jobs at present, (th e situation / change)
l-f t h e s it u a t i o n s h o u l d ch a n g e , w e will co n t act you.
2 I’ve hung t h e washin g o ut t o dry on t h e balcony, (i t / r a i n )
........................................................................... ,can you bring t h e washin g in, please?
3 I thin k everythin g will be O K. (there / be / any proble ms)
.................................................................... ,I'm sure w e'll be able to solve the m.
4 I d o n't w a n t a nyo n e to k now wh ere I'm going, (a nyo n e / ask)
....................... , j ust say t h a t you d o n't know.
W r i t e se n t e n ce s 3 an d 4 again, t h is ti m e b e gin nin g w i t h Sh o u l d .

1 (3) Should ,I'm sure w e'll be able to solve the m.
2 (4)..................................................................... ... , j u st say t h a t you d o n't know.
(Se c ti o n F) C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using I s h o u l d + t h e f oll o w in g :
get k ee p phone jw a k
1 ‘Sh all I leave n o w?' 'N o, . I s h o u l d w a i t a bit.'

2 ‘Sh all I t hro w t h ese things a w a y?' ‘No, t h e m. You m ay
need t h e m.'
3 ‘Shall I go and see Pa u l?' ‘Yes, but him first.'
4 ‘Is it w ort h g ettin g this TV re p aire d?' ‘ No, an e w one.'
Unit
35 Had better It's time...
H a d b e t t e r (I'd b e t t e r / y o u'd b e t t e r etc.)
I'd b e t t e r d o so m e thin g = it is advisable to do it. If I d o n't do it, th ere w ill be a proble m or a danger:
O I have t o m e e t A m y in ten minutes. I'd b e t t e r g o n o w or I'll be late.
O ‘Shall I tak e an u m b rella?' ‘Yes, y o u'd b e t t e r. It might rain /
W e ’d b e t t e r st o p for p etrol soon. The t a n k is al m ost e m pty.
The ne gative is I'd b e t t e r n o t (= I ha d b ett er not):

'The jac k e t looks good on you. Are you going t o buy it?' I' d b e t t e r n ot. It's t o o e x pensive.'
_ You d o n't Look very well. Yo u'd b e t t e r n o t g o o ut tonight.
Re m e m b er that:
The f or m is ‘h a d b ett er' (usu ally Y d b e t t e r / y o u 'd b etter' etc. in spoken English).
I’d b e t t e r phone Chris, h a d n't I?
H a d is n or m ally past, but th e m eanin g of ha d b e t t e r is present or future, n ot past,

i'd b e t t e r g o t o t h e bank n o w / t o m o r r o w .
W e say Yd b e tter d o' (n ot t o do):

ft might rain. We'd b ett er t a k e an u m brella, (n ot We'd b ett er to ta ke)
H a d b e t t e r and s h o u ld
H a d b e t t e r is si milar to s h o ul d , but not e x actly th e same. W e use h a d b e t t e r o nly for a specific

situation, not for things in general. You can use s h o u ld in all typ es of situatio ns t o give an opinion or
give advice:
It's late. You'd b e t t e r go. / You s h o u ld go. (a specific situ atio n)
You're alw a ys at ho me. You s h o u ld g o o u t more often, (in ge n eral - n ot ‘had b ett er g o ’)
Also, wit h h a d b e t t e r, th ere is alw a ys a danger or a pro ble m if yo u d o n't f oll o w th e advice.
Sh o u l d m eans o nly ‘it is a good thin g to do'. Co mpare:
O It's a great film. You s h o u ld go and see it. (but no proble m if you d o n't)
G The film starts at 8.30. You'd b e t t e r go n o w or you'Ll be late.
It's t i m e ...
You can say it's t i m e (for so m e b o dy) t o ... :

It's ti m e t o g o ho me. / It's ti m e for us t o go home.
But you can also say:

It's Late. It's ti m e w e w e n t ho me.
W h e n we use it's t i m e + past (w e w e n t / I did / t h e y w e r e etc.), th e m eanin g is present, n ot past:
It's t i m e t h ey w e r e here. W h y are t h e y so la t e? (n o t It's ti m e t h ey are here)
It's t i m e so m e b o dy did so m ethin g - t h ey should have alre a dy done it or starte d it. W e often use this
structure t o criticise or to co m plain:
This sit u atio n ca n't continue. It's t i m e yo u did so m e thin g a b o u t it.
He's very selfish. It's t i m e he re a lis e d t h a t he isn't th e m ost i m p ort a n t person in th e world.
You can also say It's a b o u t t i m e ... . This makes th e criticism stronger:
J a c k is a g r e a t t a l k e r. B u t i t ’s a b o u t t i m e h e did s o m e t h i n g i n s t e a d o f j u s t t a l k i n g .
70 Sh o u l d 1 • + U n i t 33
Exercises
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s a n d w r it e s e n t e nc es w it h h a d b e t t e r or h a d b e t t e r n o t. Use t h e w o r d s in
brack ets.
1 You're going o ut for a walk wit h Tom. It looks as if it might rain. You say to Tom:
(an u m brella) We'd, b ett er t a k e a n u mbrella.. .....................................................
2 O live r has j ust cut himself, it's a bad cut. You say to him:
(a plaster) ...
3 You and Kate plan to go t o a resta ura nt this evening. It's a pop ular restaurant. You say t o Kate:
(reserve) W e .........................................................................................................................
4 Rebecca d oesn't look very w ell this morning - not w ell enough to go to work. You say t o her:
(work) ..............................................................
5 You received yo u r p hone bill four wee ks ago, but you h av e n't paid it yet. If yo u d o n't pay soon,
yo u could be in trou ble. You say to yourself:
(pay) .......................................................................................................................................................
6 You w a n t t o ask yo u r boss so m ethin g, but he's very busy and you k now he d oesn't Like t o be
disturbed. You say to a colleague:
(disturb) I ......................................... ....................... ...... .................
Pu t in h a d b e t t e r w h e r e suit a b le. If h a d b e t t e r is n o t suit a ble, use s h o u ld .

1 I have an a p p oin t m e nt in ten minutes. I d. b e tt er go n o w or I'll be late.
2 It's a great film. You should, go and see it. You'll really Like it.
3 You set yo u r alarm. Yo u'll never wa k e up on ti m e if you d on't.
4 W h e n people are driving, t h e y keep th eir eyes on th e road.
5 I'm glad yo u ca m e to see us. You co m e more often.
6 Sh e'll be upset if w e d o n't invite her to th e party, so w e invite her.
7 These biscuits are delicious. You try one.
8 I thin k every b o d y Learn a foreign language.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. So m e t i m e s y o u nee d o n ly o n e w or d , s o m e ti m e s t w o .
1 a I have a to o th ach e. I'd b ett er 9° to t h e dentist.
b Jo h n is e x p ectin g you to p hone him. You b ett er p hone him now.
c ‘Shall I leave th e win d o w o p e n?' 'N o, you'd b ett er it.'
d We'd b e tt er leave as soon as possible, ... w e?
.
2 a It's ti m e t h e g overn m e n t so m e thin g a b o ut th e problem,

b It's ti m e so m e thin g a b o ut th e proble m.
c I thin k it's a b o ut ti m e yo u a b o ut o th er people instead of o nly thinking
a b o ut yourseLf.
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d w rit e se n t e n c e s w it h It's t i m e (s o m e b o d y did s o m e t h in g).

1 You thin k th e oil in th e car needs to be changed. It hasn't been changed for a Long time.
It's t u n e w e changed, t h e oil. in t h e c a r . .........................................
2 You h ave n't had a holid ay for a very long ti m e. You need one now.
It's ti m e I .....
3 You're sitting on a train w aitin g for it t o leave th e station. It's alre a dy five min utes late.
4 Y o u e n j o y h a v i n g p a r ti e s. Y o u h a v e n 't h a d o n e f o r a Long t i m e .
5 The co m p a ny yo u work for has been b adly managed for a Long tim e. You thin k so me changes
should be made.
6 A n dre w has been doing t h e sa m e jo b for the last ten years. H e should try so m et hin g else.
A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcis e 16 (page 311)

Unit
36 , Would
W e use w o u l d ('d) / w o u l d n 't wh e n w e im agine a situ atio n or action (= w e thin k of so m e thin g t h a t is
n o t real):
It w o u l d be nice t o buy a n e w car, but N £W
w e ca n't afford it.
I’d l o v e to live by th e sea.
a : Sh all I t ell Chris w h a t ha p p e n e d?
b: No, I w o u l d n 't s a y anything.

(= I w o u l d n ’t say a nythin g in y o u r situatio n)
W e use w o u l d h a v e (d o n e) w h e n w e imagine situations

or actio ns in t h e past (= things t h a t did n't happen):
T h ey helped us a lot. I d o n ’t k now w h a t w e'd h a v e d o n e
(= we w o u l d h a v e d o n e) wit h o u t t heir help.
O I did n't t ell Sa m w h a t hap pened. He w o u l d n 't h a v e b e e n pleased.
C o m p are w o u l d (d o) and w o u l d h a v e (d o n e):
C I w o u l d c a ll Lisa, but I d o n ’t have her nu mber, (n o w)
I w o u l d h a v e c a ll e d Lisa, but I did n't have her number, (past)
0 I'm n ot going t o invite t h e m t o t h e party. T h ey w o u l d n 't c o m e a nyway.
I did n't invite t h e m to th e party. T h ey w o u l d n 't h a v e c o m e a nyway.
W e oft e n use w o u l d in sente nces wit h if (see Units 3 8 - 4 0):

C I w o u l d c a ll Lisa if ! had her number, si tuviera su número
1 i 1w o u l d h a v e c a ll e d Lisa if I'd had her number. si hubiera tenido su número
C o m p are w i l l ('11) and w o u l d ('d):

Q I'll s t a y a little longer. I’ve g ot ple nty of tim e.
I'd s t a y a little longer, but I really have t o go now. (so I ca n't st ay longer)
I'll c a ll Lisa. I have her nu mber.
I'd c a ll Lisa, but I d o n't have her number, (so I ca n't call her)
So m e ti m es w o u l d / w o u l d n 't is the past of w ill / w o n 't . C o m pare:
prese n t p ast
t o m : I'll c a ll yo u on Sun day. Tom said he'd c a ll me on Sunday.
a m y : I pro mise I w o n 't be late. A m y pro mised t h a t she w o u l d n 't be late.
3 l is a : Da m n! The car w o n 't st a r t. Lisa was a n noye d because her car w o u l d n 't s t a r t
So m e b o d y w o u l d n 't d o so m e thin g = he / she refused to do it:

I tried to warn him, b ut he w o u l d n 't lis t e n to me. (= he refused to listen)
The car w o u l d n 't s t a r t. (= it ‘refuse d’ to start)
You can also use w o u l d to talk a b o ut things t h a t hap pened re gularly in t h e past:
W h e n w e were children, w e lived by th e sea. In su m mer, if th e w e a t h e r was fine, w e w o u l d
all get up early and go for a swim. (= w e did this regularly)
W h e n e v e r Richard was angry, he w o u l d wal k o ut of th e room.
W i t h this meaning, w o u l d is similar to use d t o (see U n it 18):

W h e n e v e r Richard was angry, he use d t o w a l k o ut of t h e room.
W i l l -* U n its 21 - 22 W o u ld you ? - * U n it 3 7 A Wo u ld if U n its 3 8 - 4 0

W is h , . w o u ld U n i t 41 W o u l d li k e U n its 3 7E, 5 8 W o u l d p r e f e r / w o u l d r a t h e r - ¥ U n i t 59
72 Mo d al verbs - > A p p e n d i x 4
Unit
Exercises 36
W r i t e s e n t e nc es a b o u t y o u rs e lf, i m a gin e t hin gs y o u w o u l d like or w o u l d n 't like.
1 (a place yo u'd love t o live) I cl love to liv e by t h e sea.. .....................
2 (a jo b yo u w o u l d n't like to do)
3 (so m et hin g you wo uld love to do)
4 (so m et hin g t h a t w o uld be nice to have) ...........................
5 (a place yo u'd like to go to) .. ...........................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using w o u l d + t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
be be - do do enjoy e njoy have p ass st o p
1 T h ey helped us a lot. I d o n't k now w h a t we w o u l d h a v e d o n e wit h o u t t h eir help,

2 You should go and see th e film. You it.
3 It ’s a pity you co uld n't co m e t o th e p arty last night. You it.
4 ShaLl i a p ply for t h e jo b or n o t? W h a t yo u in m y p ositio n?
5 I was in a hurry wh e n I saw you. O t h erwise I .............. to talk.
6 W e too k a taxi h o m e last night, but got stuck in th e traffic, It
quicker to walk.
7 W h y d o n't yo u go and see C lare? She very pleased to see you.
8 W h y did n't you do th e e x a m? I'm sure yo u ........ ........................... it.
9 In an ideal world, everyb o dy enough to eat.
Each s e n t e n c e on t h e rig ht f o ll o w s a s e n t e n c e on t h e le ft. W h ic h f o ll o w s w h ic h?
1 - ^ 4 i t o o - g o t o A ustralia one day. a It w o u l d n ’t have been very nice. 1

2 I w o u l d n't like to live on a busy road. b It w o uld have been fun. 2
3 I'm sorry th e trip was cancelled. c It w o u l d be ni-ee^ 3
4 I'm looking forward t o going out tonig ht. d It w o n ’t be much fun. 4
5 I'm glad w e did n't go o ut in th e rain. e It w o u ld n't be very nice. 5
6 I'm not looking forward t o th e trip. f It will be fun. 6 ...
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s using p r o m is e d + w o u l d / w o u l d n 't .
1 I w o n d er w h y Laura is late. Sh e pro mise d s h e w o uld n b be l -ate.
2 I w o n d er w h y St eve hasn't called me. He pro mised ....
3 W h y did yo u t ell Ja n e w h a t I said? You .......
4 I'm surprised t h e y did n't w a it for us. T h ey
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use w o u l d n 't + a s u it a b le verb.

1 I tried to warn him, but he w o u l d n ’t lis t e n to me.
2 I asked A m a n d a w h a t had hap pened, but she me.
3 Paul was very angry a b o ut w h a t I'd said and to me for tw o weeks,
4 Martin a insisted on carrying all her luggage. She m e help her.
T h ese se n t e n ce s are a b o u t t h in g s t h a t o f t e n h a p p e n e d in t h e p ast. C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es

using w o uLd + t h e s e verbs:
forget h elp shak e s h ar e - walk
1 W h e n e v e r Richard was angry, he w o u l d w al k o ut of th e room.
2 W e used to live ne xt to a railw ay line. Every ti m e a train w e n t past, th e house...... .
.
3 Alan was a very kind man. He always yo u if yo u had a proble m.

4 Katherine was always very generous. She did n't have much, but she
w h a t she had wit h everyo n e else.
5 You could never rely on Joe. It did n't m a t t er h o w m any ti m es you re min ded him to do
so mething, he always .
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 16 - 18 (page 311 - 13) 73

Unit Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc.
3 7 (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)
Asking people t o do things (requests) ( C o u l d y o u open the door, please?^
W e use ca n or c o u ld to ask people t o do things:

C a n y o u w a it a m o m e n t, please?
or C o u ld y o u w a it a m o m e n t, please?
Helen, ca n y o u do m e a favo ur?
Excuse me, c o u ld y o u t ell me h o w t o g et t o t h e air p ort?
N o t e t h a t w e say D o y o u t h i n k yo u c o u ld ... ? (not can):

D o y o u t h i n k y o u c o u l d take m e t o th e st a tio n?
W e also use w i l l and w o u l d to ask people to do things (b ut ca n / c o u ld are m ore usual):

O Helen, w il l y o u do m e a favo ur?
O W o u l d y o u please be q u ie t? I'm trying t o co nce ntra te.
Asking for things
To ask for so m ethin g, w e use C a n I h a v e ... ? / C o u ld I h a v e ... ? or C a n I g e t

O (in a shop) C a n I h a v e th ese postcards, ple ase? or
C a n I g e t th ese postcards, ple ase?
(during a meal) C o u ld I h a v e t h e salt, please?
M a y I h a v e ... ? is also possible:

O M a y I h a v e these postcards, please?
Asking t o do things
f Could I use your p h o n e?j
-
To ask to do so m ething, we use ca n, co ul d or m ay:
. _ (on the phone) Hello, ca n I speak to Steve, please?
J ‘C o u ld I use yo ur p h o n e?' ‘Sure.'
D o y o u t h i n k I c o u ld b orrow yo u r bike?
'M a y I co m e in?' ‘Yes, please do.'
M a y is m ore f or m al th a n ca n or co uld .
To ask t o do so m ething, yo u can also say D o y o u m in d if I ... ?

or Is it a ll ri g h t / Is it O K if I ... ?:
O ‘D o y o u m in d if I use yo u r p h o n e?' ‘Sure. G o ahead.'
‘Is it a ll ri g h t if I co m e in?' ‘Yes, of course.’
O fferin g t o do things
To offer t o do so mething, w e use C a n I ... ?:

‘C a n I get yo u a cup of c o ff e e?' 'T hat wo uld be nice.'
Q ‘C a n I help y o u ?' ‘ No, it's all right. I can manage.'
O fferin g and inviting
To offer or to invite, w e use W o u l d y o u li k e ... ? (not Do yo u like):

‘W o u l d y o u li k e a cup of c o ff e e?' ‘Yes, please.'
‘W o u l d y o u li k e to eat wit h us t o n ig h t?' T d love t o .1
I'd li k e ... is a p olite w a y of saying w h a t you wa nt:

(at a tourist information office) I'd lik e so m e in for m a tio n a b o u t hotels, please.
(in a shop) I'd lik e to try on this jack et, please.
C a n and c o u l d - > U n its 26 - 27 Mi n d - ing U n i t 53 W o u l d li k e - > U n i t s 5 5 A, 5 8 B

Modal verbs (c a n / c o u l d / w ill / w o u l d etc.) A ppen dix 4
Exercises
R e a d t h e s i t u a t i o n s a n d w r i t e q u e s t i o n s b e g i n n i n g C a n ... o r C o u l d ... .
1 Y o u 'r e c a r r y i n g a l o t o f t h in g s. Y o u c a n 't o p e n t h e d o o r y o u r s e lf . T h e r e 's a m a n s t a n d i n g n e a r t h e

d o o r. Yo u say t o him : Could y o u o p e n t h e d o o r , p l e a s e ?
2 Y o u p h o n e K a t e's o f fic e , b u t s o m e b o d y e ls e a n s w e rs . K a t e is n 't t h e r e . Y o u w a n t t o l e a v e a
m e ss a g e f o r h er. Y o u sa y: ................. ......................................................................
3 Y o u 'r e a t o u r is t . Y o u w a n t t o g o t o t h e s t a t i o n , b u t y o u d o n 't k n o w h o w t o g e t t h e r e . Y o u ask a t
y o u r h o t e l: .................... ....................... .....................................................................................
4 You a r e in a c l o t h e s s h o p . Y o u s e e s o m e t r o u s e r s y o u li k e a n d y o u w a n t t o t r y t h e m o n.
Y o u s a y t o t h e s h o p a ss is t a n t : .................
5 You h a v e a car. Y o u h a v e t o g o t h e s a m e w a y asS t e v e , w h o iso n f o o t . Y o u o f f e r h i m a lift.
You say t o him: .......
R e a d t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d w r i t e a q u e s t i o n u s i n g t h e w o r d in b r a c k e t s .
1 Y o u w a n t t o b o r r o w y o u r f ri e n d 's bik e. W h a t d o y o u s a y t o h i m ?
(t h i n k ) Do y o u t hin k: I c o u l d b orro w y o u r b i k e ?
2 Y o u a r e s t a y i n g a t a f ri e n d 's h o u s e a n d y o u w o u l d li k e t o m a k e s o m e c o f f e e . W h a t d o y o u s a y ?
(a ll ri g h t) Is i t a l l r i g h t I f . I m a k e s o m e c o f f e e ? .................................. ....................
3 Y o u 'v e f ill e d in s o m e f o r m s in E n g lis h . Y o u w a n t y o u r f ri e n d t o c h e c k t h e m f o r y o u . W h a t d o y o u
ask?
(t h i n k ) .................... .......
4 Y o u w a n t t o l e a v e w o r k e a rly . W h a t d o y o u ask y o u r b o ss?
(m in d) ...............................................................................................................................
5 T h e w o m a n in t h e n e x t r o o m is p l a y i n g m u sic. It's v e r y l o u d . Y o u w a n t h e r t o t u r n it d o w n .
W h a t d o y o u s a y t o h e r?
(t h i n k ) ...................................................................................................................................
6 Y o u 'r e o n a t r a i n . T h e w i n d o w is o p e n a n d y o u 'r e f e e li n g c o l d . Y o u'd li k e t o c l o s e it, b u t firs t y o u
as k t h e w o m a n n e x t t o y o u .
(O K) ...........................................................................................................................................................
7 Y o u 'r e stilL o n t h e t r a i n . T h e w o m a n n e x t t o y o u h as f i n is h e d r e a d i n g h e r p a p er, a n d y o u 'd li k e t o
h a v e a l o o k a t it. Y o u as k h er.
(t h i n k ) ....... ... ....
W h a t w o u l d y o u s a y in t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s ?
1 Pa u l h as c o m e t o s e e y o u in y o u r f l a t . Y o u o f f e r h i m s o m e t h in g t o eat.
yo u: . W o u l d y o u l i k e s o m e t h i n g t o e a t .................................................................................. ?
pa u l: N o , t h a n k y o u . I'v e j u s t e a t e n .
2 Y o u n e e d h e l p t o c h a r g e t h e b a t t e r y in y o u r c a m e r a . Y o u as k K a t e .
yo u: I d o n 't k n o w h o w t o c h a r g e t h e b a t t e r y . ?
k a t e: Su r e . It's e a sy. A ll y o u h a v e t o d o is t h is.
3 Y o u 'r e o n a b us. Y o u h a v e a s e a t , b u t a n e l d e r l y m a n is s t a n d i n g . Y o u o f f e r h i m y o u r s e a t .
yo u: ?
ma n : O h , t h a t's v e r y k in d o f y o u . T h a n k y o u v e r y m u c h .
4 Y o u 'r e t h e p a ss e n g e r in a car. Y o u r f ri e n d is d riv i n g v e r y f a s t . Yo u as k h e r t o s l o w d o w n .
yo u: Y o u 'r e m a k i n g m e v e r y n e rv o u s . ?
d r iv e r : O h , I'm s o rry. I d i d n ’t r e a lis e I w a s g o i n g so f a st.
5 Y o u 'v e fi n is h e d y o u r m e a l in a r e s t a u r a n t a n d n o w y o u w a n t t h e bill. Y o u as k t h e w a i t e r :
yo u: . ?
w ait er : Su r e . I'll g e t it f o r y o u n o w .
6 A f ri e n d o f y o u r s is i n t e r e s t e d in o n e o f y o u r b o o k s. Y o u i n v i t e h i m t o b o r r o w it.
f r ie n d : T h is l o o k s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g .
yo u: Yes, it's a g o o d b o o k ................... ?
Unit I
3 8 I If I do ... and If I did ...
C o m p are th ese e xa mples:
(1) l is a : Shall we go by bus or by tr ain? If we go by bus,

je s s : If w e go by bus, i t w il l be cheaper. it w ill be ch e a p er.
For Jess, it is possible t h a t t h ey will go by bus,

so she says:
If w e go by bus, it w i l l be . ..
LISA JE S S
(2) Lisa and Jess decide to go by train.

Later, jess talks to Joe.
f If we w e n t by bus, it would be ch e a p er. J
jo e: H o w are yo u going t o tr av e l? '
je s s : W e'r e going by train. If w e w e n t by bus,
it w o u l d be cheaper, but th e train is quicker.
N o w Jess knows t h ey are n ot going to travel by bus,

so she says:
If we w e n t by bus, it w o u l d be ... (n ot If we go ...) JO E JE S S
W h e n w e imagine so m e thin g t h a t will not happen, or we

d o n't e x pect t h a t it will happen, w e use if + p ast
(if we w e n t / if th ere w a s / if yo u f o u n d etc.).
But th e m eanin g is n ot past:
3 W h a t w o uld yo u do if yo u w o n a lot of m o n e y?
(w e d o n't really e x p ect this to happen)
If t h ere w a s (or w e r e) an electio n to m orrow,
w h o wo uld yo u vo t e f o r?
For if ... w a s / w e r e , see U n it 39C.
C o m p are if I fi n d and if I f o u n d:
I thin k I left m y w a tc h at yo u r house. If y o u fi n d it, I won a l o t o f m o n e y
can yo u call m e?
b ut If y o u f o u n d a w a ll e t in t h e street, w h a t w o uld yo u do wit h it?
W e do not n or m ally use w o u l d in t h e if - part of th e sentence:

I'd be very scared if so m e b o d y p o i n t e d a gun at me. (n ot if so m e b o dy wo uld p oint)
If w e w e n t by bus, it w o uld be cheaper, (n o t If w e w o uld go)
But you can use if .. . w o u l d wh e n yo u ask so m e b o d y t o do so m ething:

(fro m a fo r m al le tt e r) I wo uld be grate ful if yo u w o u l d l e t me k now yo u r decision as soon
as possible.
In t h e o th er part of t h e sente nce (n ot th e if - part) w e use w o u l d ('d) / w o u l d n 't :

O W h a t w o u l d yo u d o if yo u were bitten by a snak e?
! i I'm n ot going t o bed yet. I'm n ot tired. If I w e n t t o bed now, I w o u l d n 't slee p .
W o u l d y o u m in d if I u se d y o u r p h o n e ?
C o u ld and m i g h t are also possible:

If I w o n a lot of m oney, I m i g h t b u y a house. (= it is possible t h a t I wo uld buy a house)
O If it stop ped raining, we c o u ld go out. (= we wo uld be able to go out)
W ill U n its 2 1 - 22 If and w h e n - U n it 25 D W o u ld U n it 36 If I k n e w U n it 39

76 If I h a d k n o w n -* U n i t 4 0
Exercises
W h a t do y o u s a y in t h es e sit u a ti o n s?
1 O f course yo u d o n't e x pect to win the Lottery. Wh ic h do yo u say?
a If I win the Lottery, I'Ll buy a big house. _
b If I wo n t h e lottery, I'd buy a big house. l /_ (b is correct)
2 You're not going to sell yo u r car because it's old and not w ort h much.Wh ic h do yo u say?
a If I sell my car, I w o n't get much m o n ey for it. EH
b If I sold my car, I w o uld n't g et much m o n ey for it. EH
3 You often see Sarah. A friend of yo urs wa n ts to co n t act her. Wh ic h do you say?
a If I see Sarah, I'll tell her to call you. EH
b If I saw Sarah, I'd t ell her to call yo u. EH
4 You d o n't e x p ect t h a t t here will be a fire in th e building. W h ic h do yo u say?
a W h a t will yo u do if th ere is a fire in th e building? EH
b W h a t wo uld you do if t h ere was a fire in the b uilding? EH
5 Yo u’ve never lost yo ur passport. You can only imagine it.
a I d o n't k now w h a t I'll do if I lose my passport. _
b I d o n't k now w h a t I'd do if I lost m y passport. EH
6 So m e b o d y stops you and asks th e w a y to a bank. Wh ic h do yo u say?
a If yo u go right at the end of this street, y o u'll see a bank on yo ur left. EH
b If yo u w e n t right at the end of this street, yo u'd see a bank on yo u r Left. EH
7 Yo u ’re in a lift. There is an e m er g e ncy button. N o b o d y is going to press it. W h ic h do you say?
a W h a t will happen if so m e b o dy presses t h a t b u t t o n? EH
b W h a t wo uld happen if so m e b o dy pressed t h a t b u tt o n? __
Pu t t h e ver b into c o rr e c t f or m .
1 I'd be very scared if so m e b o dy pointed,(point) a gun at me.
2 I ca n’t afford to buy a car. If I (b uy) a car, I'd have to b orrow th e money.
3 D o n't Lend A m y yo u r car. If she ........(ask) me, I w o ul d n't Lend her mine.
4 If t h e co m p u ter fact ory closed down, m a ny people ............................. (Lose) th eir jobs.
5 I d o n't thin k G ary and Em ma will get married. I ................... (be) ama z ed ift h ey did.
6 W h a t would yo u do if yo u (be) in a lift and it (stop)
b et we e n flo ors?
7 If so m e b o dy (give) me £ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 (have) avery long holiday.
W r i t e s e n t e nc es b e gin nin g If ... .

1 W e'v e decided not to catch t h e 10.30 train, (arrive t o o early)
I f w e ca u g H t t h e 1 0.3 0 t m m , w e ’d arrive, too early . ...........
2 Kevin is not going to do his driving test now. (fail)

If he ......................... -. ......................................................... ....................................................
3 W e'v e decided not to stay at a hotel, (cost too much)
If ..............
4 Sally isn't going to leave her job. (n ot / get a n oth er one)
5 W e'v e decided not to invite Ben to the party, (have to invite his friends to o)
6 I'm not going to tell him w h a t happened, (not / believe me)
Us e y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e se n te nces.
1 If I wo n a lot of m o n e y , I’d- buy c l House.
2 I'd be very angry i f .............. ............
3 If yo u bought a car, ...............................
4 I'd be surprised if
5 Wo ul d you mind if
Unit
39 If I knew ... I wish I knew ...
Sarah wa nts to p hone Paul, b ut she ca n't do this because

she d oesn't k now his number. Sh e says:
If I k n e w his nu mber, I w o u l d p h o n e him.
Sarah says: If I k n e w his n u m b e r ... . This tells us t h a t she

d oesn't k now his number. She is imagining the situation.
The re al situ atio n is t h a t she d o esn't k now his nu mber.
If I k n e w his n u m b er
W h e n we imagine a situatio n like this, we use if + p ast (if I k n e w / if yo u w e r e / if we d i d n't etc.).

But th e m eanin g is present, n ot past:
There are m a ny things I'd like to do if I h a d more ti m e, (b ut I d o n't have ti m e)
If I d i d n't w a n t t o go to th e party, I w o u ld n't go. (b ut I w a n t t o go)
C W e w o u ld n't have any m o n ey if w e d i d n 't work, (b ut w e work)
If you w e r e in m y position, w h a t w o uld yo u d o?
It's a pity he ca n't drive. It wo uld be useful if he co uld .
W e use th e past in th e sa me w a y aft er w is h (I w is h I k n e w / I w is h yo u w e r e etc.). W e use w is h to

say t h a t w e regret so m ething, t h a t so m ethin g is n ot as we w o uld like it to be: ___________________
I w is h I k n e w Paul's p hone nu mber. w is h I h a d an u m b re lla . ^
(= I d o n't k now it and I regret this)
Do yo u ever w is h yo u c o u l d fly?
V
(yo u ca n't fly)
It rains a lot here. I w is h it d i d n't rain so much.
It's very crow d e d here. I w is h t here w e r e n 't so
m a ny people, (there are a lot of p eo ple)
I w is h I d i d n't have to work t o m orrow, but
u n fort u n a t ely I do.
If I w e r e / if I w a s
A ft er if and wish, yo u can use w e r e instead of w a s (if I w e r e / I w is h it w e r e etc.).

If 1w a s / I w is h it w a s are also possible. So yo u can say:
O If I w e r e you, I w o u ld n't buy t h a t coat. or If I w a s you, ...
O I'd go for a wal k if it w e r e n 't so cold. or ... if it w a s n 't so cold.
I w is h s h e w e r e here. or I w is h sh e w a s here.
W e do n o t n or m ally use w o u l d in th e if - part of t h e sente nce or after wish:

If I w e r e rich, I w o u l d travel a lot. (n ot If I would be rich)
O W h o w o u l d yo u ask if yo u n e e d e d h elp? (n ot if yo u w o uld need)
O I w is h I h a d so m e thin g to read, (n o t I wish I wo uld have)
So m e ti m es w is h ... w o u l d is possible: I w is h y o u w o u l d list e n. See U n it 41.
C o u ld so m eti m es means 'wo uld be able t o' and so m e ti m es ‘was / were a ble to':
She c o u ld g et a b ett er jo b (she c o u ld get = she wo uld be able t o get)
if she c o u ld speak English. (if she c o u ld speak = if she was / were able to speak)
I wish I c o u ld help you. (I wish I could = I wish I was able)
C C o u l d -* U n its 2 6 - 2 7 If I d o / if I did U nit 38

78 \J f I h a d k n o w n / I w is h I h a d k n o w n U n it 4 0 W is h U n i t 41
Exercises
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m .
1 |f I knew (| / k now) his nu mber, I wo uld p hone him.
2 I w o uld n t buy (| / not / buy) t h a t co a t if I were you.
3 (I / help) yo u if I could, but I'm afraid I ca n't.
4 W e d o n't need a car a t present, but we w o uld need a car if (we / live)
in th e country.
5 If we had th e choice, ... (w e / live) in t h e country.
6 This soup isn't very good. (it / t ast e) b e tter if it w a sn't so salty.
7 I w o u l d n ’t mind living in England if th e w e a t h e r (be) better.
8 If I were you, ... (I / n o t / w a i t ) ................... (I / g o ) now.
9 Yo u're aLways tired. If (you / not / go) to bed so late every night,
yo u w o u l d n ’t be tired all th e time.
10 I thin k th ere are t o o m any cars. If ... (th ere / n ot / be) so m a ny cars,
(t here / n ot / be) so much pollution.
W r i t e a se n t e n c e w it h if ... f o r e ach sit u a ti o n .

1 W e d o n't see you very often because you live so far away.
l-f you d j A 'f t t liv e so -for (Xwaxj, w e ’d s e e you more o f t e n . ............................................
2 It's a nice book but it's t o o e x pensive, so I'm n ot going t o buy it.
I it i f ....... so
3 W e d o n't go o ut very often - w e ca n't afford it.
We more often ..................... .......................................
4 I ca n't m e e t yo u t o m orro w - I have to work late.
I f . ................... .......................... ....................... ........................................................................
5 It wo uld be nice to have lunch outsid e but it's raining, so we can't.
We
6 I d o n't w a n t his advice, and th at's w h y I'm not going t o ask for it.
I f .......................................................................................................................... ...... ...............
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s b e gin nin g I w is h ... .

1 I d o n't k now m a ny people (and I'm lonely). ' wish I knew more people.
2 I d o n't have a co m p u t e r (and I need one). I wish
3 Hele n isn't here (and I need t o see her). .......
4 It's cold (and I h a te cold w e a t h e r).................................................................
5 I live in a big cit y (and I d o n't like it) .........................................
6 I ca n't go to th e p arty (and I'd like t o )................................. ............
7 I have to get up early t o m orro w (b ut I'dlike to sleep late).
8 I d o n't k now a nythin g a b o ut cars (and my car has j ust broken down).
9 I'm not feeling w e ll (and it's n ot nice).
W r i t e y o u r o w n se n t e n c e s b e gin nin g I w is h ... .

1 (so m e w h ere yo u'd like to be n o w - on t h e beach, in N e w York, in bed etc.)
I wish I .......... .....................................................................
2 (so m et hin g yo u'd like to have - a motorbik e, more friends, lots of m o n ey etc.)
3 (so m et hin g yo u'd like to be able to do - sing, travel more, cook etc.)
4 (so m et hin g yo u'd like to be - beautiful, strong, yo u n g er etc.)
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcis e s 19 - 21 (pages 313 - 14)

Unit
40 If I had known ... I wish I had known ...
Last m o nt h G a ry was in hospital for a f ew days, Rach el did n't k now this, so she did n't go to visit
him. T h ey m e t a f e w days ago.
Rach el said:
If I'd k n o w n yo u were in hospital, I w o u l d h a v e g o n e to see you.
Rach el said: If I'd k n o w n (= If I ha d k nown) yo u were in hospital. This tells us t h a t she did n't know.
W e use if + ha d ('d) ... to talk a b o u t th e past (if I h a d k n o w n / b e e n / d o n e etc.):

1did n't see yo u wh e n yo u passed m e in t h e street. If I'd se e n yo u, of course I w o uld have said
hello, (b ut I did n't see yo u)
I did n't go o ut Last night. I wo uld have gone o ut if I h a d n't b e e n so tired, (b ut I w as tire d)
1 If he h a d b e e n Looking w h ere he was going, he w o u ld n't have walk e d into th e wall, (b ut he
w a s n ’t looking)
Q The vie w w as wo n d erf ul. If I'd h a d a ca m era wit h me, I wo uld have taken so m e pictures.
(b ut I did n't have a ca m era)
C o m pare:
O I'm not hungry. If I w a s hungry, I wo uld e at so m ething, (n o w)
fJ I w asn't hungry. If I h a d b e e n hungry, I wo uld have e at e n so m ething, (past)
Do not use w o u l d in th e if - part of th e sentence. W e use w o u l d in th e o t h er part of th e sentence:

O If I h a d s e e n you, I w o u l d h a v e said hello, [n ot If I wo uld have seen yo u)
N o t e t h a t 'd can be w o u l d or had:
If I'd se e n you, (I'd seen = I h a d seen)
( J I'd h a v e said hello. (I'd have said = I w o u l d have said)
W e use h a d (d o n e) in t h e sa me w a y aft er wish. I w is h so m e thin g h a d h a p p e n e d = I a m sorry t h a t it

did n't happen:
i I w is h I'd k n o w n t h a t G a ry was ill. I wo uld have gone to see him. (b ut I did n't k now)
I feel sick. I w is h I h a d n't e a t e n so much cake. (I a te t o o m uch cake)
Do yo u w is h yo u'd st u d ie d science instead of lan g uages? (yo u did n't stu dy science)
Do not use w o u l d h a v e ... aft er wish:

T h e w e a t h e r was cold w h e n w e were on holiday. I wish it h a d b e e n warm er, (n ot I wish it
wo uld have been)
C o m p are w o u l d (d o) and w o u l d h a v e (d o n e):

If I'd gone t o t h e p arty last night, I w o u l d b e tired now. (I a m n ot tired n o w - prese n t)
If I'd gone t o t h e p arty last night, I w o u l d h a v e m e t Lots of people. (I did n't m e e t lots
of people - p a st)
C o m p are w o u l d h ave, co ul d h a v e and m i g h t h ave:

w e w o u l d h a v e g o n e out.
w e c o u l d h a v e g o n e out.
If t h e w e a t h e r h a d n ’t b ee n so bad, (= w e wo uld have been able to go o ut)
w e m i g h t h a v e g o n e out.
(= perhaps w e wo uld have gone out)
Had done U n i t 15 If I d o / if I did U n it 38 If I k n e w / I w is h I k n e w 4 U n i t 39

80 W is h U n it 41
Unit
Exercises 40
p Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m.
1I did n't see yo u wh e n yo u passed me in th e street. If I’d s e e n ( I / s e e) you,
I wow I d h a v e s a i d (| / say) hello.
2 Sa m got to th e station just in ti m e t o catch the train to th e airport. If
(he / miss) th e train, .... . (he / miss) his flight too.
3 I'm glad t h a t yo u re minded me a b o u t Rachel's birt h d ay..............................................................
(I / f o r g e t) if (you / n o t / re mind) me.
4 I w a n t e d to send yo u an e mail, but I did n't have yo ur e m ail address. If
(I / have) yo ur address, ........................................ ...(I /send)yo u an e mail.
5 a ; H o w was yo ur trip? Wa s it g o o d?
b : It was O K, but ..................... .............. (we / e njoy) it more if th e w e a t h e r
(be) better.
6 I too k a taxi t o the hotel, but th e traffic was bad. (it / be)
quicker if ......................................... ............... (I / walk).
7 I’m not tired. If ............. (I / be) tired, I'd go ho m e now.
8 I w a s n't tired last night. If (I / be) tired, I wo uld
have gone ho me earlier.
For e ach sit u a ti o n , w r it e a s e n t e n c e b e gin nin g w it h If.

1 I w a s n't hungry, so I did n't e a t a nything.
I f I ’d. been h u n g ry, I w o u l d h o v e e a t e n so m e thin g............................... ..........................
2 The accid e nt hap pened because th e road was icy.
If t h e r o a d ............................................ , th e accid e nt ......
3 I did n't k now t h a t Jo e had to get up early, so I did n't wa k e him up.
If I t h a t he had to get up early,
4 U n f o rt u n a t ely I lost m y phone, so I co uld n't call you.
If .......................................................................................................... ...................................
5 Karen w asn't injured in th e crash because she was wearin g a seat belt.
6 You did n't have breakfast - t h at's w h y yo u're hungry now.
7 I did n't get a taxi because I did n't have enough money.
Im a gin e t h a t y o u are in t h es e sit u a ti o n s. For e ach sit u a ti o n , w r i t e a s e n t e n c e w it h I w is h .

1 Yo u've eaten t o o much and n ow yo u feel sick.
You say: 1 wish I h a d n ’t eaten so much.................................................................
2 There was a jo b advertise d in t h e paper. You decided n ot t o a p ply for it. N o w you thin k t h a t
yo u r decision was wrong.
You say: I wish I
3 W h e n yo u were younger, you never learned to play a m usical instru m ent. N o w yo u regret this.
You say: ....................................................... -.. ............................ -. .........
4 Yo u've painted t h e gate red. N o w you thin k t h a t red was th e wron g colour.
You say: .................................... -. ....................................................... -. ..............
5 You are walkin g in t h e country. You'd like to take so me pictures, but yo u did n't bring yo ur
ca mera.
You say: ......................................... ,.........................................................................................
6 You have so m e une x pected guests. T h ey did n't p hone yo u first to say t h ey were co ming. You are
very busy and yo u are n ot prepared for th e m.
You say (t o y o u rs e lf): ... ...
- A d d iti o n a l e x ercises 19 - 21 (pages 313 - 14) 81

Unit
41 WJ
Wish
You can say 'I w is h y o u lu c k / a ll t h e b e st / a h a p p y b ir t h d a y' e t c . :
I w is h y o u a ll t h e b e s t in t h e future.
. I saw Mark before t h e e x a m and he w is h e d m e luck.
W e say 'wish so m e b o d y so m ethin g' (lu c k / a h a p p y b ir t h d a y etc.). But yo u ca n n ot say 'I wish t h a t
so m e thin g hap pens'. W e use h o p e in this situatio n. For e x a m ple:
I'm sorry yo u're not well. I h o p e yo u f e e l b e tter soon, (not I wish yo u feel)
C o m p are I w is h and I ho pe:

I w is h yo u a p l e a s a n t s t a y here.
I h o p e you h a v e a pleasant stay here, (n ot I wish yo u have)
W e also use w is h to say t h a t w e regret so m ething, t h a t so m e thin g is n ot as w e wo uld like it.

W h e n we use w is h in this way, we use t h e p ast (k n e w / liv e d etc.), but t h e m ea nin g is present:
3 I w is h I k n e w w h a t to do a b o ut th e proble m. (I d o n't k now and I regret this)
CI w is h yo u d i d n 't have to go so soon, (yo u have t o go)
O Do you w is h yo u liv e d near t h e sea? (yo u d o n't live near t h e sea)
Jack's going on a trip t o Me xico soon. I w is h I w a s going too. (I’m not going)
To say t h a t w e regret so m e thin g in t h e past, we use w is h + h a d .,. (h a d k n o w n / h a d said) e t c . :

I w is h I'd k n o w n a b o u t t h e party. I w o uld have gone if I’d known. (I did n't k now)
3 It was a stupid thin g t o say. I w is h I h a d n't said it. (I said it)
For m ore e x a mples, see Units 39 and 40.
I w is h I c o u ld (d o so m ethin g) = I regret t h a t I ca n n ot do it:

I'm sorry I have t o go. I w is h I c o u l d s t a y longer, (but I ca n't)
3 I've m e t t h a t man before. I w is h I c o u ld r e m e m b e r his na me, (b u t I ca n't)
I w is h I c o u ld h a v e (d o n e so m ethin g) = I regret t h a t I could n o t do it:
3 I hear th e p arty was great. I w is h I c o u ld h a v e g o n e, (b ut I co uld n't go)
You can say 'I w is h (so m e b o dy) w o u l d (do so m ethin g)', For e x a mple:
I w is h it w o u l d It's been raining all day. Tanya d oesn't like it. She says:
s t o p raining. I w is h it w o u l d st o p raining.
Tanya wo uld like th e rain t o stop, but this will pro ba bly not happen.
W e use I w is h ... w o u l d wh e n we wo uld like so m ethin g t o happen

or change. Usually, t h e speak er d oesn't e x pect this to happen.
W e oft en use I w is h ... w o u l d to co m plain a b o ut a situation:

C The p hone has been ringing for five minutes. I w is h so m e b o dy w o u l d a n s w e r it.
I w is h yo u'd d o ( = yo u w o u l d do) so m e thin g instead of j ust sitting and doing nothing.
You can use I w is h ... w o u l d n 't ... t o co m plain a b o ut things t h a t people do re peatedly:
I w is h yo u w o u l d n 't k e e p interru ptin g me. (= please d o n't interru pt me)
W e use I wis h ... w o u l d ... to say t h a t w e w a n t so m e thin g t o happen. Bu t w e do n ot use I w is h

w o u l d ... to say h ow w e wo uld like things to be. Co m pare:
I w is h Sara h w o u l d co m e. (= I w a n t her to co m e)
b ut I w is h Sarah w a s (or w e r e) here now. (n o t I wish Sarah wo uld be)
_ I w is h so m e b o dy w o u l d b u y me a car.
b ut I w is h I h a d a car. (n ot I wish I wo uld have)
W o u ld U nit 3 6 I w is h I k n e w U n it 39 i w is h I w a s / 1w is h I w e r e - U n it 39C
82 I w is h I h a d k n o w n U nit 4 0
Unit
Exercises 41
Pu t in w is h (e d ) or h o p e(d).
1 | wush yo u a pleasant stay here.
2 Enjoy yo ur holiday. I y o u have a great tim e.
3 Go o d bye. I ... yo u all th e best.
4 W e said goo d bye to each o t h er and ... each o t h er luck.
5 W e'r e going t o have a picnic t o m orro w, so I ......... t h e w e a t h e r is nice.
6 I you luck in yo ur n e w job. I it works o ut w ell for you.
W h a t do y o u s a y in t h e s e sit u a ti o n s? W r i t e se n t e n c e s w it h I w is h ... w o u l d . . . .
1 It's raining. You w a n t t o go out, but not in t h e rain.
You say: I wish i t w o u l d stop ram'mg . ...............................................................
2 You're w aitin g for Ja n e. She's late and yo u're g ettin g i m p atient.
You say t o yourself: I wish ........ .....
3 You're looking for a jo b - so far wit h o u t success. N o b o d y will give yo u a job.
You say: I wish so m e b o dy ....... ................................. ...................
4 You can hear a baby crying. It's been crying for a long ti m e and yo u're tryin g to study.
You say: ......
5 Brian has been we arin g th e sa m e clot h es for years. You thin k he needs so m e new clothes.
You say t o Brian: .........................................................................................................
For t h e f o ll o w i n g sit u a tio ns, w rit e s e n t e nc es w it h I w is h ... w o u l d n 't ... .

6 Your friend drives very fast. You d o n't Like this.
You say to yo ur friend: I wish yo u
7 Jo e leaves th e d oor open aLl t h e time. This a n noys you.
You say t o Jo e: .............. ...
8 A lot of people drop litt er in th e street. You d o n ’t like this.
You say: I wish people
A re t h es e se n t e n c e s rig h t or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 I wish Sarah wo uld be here now. I wusft Sa r a h w e r e h e r e now,
2 I wish yo u wo uld listen to me. .....
3 I wish I wo uld have more free ti m e. ...... ...............
4 I wish our flat w o uld be a bit bigger, .....................................................
5 I wish th e w e a t h e r wo uld change. ...............................................................
6 I wish yo u w o u l d n't co m plain all th e ti m e. .....
7 I wish everythin g w o u ld n't be so e x pensive.
Pu t t h e ve rb in to t h e c o rre ct form .
1 It was a stupid thin g to say. ! wish I h a d n ’t s a i d it. ( I / n o t / s a y )
2 I'm fed up wit h this rain. ! wish i t w o u l d stop . (i t / s t o p )
3 It's a difficult question. I wish t h e answer. (I / k now)
4 I should have listened to you. I w i s h .... yo u r advice, (t / t a k e)
5 You're lucky t o be going away. I w i s h wit h you.(I /can /co m e)
6 I have no energy at th e m o m e nt. I wish so tired. ( I / n o t / b e )
7 A re n't t h ey ready y e t? I wish .(t h e y / hurry up)
8 It w o uld be nice to stay here longer. I wish ....... to go now.
(we / not / have)
9 W h e n w e were in London last year, w e did n't have ti m e t o see all the things we w a n t e d to see.
I wish longer, (we / can / stay)
10 It's free zing to day. I wish so cold. I h ate cold weather.
(it / not / be)
11 Jo e still d oesn't k now w h a t he wa nts t o do. I wish ..... (he / decide)
12 I really did n't enjoy the party. I wish .(w e /n ot /go)
83
Unit
4 2 ' Passive 1 (is done / was done)
Study this example:
This house w a s b u ilt in 1961.
W a s b u ilt is passive.
C o m p are active and passive:
So m e b o d y b u ilt this house in 1961. (active)

subject o bject
This house w a s b u ilt in 1961. (passive)

su bject
W h e n we use an active verb, w e say w h at the su bject does:

My gran dfat her was a builder. H e b u ilt this house in 1961.
O It ’s a big co m pa ny. It e m p l o y s t w o hundred people.
W h e n we use a passive verb, we say w h at happens to the su bject:
O 'H o w old is this h o use?' 'It w a s b u ilt in 1961,'
T w o h u n d re d p e o p le a re e m p l o y e d by t h e co m p a ny.
W h e n we use th e passive, w h o or w h a t causes t h e actio n is often u n k nown or u ni m p ort ant:

A lo t of m o n ey w a s s t o l e n in th e robbery, (so m e b o d y stole it, but w e d o n't k now w h o)
Is this roo m cl e a n e d every d a y? (does so m e b o dy clean it? - it's not i m p ort a n t w h o)
If we w a n t to say w h o does or w h a t causes the action, we use by:

This house was built b y m y g r a n d f a t h e r.
Two hundred people are e m ploye d b y t h e c o m p a n y.
The passive is be (is / was etc.) + p ast p articip le (d o n e / cle a n e d / s e e n etc.):

(b e) d o n e (b e) cl e a n e d (b e) d a m a g e d (b e) b u ilt (b e) se e n etc.
For irregular past participles (d o n e / s e e n / k n o w n etc.), see A p pendi x 1.
St u d y th e active and passive for ms of th e p rese n t sim ple and p ast sim ple:
Prese nt sim ple

active cl e a n(s) / se e(s) etc. So m e b o d y cle a n s this roo m every day.
passive a m / is / are + cl e a n e d / s e e n etc. This roo m is cle a n e d every day.
Ma n y accid e nts are ca use d by careless driving.

G I'm n o t in vit e d to parties very often.
H o w is this word p r o n o u n c e d?
Past sim ple

active cl e a n e d / s a w etc. So m e b o d y cl e a n e d t his roo m yesterd ay.
passive w a s / w e r e + cle a n e d / s e e n etc. This roo m w a s cl e a n e d yesterd ay.
W e w e r e w o k e n up by a loud noise during th e night.

'Did yo u go to th e p a r ty?' 'N o, I w a s n 't in vit e d .'
H o w much m o n ey w a s s t o l e n in t h e ro b b ery?
c
JT
84 Passive 2 - 3 - U nits 4 3 - 4 4 B y -¥ U n i t 128

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using o n e o f t h es e ver bs in t h e c o rr e c t f or m , p re se n t or past:
-cause - damage h o ld i n vit e make

overta k e show su rr o u n d tra n sla te w rite
1 M a ny accid e nts . cause d by dangerous driving.

2 Cheese fro m milk.
3 The roof of th e building in a stor m a f ew days ago.
4 You to th e wedding. W h y did n't you g o?
5 A cin e m a is a place wh ere f i l m s ............. .
6 In th e Unit e d St ates, electio ns for president .................... every four years.
7 O rigin ally th e book in Spanish, and a f ew years ago it
into English.
8 Alth o u g h w e were driving fast, w e by a lot of o t h er cars.
9 You ca n't see t h e house fro m t h e road. It by trees.
W r i t e q u estio ns using t h e p assive. So m e are p rese n t an d so m e are p ast.

1 Ask a b o ut glass, (h o w / m a k e?) How is g la ss m o d e? ....................................................
2 Ask a b o ut television, (whe n / inve n t?)
3 Ask a b o ut m ountains, (h o w / f o r m ?) ............ .
4 Ask a b o ut a ntibiotics, (wh e n / discover?)
5 Ask a b o ut silver, (w h a t / use f o r?)
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f o r m , p re se n t si m ple or p ast si m ple, a c tiv e or passive.

1 It's a big factory. Five hundred people OJrt e m ploye d (e m ploy) there.
Z D u t somebody cle a n (so m e b o dy / clea n) this roo m y est e r d a y?
3 Water (cover) m ost of th e earth's surface.
4 H o w m uch of th e earth's surface (cover) by w a t e r?
5 The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.
6 The le tt er ........... (send) a we e k ago and it (arrive) ........................ yesterday.
7 The b oat hit a rock and (sink) quickly. F ort u n a tely everyb o d y
(rescue).
8 Robert's parents (die) wh e n he was very young. He and his sister
(bring up) by t h eir grand parents.
9 I was born in London, but I (grow up) in Canada.
10 W h il e I was on hoLiday, my ca m era (steal) fro m my h otel room.
11 W h il e I was on holiday, my c a m e r a ........ (disap pear) fro m my h otel room.
12 W h y .. (Su e / resign) fro m her j o b? Did n't she e njoy it?
13 W h y (Be n / fire) from his j o b? Did he do so m e thin g wr o n g?
14 The co m p a ny is not in de p e n d ent. It (ow n) by a much larger co m pany.
15 I saw an accid e nt last night. So m e b o d y (call) an a m b ula nce but n o b o dy
............. (injure), so th e a m b ula nce (n ot / need).
16 W h e r e .............. . (these pictures / t a k e)? In Lo n d o n?
(yo u / ta k e) the m, or so m e b o d y else?
17 So m e ti m es it's q uite noisy living here, but it's not a proble m for me -
I (n ot / bother) by it.
Re w rit e t h es e se n te nces. Inste a d o f using s o m e b o d y , t h e y , p e o p l e etc., w r it e a passive

se n te nce.
1 So m e b o dy cleans t h e roo m every day. The. room is cl e a n e d eve ry d a y . ...................
2 T h ey ca ncelle d all flights because of fog. A IL .........................................................................
3 People d o n't use this road much.
4 So m e b o d y accused m e of stealing money. I
5 H o w do people learn la nguages? How ........ ........
6 People warn e d us not to go o ut alone. ............... .........................................
Unit I
43 Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done)
St u d y th e f ollo win g active and passive forms:
Infinitive
a ctive (to) d o / cle a n / se e etc. So m e b o d y w i l l cl e a n this roo m later.
p assive (to) be + d o n e / cle a n e d / se e n etc. This roo m w il l be cl e a n e d later.
The situatio n is serious. So m et hin g m ust b e d o n e before it's t o o late.

A m yst ery is so m et hin g t h a t ca n't be e x p lain e d .
C 1 The m usic was very Loud and could be h e ar d fro m a long w a y away.
A new su p er m ark et is going t o be b u ilt ne x t year.
Q Please go away. I w a n t t o be l e f t alone.
Pe rfect infinitive
active (to) h a v e + d o n e / cle a n e d / se e n etc. So m e b o dy sh o ul d h a v e cle a n e d t h e roo m .
p assive (t o) h a v e b ee n + d o n e / cle a n e d / se e n etc. The roo m s h o u ld h a v e b e e n cle a n e d .
I should have received t h e le tt er by now. It mig ht h a v e b e e n s e n t to th e wron g address.

If you had locked t h e car, it w o u ld n't h av e b ee n st o l e n .
There were so me pro ble ms at first, but t h ey see m t o h a v e b e e n solve d .
Prese nt p e rfe ct
a ctive h av e / h as + d o n e etc. The roo m looks nice. So m e b o dy has cle a n e d it
passive h a ve / h as b e e n + d o n e etc. The room looks nice. It h as b e e n cle a n e d .
H ave you heard? The trip has b e e n c a n c e ll e d .

Q H a v e you ever b e e n b it t e n by a d o g?
A re yo u going to th e p a r ty?' ‘No, I h a v e n 't b e e n in vit e d .'
Past p e rfe ct
active had + d o n e etc. The room looked nice. So m e b o dy had cle a n e d it
p assive ha d b e e n + d o n e etc. The roo m looked nice. It h a d b e e n cle a n e d .
) The veg et a bles did n't taste good. T h ey ha d b ee n c o o k e d t o o long.

O The car w as t hree ye ars old, but h a d n't b e e n use d very much.
.'. 'f v z m n
Prese nt continuous
a ctive a m / is / are + (d o)i n g So m e b o dy is cle a n in g t h e roo m at t h e m o m e nt.
passive a m / is / are + b ein g (d o n e) T he roo m is b ein g cl e a n e d at th e m o m e nt.
T h ere ’s so m e b o dy walkin g behind us. I thin k we are b ein g f o ll o w e d .

(in a shop) ‘Can I help y o u?' ‘No, thanks, i'm b ein g serv e d .'
Past continuous
active w a s / w e r e + (d o)i n g So m e b o dy w a s cl e a ni n g t h e roo m w h e n I arrived.
passive w a s / w e r e + b ein g (d o n e) The roo m w a s b ein g cl e a n e d w h e n I arrived.
There was so m e b o dy walkin g behind us. I thin k we w e r e b ein g f o ll o w e d .
Passive 1, 3 - ¥ U n its 42, 4 4

Unit
Exercises 43
W h a t d o t h e s e w o r d s m e a n? Use it ca n ... or i t c a n ' t . . . . Use a d icti o n a ry if n ecessary.
If so m et hin g is
1 w a s h a b l e , ... & c a n be w a s h e d ,..................... 4 u n u s a b l e , ..................................................
2 u n b r e a k a b l e , it ........................................... 5invisib le , .......
3 e di ble , 6p o r t a b le , ....................... ..
C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e n c e s w it h t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f or m):
a rr e s t carry ca u se -do- make re p air -send- sp e n d w a k e up
So m e t i m e s y o u n e e d h a v e (m i g h t h a v e , s h o u l d h a v e e tc.).
1 The situatio n is serious. So m et hin g m ust be d o n e before it's t o o late.
2 I should have received th e le tt er by now. It mig ht h a v e been s e n t . to th e wron g address.
3 A decision will n o t until th e ne x t meeting.
4 Do you thin k t h a t m ore m o n ey should on e d uca tio n?
5 This road is in very bad con dition. It should a long ti m e ago.
6 The injured man co uld n't wal k and had to .
7 I told th e h otel rece ptio nist I w a n t e d t o at 6.30 th e ne x t morning.
8 If yo u h a d n't pushed th e p olice m a n, yo u w o u ld n't ..............................................................
9 It's not certain h ow t h e fire started, but it might .......... by an
electricaL fault.
Re w rit e t h es e se n t e nc es. Inst e a d o f using s o m e b o d y or t h e y etc., w r i t e a p assive se n t e n ce .

1 So m e b o d y has cleane d th e room.
TVie room h a s been c l e a n e d .
So m e b o d y is using th e co m p u ter right now.
The co m p u t er ........
I did n't realise t h a t so m e b o dy was recording our conversation.
I did n't realise t h a t .................................................................................
W h e n w e g ot t o t h e stadiu m, we found t h a t t h ey had ca ncelle d t h e game.
W h e n w e g ot to th e stadiu m, we found t h a t
T hey are building a n ew ring road round t h e city.
6 T h ey have built a n ew hospital near th e airport.
Ma k e se n t e n c e s fro m t h e w o r d s in brack ets. So m e ti m e s t h e ver b is activ e , s o m e ti m e s p assive.

1 There's so m e b o dy behind us. (I thin k / we / f ollo w) I t hin k w e re. being“f o ll o w e d ,
2 This roo m looks different, (yo u / p a i n t / t h e w a lls?) H a v e you p ain t e d t h e w a l l s 7
3 My car has disap peared, (i t / s t e a l!) I t ............................. ..................................
4 My u m brella has disappeared, (so m e b o dy / take) So m e b o d y ........
5 Sa m gets a higher salary now. (h e / p r o m o t e) He .
6 Ann ca n't use her office this wee k, (it / re d ecorate) It
7 There was a proble m wit h th e p h o toco pier yesterday, but n o w it's OK.
(i t / w o r k ) It ................ ......... again, (it / repair) I t ...............
8 W h e n I w e n t into th e room, I saw t h a t t he ta ble and chairs were not in t h e sa me place.
(t he furniture / m ove) The .....
9 A neigh bour of mine disappeared six m onths ago. (he / not / see / since th en)
He ....................................................................................................................................
10 I w o n d er h ow Ja n e is these days. (I / not / see / for ages)
11 A friend of mine was mugged on his w a y ho m e a f ew nights ago. (yo u / ever / m u g?)
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 2 - 2 4 (pages 314 - 15) 87

1w a s o f f e r e d ... / w e w e r e g iv e n ... e t c
So m e verbs can have t w o objects. For e x a mple, give:

' J So m e b o d y gave t h e p olic e t h e i n f o r m a ti o n . (= so m e b o dy gave th e infor m ation to th e police)
v " “ '' v ‘
o b ject 7 object 2
So it is possible t o make t w o passive sentences:

J T h e p o lic e were given t h e infor m atio n, or
T h e i n f o r m a t i o n was given t o th e police.
O t h e r verbs w hich can have t w o o bjects are:

ask o ffer pay show teach t e ll
W h e n we use these verbs in t h e passive, m ost oft en we begin wit h th e person:

I'v e b e e n o f f e r e d th e job, but I d o n't thin k I’ll acce p t it. (= t h e y have offered me th e job)
Yo u w i l l b e giv e n ple nty of ti m e to decide. (= w e will give yo u ple nty of ti m e)
I did n’t see th e original d oc u m e n t but I w a s s h o w n a copy. (= so m e b o dy showe d me.)
Ti m has an easy jo b - h e's p aid a lot of m o n ey to do very little. (= t h e y pay him a lot)
I d o n 't li k e b ein g ...
The passive of d oin g / se ein g etc. is b ein g d o n e / b ein g se e n etc. Co m pare:
active I d o n't like p e o p l e t e lli n g m e w h a t to do.

passive I d o n't like b ein g t o l d w h a t t o do.
I re m e m b er b ein g t a k e n t o th e zoo wh e n I was a child.

(= I re m e m b er so m e b o d y ta king me to th e zoo)
St eve hates b ein g k e p t waitin g. (= he hates peopLe keeping him w aitin g)
W e managed t o cli m b over th e w a ll w it h o u t b ein g see n. (= w it h o u t a ny b o dy seeing us)
I w a s b orn ...
W e say ll w a s bo m ...' (n ot I a m born):

1w a s b or n in Chicago. 1
Wh e r e w e r e y o u b o r n? [n ot W h e r e are yo u b orn?) \
b ut
H o w m a ny babies ar e b orn every d ay? prese nt
Get
You can use g e t instead of b e in th e passive:

There was a fight a t t h e party, but n o b ody g o t h urt. (= n o b o dy w a s hurt)
I d o n't g e t in vit e d t o m any parties. (= I'm not invited)
J I'm surprised Liz d i d n't g e t o f f e r e d t h e job. (= Liz w a s n 't o f f e r e d t h e jo b)
W e use g e t o nly wh e n things hap pen. For e x a m ple, yo u ca n n o t use g e t in th ese sentences:
Jessica is li k e d by everyb o dy. (n ot gets liked - this is n ot a ‘ha p p e nin g’)
Peter was a m yst ery man. V ery little w a s k n o w n a b o u t him. (n o t g o t k nown)
W e use g e t m ainly in infor m al spoken English. You can use b e in all situations.
W e also use g e t in t h e f ollowin g e x pressions (w hich are not passive in meaning):

g e t m arrie d , g e t d iv o rc e d g e t d re sse d (= put on y o ur cloth es)
g e t Lost (= n o t k now w h ere yo u are) g e t ch a n g e d (= change yo u r cloth es)
Passive 1-2 U n its 4 2 - 4 3

j
Unit
Exercises 44
W r i t e t h e s e s e n t e nc es in a n o t h e r w a y, b e gin nin g in t h e w a y sh o w n.
1 T h ey did n't give m e t h e infor m atio n I needed.
I w a s n ’t given t h e in f o r m a tio n I n e e d e d .
2 T h ey asked me so m e difficult questions at th e interview,
I ............................... ...................................................... . . .. ..........................................................
3 A my's colleagues gave her a present wh e n she retired.
A m y ...................................... ......................._ .... ..... .....................................
4 N o b o d y told me a b o ut th e meeting.
I w asn't .................................................................................................................................
5 H o w much wilL t h e y pay yo u for yo u r w or k?
H o w m uch w ill yo u ..........................
6 I think t h ey should have offere d To m t h e job.
I think Tom .......... ........ ...................... ......................................
7 Has a ny b o d y shown you w h a t t o d o?
H ave you ............. ............................ ............
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using b e i n g + t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
g iv e i n vit e k ee p k nock d ow n stic k treat
1 Steve hates being k e pt waiting.

2 W e w e n t to th e p arty wit h o u t .........................................
3 I like giving presents and I also like the m.
4 It's a busy road and I d o n't like crossing it. I'm afraid of .................... .
5 I'm an adult. I d o n't like ... like a child.
6 You ca n't do a nythin g a b o ut in a traffic ja m.
W h e n w e r e t h e y b o r n? C h o ose five o f t h es e p e o p le and w r i t e a s e n t e n c e f o r each.

(T w o o f t h e m w e r e b orn in t h e sa m e y e ar.)
Ludwig van Bee t h ove n Ma h a t m a Gan d hi Elvis Presley 1452 1869 1935
-W a l t D isn ey Mich ael Jackso n Willia m Sha k espeare 1564 1901 1958
G alile o Martin Luth er King Leonardo da Vinci 1770 1929
1 W a l t Disn ey w a s born in 1901. ................................ ......

2 .............................................................................................................................
3 ..................................................................................................................................... .............
4 ............................................................................................................................................... ...
5 ........ .............................................
6 ..................................................
7 And y o u? I ................................................. ................................................................ .............
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using g e t / g o t + t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
ask damage h urt p ay steal stin g sto p use
1 There was a fight at th e party, but n o b o dy got H u r t .

2 Ale x by a bee w hile he was sittin g in th e garden.
3 These tennis courts d o n't ........................ very often. N o t m any people w a n t to pla
4 I used t o have a bicycle, but it ....... ...... a f ew m o nths ago.
5 Rachel works hard b ut d oesn't very much.
6 Last night I by th e police as I was driving ho me. O n e of t h e lights
on m y car w asn't working.
7 Please pack th ese things very carefully. ! d o n't w a n t t h e m t o .........................................
8 Peo ple oft en w a n t to k now w h a t m y jo b is. I t h a t q uestion a lot.
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 2 - 2 4 (pages 314 - 15) 89

Unit It is said th at... He is said to ...
4 5 x He is supposed to ...
Georg e is very old. N o b o d y k nows e x actly h o w old he is, but:
It is said t h a t he is 108 years old.
or H e is said t o be 108 years old.
Bot h these sente nces mean: 'Pe o ple say t h a t he is 108 years old.'
You can use th ese structures wit h a n u m b er of o t h er verbs, especially:
a ll e g e d b e li e v e d c o n sid e r e d e x p ecte d known re p orte d thought u n d e rst o o d
C o m p are th e t w o structures:
O C a t hy loves running.
It is said t h a t she runs ten miles a day. or She is said t o ru n ten miles a day.
T he police are looking for a missing boy.
It is b e lie v e d t h a t th e boy is wearin g or The boy is b e li e v e d t o be w e a ri n g
a w h it e sw e a t er and blue jeans. a w h it e sw e a t er and blue jeans.
T he strike starte d three wee ks ago.
It is e x p e ct e d t h a t th e strike will end or The strike is e x p e c t e d t o e n d soon.
soon.
A friend of mine has been arrested.
It is a ll e g e d t h a t he hit a police man. or He is a ll e g e d t o h a v e h it a police man.
T he tw o houses belong to th e sa m e fa mily.
It is said t h a t th ere is a secret t u n n el or There is said t o be a secret t u n n el
b et we e n th e m. b et we e n the m.
These structures are oft e n used in news reports. For e x a mple, in a re p ort a b o ut an accident:
It is re p o rt e d t h a t tw o people were or Two people a re r e p o rt e d t o h a ve
injured in th e e x plosion. b e e n in j ure d in t h e e x plosion.
(B e)s u p p o s e d t o
So m e ti m es (it is) s u p p o se d t o ... = (it is) said to ...:

I w a n t to see t h a t film. It's su p p ose d t o be good. (= it is said t o be goo d)
O Fireworks a re su p p o se d t o h a v e b ee n in v e n t e d in China, ts it tr u e?
Bu t so m e ti m es s u p p ose d t o has a diff ere nt meaning. W e use su p p ose d t o t o say w h a t is intended,

arranged or e x pected. O f t e n this is diff ere nt fro m t h e real situation:
The plan is s u p p o se d t o be a secret, but every b o d y see ms to k now a b o ut it.
(= th e plan is inten d ed t o be a secret) se supone
G W h a t are yo u doing at w o r k? Yo u're su p p ose d t o b e on holiday.

(= yo u arranged t o be on h olid ay)
O O u r guests w e r e su p p o se d t o c o m e at 7.30, but t h e y were late. se suponía
Ja n e w a s s u p p o se d t o p h o n e m e last night, but she didn't.

I'd b e tter hurry. I'm s u p p o se d t o be m e e t i n g Chris in ten minutes.
You're n o t su p p ose d t o do so m ethin g = it is not allowe d or advisable:

Yo u're n o t s u p p o se d t o p ar k yo ur car here. It's privat e parking only.
O Je f f is much b ett er after his illness, but he's still n o t su p p ose d t o do a ny h e avy work.
Exercises
W r i t e t h ese se nte nces in a n o t h er way, beginning as sh own. Use t h e un derline d w or d each ti m e.
1 It is e x pected t h a t t h e strike will end soon. The strike i&. e x p ect e d to e n d soon.
2 It is e x pected t h a t t he w e a t h e r will be good t o m orrow.
The w e a t h e r i s ......................................................................................................
3 It is believed t h a t t h e thieves g ot in through a w in d o w in th e roof.
The thieves
4 It is reported t h a t m a ny people are ho m eless aft er t h e floods.
M a ny people .....................................................................................................................
5 It is t h o u g ht t h a t t h e prisoner escaped by clim bing over a wall.
The p riso n e r.................................................... .. ..... . ........................... ...
6 It is alleged t h a t t h e man was driving at 110 miles an hour.
The m a n ................... ......... .................................................................................................
7 It is reported t h a t t h e building has been b a dly da maged by t h e fire.
The building
8 a It is said t h a t t h e co m p a ny is losing a lot of money.
The c o m p a n y ...................................................................................................................
b It is believed t h a t th e co m p a ny lost a lot of m o n ey last year.
The co m p a ny
c It is e x pected t h a t t he co m p a ny will make a loss this year.
The c o m p a n y ........................................................................................... .......................
T h e re are a l o t o f ru m o u rs a b o u t A la n . H e r e are s o m e o f t h e t h in g s p e o p le s a y a b o u t him:
^ Âlan speaks ten languages.^ ^ (V ie knows a tot of famous people.^

y — -js --------------------------w
3
( V i e is ve ry rich. ") ^ ( V i e has tw e lv e c h il d r e n . ^ H e was an a ct o r w h e n
0 ^ * he w as you n ger.
N o b o d y is sure w h e t h e r t h e s e t h in g s are tru e . W r i t e se n t e n c e s a b o u t A l a n using supposed to.

1 A l a n Is su p p ose d to spea k t e n la n g u a g e s,.................. ................ ..............................
2 He
3 ,............................................
4 ......................................................................................................................................... .....
5 .......................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using supposed to be + t h e f o ll o w in g :
on a diet a flower m y friend a joke a secre t working
1 H o w is it t h a t every b o dy see ms to k now a b o ut th e pla n? It ^ su p p ose d to be a s e cr e t.

2 You sh o uld n't criticise me all t h e time. Y o u ........................... ..
3 I sh o uld n't be eatin g this cake really. I ...................................................... .............................
4 I'm sorry for w h a t I said. I was tryin g to be funny. It .
5 W h a t's this d ra win g? Is it a tr e e? O r m ay b e it .... ...
6 You sh o uld n't be reading th e paper now. You ... ....................
W r i t e se n t e n c e s w i t h supposed to + t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs:

b lo c k d e p art p ar k phone start
Use t h e n e g a tiv e (not supposed to) w h e r e n ecessary.

1 You V e n ot su p p ose d to park here. It's private parking only.
2 We work at 8.15, but w e rarely do a nythin g before 8.30.
3 O h, I Hele n last night, but I co m ple t ely forgot.
4 This d oor is a fire exit. You ......................................... it.
5 M y flight at 11.30, but it was an hour late.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 2 2 - 2 4 (pages 314 - 15}

Unit
46 Have something done
The roof of Lisa's house was d a m age d in a storm.

So she called a builder, and yest e r d ay a man
ca m e and repaired it.
Lisa ha d t h e roof re p aire d yesterday.
This means: Lisa arranged for so m e b o dy else to

repair t h e roof. She did n't repair it herself.
LISA
W e use h a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e t o say t h a t w e arrange for so m e b o dy else t o do so m e thin g for us.

Co m pare:
Lisa re p aire d th e roof. (= she repaired it herself)
Lisa ha d th e roof re p aire d . (= she arranged for so m e b o dy else to repair it)
'Did yo u m a k e t h ose curtains yo u rs elf?' 'Yes, I e njoy making things.'

‘ Did yo u h a v e those curtains m a d e?' ‘ No, I made t h e m myself.'
Be careful wit h word order. The p ast p articip le (r e p a ir e d / c u t etc.) is aft e r th e o bject:
have o b ject p ast p articip le
Lisa ha d the roof re p aire d yesterday.

W h e r e did yo u h a v e yo ur hair c u t?
Your hair looks nice. H ave you ha d it c u t?
O ur neigh bour has j ust ha d a garage b uilt.
W e are h a vin g t he house p a in t e d this week.
H o w often do yo u h a v e yo ur car s e r vic e d?
1thin k yo u should h a v e t h a t coa t cle a n e d ,
1 d o n't like h a vin g m y picture t a k e n.
G e t so m ethin g done
You can also say ‘g e t so m e thin g done' instead of ‘h a v e so m et hin g done':

W h e n are yo u going to g e t t h e r o o f r e p a ir e d? (= have th e roof repaired)
I thin k yo u should g e t y o u r h air c u t really short.
So m e ti m e s h a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e has a diff ere nt meaning. For e x a m ple:

Paul and Karen ha d t h e ir b ags s t o l e n w hile t h e y were travelling.
This does not m ea n t h a t t h e y arranged for so m e b o dy to steal t h eir bags. ‘T h ey ha d t h e i r b ags s t o l e n'
m eans only: ‘Their bags were stolen'.
W i t h this meaning, we use h a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e t o say t h a t so m e thin g hap pens t o so m e b o dy or

t h eir belongings. O f t e n w h a t hap pens is n ot nice:
G ary ha d his nose b ro k e n in a fight. (= his nose was broken)
Have yo u ever h a d y o ur bike st oLe n?
1
Exercises
Tick ( / ) t h e c o rr e c t se n t e nce, (a) or (b), f o r e ach picture.
SARAH BILL JOHN SUE

(a) Sarah is cuttin g (a) Bill is cuttin g his (a) Jo h n is cleanin g (a) Sue is taking a
her hair. hair. his shoes. picture.
(b) Sarah is having (b) Bill is having his (b) Jo h n is having his (b) Sue is having her
her hair cut. hair cut. shoes cleaned. picture taken.
Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e c o rr e c t ord er.
1 had / a f ew wee ks ago / th e house / we / painted
W e had. t h e h o u s e p a i n t e d a. -few wee ks ago.
2 serviced / her car / Sarah / once a y e ar / has
Sarah
3 tw elv e pounds / have / cleane d / it / my suit / cost / to
4 my eyes / I / t w o ye ars ago / had / teste d / th e last ti m e / was
5 had / in th e kitchen / fitte d / so me n e w cu p boards / w e'v e
6 as soon as possible / need / tra nslate d / w e / t o get / this d ocu m e n t
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s in t h e w a y sh o w n.
1 Lisa did n't repair th e roof herself. She had. i t r e p a ir e d .
2 I did n't cut m y hair myself. I .... ....
3 W e did n't clean t h e carpets ourselves. W e .......................................... ....... ...
4 Jo h n did n't build t h a t w all hi mself..........
5 I did n't d eliver t h e flowers myself. .. . . .... ....
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e str u ct u r e h a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e.

1 W e 'r e h avin g th e h o us e painted, (we / th e house / paint) this week.
2 I lost my key. I'll have to (a n o t h er key / make).
3 W h e n was th e last ti m e (y o u / y o u r hair / c u t)?
4 ........ ....... ..................... (you / a newsp a p er / d eliver) to
yo u r house every day, or do yo u go o ut and buy o n e?
5 a : W h a t's hap pening in yo u r gard e n?
b : O h, (w e /agarag
6 a: ..................................... ........ ....... (you / th e washin g m achin e / fi x)?
b : N o t yet. There's so m e o n e co min g to look at it ne xt week.
7 If you w a n t t o w e ar earrings, w h y d o n't you
(you / yo ur ears / pierce)?
N o w use ‘h a v e s o m e t h i n g d o n e' w i t h its seco n d m e a n in g (se e Se ctio n D).

8 G a i y was in a fight last night. He h a d his n ose broken (he / his nose / break).
9 Did I t ell yo u a b o ut Ja n e? ... ........... ...........................................................
(she / her credit cards / steal).
10 Secu rity was very strict at th e airport. ... ....... ...
(w e all / our bags / search).
Unit
47 Reported speech 1 (He said th a t...)
You w a n t t o t ell so m e b o dy w h a t Paul said.

feeling ill.J
There are t w o w ays of doing this:
You can re p eat Paul's words (direct speech);

Paul said I'm f e e li n g ill.'
O r yo u can use reported speech:

Paul said t h a t h e w a s f e e li n g ill.
Co m pare:
J
direct Paul s a i d 1 I a m feeling ill.' In writin g w e use these q u o ta tio n
i
f T marks to sh ow direct speech.
reported Paul said t h a t h e w a s feeling ill.
W h e n w e use reported speech, th e main verb of t h e sente nce is usually past (Pa ul said t h a t . . /
I t o l d her t h a t ... etc.), The rest of t h e sente nce is usually past too:
Paul said t h a t he w a s f e e li n g ill.
I t o l d Lisa t h a t I d i d n 't h a v e a ny m oney.
You can leave o ut t h a t . So yo u can say:

Paul said t h a t he was feeling ill. or Paul said he was feeling ill.
In general, t h e present for m in direct speech changes to th e past form in reported speech:
am / is was do / does —» did will —» w o u l d
are —» w e r e have / has —> h a d can —>co u ld
want / lik e / k now / go etc. —» w a n t e d / li k e d / k n e w / w e n t etc.
C o m p are direct speech and reported speech:
You m e t Anna. Here are so m e of Later yo u t ell so m e b o dy w h a t A nna said.

t h e things she said in direct speech: You use reported speech:
My parents ar e fine. I A n na said t h a t her parents w e r e fine.

I'm going t o learn to drive. C She said t h a t she w a s going to Learn t o
drive.
I w a n t t o buy a car. She said t h a t she w a n t e d to buy a car.
Jo h n has a new job. Sh e said t h a t Jo h n h a d a n ew job.
I c a n 't co m e to th e p arty on Sh e said t h a t she c o u l d n 't co m e to the
Friday. p arty on Friday.
I d o n 't have much free tim e. She said she d i d n't have m uch free time,
I'm going a w a y for a f ew days. ANNA She said t h a t she w a s going a w a y for a
I'll p hone you wh e n I g e t back. f e w days and w o u l d p hone m e wh e n
she g o t back.
T h e past simple (d id / s a w / k n e w etc.) can usually st ay t h e sa m e in reported speech, or yo u can change

it t o t h e past perfect (h a d d o n e / h a d se e n / ha d k n o w n etc.):
direct Paul said ll w o k e up feeling ill, so I d i d n 't go t o work.'

reported Paul said (t h a t) he w o k e up feeling ill, so he d i d n't g o to work, or
Paul said (t h a t) he h a d w o k e n up feeling ill, so he h a d n 't g o n e to work.
94 Re p ort e d sp eech 2 - U n it 4 8 Re p orte d q u estio ns - U n i t BOB

Exercises
Y e st e r d a y y o u m e t a frie n d o f y o u rs, St e v e . You h a d n't see n hi m f o r a lon g ti m e. H e re are so m e
o f t h e t hin gs St e v e said t o y o u:
1 I'm living in Lon don. v 7 j h a v e n't seen A m y rece n tly.
2 M y fa t h e r isn't v e ry well. 8 I'm n o t e n joyin g my jo b ve ry m uch.
3 Rach el and Mark are getti 9 You can co m e and st ay a t m y place

m arrie d ne xt m o n th. if y o u ’re ever in London.
4 M y sister has had a baby. 10 M y car was st ole n a f e w d ays ago.
5 I d o n't k n ow w h a t 11 i w a n t to go on holiday, but I

Jo e is doing. ca n ’t afford it.
6 I saw H ele n a t a p arty in 12 i'll tell Chris I sa w you.

Ju n e and she see m e d fine
La t e r t h a t d a y y o u t e ll a n o t h e r frie n d w h a t St e v e said. Use re p o rt e d spe ech.

1 St e v e sa x d t h a t He wa ^ (xvmg iri Lon d o n............
2 H e said t h a t ........................................................ .............................
3 He .............................................................................................................
4 ..................................................................................................................
5
6 ......
7 ......................................................................... .................
8 ............
9
10 ......................
11 ...................................................
12 .........................................................................................
So m e b o d y says s o m e t h i n g t o y o u w h ic h is n o t w h a t y o u e x p ect e d . Use y o u r o w n id e as t o

c o m p l e t e y o u r a nsw ers.
1 a: It's q uite a long w a y fro m th e h otel to th e station.
b : Is it? The man on t h e rece ption desk said & was o n ly f i v e m i n u t e s’ w al k .
2 a : Sue is co min g to th e p arty tonight.
B: Is s h e ? I s a w h e r a f e w d a y s a g o a n d s h e sa id s h e . ......... ........... ....
3 a: Sara h gets on fine wit h Paul.

b : Does she? Last w e e k yo u said ....................... ....... each other.
4 a : Jo e k nows lots of people.
b : T hat's not w h a t he told me. He said anyone.
5 a: Ja n e will be here ne x t week.
b : O h, re ally? W h e n I spoke to her, she said ....... away.
6 a: I'm g o i n g o u t t o n i g h t .
b: Are y o u ? I t h o u g h t y o u sa id ho m e.
7 a: Jo h n speaks French q uite well.
b : Does h e? He told me .any o t h er languages.
8 a: I h ave n't seen Ben recently.
b : That's strange. He told me .. .... last wee k end.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 25 (pa g e 316)

Unit I
48 Reported speech 2
It is n ot always necessary t o change t h e verb in reported speech. If th e sit uatio n is still the sam e, yo u
do n ot need t o chan g e th e ver b to t h e past. For e x a mple:
direct Paul said ‘My n ew jo b is boring.'
re p orte d Paul said t h a t his new jo b is boring.
(The situ atio n is still th e sa me. His jo b is still boring now.)
Q direct Hele n said ‘I w a n t to go to Cana d a ne xt year.'

re p orte d Hele n told m e t h a t sh e w a n t s t o go t o C an a d a ne xt year.
(H ele n still wa nts t o go to Cana d a ne x t year.)
You can also change t h e verb to th e past:

Paul said t h a t his n ew jo b w a s boring.
H ele n told me t h a t she w a n t e d t o go t o Canada ne xt year.
But if t h e situatio n has changed or finished, you m ust use a past verb:
Paul left t h e roo m sud denly. He said he h a d to go. (n ot has t o go)
You need to use a past for m w h e n t h ere is a difference

H av e yo u h e ar d?
b et we e n w h a t was said and w h a t is really true.
Jo e is in hospital.
For e x a m ple:
S O N IA
You m e t Sonia a f ew days ago.
Sh e said: Jo e is in h os pit al.
Later t h a t d ay yo u m e e t Jo e in th e street. You say:

Hi, Jo e .
Hi, Jo e. I did n’t e x pect t o see yo u. Sonia said yo u w e r e inhospital.
So nia said
(n ot ‘Sonia said yo u are in hospital', because cle arly he is not) yo u were
in hospital.
JOE
S a y and t e l l
If yo u say who so m e b o dy is talkin g to, use t e ll:

Sonia t o l d m e t h a t y o u were in hospital, (n o t So nia said me)
f W h a t did yo u t e l l t h e p o lic e? (n ot say t h e police) •TELL SOMEBODY
O t h e rwis e use say: . SAY OOMCBOPV
Sonia said t h a t yo u were in hospital, (n o t So nia t old t h a t ...)
W h a t did y o u s a y?
But yo u can 's a y so m e thin g t o so m e b o dy':

Ann said goo d bye t o me and left, (n ot Ann said me goo d bye)
W h a t did yo u s a y t o th e p olice?
T ell / as k so m e b o dy t o do so m et hin g
W e also use th e infinitive (t o d o / t o be e t c ) in re p orte d speech, esp ecially wit h t e l l and ask (for
orders and requests):
direct ‘ D rin k ple nty of wa ter,' th e d oct or said t o me.
re p orte d The d oct or t o l d m e t o d rin k ple nty of water.
direct ’ D o n 't b e late,' I said t o Joe.
re p orte d I t o l d Jo e n o t t o be late.
O direct ‘C a n y o u h e lp me, please,' Jac kie said to me.
re p orte d Jackie as k e d m e t o h e lp her.
You can also say ‘So m e b o d y said (n o t) t o do so m ething':

Paul said n o t t o w o r r y a b o ut him. (b ut n ot Paul said me)
96 c Re p ort e d sp eech 1 ^ U n i t 4 7 Re p orte d q u estio ns - > U n i t 5 0B

Exercises
H e re are so m e t hin gs t h a t Sa ra h said t o yo u:
I've n ever been t o t h e U nit e d S t a t e s ^ d o n't have a ny brot hers or sist e rs. ^
d o n't tike fis h . ^ ( j a n e has a very well - paid j o b T )
'm wor kin g t o m o rr o w e v e n i n g ^ ^Ja n e is a friend of m i n e . ^
Bu t la t e r Sa ra h says so m e t h in g d iff e r e n t t o yo u. W h a t do y o u s a y?
Sa ra h
1 Dave works very hard.

2 Let's have fish for dinner.
3 I'm going to buy a car.
4 Ja n e is always short of money.
5 My sister lives in Paris.
6 I think N e w York is a great place.
7 Let's go o ut t o m orro w evening.
8 I've never spoken t o Jane.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h say or tell (in t h e co rr e ct f o r m). Use o n ly o n e w o r d each ti m e.

1 Ann said , goo d bye to me and left.
2 us a b o ut yo u r holiday. Did you have a nice ti m e?
3 D o n't j ust stan d there! so mething!
4 I w o n d er wh ere Sue is. She she would be here at 8 o'cLock.
5 Dan ... ...... me t h a t he was bored wit h his job.
6 The d oct or t h a t I should rest for at least a week.
7 D o n't a ny b o dy w h a t I . . It's a secret j ust b etwe e n us.
8 'Did she yo u w h a t h a p p e n e d?’ ‘No, she did n't anyt hin g to me.'
9 C ary co uld n't help me. He ........... m e t o ask Chris.
10 G ary co uld n't help me. He to ask Chris.
T h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e nc es are d ire ct sp eech:
( p o n ' t w a it for m e if I'm l a t e (M i n d y o u r o wn business. Don t worry, Su e . ^

1 1i i
^ ------ s
( p l e a s e slo w d o w n Q ( j l a n yo u op en yo u r bag, p l e a s e?^ C ould yo u g e t m e a p a p er? )
- ~ u - js
^Willy o u m arry m e7 ^ ( p o yo u thin k y o u could give m e a hand, T o m ?^
N o w ch o ose o n e o f t h es e t o c o m p l e t e e ach o f t h e se n t e n c e s b elow. Use re p ort e d sp eech.

1 W i ll was ta king a long ti m e to g et ready, so I toUL bum to H urry up
2 Sarah was driving to o fast, so I asked .. .....
3 Sue was nervous a b o ut t h e situation. I told ...... ............................................
4 I co uld n't m ove th e piano alone, so I ................................................................................
5 The security guard Looked at me suspiciously and
6 Tom was going t o th e shop, so f ..................................................................................
7 The man starte d asking m e personal questions, so I ..... ........................
8 Jo h n was in love wit h Marianne, so he
9 I did n't w a n t t o d elay Helen, so I
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 25 (page 316) 97

Unit
49 t Q uestions 1
In q uestions w e usually put th e su bject aft er th e first verb:
su bject + verb verb + su bject
Tom will —» will T o m? W i l l T o m be here t o m o rr o w?

you have —> have y o u? H a v e y o u been workin g hard?
th e house was —» was th e house? W h e n w a s t h e h o u s e b uilt?
Re m e m b er t h a t t h e su bject co m es aft er th e first verb:

Is K a t h e ri n e workin g t o d a y? (n ot Is working Kat herin e)
In prese n t sim ple questions, w e use d o / d oes:
you live —» do you liv e? o D o you liv e near h ere?

th e film starts —> d oes the film s t a r t? o W h a t ti m e d o e s th e film s t a r t?
In p ast sim ple questions, we use did:
you sold -> did you s e ll? o Did yo u s e ll yo ur car?

th e train stopped —> did th e train s t o p ? o W h y did t h e train s t o p ?
Bu t do not use d o / d o es / did if w h o / w h a t etc. is th e su bject of t h e sentence. Co m pare:
w h o o b ject w h o su b ject
Em m a phoned so m e b o dy . so m e b o d y phoned Em ma.

o b ject su b ject
W h o did Em m a p h o n e? W h o p h o n e d Em m a?
In these e xa mples, w h o / w h a t etc. is th e subject:

W h o w a n t s so m e thin g t o e a t? (n ot W h o does w a n t)
W h a t h a p p e n e d t o yo u last nig ht? (n ot W h a t did hap pen)
H o w m a n y p e o p le c a m e t o th e m e etin g? (n o t did co m e)
W h ic h b us g o es to th e ce n tre? (n ot does go)
N o t e t h e position o f prep ositions in q uestions beginning W h o / W h a t / W h ic h / W h e r e ... ?:

W h o do yo u w a n t to speak t o ? W h a t was th e w e a t h e r li k e y e st e r d a y?
W h ic h jo b has Tina applied f o r? W h e r e are yo u f r o m ?
You can use prep ositio n + w h o m in f or m al style:

To w h o m do yo u wish to spea k?
Is n't i t ... ? / D i d n 't y o u ... ? etc. (n e g ative q uestions)
W e use ne gative q uestions esp ecially t o sh o w surprise:

D i d n 't y o u hear th e d o or b ell? I rang it three times,
or w h e n w e e x pect th e listener t o agree wit h us:
‘H a v e n 't w e m e t b e f ore?' 'Yes, I thin k w e have.'
N o t e t h e m eanin g of y e s and n o in answers to ne gative questions:

_ , f Yes. (= Yes, I w a n t to go)
D o n t y o u w a n t t o g o? \ K1 ; K, , . , ' ,
s | N o . ( = N o , I d o n t w a n t t o g o)
N o t e th e word order in ne gative q uestions beginning W h y ... ?:

W h y d o n 't w e e at o ut t o n ig h t? (n ot W h y we d o n't eat)
W h y w a s n 't E m m a a t work y est e r d a y? (n ot W h y Em m a w asn't)
98 Q u e stio ns Z U n it 5 0 Q u e sti o n tags {d o y o u ? is n't i t? e tc.) U n i t 52

Exercises
Ask Jo e q u estio ns. (Lo o k a t his a n sw e rs b e f ore y o u w rit e t h e q u estio ns.)
/ T *V
/" \
1 (wh ere / liv e?) W h e r e d o you Live? In Manchester.
2 (born t h e r e?) .. No, I was born in London.
3 (m arrie d?) ................................ Yes.
4 (h o w long / m arrie d?) 17 years.
5 (child re n?) .......................................... Yes, t w o boys.

Jo e
6 (h o w old / t h e y?) ..................................... 12 and 15.
7 (w h a t / d o?) .. I'm a jo urnalist.
8 (w h a t / wif e / d o?) She's a doctor.
J V.
Ma k e q u estio ns w it h w h o or w h a t .
r -s. / L
1 So m e b o d y hit me. Wh o h i t y o u?
2 I hit so mebody. Wh o dieL you h i t?
3 So m e b o d y paid th e bill. W h o ...................... .........................
4 So m e t hin g happened. W h a t ... ....... ..................... ...........
5 Diane said so mething.
6 This book belongs to so m e bo dy.
7 So m e b o d y lives in t h a t house.
8 I fell over so mething.
9 So m e t hin g fell off t h e shelf.
10 This word means so mething.
11 I borrowed th e m o n ey fro m so m e body.
12 I'm w o rrie d a b o u t so m e t hi n g. ,
v -------------- y V
Pu t t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts in t h e c o rr e c t order. A ll t h e s e n t e n c e s are q u estio ns.

1 (wh e n / was / built / this house) ... Wh e n w as t h is h o use b u ilt? .........................
2 (h o w / cheese / is / m a d e) ............ ..... .............. ....
3 (wh e n / invented / th e co m p u t er / was)
4 (w hy / Sue / workin g / isn't / t o d ay)
5 (w h a t ti m e / c o m i n g / y o u r friends / are) ...........
6 (w h y / was / ca ncelle d / th e trip) ........ .................................................................
7 (w h ere / yo ur m o t h e r / w as / born) ............. ........
8 (w h y / y o u / t o t h e p arty / did n't / co m e) .... ..
9 (h o w / th e accid e nt / did / ha p pen) ... ..........................................................
10 (w hy / this m achin e / d oesn't / work) .... ............. ..........
W r i t e n e g a tiv e q u estio ns fro m t h e w o r d s in brack ets. In e ach sit u a ti o n y o u are surprise d.

1 a : W e w o n't see Lisa this evening.
B: W h y n o t ? (s h e / n o t / c o m e / o u t w i t h u s?) ! $ n t s h e conning o u t w i t h u s ?
2 a : I hope we d o n't m e e t Luke tonig ht.
b:
3 a :
b:
4 a ’II have t o b orrow so m e m oney.

:
b : W h y ? (yo u / n o t / h ave / a n y?)
Unit Q uestions 2 (Do you know where ... ? /
5 0 AHe asked me where ...)
Do yo u k n o w w h e r e .... ? / 1 d o n 't k n o w w h y ... / C o u ld y o u t e l l m e w h a t ... ? etc.
W e say: W h e r e has T o m g o n e?
b ut
X
Do yo u k now wh ere T o m h as g o n e? (n ot Do yo u k n ow w h ere has Tom g o n e?)
W h e n t h e q uestion (W h e r e h as T o m g o n e?) is part of a Longer se nte nce (D o y o u k n o w ?/

I d o n 't k n o w ... / C a n y o u t e l l m e ... ? etc.), t h e word order changes. W e say:
C W h a t ti m e is i t? but D o y o u k n o w w h a t ti m e it is?
W h o are t h o s e p e o p l e? I d o n 't k n o w w h o t h o s e p e o p le are.
W h e r e ca n I find Louise? C a n y o u t e l l m e w h ere I ca n find Louise?
H o w m uch w i l l it cost? D o y o u h a v e a n y id e a h o w much it w i l l cost?
Be careful wit h d o / d o es / did questions. W e say:
W h a t ti m e d o e s t h e fil m s t a r t? but D o y o u k n o w w h a t ti m e t h e fil m s t a r t s?

[n ot does t h e film start)
W h a t d o y o u m e a n? Pl e a s e e x p lain w h a t y o u m e an.
W h y did sh e l e a v e e a rly? I w o n d e r w h y sh e l e f t early.
Use if or w h e t h e r w h ere there is no o t h er q uestion word (w h a t , w h y etc.):
Did a ny b o d y see y o u? b ut Do you k now if a ny b o d y saw y o u?

or ... w h e t h e r a nyb o d y saw y o u?
H e ask e d m e w h e r e ... (re p orte d questions)
The sa m e changes in word ord er happen in reported questions. Co m pare:
direct The police o fficer said to us ‘W h e r e a re y o u g oin g ?'

' I
re p orte d The police officer asked us w h ere w e w e r e g oi n g .
direct Clare said ‘W h a t ti m e d o t h e b a n k s cl o s e ?'

i
re p orte d Clare w a n t e d t o k now w h a t ti m e t h e b a n k s clo s e d .
In reported speech t h e verb usually changes to th e past (w e re , clo s e d etc.). See Unit 47.
St u d y t hese e xa mples. You had an in t ervie w for a jo b and th ese were so m e of th e q uestions the
in t ervie wer asked you: /"T ~ TT TT\
J ( Are you willin g t o t r a v e l? 1 ^ W h y did you ap ply for th e j o b ? ^
^ W h a t do you do in y o u r spare t i m e ? ^ ^Can^you speak a ny o t h e r l a n g u a g e s?^
H o w long have you been

w or kin g in y o u r present j o b? (^Dtayou have a driving lic e n c e?^
Later yo u t ell a friend w h a t th e in tervie w er asked you. You use re p orte d speech:
She asked if (or w h e t h er) I w a s willin g to travel.
She w a n t e d t o k now w h a t ! did in my spare tim e.
She asked h o w long I h a d been working in m y present job.
She asked w h y I ha d applied for th e job. ( o r ... w h y I a p p li e d)
She w a n t e d t o k now if (or w h e t h er) I c o u ld speak a ny o th er languages.
She asked if (or w h e t h e r) I h a d a driving licence.
Re p ort e d sp eech U n its 4 7 - 4 8

)
Exercises
W h ic h is ri g h t? Tick ( / ) t h e c o rr e c t a lt e r n a tiv e .
1 a Do yo u k now w h a t ti m e th e film st arts? %/ a W h y yo u did n't phone me y e st e r d a y?
b Do yo u k now w h a t ti m e does th e film st art? b W h y did n’t yo u phone me y e st e r d a y?
c Do you k now w h a t ti m e starts t h e fil m? c W h y yo u n ot phoned m e y est e r d a y?
2 a W h y A m y does get up so early every d ay? a Do you k now w h ere does Hele n w o r k?
b W h y A m y gets up so e arly every d ay? b Do you k now w h ere H ele n does w or k?
c W h y does A m y get up so early every d a y? c Do yo u k now wh ere Hele n work s?
3 a I w a n t to k now w h a t this word means. 7 a H o w much it costs to park here?

b I w a n t t o k now w h a t does this word mean, b H o w much does it cost to park here?
c ! w a n t t o k now w h a t m eans this word. c H o w much it does cost to park here?
4 a I ca n't re m e m b er wh ere did I park the car. 8 a Tell me w h a t yo u want,

b I ca n't re m e m b er wh ere I parked th e car. b Tell me w h a t yo u do wa nt,
c I ca n't re m e m b er wh ere I did park th e car. c Tell me w h a t do yo u wa nt.
Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e c o rr e c t ord er.
1 (d o n't / T o m / wh ere / k now / gone / has) I d o n't know w h e re Tom h a s gone .....
2 (is / t o th e airp ort / f a r / i t) H o w d o n ’t know w h e re Torn h a s gone
3 ( w o n d e r / i s / h o w / o l d / T o m) I d o n't know w h e re Tom h a s gone
4 (Lisa / on holiday / going / is) W h e n d o n t know w h e re Tom h a s gone
5 (tell / th e post office / you / m e / is / wh ere)
Could ............................................................. ...........................................................
(in t h e accid e nt / injured / a nyo n e / d o n't / w h e t h er / k now / was)
I ..................... ........................................................ ............................................ ......
7 (w h a t / t o m orro w / k now / ti m e / will / arrive / you / yo u)
Do .............................................................................
You h a ve b ee n a w a y f o r a w h il e an d h ave j u s t co m e back t o y o u r h o m e t o w n . You m e e t Tony,

a frie n d o f yo u rs. H e asks y o u a l o t o f q u estio ns:
1 / C _________ - A 5 " w h y did yo u co m e b a c k ?^ W h e r e are y o u l i v i n g ?)
7
^ W h e r e h ave yo u b e e n?" Are yo u glad t o be b a c k?^
(j H o w lon g have you been back?^

8
Do yo u h ave a n y plans t o go a w a y a g a i n ?)
T o ny
^ W h a t are yo u d oing n o w 7 C a n yo u help me find a j o b ? " )
N o w y o u t e ll a n o t h e r frie n d w h a t T o ny ask e d y o u. Use re p o rt e d sp eech.

1 He a s k e d me how I w a s ..... ........................
2 He asked me .... .....................................................................
3 He
4 ............................................................................................................
5 ...........................................................................................................
6 .............................................................................................
7 ................................................................................. ........................
8
9 ................................................................................... .........................
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 25 (p a ge 316)
Unit Au xiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.)
51 I think so / I hope so etc.
In each of th ese sentences th ere is an a u xiliary verb and a main verb:
I have lo st m y keys.
She c a n 't co m e to th e party.
The h otel was b u ilt ten years ago.
Wh ere d o yo u liv e?
In th ese e x a m ples h a v e / c a n't / w a s / d o are au xiliary (= helping) verbs.
You can use an au xiliary verb wh e n yo u d o n't w a n t t o repeat so m ething:

'H ave yo u locked th e d o o r?' 'Yes, I h av e.' (= I have lock e d the door)
G a ry w as n't working, but Laura w as. {= Laura was working)
Jessica could lend me t h e m oney, but she w o n 't . (= she w o n't le n d me the m oney)
Use d o / d o es / did for th e present and past simple:

'D o yo u like o n io ns?' 'Yes, I do.' (= I lik e onions)
‘ Does Si m o n live in Lo n d o n?' ‘He did, but he d o e s n't any more.'
You can use au xiliary verbs to d e ny w h a t so m e b o dy says (= say it is n o t tru e):

‘You're sitting in my place.' ‘No, I'm n o t.' (= I'm n ot sittin g in y o u r p lac e)
O 'You did n't lock th e door before yo u left.' ‘Yes, I did.' (= I lock e d the door)
W e use h a v e y o u ? / is n't s h e? / d o t h e y ? etc. to sh o w interest in w h a t so m e b o dy has said, or t o

sh ow surprise:
C T v e j ust seen Ste p h e n.' ‘O h, h a v e y o u ? H o w is h e?'
'Lisa isn't very w ell to d ay.' ‘O h, is n't s h e? W h a t's wron g wit h h er?'
'It rained every day during our holiday.' 'D id i t? W h a t a sha m e!'
G 'Ja m es and Tanya are g ettin g married.' ‘A r e t h e y ? Re ally?'
W e use a u xiliary verbs wit h so and n e it h e r:

I' m tire d.' ‘So a m I.' (= I'm tired to o)
O ‘1 never read newspapers.' 'N e i t h e r d o I.' {= I never read newspapers eit h er)
O Sarah h asn't got a car and n e it h e r has Mar k .
N o t e th e word order aft er so and n e it h e r (verb before su bject):
I passed the e x a m and so did Pa ul. (n ot so Paul did)
Instead of n e it h e r, yo u can use nor. You can also use n o t ... eit h er:
'I d o n't know.' ‘ N e i t h e r do I.' or ‘N o r do I.' or ‘I d o n't e it h e r.'
I t h i n k so / 1 h o p e so etc.
A f t e r so m e verbs we use so wh e n w e d o n't w a n t t o re p eat so m ething:

‘Are t h ose people K ore a n?' ‘I t h i n k so.' (= I thin k th ey are Korean)
O ‘W i ll yo u be at ho m e this eve nin g?' 'I e x p e c t so, (= I e x p ect I'll b e a t ho m e ...)
‘Do yo u thin k Kate has been invited to t h e p a r ty?' ‘I su p p o se so.'
In t h e sa m e w a y we say: I h o p e so, I g u ess so and I'm a fr aid so.
The usual ne gative for ms are:

I thin k so / I e x p ect so I d o n 't t h i n k so / 1 d o n 't e x p e c t so
I hope so / I'm afraid so / 1guess so I h o p e n o t / I'm a fr aid n o t / I g u ess n o t
I suppose so I d o n 't s u p p o se so o r I s u p p o se n o t
O ‘Is t h a t w o m a n A m e rica n?' ‘I t h i n k so. / I d o n 't t h i n k so.'

‘D o y o u thin k it will rain?' 'I h o p e so. / I h o p e n ot.' (n ot I d o n't hope so)
102 A m erica n English -4 A p p e n d i x 7

Exercises
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h an a u x ili a ry ver b (do/w as/could e tc.). So m e ti m e s t h e ver b m ust
be n e g a tiv e (don't/w asn't e tc.).
I w as n't tired, but m y friends w er e
I like hot we ath er, but Ann .
‘Is A n dy h er e?' ‘He .... five minutes ago, but I thin k he's gone ho me now.'
4 Liz said she mig ht call me la ter this evening, but I d o n't thin k she .
5 A re yo u and Chris co min g to t h e p a rty?' ‘I , but Chris .'
6 I d o n't k now w h e t h e r to a p ply for t h e jo b or not. Do you thin k I .....................?
7 'Please d o n't t ell a ny b o d y w h a t i said.' ‘ D o n't worry. I .’
8 ‘You never listen t o me.' ‘Yes, I . !'
9 I t h o u g h t it was going to rain, but it .......
10 'Please help me / ‘I'm sorry. I if I , but I
You n e v e r a gre e w it h Sue. A n s w e r in t h e w a y sh o w n.
1 I'm hungry. A r e y o u ? I’m not.

2 I'm n ot tired. A r e n ’t y o u? I dm
3 I like football.
4 I did n’t e njoy th e film. You
5 I've never been to Australia.
Su e
6 I t h o u g ht th e e xam was easy.
You are t a l k in g t o Tina. If y o u'r e in t h e sa m e p ositio n as Tina, re p ly w it h So ... or Neither ... ,

as in t h e first e x a m ple . O t h e r w is e , ask q u estio ns as in t h e seco n d e x a m ple.
1 I'm tired. So cun L ....

2 ! work hard. Do y o u? W h a i d o you d o ?
3 I wa tch e d t elevision last night.
4 I w o n't be at h o m e to m orrow. You
5 I like reading. I read a lot.
Tina
6 I'd like to live so m e wh ere else.
7 I ca n't go o ut tonight.
In t h e s e co n v e rs a tio n s, y o u are B. Rea d t h e i n f o r m a ti o n in b rac k e ts a n d t h e n a n sw e r w it h

I t h i n k so, I h o p e n o t etc.
1 (You d o n't like rain.)
a : Is i t going t o rain? b: (ho pe) I hope n ot. ........
2 (You need more m o n ey quickly.)
a : Do yo u think y o u'll get a pay rise so o n? b: (ho p e) ...... .............
3 (You thin k Katherine will pro ba bly get th e job t h a t she applied for.)
a : Do yo u thin k Katherine will g et t h e j o b? b: (e x p ect) .............
4 (You're not sure w h e t h e r A m y is married - proba bly not.)
a : Is A m y m arrie d? b: (thin k) ...
5 (You are th e rece ptio nist at a hotel. The h otel is full.)
a : H ave you g ot a roo m for t o n ig h t? B: (afraid) .... ...
.
6 (You're at a party. You have to leave early.)

a : Do you have to leave alre a d y? b: (afraid) ................................................................
7 (A nn n or m ally works every day, Mo n d a y to Friday. T o m orrow is We d n esd ay.)
a : Is Ann workin g t o m o rr o w? b: (sup pose)
8 (You are going t o a party. You ca n't stand Jo h n.) ................. ....
a : Do yo u think Jo h n will be at th e p ar ty? b: (hope)
9 (You're not sure w h a t ti m e th e co ncert is - probably 7.30.)
a : Is the co ncert at 7.30? b: (thin k) ............................................................................
103
Unit
52 . Q uestion tags (do you? isn't it? etc.)
St u d y t hese e xamples;
You h a v e n't seen It was a good V e s, it w as g r e a t . ^

Lisa t o d ay, have yo u? film, wasn't it?
CINEMA h U
VT
H a v e y o u ? and w a s n 't i t? are question tags (= mini - questions t h a t w e often put on th e end of
a sente nce in spoken English). In q uestion tags, w e use an a u xiliary verb (h a v e / w a s / w ill etc.).
W e use d o / d o es / did for the present and past simple (see U nit 51):
‘Karen plays t h e piano, d o e s n't sh e?' 'We ll, yes, but not very w e ll.1
'You did n't lock the door, did y o u?' ‘No, I forgot.'
N o r m ally we use a n e g ative q uestion tag aft er ... and a p ositive question ta g aft er a
a p ositive sentence: n e g ative sentence:
p ositive se n te nce + n e g a tive tag n e g ative se n te nce + p ositive tag

Kate w il l be here soon, w o n 't s h e? Kate w o n 't be Late, w i l l s h e?
There w a s a lot of traffic, w a s n 't t h e r e ? T h ey d o n 't like us, do t h e y?
Jo e s h o u ld pass th e e xam, s h o u l d n't h e? You h a v e n 't eate n yet, have y o u?
N o tice th e m eanin g of y e s and n o in a nswer to a n e g ative sentence:

Yes. (= Yes, I a m going out)
You're n o t going out to d ay, are y o u ?
N o . (= No, I a m not going out)
The m e a nin g of a q uestion ta g depends on h ow yo u say it. If y o u r voice goes d ow n, yo u are not
really asking a q uestion; yo u are o nly inviting th e Listener to agree wit h you:
1 'It's a nice day, isn't it?' 'Yes, beautiful.'
O 'Pa ul d o esn't look w e ll today, d o e s h e?' ‘No, he looks very tired.'
‘Lisa's very funny. She's g ot a great sense of hu mour, h a s n't s h e?' ‘Yes, she has.'
Bu t if t h e voice goes up, it is a real question:

‘You h av e n't seen Lisa to day, h a v e y o u ?' 'N o, I h ave n't /
(= H ave yo u by cha nce seen Lisa t o d a y?)
You can use a n e g ative se n te nce + p ositive tag to ask for things or infor m atio n, or t o ask
so m e b o dy to do so m ething. The voice goes up at th e end of t h e tag in sentences Like these:
'You h av e n't got a pen, h a v e y o u ?' 'Yes, here yo u are.'
'You co uld n't do me a favour, c o u ld y o u ?' ‘It depends w h a t it is.'
'You d o n't k now wh ere Karen is, do y o u ?' ‘Sorry, i have no idea.'
A ft er Le t's ... , th e q uestion ta g is s h a ll we:

Le t's go for a walk, s h a ll w e ? (th e voice goes up)
A ft er D o n 't ... , th e q uestion tag is w i l l y o u :

D o n 't be Late, w ilt y o u ? (th e voice goes down)
Aft er I'm ... , th e ne gative question ta g is a r e n 't I (= am I not):

I'm right, aren't I?' ‘Yes, yo u are.'
A u x iliary verbs (h a v e / d o / c a n etc.) U n i t 51

Exercises
Pu t a q u estio n t a g on t h e end o f t h e s e se n t e nces.
/ L
z'
1 Kate w o n't be late, w ill s h e 7^ No, she's never late.
2 You're tired, a r e n ’t you ? Yes, a little.
3 You travel a lot, ? Yes, I love travelling.
4 You w e r e n't Listening, ? Yes, I was!
5 Sarah d oesn't k now Ann, ? No, t h e y'v e never met.
6 Jack's on holiday, ? Yes, he's in Australia.
7 Kate's been to China before, ? Yes, t w o or t hree times.
8 You can speak Ger m an, ? Yes, but not fluently.
9 T h ey w o n't mind if I take a photo, ? No, of course t h ey wo n't.
10 There are a Lot of people here, ? Yes, m ore th a n I e x pected.
11 Let's go o ut tonig ht, ? Yes, t h a t w o uld be great.
12 This isn't very interesting, ? No, n ot really.
13 I'm to o i m p atient, ? Yes, you are so m etim es.
14 You w o ul d n't t ell anyone, ? No, of course not.
15 Ann has lived here a long time, ? Yes, 20 years.
16 I sh o uld n't have lost my te m per, 7 No, but t hat's all right.
17 He'd never m et her before, ? No, t h a t was th e first time.
18 ^ D o n ’t drop t h a t vase, 7 ^ D o n't worry. I w o n't.
.... J
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n an d w r it e a s e n t e n c e w it h a q u estio n ta g. In e ach sit u a tio n y o u are askin g
y o u r frie n d t o a gre e w it h yo u.
1 You look o ut of th e win d ow. The sky is blue and th e sun is shining. W h a t do yo u say t o yo ur
frie n d? (b e a utif ul d ay) I t s a beawti - fi / l d a y , isn t i t ? ............................
2 Yo u're wit h a friend outside a restaurant. You're looking at th e prices, which are very high.
W h a t do yo u sa y? (e x pensive) It .............................................
3 You and a collea g ue have j ust finished a training course. You really e njoye d it. W h a t do you
say to yo u r colle a g u e? (great) The course
4 Your friend's hair is much sh orter th a n w h e n you last m et. W h a t do yo u say to her / him?
(have / yo ur hair / cut) You ........ ......................
5 You and a friend are listening to a w o m a n singing. You like her voice very much. W h a t do you
say t o yo u r frie n d? (a good voice) She
6 You are tryin g on a jack et in a shop. You look in t h e mirror and yo u d o n't Like w h a t yo u see.
W h a t do yo u say to yo u r frie n d? (n o t / look / very goo d)
I t ........................................................................................... ........................... . . ...................
7 You and a friend are walkin g over a s m all w o o d e n bridge. The bridge is very old and so me
parts are broken. W h a t do yo u say? (n ot / very safe)
This bridge ....... ............................................................................................ .......................
In t h e s e sit u a ti o n s y o u are askin g f o r in f o r m a ti o n , askin g p e o ple t o d o t hin gs etc.

1 You need a pen. Perhaps Ja n e has got one. Ask her.
J a n e , you. h a v e n ’t got a pen, h a v e y o u ? ....................................................................
2 You have to m ove a h e avy table. You w a n t j o e to give yo u a hand wit h it. Ask him.
Joe, yo u ..
3 You're looking for Sarah. Perhaps Kate k nows wh ere she is. Ask her.
Kate, yo u .....................................................................................................................
4 You need a bicycle pump. Perhaps Hele n has got one. Ask her.
Helen, .............................................................................................................
5 Ann has a car and you need a lift to th e station. Perhaps sh e'll take you. Ask her.
Ann, .....................................................................................................................................
6 You're looking for yo u r keys. Perhaps Robert has seen t h e m. Ask him.
Robert, ........................................... , ............................................. ......................................
Unit
53 1 Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)
Look a t these e xa mples:
G I e n j o y re a din g. (n o t ! e njoy to read) W o u l d yo u mind
closing the d o or?
Wo u ld yo u m in d clo sin g t h e d oor?
(n o t mind to close)
Chris s u g g e st e d g oin g t o t h e cine ma.
(n o t suggested to go)
A ft er e n j o y, m in d and su g g est, w e use -ing (n ot t o .
So m e m ore verbs t h a t are f ollow e d by -ing:
sto p p o st p o n e a d m it avo id i m a g in e
fi nis h c o n sid e r deny risk fa ncy
Su d d e nly everyb o d y s t o p p e d t al k in g . There was silence.

I'll do th e shopping wh e n I've fin is h e d cl e a n i n g t h e flat.
H e tried to a v o id a n s w e ri n g m y question.
I d o n't f a n c y g oin g o ut t his evening. (= I'm n ot e nth usiastic a b o u t it)
O Have yo u ever co n sid e r e d g oin g t o live in a n o t h er c o u n try?
T h ey said t h e y were in nocent. T h e y d e n ie d d o in g a nythin g wrong.
The n e g ative for m is n o t -ing:

(J W h e n I'm on holiday, I e njoy n o t h a vin g t o get up early.
W e also use -ing after:
giv e up (= stop)
p u t o f f (= p ostp one)
g o o n or c a r r y on (= co ntin u e)
k ee p or k ee p on (= do so m ethin g co ntin u o usly or re p e at e dly)
I've g iv e n up re a di n g newspapers. I think it's a w ast e of time.

C at herin e d oesn't w a n t t o retire. Sh e w a n ts t o g o o n w o r k in g , (or ... t o c a r r y o n w o r k i n g .)
You k e e p i n t e rr u p t i n g wh e n I’m talking! or You k e e p on i n t e rr u p t i n g ...
W i t h so m e verbs yo u can use t h e structure verb + so m e b o dy + -ing:

I ca n't i m a g in e G e o r g e ridin g a motorbike.
You ca n't s t o p m e d o in g w h a t I wa nt.
Did yo u really say t h a t? I d o n't r e m e m b e r y o u s a yi n g that.
G 'Sorry t o k e e p y o u w a i t i n g so long.' 'T hat's all right.'
N o t e th e passive for m (b ein g d o n e / se e n / k e p t etc.):
I d o n't m in d b ein g k e p t waitin g. (= I d o n't mind p e o p le k e e p in g m e ...)
W h e n yo u are talkin g a b o ut finished actions, you can say h a vin g d o n e / st ol e n / s aid e t c . :

T h ey a d m itt e d h a vin g s t o l e n th e m oney.
But it is not n ecessary t o use h a vin g (done). You can also say:
T h ey a d m itt e d s t e a li n g th e money.
I n o w regret s a yi n g (or h a vin g said) w h a t i said.
A ft er so m e of t h e verbs on this page (esp ecially a d m it / d e n y / s u g g e st) yo u can also use t h a t

T h ey d e n ie d t h a t t h e y had stolen th e m oney, (o r T h e y d e n ie d s t e a li n g ...)
Chris s u g g e st e d t h a t w e w e n t t o t h e cine ma, (or Sa m s u g g e st e d g oin g ...)
w
Su g g e st -* U n it 3 4 Bein g d o n e (passive) U n it 4 4 B Verb + t o U n it 5 4 Verb + t o ... and - ing * >
106 U n its 5 5 C, 5 6 - 5 8 Re m e m b e r / re g re t / g o o n ~¥ U n it 5 6B G o o n / c a rry o n / k e e p o n U n it 141A
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s f or e ach sit u a tio n using - ing.
^ (w h a t shall we could go to the z o o )
He did n't fancy

^ D o you want to play te n n is?^ *^. ^ ^ ^ N o , not really.)
She a d m itt e d
^You were driving too fast.^V^ fy) (£j) ^ ^ Y o u 'r e right. Sorry!^
^Let's go~ $ w im m in g?V ^ ^P> ^ ^ / C o o d idea!) She su S g ested
(V o u broke the DVD player.^V^,. ap* ^ ^ N o , I didn't?) H e denied
T h ey did n't mind

(^Can you wait a few minutes?)**^, , no problem")
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h o n e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
a n sw er a p p ty be forget lis t e n liv e

lose make pay rea d try use
1 He tried t o avoid &x \ swerwg my question.

2 Could yo u please stop .............. so m uch n oise?
3 I e njoy t o music.
4 (co nsid ere d for t h e job, but in th e end I decided against it.
5 H ave yo u finished t h e newsp a p er y e t?
6 W e need to change our routine. W e ca n't go on like this.
7 I d o n't mind yo u m y phone, but please ask me first.
8 My m e m ory is g ettin g worse. I keep . ..........things.
9 I've put off this bill so m a ny times. I really m ust do it today.
10 W h a t a stupid thin g t o do! Can you imagine a ny b o d y so stu pid?
11 I've given up to lose w eig h t - it's impossible.
12 If yo u ga mble, yo u risk ...... yo ur money.
C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s so t h a t t h e y m e a n t h e sa m e as t h e first se n t e nce .
1 I can do w h a t I w a n t and yo u ca n't stop me.
You c a n ’t stop me d oin g w h a t I wa nt.
2 It's not a good idea to travel during th e rush hour.
It's b etter to avoid during th e rush hour.
3 ShaLl w e paint th e kitchen ne x t wee k e n d instead of this w e e k e n d?
Sh all we p ost pone until ne xt w e e k e n d?
4 Could yo u turn t h e music down, please?
Wo u ld yo u mind , please?
5 Please d o n't interru pt all th e time.
Wo u ld yo u mind all t h e ti m e?
Us e y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e n ces. Use -ing.

1 She's a very interesting person. I always e njoy bxlktng to h er
2 I'm not feeling very well. I d o n't fa ncy .
3 I'm afraid t here are n't a ny chairs. I hope yo u d o n't mind ................... ..............
4 It was a b ea utiful day, so I suggested ............................................................
5 It was very funny. I co uld n't stop ... ............. ........
6 My car isn't very reliable. It k e e p s ..... .......
Unit
54 Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ... etc.)
offer d ecid e hope
A1 a g r e e
d ese rve p r o m is e
p la n m anage afford threate n
1 refuse arra n g e f a il forg et le a rn
A ft er th ese verbs yo u can use t o ... (in finitive):

O It was late, so w e d e c i d e d t o t a k e a taxi home.
Si m o n was in a difficult situation, so I a g r e e d t o h e l p him.
H o w old were yo u wh e n yo u l e a r n t t o d r i v e ? (or learnt h o w t o drive)
O I w ave d t o Karen, but f a i l e d t o a t t r a c t her a tt e n tio n.
The n e gative is n o t t o ... :
W e d e c i d e d n o t t o g o o ut because of th e weather.
Q I p r o m is e d n o t t o b e late.
A f t e r so m e verbs t o ... is not possible. For e x a m ple, e n j o y / t h i n k / s u g g e s t :
0 I e n j o y r e a d i n g , (not e njoy to read)
_ j A n dy s u g g e s t e d m e e t i n g for coffee, (n ot suggested to m e et)
Are yo u t h i n k i n g o f b u y i n g a car? (n ot thin king t o buy)
For verb + - ing, see U n it 53. For verb + preposition + - ing, see U n it 62.
A ft er d a r e yo u can use th e infinitive wit h or w it h o u t t o :

I w o u ld n't d a r e t o t e lL him. or I w o u l d n't d a r e t e l l him.
But aft er d a r e n o t (or d a r e n 't), yo u m ust use th e infinitive w it h o u t t o :

0 I d a r e n 't t e l l him w h a t hap pened, (not I d are n't t o t ell him)
W e also use t o ... after:

see m appear ten d preten d cla im
For e x a m ple:
T h ey s e e m t o h a v e ple n ty of money.
C ) I like Dan, but I thin k he t e n d s t o t a l k t o o much.
Q Ann p r e t e n d e d n o t t o s e e me wh e n she passed me in th e street.
There is also a co ntin u o us infinitive (t o b e d oin g) and a p e rfe ct infinitive (t o h a v e done):

I p r e t e n d e d t o b e r e a d i n g t h e paper. (= I p r e t e n d e d t h a t I w a s r e a d i n g )
You s e e m t o h a v e l o s t w e ig h t. (= it se e m s t h a t y o u h a v e l o s t w e i g h t)
Jo e s e e m s t o b e e n j o y i n g his n e w jo b. ( = it se e m s t h a t he is e n j o y i n g it)
A ft er so m e verbs yo u can use a q uestion word (w h a t / w h e t h e r / h o w etc.) + t o ... .

W e use this struct ure esp ecially after:
ask d ecid e know re m e m b er forg et e x p lain le a rn u n d e rsta n d wonder
We ask e d how to get to th e station.

Have yo u d e c i d e d w h ere t o go for yo u r h olid ays?
1 d o n't k n o w w h eth er t o a p p ly for the jo b or not.
Do yo u u n d e r s t a n d what t o d o?
Also
s h o w / t e ll / a s k / a d v i s e / t e a c h so m e b o dy w h a t / h o w / w h e r e t o do so m ething:
Can so m e b o dy s h o w m e h o w t o u s e this ca m e ra?
Ask Jack. H e'll t e l l y o u w h a t t o d o.
Verb + -ing - > U n i t 53 Verb + o b ject + t o . . (w a n t etc.) 4 U n i t 55

108 ( Verb + t o ... and -ing U n i t s 5 5 C, 5 6 - 5 8
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s f o r t h e s e sit u a tio ns.
T h ey decided to g e t
(s h a ll we get married? tmrJ^Yes, le t's.)
w o rrie d
(^Please help m e . \ ^ ^ She agreed
3 (c a n I carry your bag for you? No, thanks. I can manage /) He offered
T h ey arranged
(Let!'s meet at 8 o'clock / V^. fine /)
She refused
(w h a t's your n a m e ? ^ ^ not going to tell you.^)
She promised
(please don't tell anyone & - = £ won 1.1 promise. )
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w i t h a s u it a b le verb.
1 D o n't forget to lock th e d oor wh e n yo u go out.
2 T here was a lot of traffic, but w e m anage d to t h e airp ort in time.
3 W e co uld n't afford in London. It's t o o e x pensive.
4 W e'v e g ot new co m p u t er soft ware in our office. I h ave n't learnt ............................. it yet,
5 Mark d oesn't k now w h a t hap pened. I decided not him.
6 W e were all afraid t o speak. N o b o d y dared anything.
Pu t t h e v e r b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f o r m , t o ... or -ing. (Se e U n i t 53 f o r ver bs + - ing.)

1 W h e n I'm tired, i e njoy wotchuag television. It's relaxing, (w a tch)
2 I've decided for a n o t h er job. I need a change, (loo k)
3 Let's get a taxi. I d o n't fancy ho me, (wal k)
4 I'm not in a hurry, I d o n ’t mind .(wait)
5 Tina ran in a m arat h o n last wee k, but she failed ... (finish)
6 I wish t h a t dog wo uld stop .... . It's driving me crazy, (bark)
7 O u r neigh bour t hreat e ne d ...the p olice if w e did n't stop th e noise, (call)
8 W e were hungry, so I suggested dinner early, (have)
9 H urry up! I d o n't w a n t to risk t h e train, (miss)
10 T h ey did n't k now I was listening t o th e m, (p re t e n d e d . asleep, (be)
Ma k e a n e w se n t e n c e using t h e ver b in brack ets.

1 Yo u've lost weig ht. (see m) You seem to h a v e l o s t w eig h t. .....
2 Tom is worrie d a b o u t so mething, (a p pear) Tom appears
3 You k now a lot of people. (see m) You
4 My English is g ettin g better. (see m)
5 T h at car has broken d own. (ap pear)
6 David forgets things. (te n d)
7 T h ey have solved t h e proble m. (clai m)
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using w h a t / h o w / w h e r e / w h e t h e r + t h e s e ver bs:
do go put rid e use
1 Do yo u k now how to g e t to Jo h n's house?

2 Wo u l d yo u k now if there was a fire in th e building?
3 You'll never forget . a bicycle once y o u'v e learnt.
4 I've been invited t o th e party, but ( h ave n't decided ........ or not.
5 My roo m is very untidy. I've g ot so m any things and I d o n't k now the m.
6 I have so m e clot h es to wash. Can yo u sh o w me th e washin g m achin e?
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19) 109

Unit
5 5 5 Verb (+ object) + t o ... (I want you to ... etc.)
want as k h e lp w o u l d li k e
e x p ect beg m e a n (= inten d) w o uld prefer
These verbs are f ollow e d by t o ... (in finitive). The structure can be:
verb + t o ... or verb + o b ject + t o ...
W e e x p e ct e d t o be late. W e e x pected D a n t o b e late.

W o u l d yo u lik e t o go n o w? Wo u l d yo u like m e t o go n o w?
He d oesn’t w a n t t o k n o w. He d o esn't w a n t a n y b o d y t o k n o w.
Do not say ‘w a n t t h a t ’:
Do yo u w a n t m e t o c o m e wit h y o u? (n ot Do you w a n t t h a t I co m e)
A ft er h e lp yo u can use th e infinitive wit h or wit h o u t t o. So yo u can say:

Can yo u help me t o m o v e this t a b l e? or Can yo u help me m o v e this t a b l e?
t e ll re m in d f o rc e encourag e teach e na ble

order warn i n vit e p ersu a d e g e t (= persuade)
These verbs have th e struct ure verb + o b ject + t o ... :

Can yo u re m in d m e t o c a ll Sa m t o m o rr o w?
W h o t a u g h t y o u t o d riv e?
U I did n't m ove th e piano by myself. I g o t s o m e b o d y t o h e lp me.
Jo e said th e switch was dangerous and w a r n e d m e n o t t o t o u c h it.
In t h e ne xt e x a mple, th e verb is passive (I w a s w a r n e d / w e w e r e t o l d etc.):

I w a s w a r n e d n o t t o t o u c h th e switch.
You ca n n ot use s u g g e st wit h t h e structure verb + o b ject + t o ... :

Ja n e s u g g e st e d t h a t I as k yo u r advice, (not Ja n e suggested me t o ask)
A ft er a d vis e and a ll o w , t w o structures are possible. Co m pare:
verb + - ing (w it h o u t an o bject) verb + o b ject + t o ...
O I w o ul d n't a d vis e s t a y i n g in t h a t I w o u ld n't a d vis e a n y b o d y t o s t a y in t h a t

hotel. hotel.
O T h ey d o n't a ll o w p ar k in g in fro nt of ) T h ey d o n't a ll o w p e o p le t o p ar k in front
th e building. o f th e building.
St u d y t h ese e x a m ples wit h (b e) a ll o w e d [passive):

Parking is n't a ll o w e d in front of You a r e n 't a ll o w e d t o p ar k in fro nt of
th e building. t h e building.
M a k e and l e t
These verbs have th e structure verb + o b ject + in finitive (w it h o u t t o):

I m a d e hi m p ro m ise t h a t he w o ul d n't t ell a ny b o d y w h a t happened. (n ot to pro mise)
C H o t w e a t h e r m a k es m e f e e l tired. (= causes m e t o feel tire d)
H er parents w o u l d n't l e t h er go o ut alone. (= w o u l d n ’t allo w her t o go o ut)
Le t m e c a r r y yo u r bag for you.
W e say ‘m a k e so m e b o dy d o' (n o t t o do), but in th e passive w e say ‘m a d e t o do' (wit h t o):

C W e w e r e m a d e t o w a i t for t w o hours. (= T h ey m a d e us w a i t ...)
110 Su g g e s t - U n its 3 4, 53 T e ll / a s k s o m e b o d y t o ... ->• U n i t 4 8 D Verb + - ing - > U n i t 53

V erb + t o ... U n it 54 Verb + t o ... and -ing - > U n its 5 6 - 5 8 H e l p -* U n i t 57 C
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e q u estio ns. Use d o y o u w a n t m e t o ? or w o u l d y o u li k e m e t o ... ? w it h t h e s e
ver bs (+ a n y o t h e r n e ce ssa ry w o r d s):
v .v r n c le n d repeat show shut w a it
1 Do you w a n t to go alone, or cto you w o n t me to come wit h you ?

2 Do you have enough m oney, or do you w a n t ?
Sh all I leave the win d o w open, or wo uld you ?
Do yo u k now h ow to use th e machine, or wo uld ?
Did yo u hear w h a t I said, or do ........ ....... ?
Can I go now, or d o ........ .......... .. ?
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s f o r t h es e sit u a tio ns.

1 She told him to meet
Meet me at 9 < (° £ )
the station. Her a t t h e s t a t i o n
T hey invited him

Wh y don't you come
and stay with us?
That would be nice
J
He re minded her
(D o n't forget to call Jo e. ^ - y (p ; < ^ N° > I won't forget /)
She warn e d
^ ^ D o n 't worry. I will / )
(c a n you give me a hand? He asked

-----
C o m p l e t e e ach seco n d s e n t e n c e so t h a t t h e m e a n in g is si m ila r t o t h e first se n t e n ce .

1 My fa th er said I could use his car. My fat h er alLowed me to u s e his c o r.
2 I was surprised t h a t it rained. I did n't e x pect ................................
3 D o n't stop him doing w h a t he wa nts. Let
4 Ti m looks older wh e n he wears glasses. Tim's glasses make
5 I thin k yo u should k now th e truth. I w a n t .........
6 At first I did n't w a n t t o a p ply for the Sarah persuaded ..
job, but Sarah persuaded me.
7 M y la wye r said I sh o uld n't say My la wy er advised
a nythin g to th e police.
8 I was told t h a t I sh o uld n't believe I was warne d
everyt hin g he says.
9 If y o u'v e got a car, you are able to get Havin g a car enables
around more easily.
Pu t t h e v e r b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m : in fi n itiv e (d o / m a k e / e a t e tc.), t o + in finitive, or -ing.

1 T h ey d o n ’t allo w people to park in front of t h e building, (park)
2 I've never been to H o n g Kong, but I'd like . there, (go)
3 I'm in a difficult position. W h a t do yo u advise me ? (do)
4 The film was very sad. It m a d e me (crY)
5 Lisa's parents alw a ys encouraged her ........ hard at school, (stu dy)
6 If yo u w a n t to get a cheap flight, I'd advise ............... early, (book)
7 Sara h w o ul d n't Let m e ... her car. Sh e d oesn’t trust me. (borrow)
8 If yo u e nt er a co u n try wit h a to urist visa, yo u are n or m ally not allowe d
there, (work)
9 'I d o n't thin k Ale x likes m e.1 'W h a t makes you t h a t?' (thin k)
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19) 111

Unit
56 Verb + -ing or to ... 1 (remember/regret etc.)
So m e ver bs are f o ll o w e d by - ing an d so m e are f o ll o w e d by t o ... .
V e r bs u s u a lly f o ll o w e d by -ing: Verbs usu ally f o ll o w e d by t o ... :
a d m it fa ncy p ostp o n e a fford f a il o ffer

avoid fin is h ris k a gree forg et p la n
co n sid er im a gin e sto p arra n g e hope p r o m is e
deny k e e p (o n ) su g g est d ecid e le arn refuse
e njoy m in d d eserve m anage threaten
For e x a m ples, see U n it 53. For e x a mples, see U n it 54.
B So m e verbs can be f ollowe d by - ing or t o ... wit h a difference of meaning:
re m e m b er
I r e m e m b e r d oin g so m e thin g = I did it and I r e m e m b e r e d t o d o so m e thin g = I

n ow I re m e m b er this. re m e m bere d t h a t I had to do it, so I did it.
You r e m e m b e r d oin g so m ethin g a ft e r yo u You r e m e m b e r t o d o so m ethin g b efore you
have done it. do it.
I k now I locked the door. I clearly I r e m e m b e r e d t o l o c k t h e door, but I
r e m e m b e r lo c k in g it. f orgot to shut t h e win dows.
(= I locked it, and n o w I re m e m b er this) (= ! re m e m b ere d t h a t I had t o lock it,
He could r e m e m b e r d rivin g along the and so I locked it)
road j ust before th e accident, but he I m ust r e m e m b e r t o p a y th e electricity
co uld n't re m e m b er th e accid e nt itself. bill. (= I m ust not forget to pay it)
re g r e t
I r e g r e t d oin g so m et hin g = I did it and n ow 1 r e g r e t t o s a y / t o t e l l you / t o in f o r m

I'm sorry a b o ut it: you = I'm sorry t h a t 1have to say (etc.):
I n ow r e g r e t s a yin g w h a t I said. I (fro m a fo r m al le tt e r) W e r e g r e t t o
sh o uld n't have said it. i n f o r m yo u t h a t yo ur a p plicatio n has
Do yo u r e g r e t n o t g oin g to colle g e? been unsuccessful.
g o on
G o on d oin g so m ethin g = co ntin ue wit h t h e G o o n t o d o so m e thin g = do or say

sa me thing: so m e thin g new:
The president paused for a m o m e n t and A ft er discussing t h e eco n o my, the
th e n w e n t o n t a l k in g . president then w e n t o n t o t a l k a b o ut
W e need t o change. W e ca n't go o n foreign poLicy.
liv i n g like this.
_ ^ J
The f ollowin g verbs can be f ollo w e d by -ing or t o .. . wit h no difference of meaning:
b e gin start c o n ti n u e inten d bother
So you can say:

It s t a r t e d rainin g, or It s t a r t e d t o rain.
A n dy in t e n d s b u yin g a house, or A n dy in t e n d s t o b u y ..
D o n't b o t h e r lo c k in g th e door, or D o n ’t b o t h e r t o lo c k
Bu t n or m ally w e do n ot use -ing aft er -ing:

It's s t a r t i n g t o rain, (n ot It's startin g raining)
Verb + - i n g U n i t 53 Verb + t o U n its 5 4 - 5 5 O t h e r verbs + - ing or t o . U n its 5 7 - 5 8

Exercises
Pu t t h e v e r b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f o r m , - ing or t o ... .
1 T h ey denied st e a lin g the m oney, (steal)
2 I d o n 't e n j o y ....... v e r y m u c h , (d r iv e)
3 1ca n't afford o u t tonig ht. I d o n't have enough money, (go)
4 Has it stop ped ........................... y e t? (rain)
5 W e were unlucky to lose th e ga me. W e deserved ............................. (win)
6 W h y do you keep me q u estio ns? C a n't yo u leave me alo n e? (ask)
7 Please stop me q uestions! (ask)
8 I refuse any more questions, (answer)
9 T he driver of one of th e cars a d m itt e d th e accid e nt, (cause)
10 Mark needed our help, and w e pro mised w h a t w e could, (do)
11 I d o n't mind alone, but i t ’s b ett er t o be wit h o th er people, (be)
12 T he w all was q uite high, but I manage d ........... over it. (cli m b)
13 'Does Sarah k now ab out t h e m e e tin g?' 'N o, I f orgot ................... her.'(tell)
14 I've enjoyed ... to you. I hope ..................... yo u again soon, (talk, see)
• £ 0 T o m can r e m e m b e r so m e t h in gs a b o u t his ch ild h o o d , b u t he c a n't r e m e m b e r o t h e rs. C o m p l e t e

t h e se n t e nces.
1 H e was in hospital wh e n he was a s m all child. He can still re m e m b er this.
He can remember being m hospital w h e n he was a small child.
2 H e w e n t to Paris wit h his parents wh e n he was eight. He re m e m bers this.
H e re m e m bers .................................. wit h his parents
wh e n he was eight.
3 He cried on his first day at school. H e d oesn't re m e m b er this.
He d oesn't on his first d ay at school.
4 O n c e he fell into th e river. He can re m e m b er this.
He ....... ..................................................................... ............... .... ........ .................
5 He said he wa nt e d to be a doctor. He ca n't re m e m b er this.
.............................................................................................................................to be a doctor.
6 O n ce he was bitte n by a dog. H e d oesn't re m e m b er this.
.................................................................................................
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a v e r b in t h e c o rr e ct f or m , - ing or t o ... . So m e ti m e s e it h e r f or m

is p ossible.
1 a Pl e a s e r e m e m b e r to lock t h e d o o r w h e n y o u go o u t.
b a : Yo u l e n t m e s o m e m o n e y a f e w m o n t h s a g o.
b: Did I? Are you sure? I d o n't re m e m b er yo u a ny money.
c a : Did you re m e m b er ............... yo ur sister?
b : O h no, i co m ple t ely forgot. I'll p hone her t o m orrow,
d W h e n yo u see Steve, re m e m b er hello to him fro m me.

e So m e o n e m ust have taken my bag. I cle arly re m e m b er it by th e win d o w
and n ow it has gone.
2 a I believe t h a t w h a t I said was right. I d o n't regret it.
b I k new t h ey were in trouble, but I regret I did n othin g to help t he m,
c It starte d to g et cold, and he regretted not his coat.
3 a Ben join e d t h e co m p a ny nine ye ars ago. He b eca m e assistant m an ag er aft er tw o years, and a
f ew ye ars later he w e n t on m an ag er of th e co m pany.
b I ca n't go on here any more. I w a n t a different job.
c W h e n I ca m e into the room, Lisa was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello, and
th en w e n t on her newspaper.
4 a If t h e co m p a ny co ntin u es money, th e fact ory m ay be closed,
b Julia has been ill, but n o w she's beginning better,
c The baby starte d inth e mid dle of t h e night.
-4 A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19) 113

Unit
57 Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help)
T ry t o ... and t r y -ing
T ry t o d o = a t t e m p t to do, make an eff ort to do:

O I was very tired. I t ri e d t o k e e p my eyes open, but I co uld n't.
_ Please t r y t o b e q uiet wh e n yo u co m e ho me. Everyo n e will be asleep.
T ry also m eans 'do so m et hin g as an e x p eri m e nt or test'. For e xample:

O These cakes are delicious. You should t r y one.
(= yo u should have one t o see if yo u like it)
W e co uld n't find a nyw h ere to stay. W e t ri e d every h otel in th e to w n, but t h e y were all full.
(= we w e n t t o every h ot el to see if t h ey had a roo m)
If t r y (with this m eaning) is f ollowe d by a verb, w e say t r y -ing:

O a : The p h o toco pier d oesn't see m t o be working.
B: T ry p ressin g the green b utton.
(= press t h e green b utto n - perhaps this will help to solve th e proble m)
Co m pare:
3 I t ri e d t o m o v e th e table, but it was to o heavy, (so I co uld n't m ove it)
I did n't like t h e w a y th e furniture was arranged, so I t ri e d m o vin g th e ta ble to t h e o t h er side
of t h e room. But it did n't look right, so I m ove d it back again.
N e e d t o ... and n e e d -ing
I n e e d t o do so m e thin g = it is necessary for me to do it:

I n e e d t o g e t more exercise.
O He n e e ds t o w o r k harder if he wa n ts t o make progress,
j I d o n't n e e d t o c o m e to t h e m eeting, do i?
So m e t hin g n e e ds d oin g = it needs t o be done:

My p hone n e e d s ch ar gin g.
(= it needs t o be charged)
Do you think this jack e t n e e d s cl e a n i n g?
(= ... needs to be clea ne d)
Q It's a difficult proble m. It n e e d s t h in k in g a b o ut very
carefully. (= it needs to be t h o u g ht a bo ut)
H e l p and c a n ’t h e lp
You can say h e lp t o d o or h e lp d o (with or wit h o u t t o):

Everyb o dy h e lp e d t o cl e a n up aft er the party, or
Every b o dy h elp e d cl e a n up ...
Can yo u h e lp me t o m o v e this t a b l e? or
Can yo u h e lp me m o v e ...
I c a n 't h e lp d oi n g so m e thin g = I ca n't stop myself doing it:

I d o n't like him, but he has a lot of proble ms. I c a n 't h elp
f e e li n g sorry for him.
She tried to be serious, but she c o u l d n 't h e lp la u g hin g.
(= she co ul d n't stop herself laughing)
I’m sorry I'm so nervous. I c a n 't h e lp it.
(= I ca n ’t help b ein g nervous) She c o u l d n 't h e lp la u g hin g.
Verb + - ing U n i t 53 Verb + t o ... 4 U n its 5 4 - 5 5 O t h e r verbs + - ing or t o ... - > U n its 56, 58
Exercises
Ma k e su g g estio ns. Use t r y + o n e o f t h e f o ll o w in g :
p h o n e his o f fic e r e s t a r t it c h a n g e t h e b a t t e r ie s-
t u r n it t h e o t h e r w a y t a k e an asp irin
3\ / L
1 The radio isn't working. ^ Haveyou t r i e d changing t h e b a t t e ri e s?
2 1ca n't open th e door. The key
w o n't turn. T r y .. ...............................................
3 The co m p u t er isn't working
properly. H ave you tried
4 Fred isn't answerin g his phone.
W h a t shall 1d o? You c o u l d ..............................................
5 I've g ot a terrible headache. 1
^ wish it wo uld go. j ^ H av e you
For e ach pict ure, w r it e a s e n t e n c e w it h n e e d (s) + o n e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs:
clean cut e m p ty p ain t tig h te n
1 This jac k e t is dirty. It n e e d s cl e a n i n g .

2 The roo m isn't very nice. It
3 The grass is very lo n g............ ......... ..........................................................................
4 The screws are lo ose........................................................................... . .
5 The bin is full. .... .....................................
1 a I was very tired. I tried to keep (keep) m y eyes open, but I co uld n't.
b I rang th e doorbell, but th ere w as no answer. Then ! tried (k nock)
on t h e door, but t here was still no answer.
c W e t r i e d ........................ (p ut) t h e fire o ut but w it h o u t success. W e had t o call the
fire brigade.
d Sue needed t o b orrow so m e m oney. She tried (ask) Cary, but he
was short of m o n ey too.
e I trie d .......................... (reach) the shelf, but I w a s n't t all enough.
f Please leave me alone. I'm tryin g (co nce ntrat e).
2 a I need a change. I need (go) a w a y for a while,
b My gra n d m o t h er isn't able to look aft er herself any more. She needs
..... (loo k) after.
c The win d o ws are dirty. T h ey need (clean),
d Your hair is g ettin g very Long. It needs (CL|t)-
e You d o n't need (iron) t h a t shirt. It d oesn't need
................................. (iron).
3 a T h ey were talking very Loudly. I co uld n't help (overh ear) w h a t
t h ey said.
b Can you help me (get) t h e dinner re a dy?
c He Looks so funny. W h e n e v e r I see him, I ca n't help (smile).
d The fine w e a t h e r helped (ma k e) it a really nice holiday.
Unit !
58 Verb + -ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.)
Lik e / l o v e / h a t e
W h e n yo u talk a b o ut re peated actions, yo u can use -ing or t o ... aft er th ese verbs.
So yo u can say:
G Do you lik e g e t ti n g up e a rly? or Do yo u li k e t o g e t up e arly?
Ste p h a nie h a t e s flyin g , or Ste p h a nie h a t e s t o fly.
Q I l o v e m e e ti n g people, or I l o v e t o m e e t people.
G I d o n ’t lik e b ein g kept waitin g, or ... li k e t o be kept waitin g.
0 I d o n't lik e friends c a lli n g me a t work, or ... friends t o c a ll m e at work.
b ut
(1) W e use -ing (n o t to ...) w h e n w e talk a b o ut a situ atio n t h a t alre a dy exists (or e xisted).
For e x a mple:
Paul lives in Berlin now. He lik es livin g there. (H e li k es livin g in Berlin = He lives th ere and
he likes it)
Do you li k e b ein g a st u d e n t? (You are a stu d e nt - do you like it?)
The office I work ed in was horrible. I h a t e d w o r k i n g there. (I work e d th ere and I hated it)
(2) There is so m eti m es a difference b et we e n I li k e t o d o and I lik e doing:
1 lik e d oin g so m e thin g = I do it and I e njoy it:

Q I lik e cl e a n i n g th e kitchen. (= I enjoy it.)
I li k e t o d o so m e thin g = I thin k it is a good thin g to do, but I d o n't necessarily e njoy it:
It's n ot m y favourite job, but I lik e t o cl e a n th e kitchen as oft en as possible.
N o t e t h a t e n j o y and m in d are always f ollowe d by -ing (n ot t o ...):

_ I e n j o y cl e a n i n g t h e kitchen, (n ot I e njoy t o clea n)
G I d o n 't m in d cl e a n i n g t h e kitchen, (n o t I d o n't mind to clea n)
W o u l d lik e / w o u l d l o v e / w o u l d h a t e / w o u l d p r e f e r
W o u l d lik e / w o u l d l o v e etc. are usually f ollowe d by t o ... :

I'd li k e (= I w o u l d like) to go a w a y for a f ew days.
G W o u l d yo u lik e t o c o m e to dinner on Frid ay?
I w o u l d n 't li k e t o g o on h olid ay alone.
I'd lo v e t o m e e t yo ur fa mily.
O W o u l d yo u p r e f e r t o h a v e dinner n ow or la t er?
C o m p are I lik e and I w o u l d li k e (I'd like):

O I lik e p la yi n g tennis. / 1 lik e t o p l a y tennis. (= I like it in general)
I'd lik e t o p l a y ten nis today, (= I w a n t to play t o d ay)
W o u l d m in d is always f ollow e d by -ing (n ot t o ...):

_ W o u l d yo u m in d clo sin g th e door, please?
I wo uld like t o h a v e d o n e so m e thin g = I regret n o w t h a t I did n't or co uld n't do it:

It's a sha m e w e did n't see Anna wh e n w e were in London. I w o u l d li k e t o h a v e se e n her
again.
W e'd li k e t o h a v e g o n e a way, but we were t o o busy at ho me.
You can use t h e sa m e struct ure aft er w o u ld love / w o u ld h a t e / w o u ld prefer:

O Poor David! I w o u l d h a t e t o h a v e b e e n in his position.
G I'd l o v e t o h a v e g o n e t o t h e party, but it was impossible.
116 En j o y / m i n d - U n i t 53 W o u l d li k e - ¥ U n i t s 37E, 5 5 A Pr e f e r U nit 59

Exercises
W r i t e s e n t e nc es a b o u t y o u rs e lf. Sa y w h e t h e r y o u like or d o n't like t h es e activitie s. C h o o se one
o f t h es e ver bs f o r e ach se n t e nce:
li k e / d o n 't li k e love hate enjoy d o n't m in d
1 (fly) I d o n 't li k e 'fty m g. or I d o n ’t li k e to -fty. .........................

2 (play cards) ..................................................................................................... .....
3 (be alo n e) ....................................... . .......
4 (go to m useu ms) .
5 (coo k) ................................... .. .....
Ma k e s e n t e n c e s fro m t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts. Use - ing or t o ... . So m e t i m e s e it h e r f o r m is

p ossible.
1 Paul lives in Berlin now. It's nice. He likes it.
(he / like / live / th ere) He li k es Living t h e r e . ,
2 ja n e is a biology teacher. Sh e likes her job.
(she / like / teach / biology) She ... .... ...
3 Jo e always has his ca m era wit h him and takes a lot of pictures.
(he / like / take / pictures) ....... .......................
4 I used t o work in a supermark et. I did n't like it much.
(I / n ot / like / work / there) . ...... ......................................................
5 Rach el is studying medicine. She likes it.
(she / like / stu dy / m e dicine) ....
6 Dan is fa mous, but he d o esn't Like it.
(he / n ot / like / be / fa m o us) ............. .... .
7 Je n nif er is a very careful person. She d oesn't take m a ny risks.
(she / not / like / ta k e / risks) ....
8 I d o n't like surprises.
(I / like / k now / things / in a dva nce) .....................................
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a ver b in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m , - ing or t o . . . . In o n e s e n t e n c e e it h e r

f or m is p ossible.
1 It ’s good to visit o th er pLaces - I e njoy t r a v e lli n g .
2 ‘Wo u ld you like d o w n?' 'N o, thanks. I'll st a n d.1
3 I'm not q uite rea dy ye t. Wo u ld yo u mind a little lon ger?
4 W h e n I was a child, I hated ........ t o bed early.
5 W h e n I have to catch a train, I'm always worrie d t h a t I'll miss it. So I like
to the station in ple nty of tim e.
6 I e njoy busy. I d o n't like it wh e n there's nothing to do.
7 I wo uld love .......................... ..to yo ur wed ding, but I’m afraid it isn't possible.
8 I d o n't Like in this part of t o wn. I w a n t to m ove so m e wh ere else.
9 Do yo u have a m in u t e? I'd like to yo u a b o ut so mething.
10 If there's bad news and good news, I like ... t h e bad news first.
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s using w o u l d ... t o h a v e (d o n e). Use t h e ver bs in brack ets.

1 It's a sha m e I co uld n't go to th e party, (like)I w o u l d li k e to have....gone to th& pajrty . ..........
2 It's a sha m e I did n’t see the progra m me, (like) .... ..... .....................
3 I'm glad I did n't lose m y wa tch, (hat e) ... ...
4 It's to o bad I did n't m e e t y o ur parents, (love)
5 I'm glad I w asn't alone, (n o t / li k e) ...........................................................................
6 It's a sha m e I co uld n't trav el by train, (prefer) .... ........................ .. ..
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19)

Unit
59 Prefer and would rather
Pr e f e r t o d o and p r e f e r d oin g
You can use 'p r e f e r t o (d o)' or ‘p r e f e r - ing' t o say w h a t yo u prefer in general:

3 I d o n't like cities. I p r e f e r t o liv e in t h e country, o r I p r e f e r livi n g in th e country.
St u d y th e differences in structure aft er p re f er. W e say:
1 prefer so m ethin g to so m e thin g else.

1 prefer d oin g so m et hin g t o d oin g so m ethin g else.
b ut 1 prefer t o d o so m ethin g r a t h e r t h a n (d o) so m e thin g else.
I p r e f e r this coa t to th e co a t you were we arin g yesterd ay.

C I p r e f e r d rivin g t o t r a v e lli n g by train.
b ut U I p r e f e r t o d riv e r a t h e r t h a n t r a v e l by train.
Sarah p re f e rs t o liv e in th e co u n try r a t h e r t h a n (liv e) in a city.
W o u l d p r e f e r (I'd p r e f e r ...)
W e use w o u l d p r e f e r to say w h a t so m e b o dy wa n ts in a specific situation (n ot in general):

‘W o u l d yo u p r e f e r t ea or co ff e e?' 'Coffee, please.'
W e say ‘wo uld prefer t o do so m e thin g' (n o t usu ally wo uld prefer doing):
'Sh all w e go by t r a in?' 'I'd p r e f e r t o d riv e .' (not I'd prefer driving)
I'd p r e f e r t o s t a y at h o m e t o nig ht r a t h e r t h a n g o to th e cine ma.
W o u l d r a t h e r (I'd r a t h e r ...)
W o u l d r a t h e r (d o) = w o u l d p r e f e r (to do). W e use w o u l d r a t h e r + in finitive (w it h o u t t o).

C o m pare:
u I . [ T d p r e f e r t o d riv e.'
Shall w e go by tr ai n? j ‘I'd r a t h e r d riv e .' (n ot t o drive)
‘W o u l d yo u r a t h e r h a v e t ea or c o ff e e?' ‘Coffee, please.'
The n e gative is T d r a t h e r n o t (do so m ethin g)':

O I'm tired. I'd r a t h e r n o t g o o ut this evening, if yo u d o n't mind.
Q ‘Do yo u w a n t t o go o u t this eve nin g? 1 T d r a t h e r n ot.'
W e say ‘w o u l d r a t h e r d o so m e thin g t h a n d o so m e thin g else':

I'd r a t h e r s t a y at ho m e to nig h t t h a n g o t o t h e cine ma.
I'd r a t h e r so m e b o dy did so m et hin g
W e say T d r a t h e r yo u did so m e thin g' (n ot I'd ra th er you do). For e x a mple:

‘W h o's going t o drive, yo u or m e?' T d r a t h e r yo u d r o v e .’ (= I w o uld prefer this)
O ‘J ac k says he'll repair yo ur bike t o m orrow, O K ?' T d r a t h e r he did it to d ay.'
Q Are yo u going to t ell A nna w h a t hap pened, or w o u l d yo u r a t h e r I t o l d her?
In this structure we use th e p ast (d r ove, did etc.), but t h e m eanin g is present n ot past.
C o m pare:
O I'd rath er m a k e dinner now.
I'd rath er y o u m a d e din n er now. (n ot I'd rath er yo u make)
I'd rath er yo u d i d n 't (do so m ethin g) = I'd prefer yo u not to do it:

O I'd r a t h e r y o u d i d n't t e l l a nyon e w h a t I said.
A re yo u going t o t ell Anna w h a t h a p p e n e d?' ‘ No. I'd r a t h e r she d i d n't know.'
‘Sh all I t ell A n na w h a t h a p p e n e d?' ‘I'd r a t h e r y o u d id n't.'
W o u l d p r e f e r - > U n i t 5 8B Pr e f e r (one t hin g) t o (a n o t h er) U n it 13 6D

Unit
Exercises 59
W h ic h d o y o u p r e f e r? W r i t e s e n t e n c e s using ‘I prefer (s o m e t h in g) to (s o m e t h in g else)'. Pu t t h e
ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f o r m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 (drive / travel by train)
I p refer driving to travelling by t r a m ........................................................ ..................................
2 (bask et b all / f oo t b all)
I prefer .................................................................................................................................
3 (go t o t h e cine m a / w a tc h DVDs at h o m e)
I ............ ................................... to ..... at hom
4 (be very busy / have nothing t o do)
N o w r e w rit e s e n t e n c e s 3 and 4 using t h e str u ct u r e ‘I prefer to (do so m e t h i n g)'.

5 ( i ) I p r e f e r to d r i v e r a t h e r t h a n t r a v e l by t r a i n . ......................................
6 (3) I prefer to ... .........................................................................................
7 (4) ................................................................................................................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. So m e t i m e s y o u nee d o n e w or d , s o m e ti m e s m ore.
B
A^ v / L
1 Sh all we walk h o m e? f Td rath er get a taxi.
2 Do yo u w a n t t o e a t n o w? I'd prefer to wcut till later.
3 Wo u l d you like to w a tc h T V? I'd .............. t o listen to so me music.
4 Do yo u w a n t to go to a rest a ura nt? I'd rath er ... ............... ................. at home.
5 Let's leave now. ......................... w a it a f ew minutes.
6 W h a t a b o u t a ga m e of t e n nis? I'd prefer .... ..... for a swim.
7 I think w e should d ecide now. I' d .............. ............... thin k a b o ut it for a while.
8 Wo u ld you like to sit d o w n? ........................ ........ ......... t o stand.
9 J D o y o u w a n t m e t o co m e wit h yo u?^ ^ I'd rather .... alone.
J
N o w use t h e sa m e id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e nc es using than a n d rather than.

10 i'd rath er get a taxi ... than., w alk h o m e ....................................................
11 I'd prefer ............ for a swi m ......................... ...,..... .... ...................................
12 I'd rath er ............. at ho me
13 I'd prefer a b o ut it for a w hile ...
14 I'd rath er .... . so m e music ......................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using w ould you rather I ... .

1 Are you going t o make dinner or wowUi you r a t h e r I m a d e i t ?
2 Are yo u going to t e ll Anna w h a t hap pened or wo uld yo u rath er ?
3 Are yo u going to do th e shopping or ........ ................ ?
4 Are yo u going to p hone Tanya or ... ... ?
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e nces.

1 ‘Sh all I t ell Anna w h a t h a p p e n e d?' 'N o, I'd ra th er she d i d n 't k now.'
2 Do you w a n t me to go n o w or w o uld yo u rat h er I h ere?
3 Do you w a n t t o go o ut this evenin g or wo uld yo u rath er .. at h o m e?
4 This is a private m atter. I'd rath er yo u t ell a ny b o d y else.
5 I d o n't w a n t t o make a decision wit h o u t Jac k and Sue. I'd rath er t h ey here.
6 A: Do yo u mind if I put so m e music o n?
b : I'd ra t h e ry o u I'm trying t o study.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 7 - 2 8 (pages 318 - 19) 119

Unit I
60 Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
If a prep osition (in / f o r / a b o u t etc.) is f ollowe d by a verb, t h e verb ends in -ing:
prep ositio n verb (- ing)

Are yo u interested in workin g for us?
I'm not good at le a r n in g languages.
Sue m ust be fed up w it h st u d yin g .
W h a t are th e a dvanta ges of h a vin g a car?
Thanks very much for in viti n g me t o yo u r party.
How about m e e ti n g for lunch t o m o rr o w?
W h y d o n't yo u go out i n st e a d o f sit ti n g at h o m e all the ti m e?
A m y w e n t t o work in s p it e o f f e e li n g in.
You can also say 'instead of s o m e b o d y doing so m ething', 'fed up wit h p e o p l e doing so m e t hin g ’ e t c . :
O i'm fed up wit h p e o p le t ellin g me w h a t t o do.
N o t e t h e use of the f ollowin g prepositions + -ing:
b e f o r e -ing and a f t e r -ing:

Be f o r e g oin g out, I phoned Sarah, (n ot Bef ore to go out)
W h a t did yo u do a f t e r fi n is h in g sch o ol?
You can also say ‘Be f o r e I w e n t o ut ...' and a f t e r y o u fi n is h e d school'.
b y -ing (to say how so m e thin g happens):

The burglars g ot into th e house by b re a k i n g a wi n d o w and cli m b i n g in.
You can im prove yo u r English by re a di n g more.
She m a d e herself ill b y n ot e a t i n g properly.
Ma ny accid e nts are caused b y people d rivin g t o o fast.
w i t h o u t -ing:
W e ran ten kilo m etres w i t h o u t st o p pin g.
Cj It was a stupid t hin g to say. i said it w i t h o u t t hin k in g.
She needs to work w i t h o u t peo ple d ist u r b in g her. (or ... w i t h o u t b ein g disturbed.)
C I have enough proble ms of my o w n w i t h o u t h a vin g to w orry a b o u t yours.
T o - ing (look forward t o d oin g so m et hin g etc.)
T o is oft en part of t h e in finitive (t o do / t o see etc.):

W e decided t o t r a v e l by train.
Wo u ld yo u like t o m e e t for lunch t o m o rr o w?
Bu t t o is also a prep ositio n (like i n / f o r / a b o u t / w it h etc.). For e x a mple:

W e w e n t fro m Paris t o G e n e v a .
I prefer tea t o c o ff e e .
C Are yo u looking forward t o t h e w e e k e n d ?
If a prep osition is f ollowe d by a verb, th e verb ends in -ing:

O I'm fed up w i t h t r a v e lli n g by train.
O H o w a b o u t g oin g a w a y this w e e k e n d?
So, w h e n t o is a preposition and it is f ollowe d by a verb, yo u m ust say t o -ing:
O I prefer driving t o t r a v e lli n g by train, (n ot t o travel)
O Are yo u looking forward t o g oin g on h o lid a y? (not looking forward to go)
Be / g e t use d t o - ing U n i t 61 Verb + pre p ositio n + - ing U n i t 62

W h il e / w h e n - ing U nit 6 8B In s p it e o f U n i t 113 Pre p ositio ns U n i t s 121 - 136 )
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so t h a t it m e a ns t h e sa m e as t h e first.
1 W h y is it useful t o have a car?
W h a t are th e a dvanta g es of Havin g a, o ar ..................................
2 I d o n't intend to a p ply for t h e job.
I have no inte ntio n of
3 H ele n has a good m e m o ry f or names.
Hele n is good at .........................................................................
4 You probably w o n't win the lottery. You have little chance.
You have little ch a nce of ........... .....................................
5 Did yo u get into trou ble because yo u were la t e?
Did yo u get into trou ble f o r .................... .................................
6 W e did n't eat at home. W e w e n t to a resta ura nt instead.
Instead of . .............................................................
7 W e got into th e e x hibition. W e did n't have to queue.
W e got into th e e x hibition w it h o u t ..
8 W e playe d very well, but w e lost t h e ga me.
W e lost th e g a m e despite ...................... .................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using b y -ing. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g (w it h t h e ve r b in t h e c o rr e c t f or m):
b o rr o w t o o m u ch m o n e y - brea k a w in d o w d riv e t o o f a s t
p u t s o m e p ic t u r e s o n t h e w a lls s t a n d o n a c h a ir turn a key
1 T he burglars got into th e house by breaking a, win d o w.....................................................

2 I was able to reach th e to p s h e l f ............. ....................... ...................................
3 You start th e engine of a car .............................. .................................................................
4 Kevin g ot hi mself into financial trou ble
5 You can put people's lives in d a n g e r ....................... ..................................................
6 W e m a d e th e roo m look n i c e r . .... .... ......................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s w it h a s u it a b le w or d . Use o n ly o n e w o r d e ac h ti m e .
1 W e ran te n kilo m etres wit h o u t stopping .
2 He left th e h otel wit h o u t his bill.
3 It's a nice morning. H o w a b o ut for a w al k?
4 W e were able to tra nslat e th e le tt er into English wit h o u t a dictionary.
5 Before ..................... t o bed, I like to have a h ot drink.
6 It was a long trip. ! was very tired aft er ....... on a train for 36 hours.
7 I was a nnoye d because th e decision was m ad e wit h o u t a ny b o d y me.
8 A ft er th e sa me jo b for te n years, I felt I needed a change.
9 W e g ot lost because w e w e n t straig ht on instead of left.
10 I like th ese pictures yo u took. Yo u're good at pictures.
For e ach sit u a ti o n , w r it e a s e n t e n c e w i t h I'm (n o t) l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o .

1 You are going on h olid ay ne xt wee k. H o w do you f e e l?
I’ m looking -forw ard to g o in g cm h oltd a.y. ....... ...............................
2 Kate is a good friend of yours and she is co min g t o visit yo u soon. So yo u will see her again
soon. H o w do yo u f e e l? I'm ......................................................................................
3 You are going to th e d e ntist t o m orrow. You d o n't enjoy going t o the dentist. H o w do yo u f e e l?
I'm not ............................. ....... ..... .......
4 Rach el hates school, but she's leaving ne xt su m mer. H o w does she f e el?
5 Yo u've arranged t o play tennis t o m orrow. You h ave n't played for a w hile and yo u like tennis a
lot. H o w do yo u f e el?
-» A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19)

Lisa is A m erican, but she lives in Britain. W h e n she first

drove a car in Britain, she found it very difficult because
she had to drive on t h e left, not on th e right. Driving on
th e left was strange and difficult for her because:
She w a s n 't use d t o it.

She w a s n 't use d t o d rivin g on th e left.
But aft e r a lot of practice, driving on t h e left b eca m e less

strange. So:
She g o t use d t o d rivin g on t h e left.
N o w it's no proble m for Lisa:

She is use d t o d rivin g on th e left.
I'm use d t o so m e thin g = it is n ot n e w or strange for me:
Paul lives alone. He d o esn't mind this b ecause he has lived alon e for 15 years. It is not
strange for him. He is use d t o it. H e is use d t o Living alone.
I bou ght so m e new shoes. T h ey f elt a bit strange at first because [ w a s n 't use d t o t h e m .
O ur new a p a rt m e n t is on a very busy street. I e x p ect w e'll g e t use d t o t h e n oise, but a t t h e
m o m e n t it's very disturbing.
Hele n has a n e w job. She has to g et up much earlier n o w t h a n before - a t 6.30. She finds
this difficult because she is n't use d t o g e t t i n g up so early.
Katherine's husband is oft e n a w a y from ho me. Sh e d oesn't mind this. She is use d t o hi m
b ein g away.
A f t e r b e / g e t use d yo u ca n n ot use th e infinitive (t o d o / t o d riv e etc.). W e say:

U She is used t o d rivin g on t h e left, (n ot She is used to drive)
W h e n w e say ‘I a m use d t o so m ethin g', t o is a prep ositio n, n ot a part of th e infinitive.

So we say:
W e'r e n ot used t o t h e n oise. / W e'r e not used t o it.
O Paul is used t o livin g alone. (n ot Paul is used to live)
Lisa had t o g et used t o d rivi n g on th e left, (n o t g et used to drive)
Do not confuse I a m use d t o d oin g and I use d t o do:
I a m used t o (d oin g) so m e thin g = it isn't strange or n e w for me:

O I a m used t o t h e w e a t h e r in this country.
I a m used t o d rivin g on th e left because I've lived in Britain a long tim e.
J
I
-______________________________________________________________________________________________
I used t o d o so m e thin g = I did it regularly in th e past but no longer do it. You can use this only
for th e past, n ot for th e present. (Se e U nit 18.)
The structure is ‘I use d to do' (n ot I a m used to do):

I use d t o d riv e t o work every day, but these days I usually go by bike.
Wp to livp in<;t ontîrlp thp town hut now w p livp nppr thp rpn+rp
Us e d t o (d o) -¥ U n i t 18 T o + - ing - > U n i t 6 0 C
J
Exercises
Loo k a gain a t t h e sit u a tio n in Se ctio n A on t h e o p p osit e p age ( ‘Lisa is A m e rica n
T h e f o ll o w i n g sit u a tio n s are si milar. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e n c e s using us e d t o .
1 Jac k has to drive t w o hours to his work every morning. Ma n y years ago, wh e n he first had to do
this, it was difficult for him. But n o w it's OK.
W h e n Jac k starte d working in this job, he w a s n ’t ........................................................... driving
t w o hours to work every morning, but aft er so me ti m e he it.
N o w it's no proble m for him. He t w o hours every morning.
2Julia is a nurse. A y e ar ago she starte d working nights. At first she found it hard and did n't like it.
She nights and it too k her a few m o nt hs
to ... it. N ow, aft er a year, it's O K for her.
She .......................................................... nights.
W h a t do y o u s a y in t h es e sit u a ti o n s? Use I'm (n o t) use d t o ... .

1 You live alone. You d o n't mind this. You have always lived alone.
f r i e n d : Do yo u get lonely so m e ti m es?
y o u: N o , ..iff! u s e d to Living alo n e.
2 You sleep on th e floor. You d o n't mind this. You have always sle pt on t h e floor,
f r i e n d : W o u l d n't you prefer to sleep in a b e d?
y o u: No, I ................. ........ ...... .. ...... ....... ..........

3 You have to work long hours in yo u r job. This is not a proble m for yo u. You have always work ed
long hours.
f r i e n d : You have t o work very long hours in yo ur job, d o n't y o u?
y o u: Yes, but I d o n't mind th at. I ... .... ...

4 You usually go to bed early. Last night yo u w e n t t o bed very late (for yo u) and as a result yo u are
very tired this morning.
f r i e n d : You look tired this morning.
y o u: Yes, ..........................................................................................................................
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s and c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using g e t / g o t use d t o .

1 So m e friends of yo urs have j ust m ove d into an a p a rt m e n t on a busy street. It is very noisy.
T h e y'll have t o get used, to t h e n oise. ...................... ...... .................. ..............................
2 The children at sch ool got a n e w teacher. She was diff ere nt fro m th e t e ac h e r before her, but this
w as n't a proble m for t h e children. T h ey soon ..................... ........................................
3 Sue m ove d fro m a big house to a m uch s m aller one. She found it strange at first. Sh e had to
in a much s m aller house.
4 So m e people yo u k now fro m Britain are going to live in yo u r country. W h a t will t h e y have to get
used t o?
T h e y'll have t o .................................................................... ...................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using o n ly o n e w o r d e ach ti m e (se e Se ctio n C).

1 Lisa had to g et used t o d rivin g on t h e left.
2 Dan used to a lot of coffee. N o w he prefers tea.
3 I feel very full aft er t h a t meal. I'm not used to ... so much.
4 I w o u l d n't like to share an office. I'm used t o m y own office.
5 I used t o a car, but I sold it a f e w m onths ago.
6 W h e n we were children, w e used to swi m min g very often.
7 There used to . a school here, but it was knocked d own a f e w years ago.
8 I'm t h e boss here! I'm not used t o told w h a t to do.
9 W e used to . .... in a village. W e moved to London a f ew years ago and had t o get
used t o in a big city.
-*• A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 2 6 - 2 8 (pages 317 - 19) 123

Unit Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing /
62 accuse so m ebody of -ing etc.)
M a ny verbs have th e structure verb + pre p ositio n (i n / f o r / a b o u t etc.) + o bject.
For e x a m ple:
verb + prep ositio n + o bject
W e talk ed about t h e proble m,

You m ust a p o lo g is e for w h a t yo u said.
If th e o b ject is a n o t h er verb, it ends in -ing:
verb + prep ositio n + o bject
We talk ed about g oin g to So ut h A m erica,

You m ust a p o lo g is e for not t e lli n g th e truth.
So m e more verbs wit h this structure:
a p p r o v e (o f) He d oesn't a p p r o v e of s w e a rin g ,
d ecid e (a g a in st) W e have d ecid e d a g a in st m o vin g t o London,
d r e a m (o f) 1w o u ld n't d r e a m of as k in g t h e m for money,
f e e l (li k e) Do yo u f e e l lik e g oin g o ut t o ni g h t?
in sist (o n) T h ey in sist e d on p a yin g for the meal,
lo o k f o r w a r d (t o) I'm lo o k in g f o r w a r d to m e e ti n g her.
s u cc e e d (in) H ave you s u cc e e d e d in fin d in g a jo b y e t?
t h i n k (o f / a b o u t) I'm t h i n k i n g of / about b u yin g a house.
You can also say 'ap prove of s o m e b o d y doing so m ethin g', 'loo k f orward to s o m e b o d y doing
so m e thin g' e t c :
I d o n't ap prove o f p e o p l e k illin g a ni m als for fun.
W e are all looking forward t o A n d y c o m in g ho me.
The f ollowin g verbs can have th e structure verb + o b ject + pre p ositio n + -ing:
verb + + o b ject prep ositio n + -ing (o bject)
a cc u s e (of) T h ey a cc u se d us of t e lli n g lies.

c o n g r a t u l a t e (o n) W e all c o n g r a t u l a t e d Lisa on w i n n i n g th e first prize.
e x cu se (f o r) E x cuse me for p h o ni n g yo u so late.
p r e v e n t (fr o m ) Wh a t prevente d you fr o m c o m in g to see us?
st o p (fr o m ) The rain did n't st o p us fr o m e n j o yi n g our holiday.
s u s p e c t (o f) N o b o d y s u s p e ct e d th e general of b ein g a spy.
t h a n k (f o r) I forgot to t h a n k them for h el p in g me.
You can say 'st o p so m e b o d y d oin g' or ‘s t o p so m e b o dy f r o m d oin g':

You ca n't s t o p me d oi n g w h a t I wa nt, or You ca n't s t o p me f r o m d oin g w h a t I wa nt.
The f ollowin g e x a m ples are wit h n o t -ing:

T h ey accused us of n o t t e lli n g th e truth.
O Excuse me for n o t r e p lyi n g t o y o ur e m ail until now.
So m e of t h ese verbs are oft en used in th e passive. For e x a mple:
Q W e w e r e a cc u se d o f t e lli n g lies,
j The ge neral w a s s u s p e ct e d o f b ein g a spy.
N o t e t h a t w e say ‘a pologise t o s o m e b o d y for

I apologised t o t h e m for keeping t h e m waitin g, (not I apologised t h e m)
124 D e ci d e t o U nit 5 4 A Pre p ositio n + -ing U nit 6 0 Verb + pre p ositio n U n its 132 - 136
Exercises
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using o n ly o n e w or d .
1 O u r neighbours apologised for making so much noise.
2 I feel lazy. I d o n't feel like a ny work.
3 I wa n te d to go o u t alone, but Jo e insisted on wit h me.
4 W h e r e are yo u thin king of yo u r h olid ay this y e a r?
5 W e have decided against a car because w e ca n't really afford it.
6 It's good Dan and A m y are co min g to st ay wit h us. i'm looking forward to
t h e m again.
7 So m e parents d o n't a p prove of t h eir children a lot of TV.
8 It too k us a long ti m e, but w e finally succeeded in th e problem.
9 I've always drea m e d of a smaLl house by th e sea.
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a p re p ositio n + o n e o f t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
be ca us e do eat esc a p e ffA

in te rru p t i n vit e t e ll use w alk wear
Do yo u feel Ltke going o ut this eve nin g?

The driver of t h e o th er car accused me t h e accid e nt.
There's a fence around the lawn t o stop people on t h e grass.
Excuse me you, but m ay I ask yo u so m et hin g?
The man w h o has been arrested is suspected a false passport.
I'm fed up wit h m y job. I'm thin king so m e thin g else.
7 The guards w e r e n't able to preve nt t h e prisoner
8 I did n't w a n t to hear t h e story, but Dan insisted ... ................. me.
9 I'm g ettin g hungry. I'm really looking forward .. ............ so mething.
10 I thin k yo u should apologise t o Sue so rude to her.
11 I'm sorry I ca n't co m e to y o u r party, but than k you very m uch me.
12 The police stop ped t h e car because t h e y suspected th e driver not
a seat beLt.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es on t h e right.
1 Kevin than k ed rne f e . Helping kiwi
!t was nice of you to help
t
YOU K E V IN
me. Thanks very much.
To m insisted Ann
I'll take you to the
i i: *> station. I insist.
ANN TOM
Dan co n grat ulat e d me

I hear you got married.
Congratulations!
DAN
Je n n y than ked
It was nice of you to come
to see me. Thank you.
f
YOU
I’m sorry I didn't
phone earlier.
Kate apologised
f
YOU JANE
You're selfish
ish.^ Ja n e accused
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 2 7 - 2 8 (pages 318 - 19) 125

Unit
63 Expressions + -ing
Wh e n th ese e x pressions are f ollow e d by a verb, t h e verb ends in -ing:
It's no use / It's no g o o d ...

There's nothin g you can do a b o u t th e situation, so it's no use w o r r y i n g a b o ut it.
j It's no g o o d t r y i n g t o persuade me, You w o n't succeed.
T h e r e's no p o i n t in ...
G T h e r e's n o p o i n t in h a vin g a car if you never use it.
G T h e r e w a s n o p o i n t in w a i t i n g any longer, so w e left.
But we usually say ’t h e p oint o f d oin g so m ething':

W h a t 's t h e p oin t o f h a vin g a car if yo u never use it?
It's (n o t) w o r t h ...
G ! live o nly a short wal k fro m here, so it's n o t w o r t h t a k i n g a taxi.
C O u r flight was very e arly in t h e morning, so it w a s n 't w o r t h g oin g t o bed.
You can say t h a t a film is w o r t h seein g, a book is w o r t h re a di n g e t c . :

G W h a t was t h e film lik e? Wa s it w o r t h s e e i n g?
Thieves broke into t h e house, but did n't take anything. There was nothin g w o r t h st e ali n g .
H a v e t r o u b l e -ing, h a v e d i f f ic u l t y -ing e t c
H ave t r o u b l e / d i f f ic u l t y / a p r o b l e m d oi n g so mething:
G I had no t r o u b l e fin d in g a place to stay. (n ot tro u ble to find)
G Did yo u have a ny d i f f ic u l t y g e t ti n g a visa?
People so m e ti m es have p r o b l e m s re a di n g my writing.
Sp e n d t i m e / w a s t e t i m e / be b usy
s p e n d / w a s t e (ti m e) d oin g so mething:

G H e s p e n t hours t r y i n g to repair th e clock.
I w a s t e a lot of ti m e d oi n g nothing.
(be) b usy d oin g so m ething:

j Sh e said she co uld n't see me. She was t o o b u sy d oin g o t h er things.
G o s w i m m i n g / go fis h in g etc.
W e use g o -ing for a n u m b er o f activities (esp ecially sports).

For e x a mple, yo u can say:
g o saili n g go swim m in g go fishin g g o skiin g

g o ca m p in g g o s urfi n g go scu b a d ivin g g o j o g gin g
g o ridin g g o hi kin g go sig h ts e e in g g o sh o p pin g
G H o w often do you go s w i m m i n g?
I'd like t o go skiing.
G W h e n was t h e last ti m e yo u w e n t s h o p p in g?
I've never b e e n sailin g. (For g o n e and b een, see U n it 7D.)
Exercises
Ma k e se n t e n c e s b e gin nin g There's no p o in t ....
1 W h y have a car if yo u never use it?
T h e r e ’s no point In h avin g a c a r i/f you n eve r u s e i t ,
2 W h y work if yo u d o n't need m o n e y?
3 D o n't t ry to st u d y if you feel tired.
4 W h y hurry if y o u'v e g ot ple n ty of ti m e?
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s on t h e right.
1
2
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces.
1 I managed to g et a visa, b ut it was difficult.
I had difficulty g ettin g a visa ........................
I find it hard t o re m e m b er people's names.
I have a proble m ....
Lucy managed t o g et a job. It w as n't a proble m.
She had no trou ble ......................................
It w o n't be difficult to get a tick et for t h e game.
You w o n't have a ny proble m
Do yo u find it difficult to un derstan d hi m?
Do yo u have difficulty ........................... ....
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es. Use o n ly o n e w o r d e ach ti m e.

1 I w ast e a lot of ti m e d oing nothing.
2 Every mornin g I spend a b o ut an h o u r t h e newspaper.
3 'W h a t's Karen d oin g?' ‘She's going a w a y t o m orrow, so she's busy .......................... '
4 I thin k you w ast e to o m uch ti m e TV.
5 There's a b ea utiful vie w from t h a t h ill It's w o r t h .................. to th e top.
6 Ju st stay calm. There's no p oint i n angry.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e n c e s w it h t h e f o ll o w i n g (w it h t h e ver b in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
go ridin g g o sa i l ing go sh o p p in g g o s kiin g go s w i m m i n g
1 Ben lives by th e sea and he's g o t a boat, so he oft en goes s a ilin g .

2 It was a very hot day, so w e in th e lake.
3 There's ple nty of sn o w in t h e m ou ntains, so w e'll be able t o ............................
4 Hele n has got t w o horses. S h e ............. regularly.
5 'Wh e r e's D a n?' ‘He's There were af e w things he needed to buy.'
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise s 2 7 - 2 8 (pages 318 - 19) 127

St u d y these e x a mples:
I phoned t h e resta ura nt t o re s e rv e a table.
W h a t do yo u need t o m a k e bread?
W e sh o ute d t o w a r n every b o d y of th e danger.
This le tt er is t o c o n fir m t h e decisions w e m a d e at our m e etin g last week.
T he president has a t e a m of bodyguards t o p r o t e c t him.
In t h ese e x a m ples t o ... (t o r e s e rv e ... / t o m a k e ... etc.) t ells us t h e purp ose of so m ething: w h y
so m e b o dy does so m ethin g, has so m ething, needs so m e thin g etc., or w h y so m e thin g exists.
W e say ‘a place t o park', ‘so m e thin g t o e a t', ‘work t o d o' e t c . :

It's difficult t o find a p la c e t o p ar k in th e centre. (= a place w h ere yo u can park)
Wo u l d y o u like s o m e t h i n g t o e a t? (= so m e thin g t h a t yo u can eat)
C Do yo u have m u ch w o r k t o d o ? (= work t h a t yo u m ust do)
I g et lo n ely if there's n o b o d y t o t a l k to.
I need s o m e t h i n g t o o p e n this b ottle w it h .
Also m o n e y / ti m e / c h a n c e / o p p o r t u n it y / e n e r g y / c o u r a g e (etc.) t o do so m ething:

T h ey gave us m o n e y t o b u y food.
Do yo u have m u ch o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r a c tis e y o ur English?
C 1 I need a f e w d a ys t o t h i n k a b o u t yo ur proposal.
C o m p are f o r ... and t o . . . :
f o r + noun t o + verb
W e stop ped f o r p e tro l. W e stop ped t o g e t petrol.
1 had to run f o r t h e bus. 1 had to run t o c a t c h t h e bus.
You can say 'f o r so m e b o dy t o d o so m ething':

There w e r e n't a ny chairs f o r us t o sit on, so w e sat on t h e floor.
You can use f o r - ing or t o ... to talk a b o u t t h e g e n eral purpose of so m ething, or w h a t it is g e n erally
used for:
L I use this brush f o r w a s h i n g th e dishes, or ... t o w a s h t h e dishes.
But w e do n ot use f o r -ing t o say w h y so m e b o dy does so m ething:

O I w e n t into th e kitchen t o w a s h t h e dishes, (n ot for washin g)
You can use W h a t ... f o r? to ask a b o u t purpose:

O W h a t is this switch f o r?
W h a t did yo u do t h a t f o r?
So t h a t
W e use so t h a t (n ot t o . . .) esp ecially
wh e n t h e purpose is n e g ative (so t h a t ... w o n 't / w o u l d n 't):

I hurried so t h a t I w o u l d n 't be late. (= because I did n't w a n t t o be late)
Eat so m e thin g n o w so t h a t you w o n 't (or d o n't) g e t hungry later.
wit h ca n and c o u ld (so t h a t ... ca n / co u ld):

She's learning English so t h a t she ca n stu d y in Canada.
W e m ove d t o London so t h a t w e c o u ld see our friends more often.
You can leave o u t t h a t . So yo u can say:

1 I hurried so t h a t I w o u ld n't be late, or I hurried so I w o u ld n't be late.
Exercises
C h o ose fro m Bo x A a n d Bo x B t o m a k e a n e w s e n t e n c e w it h to
A 1 4-s-houte4- B I w a n t t o keep war m

2 I opened th e box I w a n t t o go to Cana d a
3 I'm saving m o n ey I w a n t e d t o re p ort th e accid e nt
4 I need a knife I wantc-d-t-8 w-a-f-n-pe€f4e-ef -tbe -da-ng-cr-
5 I'm wearin g t w o sweat ers I w a n t t o chop these onions
6 I phoned th e police I wa n t e d to see w h a t was in it
1 I s h o u te d to w a rn people., o f the..;d an ger..

2 opened t h e box
3 I
4
5
6
C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e nc es using to + a s u it a b le verb.
1 The president has a te a m of bodyguards to p ro t ect him.
2 ! did n't have enough ti m e t h e newsp a p er to d ay.
3 I ca m e h o m e by taxi. I did n't have th e e nergy ..................... ..
4 'Wo u ld yo u like so m e thin g ?' 'Yes, please. A cup of coffee.'
5 W e need a bag .. th ese things in.
6 There will be a m e etin g ne x t we e k th e proble m.
7 Do yo u need a visa to th e Unite d St a t e s?
8 I saw Hele n at t h e party, but w e did n't have a ch ance ....................................... to each other.
9 I need so me n ew clothes. I d o n't have a nyt hin g nice ...... .............. ..
10 T h ey've j ust passed th eir exams. T h ey're having a p arty .
11 I ca n't do all this work alone. I need so m e b o dy me.
CD 1
Pu t in to or for.
W e stop ped f o r petrol.
2 You need a lot of e x perience this job.
3 You need a lot of e x p e r i e n c e ............ do this job.
4 W e 'll need m ore ti m e make a decision.
5 I w e n t t o th e d e ntist a check - up.
6 I had t o put on m y glass e s................ read th e paper.
7 Do yo u have to w e a r glasses rea ding?
8 I wish w e had a garden th e children play in.
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fr o m t w o , using so that.
1 ! hurried. I did n't w a n t to be late. ! hurried . so t h a t I w o u l d n ’t be l a t e .
2 I wore war m clothes. I did n’t w a n t t o be cold.
I w ore war m cloth es ... ....... .......................
3 I gave Dan my p hone number.I w a n t e d him t o be able t o co n t act me.
I gave Dan m y p hone n u m b er ......................... ..........
4 W e whispered. W e did n't w a n t a n y b o d y else to hear our conversation.
W e whisp ered ................................. ... n o b o dy ...........................
5 Please arrive early. W e w a n t to be able t o start th e m e etin g on time.
Please arrive early .....................
6 W e m ad e a list of things t o do. W e did n't w a n t t o forget anything.
W e m ad e a list o f things to do ......... ....... ...
7 I slowe d down. I w a nt e d th e car behind me to be able t o overtak e.
I slowe d d own ..... .......
129
Unit
65 A djective + to ...
D i f f ic u l t t o u n d e rst a n d etc.
C o m p are sente nces (a) and (b):

(a) It is difficult to understand him
Ja m es d o esn't speak very clearly.
(b) He is d if f ic u l t t o u n d e rst a n d .
Se nt e nces (a) and (b) have th e sa me meaning. N o t e t h a t w e say:

He is difficult t o u n d e rst a n d . (n ot He is difficult to un derstand him.)
You can use th e sa m e structures with:

e asy nice safe ch e a p e x citi n g i m p o ssib le
h ard good d an gerous e x p e n siv e i n t e r e s ti n g
3 Do yo u thin k it is s a f e (for us) t o d rin k t h is w a t e r?

Do you thin k this w a t e r is s a f e (for us) t o d ri n k? (n ot t o drink it)
The questions in th e e x a m were very difficult. It was i m p o ssib le t o a n s w e r t h e m .
The questions in th e e x a m were very difficult. T h ey were i m p o ssib le t o a n sw e r.
[n ot t o a nsw er t h e m)
O Nicola has lots of interestin g ideas. It's i n t e r e s t i n g t o t a l k t o her.
Nicola is i n t e r e s t i n g t o t a l k t o . [n ot to talk t o her.)
You can also use this structure wit h a d jective + noun:

This is a d if f ic u l t q u e stio n (for m e) t o a n sw e r. (n ot to a nswer it)
N ic e o f (y o u) t o ...
You can say 'It's nice o f so m e b o dy t o do so m ething':

O It was nice o f y o u t o t a k e m e to th e airport. Than k you very much.
You can use m a ny o th er a djectives in this way. For e x a mple:

kin d (i n)c o n si d e r a t e generous mean c a r e l e ss s illy st u p id u n f a ir
J It's s illy o f Ru t h t o giv e up her jo b wh e n she needs t h e money.

I thin k it was u n f a ir o f hi m t o criticis e me.
So r r y t o ... / sur p ris e d t o ... etc.
You can use a d jective + t o ... to say h o w so m e b o dy reacts t o so m ething:

' I’ m s o rry t o h e a r t h a t y o u r m o t h er isn't well.
You can use m a ny o th er a djectives in this way. For e x a mple:

gla d p le a s e d r e li e v e d sur p ris e d amazed sad d is a p p o in t e d
O W a s Julia su r p ris e d t o se e y o u?
C It was a long and tiring journey. W e were gla d t o g e t home.
T h e f ir s t / t h e n e x t (etc.) + t o ...
You can use t o ... aft er t h e first / s e c o n d / t h ir d etc., and also aft er t h e l a s t / t h e n e x t / t h e o n ly
If I have a ny more news, yo u will be t h e f irs t (person) t o k n o w.
T h e n e x t t r a i n t o a rriv e a t p l a t f o r m 4 w i l l b e t h e 1 0 . 5 0 t o Liv e r p o o l.
O Every b o d y was late e xcept me. I was t h e o n ly one t o a rriv e on time.
You can say t h a t so m e thin g is s u re / c e rt a in / li k e ly / b o u n d t o happen:

Carla is a very good student. She's b o u n d t o p ass t h e exam. (= she is sure to pass)
O I'm li k e ly t o g e t ho m e late tonig ht. (= I will pro ba bly get ho m e late)
130 A f r a i d / i n t e r e s t e d / s o r r y -* U n i t 6 6 ft U n it 8 4 C E n o u g h and t o o -f a d jective U n i t 103

Exercises
(Se c ti o n A) W r i t e t h e s e s e n t e nc es in a n o t h e r w a y, b e gin nin g as sh o w n.
1 It's difficult to un derstan d him. He d i f f i c u l t to u n d e r s t a n d .
2 It's easy to use this machine. This m achine is
3 It was very difficult to open th e win d ow. The win d o w
4 It's im possible to translat e so m e words. So m e words .........................................
5 It's e x pensive to m aintain a car. A .. ..
6 It's not safe to stand on t h a t chair. T h at ... ..
(Se c ti o n A) C o m p l e t e t h e seco n d se n t e nc e . Use t h e a d j e c tiv e in b rac k e ts and t o ... as in

t h e e x a m ple.
1 I co uld n't a nswer t h e question. (difficult) It was a d i f f i c u l t q uestcon to a n s w e r.
2 Every b o d y makes t h a t mistake. (easy) It's an ............. ...
3 I like living in this place. (nice) It's a .......................................................
4 W e e njoye d w a tch in g t h e ga me, (good) It was a ......
(Se c ti o n B) Ma k e a n e w s e n t e n c e b e gin nin g I t ... . Use o n e o f t h es e a d j e ctiv e s e ach ti m e:
c a r e l e ss i n c o n si d e r a t e ~kmd nice
1 Sue has offered to help me. I t s k i n d o-f Su e to o f f e r to help me.

2 You make th e sa m e mistak e again and again.
I t ........................................................................................ ....................................... ...
3 Dan and Je n n y invited me t o stay wit h th e m .
4 The neighbours make so much noise.
(Se c ti o n C) Use t h e f o ll o w i n g w o r d s t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e nces:
I / sorry / h ear I / gla d / h e a r p le as e d / m e e t w e / su r p ris e d / see
1 I’w sorry to h e a r t h a t yo ur m o t h er isn't well. I hope she gets b ett er soon.

2 I g ot yo ur message. ... . t h a t yo u're keeping well.
3 ................................................... Paula at th e p arty last night. W e did n't e x pect her to co me.
4 ‘Tom, this is Chris.' ‘Hi Chris. yo u.'
.
(Se c ti o n D) C o m p le t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e using t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts + t o ... .

1 N o b o d y spoke before me. (th e first) I was t h e . f i r s t person to spea k , ..........................
2 Every b o dy else arrived before Paul.
(th e last) Paul was the ..
3 Emily passed t h e e xam. All th e o t h er stu d ents failed.
(th e o nly) Em ily was ... ....... ..........................................................................
4 I compLained to th e resta ura nt m a n a g er a b o ut th e service. A n o t h er cust o m er had alrea dy
co m plain ed.
(th e secon d) I w a s .............. .......................... .... ....
5 N eil Ar mstron g walk e d on th e m oon in 1969. N o b o d y had done this before him.
(th e first) N eil Ar mstron g was ..................................
(Se c ti o n E) C o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e n c e s using t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts an d a s u it a b le ver b.

1 C arla is a very good student. She u? b ou n d to p ass th e e xam, (bound)
2 I'm n ot surprised yo u're tired. A f t e r such a long jo urn ey yo u tired,
(boun d)
3 A n d y has a very bad m e m ory. H e ......................... w h a t yo u t ell him. (sure)
4 I d o n't thin k you need to ta k e an u m brella. It . (n ot likely)
5 The holidays begin this wee k en d. There . a lot of traffic on th e
roads, (likely)
Unit To ... (afraid to do) and
66 preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing)
A f r a i d t o (do) and a fr a i d o f (d o)in g
I a m afraid t o d o so m ething = I d o n't w a n t to do it because it is dangerous or the result could

be bad.
W e use a fr a i d t o d o for things w e do inte ntio n ally; w e can ch oose to do t h e m or not:
_ This part of t o w n is dangerous. People are a fr a id t o w a l k here at night.
(= t h e y d o n't w a n t to walk here because it is dangerous - so t h e y d o n ’t)
O Ja m es was a fr a i d t o t e l l his parents w h a t had happened.
(= he did n't w a n t t o t ell t h e m because he k new t h ey would be angry or worrie d)
I am a fr aid o f so m ethin g h a p p e n in g = it is possible t h a t so m ethin g bad will happen (for

e x a mple, an accid e nt).
W e do n ot use a fr aid o f -ing for things w e do inte ntio n ally:
The path was icy, so we walk ed very carefully. W e were a fr a id o f falli n g.
(= it was possible t h a t w e wo uld fall - n ot w e were afraid to fall)
I d o n't like dogs. I'm always a fr aid o f b ein g bitten. (n ot afraid to be bitte n)
So, yo u are a fr aid t o do so m ethin g because you are a fr a id o f s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n in g as a result:

I was a fr a i d t o go near t h e dog because I w a s a fr a i d o f b ein g bitten.
In t e r e s t e d in (d o)in g and i n t e r e s t e d t o (do)
I'm i n t e r e s t e d in d oi n g so m e thin g = I'm thin king o f doing it, I wo uld like to do it:
Let me k now if yo u're i n t e r e s t e d in j o i n i n g th e club. (n ot t o join)
I tried t o sell my car, but n o b o dy was i n t e r e s t e d in b u yin g it. (not t o buy)
W e use i n t e r e s t e d t o ... to say h o w so m e b o dy reacts to w h a t t h ey h e ar / se e / r e a d / le ar n / k n o w / fi n d .

For e x a m ple, ‘I was i n t e r e s t e d t o h e a r it' = I heard it and it was interestin g for me:
I was i n t e r e s t e d t o h e a r t h a t Tanya left her job.
Ask Mike for his opinion. I w o uld be i n t e r e s t e d t o k n o w w h a t he thinks. (= it w o uld be
interesting for me to k now it)
This structure is th e sa m e as s ur p rise d t o ... / gla d t o ... etc. (see U n it 6 5 C):
O I was s u r p ris e d t o h e a r t h a t Tanya Left her job.
S o r r y t o (do) and s o r r y f o r / a b o u t (d o)in g
W e use s o r r y t o ... t o say w e regret so m ethin g t h a t happens (see U n it 6 5 C):

I was s o r r y t o h e a r t h a t Nick y lost her job. (= I w as sorry wh e n I heard t h a t ...)
O I've e njoye d m y stay here. I'll be s o r r y t o le ave.
W e also say s o r r y t o ... to a pologise at th e ti m e we do so m ething:
o I'm s o r r y t o p h o n e yo u so late, but I need t o ask yo u so mething.
You can use s o r ry f o r or s o rry a b o u t (doing so m et hin g) to apologise for so m e thin g you did before:
I'm s o r r y f o r (or a b o u t) s h o u ti n g at you yester day. (n ot sorry to shout)
You can also say:

O I'm s o r ry I s h o u t e d at yo u yesterd ay.
W e say:
I w a n t t o (do ) / I'd lik e t o (do) b ut I'm t h i n k i n g o f (d o)in g / I d r e a m o f (d o)in g
I f a il e d t o (do) b ut I s u cc e e d e d in (d o)in g
I a ll o w e d t h e m to (do) b ut I p r e v e n t e d t h e m fr o m (d o)in g
I st o p p e d t h e m fr o m (d o)in g
For e x a mples, see Units 54 - 55 and 62.
Verb + pre p ositio n + -ing - U n i t 62 A d jective + pre p ositio n - * U n its 130 - 131
132 S o r r y a b o u t / f o r -¥ U n i t 130
Exercises
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o w r it e se n t e nces. Use a f r a i d t o ... or a f r a i d o f -ing.
1 The streets are unsafe at night.
(a lot of people / afraid / go / o ut) A lo t o f people a r e o^rouxL to go o ut.
2 W e walk e d very caref ully along t h e icy path.
(we / afraid / fall) W e were a f r o u i o f f a lli n g . ...
3 I d o n't usually carry my passport wit h me.
(I / afraid / lose / it) ..........................................................................
4 I t h o u g ht she wo uld be a n gry if I told her w h a t had happened.
(I / afraid / t ell / her) .. ...... ...........................
5 W e rushed t o th e station.
(we / afraid / miss / our train) .............. .... ...
6 In the mid dle of t h e film t h ere was an esp ecially horrifying scene.
(we / afraid / look) . .. .................. ..... ...........
7 The vase was very valua ble, so I held it carefully.
(I / afraid / drop / it) ........................... ... ...............................
8 I t h o u g h t th e food on my plate did n't look fresh.
a (I / afraid / e a t / it) ...................................................................................
b (I / afraid / g et / sick) .......... ... ... .....
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using in ... or t o ... . Use t h es e ver bs:
- buy get know lo o k re a d start
1 I'm trying to sell my car, b ut n o b o dy is interested w buying it.

2 Julia is interested her own business.
3 I was interested yo ur article in th e newsp a p er last wee k. It was very
w ell writte n.
4 Ben w a n ts to stay single. He's not interested married.
5 I heard fro m Mark recently. Yo u'll be interested t h a t he's n ow
workin g in Paris.
6 I d o n't e njoy sightseeing. I'm n ot intereste d at old buildings.
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using s o r r y f o r / a b o u t ... or s o r r y t o . . . . Use t h e ve r b in brack ets.

1 I'm s orry to phone yo u so late, but I need t o ask yo u so m ething, (phone)
2 I was ................................... t h a t yo u did n't get th e jo b yo u applied for. (hear)
3 I'm ...... all those bad things a b o ut yo u. I did n't m ean t h e m , (say)
4 I'm you, but do yo u have a pen I could b orro w? (disturb)
5 I'm . t h e book you lent me. I'll buy yo u a n o th er one. (lose)
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using t h e ver b in brack ets.

1 a W e w a nt e d to Leave t h e building, (leave)
b We w e re n't allo we d .. ..... th e building, (le ave)
c We were prevente d th e building, (leave)
2 a Pet er failed th e proble m, (solve)
b Chris s u c c e e d e d ............. the proble m, (solve)
3 a I'm thin king ..................... a w ay ne xt wee k, (go)
b I'm hoping a w a y ne xt wee k, (go)
c I'd like a w ay ne xt wee k, (go)
d I'm looking f o r w a r d .................. a w a y ne xt week, (go)
4 a Hele n w a n t e d me lunch, (buy)
b Hele n insisted m e lunch, (buy)
c Hele n pro mised me lunch, (b uy)
d Hele n w o ul d n't dream ................ . me lunch, (buy)
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 27 (pa g e 318) 133

Unit
67 See somebody do and see somebody doing
Tom g ot into his car and drove away. You saw this.
You can say:
I saw Tom g e t into his car and d riv e away.
In this structure w e use g e t / d rive / d o etc.

(n ot t o g et / t o drive / t o do).
So m e b o d y did so m e thin g + I sa w this
I s a w so m e b o d y d o so m et hin g TOM
But aft er a passive ('he w a s se e n' etc.), w e use to:

C He was seen t o get in th e car.
Yest erd ay yo u saw Kate. She was waitin g for a bus.

You can say:
I saw Kate w a i t i n g for a bus.
In this structure we use -ing (w a itin g / d o in g etc.):
So m e b o d y w a s d o in g so m e thin g + I sa w this
I s a w so m e b o d y d oin g so m e thin g
KATE
St u d y t h e difference in m eanin g b et we e n t h e t w o structures:
I saw him d o so m e thin g = he did so m ethin g (p astsim p le) and I saw this. I saw th e co m ple t e
actio n fro m beginning to end:
He f e l l off t h e wall. I saw this. —> I saw him f a ll off th e wall.
The accid e nt h a p p e n e d . Did yo u see it? —» Did yo u see th e accid e nt h a p p e n?
I saw him d oi n g so m e thin g = he w a s d oi n g so m ethin g (p ast contin u o us) and I saw this. I saw him
wh e n he was in th e mid dle of doing it. This does not m ean t h a t I saw th e co m ple t e action:
He w a s w a l k i n g along th e street. 1 .. ...
• H saw him w a l k i n g alon e th e street.
1saw this wh e n I drove past in my car. J
So m e ti m es the difference is not i m p ort a n t and you can use eith er form:
) I've never seen her d a n ce , or I've never seen her d a ncin g.
W e use th ese structures wit h s e e and h ear, and a nu m b er of o t h er verbs:
I did n't h e a r you c o m e in. (you ca m e in - I did n't hear this)

Lisa su d d e nly f e l t so m e b o d y t o u c h her on th e shoulder.
Did yo u n o tic e a nyo n e g o o u t?
I could h e a r it rainin g, (it was raining - I could hear it)

O A man was s e e n ru n ni n g a w a y a short ti m e aft er t h e break -in.
List e n t o t h e birds sin gin g!
Can yo u s m e ll so m ethin g b u rn in g?
W e looked everyw h ere for Paul, and fin ally w e f o u n d him sit t i n g under a tree in t h e garden
and e a t i n g an apple.
134
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e a nsw ers t o t h e q u estio ns.
, Y \ _______________________________
Did a ny b o d y go o u t? I d o n't thin k so. ! did n't see onybodtj go o u t
Has Sarah arrived y e t? Yes, I think I heard her
H o w do yo u k now I to o k th e m o n e y? I k now because I saw yo u . ..
Did th e d oorb ell ring? I d o n't think so. I did n't hear .......
Can Tom play t h e pian o? I've never heard
Did I lock th e d oor wh e n I w e n t o u t? Yes, I saw ...
H o w did t h e w o m a n fall? I d o n't know. I did n't see
In e ach o f t h es e sit u a ti o n s y o u an d a frie n d saw, heard or s m e lt so m e t hi n g. Loo k a t t h e pictures

an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.
__________
Look! T here s David
and Helen.
- k r v - •
(L o o k ! There's Clare.
Listen! T h a t s Bi Can yo u sm ell b urnin g? Look! There's Linda

.
Yes! It s t h e dinner
1 We- 5Ctw Kobe, wod±mq -for cl bus

2 We saw David and Helen
3 We saw . in a resta ura nt
4 We h e a r d .........................................
5 We could
6 .............
C o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e nces. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e ct f o r m ):
cli m b - ee me crawl cry e x p lo d e rid e

run say -stng- sla m sle e p t e ll
1 Listen to th e birds singing \

Z I did n't h e a ry o u . coroe jn .
3 W e listened t o th e old man his story fro m beginning t o end.
4 Listen! Can yo u hear a baby ?
5 I looked o ut of th e win d o w and saw Dan ............... his bike alon g t h e road.
6 I t h o u g ht I heard so m e b o dy ‘Hi', so I looked round.
7 W e wa tch e d tw o men across t h e garden and t hrou g h an
open win d o w into th e house.
8 Every b o dy heard th e bo m b ............. . It was a tre m e n d o us noise.
9 O h! I can feel so m et hin g up m y leg! It m ust be an insect.
10 I heard so m e b o dy . t h e door in th e mid dle of t h e night. It wo k e me up.
11 W h e n w e got ho me, we found a ca t on th e kitchen table.
Unit
6 8 I -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I w ent to bed early.)
St u d y th ese situations:
Jo e was playing football. He hurt his knee.

You can say:
J Jo e hurt his knee p la yi n g f o o t b a ll.
You were feeling tired. So y o u w e n t to bed early.

You can say:
o F e elin g tir e d , I w e n t t o bed early.
'P l a y i n g f o o t b a ll' and ‘f e e li n g tir e d' are -ing clauses.

If th e -ing clause is at the beginning of th e sente nce (as in t h e second e x a m ple), w e writ e a
co m m a (,) aft er it.
W h e n tw o things happen at t h e sa m e time, yo u can use an -ing clause:

Kate is in t h e kitchen m a k in g co ff e e .
(= she is in th e kitchen a n d she is making coffee)
A man ran o u t of t h e house sh o u tin g.
(= he ran o u t of t h e house an d he was shoutin g)
Do so m ething! D o n't j ust stand t h ere d oin g n o t h in g!
W e also use -ing wh e n one actio n happens during a n o t h er action. W e use -ing for th e longer action:
O Jo e hurt his knee p la yi n g f o o t b a ll. (= w hile he was playing)
O Did yo u cut yo urself s h a vi n g? (= w hile you were shaving)
You can also use -ing aft er w h il e or w h e n :
Jo e hurt his knee w h il e p la yi n g footb all.
O Be careful w h e n crossi n g t h e road. (= wh e n yo u are crossing)
W h e n one actio n hap pens before a n o t h er action, w e use h a vin g (d o n e) for t h e first action:
H a vi n g f o u n d a hotel, w e looked for so m e wh ere to have dinner.
H a vi n g fi n is h e d her work, she w e n t ho me.
You can also say a f t e r -ing:
O A f t e r fi n is h in g her work, she w e n t home.
If one sh ort actio n f ollows a n o t h er short action, yo u can use t h e sim ple -ing form (d o in g instead of
h a vin g d o n e) for th e first action:
T a k i n g a key o ut of his pocket, he o pened th e door.
These structures are used more in writt e n English t h a n in spoken English.
You can use an - ing clause t o e x plain so mething, or to say w h y so m e b o dy does so m ething.
The -ing clause usually co m es at th e beginning of t h e sentence:

F e elin g tired, I w e n t to bed early. (= because I f elt tire d)
Be i n g u n e m ploye d, he d oesn't have much m on ey. (= because he is u n e m ploye d)
N o t h a vin g a car, she finds it difficult to g et around.
(= because she d o esn't have a car)
Use h a vin g (d o n e) for so m e thin g t h a t hap pened before so m e thin g else:

H a vi n g alrea dy se e n th e film t wice, I did n't w a n t t o see it again.
(= because I had alre a dy seen it t wice)
These structures are used more in writt e n English t han in spoken English.
- ing and - ed cl a u s e s - U n i t 97
Unit
Exercises 68
L
C h o o se fro m Bo x A and Bo x B t o m a k e se n t e n ces. Use an - ing cla use.
1 Kate was- tn t h e kitchcn. - B She was tryin g not to make a noise.

2 A m y was sitting in an armchair. She looked at t h e sights and too k pictures.
3 Sue opened t h e door carefully. She said she would be back in an hour.
4 Sarah w e n t out. She was reading a book.
5 Lisa was in London for t w o years. She was making coffee.
6 Anna walked around th e town. She work ed in a bookshop.
1 K a t e w a s In t h e k itch e n making c o f f e e .
2 A m y was sitting .
3 Sue ...................................... ................
4 ..............................................................................................................................
5 ........................................................... ..................................................................
6 ............................................
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o using an - ing cla use.

1 Jo e was playing football. He hurt his knee. h u r t hi-s k ne e playing f o o t b a ll,
2 I was w a tchin g TV. I fell asleep. I
3 A friend of mine slipped and fell. He was g ettin g off a bus.
A friend of m i n e ......................................................................................................
4 I was walkin g ho m e in t h e rain. I g ot very wet.
I ....................................................................................................
5 Laura was driving to work yesterd ay. She had an accident.
6 Two people were overco m e by smoke. T hey were trying to put out th e fire.
Ma k e s e n t e nc es b egin nin g H a v i n g ... . Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e co rr e ct order.

1 (w e n t / she / work / her / h o m e / finished)
Havin g fin is h e d , h er workj s h e w e n t home
2 (tick ets / the th ea tre / bought / into / our / w e n t / we)
Havin g . ...................................... , ....................................................................
3 (jo urn ey / th eir / had / t h ey / lunch / continue d)
H a v i n g .............................................. .................. , ...................................................................
4 (th e / coff ee / shopping / 1 / a cup / w e n t / done / for / of)
H a v i n g ............................................................... , ................................. ..................
Ma k e o n e se n t e n c e fro m t w o . Be gin w it h - ing o r N o t - ing (li k e t h e e x a m ples in Se cti o n D).

So m e t i m e s y o u n ee d t o begin w it h H a v i n g (d o n e s o m e t h in g),
1 I felt tired. So I w e n t to bed early.
Feelin g t u r e d \ w e n t to bed early.
2 I t h o u g ht th ey might be hungry. So I offered t h e m so m ethin g to eat.
,Ioffered t h e m so m et hin g to e
3 Robert is a veg etarian. So he d oesn't e at any kind of meat.
.... , Robert d oesn't e at any kind of meat.
4 I did n't k now his e m ail address. So I w asn't able to co n t act him.
, I w asn't able to co n t act him.
5 Sarah has travelle d a lot. So she k nows a lot a b o u t ot h er countries.
....................... ... ,Sarah knows alot a b o ut o t h er countries.
6 ! w asn't able t o speak the local language. So I had trou ble co m m u nicatin g.
, I had trou ble co m m u nicatin g.
7 W e had spent nearly all our money. So we co uld n't afford to stay at a hotel.
............................................................. , w e co uld n't afford to stay at a hotel.
137
Unit
69 Countable and uncountable 1
A noun can be co u n ta b le or unco u ntable:
C o u nta ble U nco u n ta ble

J I e at a b a n a n a every day. ^ I eat rice every day. r
I like b a n a n as. w m BU I like rice. \
Ba n a n a is a co u n ta ble noun. Rice is an u nco u nta ble noun.
A co u nta ble noun can be singular (b a n a n a) or An u nco u nt able noun has o nly one form (rice).
plural (b a n a n a s).
W e can use nu m bers wit h co u n t a ble nouns. W e ca n n ot use nu m bers wit h u nco u nt a ble
So w e can say ‘one b a n an a’, ‘t w o bananas' nouns. W e ca n n o t say 'one rice’, ‘tw o rices'
etc. etc.
Ex a m ples of nouns usually counta ble: Ex a m ples of nouns usually uncounta ble:
Kate was singing a song. Kate was listening to (so m e) m usic.
There's a nice b e ach near here. There's sa n d in m y shoes.
Do yo u have a ten - pound n o t e? Do yo u have a ny m o n e y?
It w asn't yo u r fault. It was an a ccid e n t. It w as n't yo u r fault. It was bad luck.
There are no b a t t e ri e s in th e radio. There is no e l e c t r ic i t y in this house.
W e d o n ’t have enough cups. W e d o n't have enough w a t e r.
You can use a / a n wit h singular co u n ta ble You ca n n ot n or m ally use a / an wit h
nouns: u nco u nt able nouns. W e do n ot say ‘a sand',
a b e ach a stu d e nt a n u m b r e lla la music', ‘a rice'.
Bu t yo u can often use a ... of. For e x a mple:
a b o w l / a p a c k e t / a grain of rice
You ca n n o t use singular co u n ta ble nouns You can use u nco u nt a ble nouns alone
alo n e (w it h o u t a / t h e / m y etc.): (w it h o u t t h e / m y / s o m e etc.):
I w a n t a b a n a n a. (n ot I w a n t banana) I e at rice every day.
There's been a n a ccid e n t, (not There's There's blo o d on yo u r shirt.
been accid e nt) Can yo u hear m u sic?
You can use p lu ral co u n ta ble nouns alone:

I like b a n a n as. (= bananas in ge neral)
A c c i d e n t s ca n be p reve n t e d .
You can use s o m e and a n y wit h plural You can use s o m e and a n y wit h u nco u nt a ble
co u n ta ble nouns: nouns:
W e sang s o m e son gs. W e listened to s o m e m usic.
Did yo u buy a n y a p p l e s? Did yo u buy a n y apple j u ic e?
W e use m a n y and f e w wit h plural co u nta ble W e use m uc h and li t t l e wit h u nco u nt a ble
nouns: nouns:
W e did n't take m a n y pict ures. W e did n't do m u ch sh o p pin g.
I have a f e w t h in g s to do. 1 have a li t t l e w o r k to do.
C
1C o u n t a ble and u nco u n t a b le 2 - > U n i t 70 So m e and a n y U n i t 85
M a n y / m u c h / f e w / li t t l e U nit 87 C h il d r e n / t h e c h il d r e n - U n i t 75
Unit
Exercises 69
So m e o f t h es e s e n t e nc es nee d a / a n. C o rr e ct t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Jo e goes everywh ere by bike. He hasn't got car. He h a s n 't got a c a r .
2 Hele n was Listening to music wh e n I arrived. OK.
3 W e w e n t to very nice restaurant last weekend.
4 I brush my t e e th wit h to oth p aste. ...................................................
5 1 use t ooth brush to brush my te eth. ...................... .. ...
6 Can you telL me if t h e r e ’s bank near here?
7 My brother works for insurance co m p a ny in Frankfurt. .
8 I d o n't Like violence. .......................................................
9 Can you smell p ain t? .
10 W h e n w e were in Rome, we staye d in big hotel.
11 W e need petrol. I hope we co m e to p etrol station so o n...........................
12 I w o n d er if you can help me. I have problem. ..................... ............ ..
13 I like yo u r suggestion. It's very interesting idea. ........
14 Jo h n has in terview for jo b t o m orrow.
15 I like volley b all. It's good game. .. ....................... ...
16 Lisa d oesn't usually we ar je wellery. .....................................
17 Ja n e was wearin g b ea utiful necklace.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using t h e f o ll o w i n g w or ds. Use a / a n w h e r e n ecessary.
a cc id e n t - biscuit b lo o d coat d ecisio n e l e c t r ic i t y

in te rvie w k ey m om ent -m u sic q u e stio n su g ar
1 It w a sn't yo ur fault. It was on a c c i d e n t . .

2 Listen! Can yo u hear rows ic ?
3 I co uld n't get into t h e house because I did n't have .
4 It ’s very war m today. W h y are yo u we arin g ?
5 Do yo u take ..... ....... in yo u r co ff e e?
6 Are you h u n gry? Wo u ld yo u like wit h yo ur co ff e e?
7 O u r lives wo uld be very difficult wit h o u t .. .
8 ‘I had . for a jo b yesterd ay.' ‘Did y o u? H o w did it g o?'
9 The heart p u m p s ........................... through t h e body.
10 Excuse me, but can I ask you . ?
11 I'm not ready ye t. Can yo u w a it , please?
12 W e ca n't d elay much longer.W e have to make ... soon.
C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e nc es using t h e f o ll o w i n g w or ds. So m e t i m e s t h e w o r d nee ds t o be plural

(- s), an d s o m e ti m e s y o u nee d t o use a / a n.
air day frie n d jo k e la n g u a g e m eat

p a ti e n c e p e o p le p ic t u re queue sp ace u m b r e lla
1 I had my ca mera, but I did n't ta k e any pict ures .

2 There are seven ... in a week.
3 A vegetarian is a person w h o d oesn't ea t .
4 O utsid e th e cine ma th ere was of people waitin g to see t h e film.
5 I'm not very good at tellin g .
6 Last night I w e n t out wit h so me ... of mine.
7 There were very f ew in t o wn to day. The streets were al m ost e m pty.
8 I'm going out for a walk. I need so me fresh .
9 G ary always w a n ts things quickly. He d oesn’t have much .
10 I thin k it's going to rain. Do yo u h a v e I could b orrow?
11 Do you speak a ny foreign ?
12 O ur flat is very small. W e d o n't have much .
139
Unit
70 , Countable and uncountable 2
M a ny nouns can be used as co u n ta ble or u nco u nt a ble nouns, usually wit h a difference in meaning.
Co mpare:

o Did yo u hear a n oise j ust n o w? o 1ca n't work here. There's t o o much
(= a specific noise) noise. (= noise in general)
o 1 bou ght a p a p e r t o read. o 1 need s o m e p a p e r to writ e on.
(= a n ewsp a p er) (= m at erial for writin g on)
o There's a h a ir in my soup! o Yo u've g ot very long hair, (n ot hairs)
(= one single hair) (= all th e hair on yo u r head)
o You can stay wit h us. There's a spare o You ca n't sit here. There isn't ro o m.
ro o m . (= a roo m in a house) (= space)
r -1 T h ey offered me the jo b because 1 had a
o 1 had so me interesting e x p e ri e n ce s u
w hile 1was travelling. (= things t h a t lot of e x p eri e n ce , (n ot e x periences)
hap pened t o me)
o Enjoy yo ur trip. H ave a good ti m e! 1ca n't wait. I d o n't have ti m e.
C o f f e e / t e a / j u ic e / b e e r etc. (drinks) are normalLy u ncounta ble:

I d o n't like c o f f e e very much.
Bu t yo u can say a c o f f e e (= a cup o f co ff ee), t w o c o f f e e s (= t w o cups) e t c . :
C T w o c o f f e e s and a n o r a n g e j uice , please.
The f ollo win g nouns are usually unco unta ble:
a cc o m m o d a t i o n b e h a vi o u r damage lu c k p e r m issio n t r a f f ic
a d vic e bre a d f u r n it u r e lu g g a g e pro gress weather
baggage ch a o s in for m a tio n news sc e n e ry work
You ca n n o t use a / an wit h t h ese nouns:

O I'm going t o buy s o m e brea d, or ... a l o a f o f b re a d , (n ot a bread)
Enjoy y o u r holid ay! I ho pe yo u have good w e a t h e r . (n ot a good w e a t h er)
These nouns are not usually plural (so we do not say ‘breads', ‘f urnitures' etc.):
W h e r e are yo u going t o put all yo ur f u r n i t u r e? (n ot furnitures)
O Let me k now if yo u need m ore i n f o r m a ti o n , (n o t infor m atio ns)
N e w s is u nco unta ble, not plural:

The n e w s w a s very depressing, (n o t T he news w ere)
T r a v e l (n o u n) m eans 'travellin g in g e neral' (u nco u nt a ble). W e do not say ‘a tr avel' t o m ean a tri p
or a j o u r n e y :
T h ey spend a lo t of m o n ey on t r a v e l.
Q W e had a very good trip / jo u r n e y, (n ot a good travel)
C o m p are th ese co u nta ble and u nco u nt a ble nouns:

I'm looking for a jo b. o I'm looking for w o r k , (not a work)
C W h a t a b ea utiful vi e w! L J W h a t b ea utiful sc e n e ry!
It's a nice d a y today. o It's nice w e a t h e r today.
W e had a lot of b ags and cases. o W e had a lot of b a g g a g e / lu g g a g e.
C T h e se c h airs are mine. T his f u r n it u r e is mine.
That's a good su g g estio n. o That's good a d vic e .
C o u n t a b le and u nco u n t a b le 1 U n it 69 A m erica n English Appen dix 7

Unit
Exercises 70
W h ic h o f t h e u n d erlin e d p arts o f t h es e se n t e n c e s is c o rr e c t?
1 'Did you hear -noise- / a noise j ust n o w?' ‘No, I did n't hear anything.' (a noise is correct)
2 a If yo u w a nt to k now th e news, yo u can read paper / a paper.
b I w a n t to print so m e docu m ents, but t h e printer is o ut of paper / p a p ers.
3 a Light / A light co m es from t h e sun.
b I th o u g ht there was so m e b o dy in the house because there was light / a light on inside.
4 a I was in a hurry this morning. I did n't have ti m e / a ti m e for breakfast.
b‘ Did yo u have a good h olid a y?' ‘Yes, w e had wo n d erf ul ti m e / a wo n d erf ul ti m e .'
5 This is nice room / a nice ro o m . Did yo u d ecorat e it yo urself?
6 Sue was very helpful. She gave us so me very useful a dvice / a dvices.
7 Did you have nice w e a t h e r / a nice w e a t h e r wh e n yo u were a w a y?
8 W e were very u nfort u nate. W e had bad luck / a bad luck.
9 Is it difficult to find a work / jo b at th e m o m e n t?
10 O u r trav el / jo urn ey from Paris to Mosco w by train was very tiring.
11 W h e n th e fire alar m rang, t h ere was t o t a l chaos / a t o t a l ch a os.
12 I had to buy a bread / so me bread because I w a nt e d to make so me sandwiches.
13 Bad news d o n't / d oesn't make people happy.
14 Your hair is / Your hairs are t o o long. You should have it / t h e m cut.
15 The da m a ge / The da mages caused by t h e stor m will cost a lot to repair.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w i n g words. Use t h e plur al { - s) w h e r e necessary.
a d vic e c h a ir e x p e rie n c e e x p e ri e n c e f u r n it u r e h air

i n f o r m a ti o n jo b lu g g a g e p er m issio n pro gress work
1 ! did n't have much Luggage - j u s t t w o s m all bags.

2 T h ey'll t ell yo u all yo u w a n t t o know. T h ey'll give you ple nty of .
3 There is room for every b o dy t o sit d own. There are ple nty of ........
4 W e have no ............................... , not even a bed or a table.
5 ‘W h a t does Alan look lik e?' 'He's g ot a long beard and very short .'
6 Carla's English is b e tter than it was. She's made ....
7 Mike is une m ploye d. He ca n't get a .
8 Mike is une m ploye d. He ca n't g e t ................
9 If yo u w a n t to leave early, you have to ask for .
10 I did n't k now w h a t to do. So I asked Chris for .
11 I d o n't think Dan should g et th e job. He d oesn't have enough . .................... .
12 Nicola has done m a ny interesting things. She could writ e a book a b o ut her .. ...... .
W h a t do y o u say in t h es e sit u a ti o n s? Use a w o r d fro m Se ctio n B (l u g g a g e , w e a t h e r e tc.) in

each se n t e n ce .
1 Your friends have j ust arrived at th e station. You ca n't see any cases or bags.
You ask th e m: Do you H a v e a n y luggage.............. ... ?
2 You go into th e to urist office. You w a n t t o k now a b o ut places to see in th e town.
You say: I’d l i k e ...................................... ..................................................... ..................
3 You are a student. You w a n t yo ur t e ach er to advise you a b o ut which courses t o do.
You say: Can you give me ?
4 You w a n t to w a tch th e news on TV, but yo u d o n't k now wh e n it is on.
You ask yo ur friend: W h a t ti m e .... .... ?
5 You are at th e to p of a m ou ntain. You can see a very long way. It's beautiful.
You say: It ... , isn't it?
6 You Look out of t h e win d ow. The w e a t h er is horrible: cold, w e t and windy.
You say: W h a t .................................... !
141
Unit
71 Countable nouns with a/an and some
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
a dog a child the evening this p arty an u mbrella

dogs some children the evenings these parties two u mbrellas
Before singular co u n ta ble nouns you can use a / an:

Bye! Have a nice eve nin g.
J Do you need a n u m b r e ll a?
You ca n n o t use singular co u n ta ble nouns alon e (w it h o u t a / t h e / m y etc.):

Sh e never we ars a hat. (n o t She never wears hat)
Be careful of t h e dog. (n o t Be careful of dog)
W h a t a b ea utiful day!
O I've g o t a headache.
W e use a / a n ... t o say w h a t kind of t hin g so m et hin g is, or w h a t kind of person so m e b o d y is:
O T hat's a nice t a b l e .
In t h e plural we use t h e noun alone (n ot so me ...):
Those are nice ch airs. (n o t so m e nice chairs)
C o m p are singular and plural:
A dog is an a ni m al. Dogs are a n i m als.

O I'm an o p ti m ist. W e'r e o p ti m ists.
Tom's fa t h er is a d o ct o r. Most of my friends are st u d e n ts.
Are yo u a g o o d d riv e r? Are t h ey g o o d s t u d e n t s?
Ja n e is a r e a lly nice p erso n. o Jan e's parents are r e a lly nice p e o ple.
W h a t a l o v e ly dress! W h a t a w f u l sh o es!
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy has a lo n g n o se / a nice f a c e / b lu e e y e s / s m a ll h a n ds e t c . :
Jac k has a long nose. Jac k has blu e eyes.

(n ot t h e long nose) (n ot th e blue eyes)
Re m e m b er to use a / an wh e n yo u say w h a t so m e b o dy's jo b is:

San dra is a n urse, (n ot Sa n dra is nurse)
Wo u l d yo u like to be a n En glish t e a c h e r?
You can use s o m e wit h plural co u n ta ble nouns. W e use s o m e in tw o ways.
(1) So m e = a n u m b er of / a f ew of / a pair of:

I've seen s o m e good m o vi e s recently. (n ot I've seen good m ovies)
So m e fri e n d s of mine are co min g t o st ay at th e wee k en d.
I need s o m e new su n glasses. (= a new pair of sunglasses)
Do not use s o m e wh e n yo u are talking a b o ut things in ge n eral (see U n it 75):

I love b a n a n as, (n o t so me bananas)
My a u nt is a writer. Sh e writes b oo ks. (n ot so m e books)
(2) So m e = so me but n ot all:

So m e c h il d r e n learn very quickly, (b ut not all children)
D T o m orro w t h ere will be rain in s o m e places, but m ost of th e co u n try will be dry.
142 c C o u n t a b le and u nco u n t a b le -> U n its 6 9 - 7 0 A / a n and t h e - U n i t 72 S o m e and a n y U n i t 85

Unit
Exercises 71
W h a t are t h es e t h i n g s? Use a d ic ti o n a ry if n ecessary.
1 an a n t? I t ’s cun i n s e c t. 7 Earth, Mars, Venus and Ju p it e r?
2 ants and b ees? T h e y'r e i n s e c ts.
3 a ca uliflo w er? .... ............ 8 a t u l i p ?...........................................
4 ch ess? ... 9 th e Nile, t h e Rhine and th e Me k on g?
5 a pigeon, an eagle and a cr o w?
10 a violin, a tru m p e t and a fl u t e?
6 a skyscra p er? ..................
W h o w e r e t h es e p e o p le?
11 Be e t h ove n? He wcis c l . composer, 15 Marilyn Mo nro e?
12 Sha k esp eare?
13 Alb ert Einstein? 16 Mich a el Jackson and Jo h n Len n o n?
14 Washin g to n, Lincoln and K en n e dy? 17 Van Gogh, Renoir and Picasso?
Rea d a b o u t w h a t t h es e p e o ple do, an d s a y w h a t t h e ir jo bs are. C h o ose fro m:
chef interpreter j o u r n a lis t n u rs e

plu m b er surg e o n t o u r g uid e w aite r
1 Sarah looks after patients in hospital. S h e ’s ct n u rs e . ......................... ...

2 G ary works in a restaurant. He brings t h e food t o th e tables. He
3 Ja n e writes articles for a n ewspap er ............................. ....
4 Kevin works in a hospital. He operates on people. ...... .......
5 Jo n a t h a n cooks in a restaurant.
6 Dave installs and repairs w a t e r pipes.
7 Martina takes visitors round her city and tells th e m a b o ut it. She .............................
8 Lisa translates w h a t people are saying from one language into a n oth er so t h a t t h ey can
understand each o th er............................................. ..............
Pu t in a / a n or s o m e w h e r e n ecessary. If no w o r d is n ecessary, le a ve t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 I've seen some good films recently.
2 W h a t's wron g wit h y o u? H ave yo u got h e a d ach e?
3 I k now a lot of people. Most of th e m are “ students.
4 W h e n I was child, I used t o be very shy.
5 Wo uld yo u like to be act or?
6 Q uestio ns, questions, questions! You're always asking .... questions!
7 What b eautiful garden!
8 birds, for e x a m ple th e penguin, ca n n ot fly.
9 Do you like stayin g in h otels?
10 I've been walkin g for three hours. I've got ....... sore feet.
11 I d o n't f eel very w ell this morning. I've got sore throat.
12 Maria speaks English, but not very much.
13 It's a sha m e we d o n't h a v e ca mera. I'd like to t a k e .............. picture of t h a t house.
14 Those are nice shoes. Wh e re did yo u get t h e m ?
15 I'm going shopping. I w a n t to buy n e w shoes.
16 You need visa to visit .......... countries, but not all of the m.
17 Ja n e is teacher. H er parents were . teachers too.
18 I d o n't believe him. He's ... liar. He's always telling lies.
143
Unit
72 I A/an and the
St u d y t his e x a m ple:
Jo e says ‘a sandwich', ‘an apple' because this is

I had a sandwich and an apple
for lunch. th e first ti m e he talks a b o ut th e m.
The sandwich wasn't very good Jo e n ow says ‘t h e sandwich', ‘t h e a p ple'

but th e apple was nice. because Karen k nows which san dwich and
which a p ple he means - t h e san dwich and t h e
apple t h a t he had for lunch.
JOE KAREN
C o m p are a and t h e in th ese e xa mples:

A m a n and a w o m a n were sittin g op p osite me. T h e m a n was A m erican, but I thin k t h e
w o m a n was British.
W h e n w e were on holiday, we stayed at a h o t e l. So m e ti m es w e ate at t h e h o t e l and
so m eti m es w e w e n t to a re st a u r a n t .
W e use t h e wh e n we are thin kin g of a specific thing. C o m p are a / an and t h e:
O Tim sat d own on a ch air, (perhaps one of m a ny chairs in th e roo m)

Tim sat d own on t h e c h a ir n e a r e s t t h e d o or, (a specific chair)
O Paula is looking for a jo b . (n o t a specific jo b)

Did Pa ula g e t t h e j o b s h e a p p li e d f o r? (a sp ecific jo b)
O Do yo u have a c a r? (n o t a specific car)

I cleaned t h e ca r yesterday. (= m y car)
W e use t h e wh e n it is clear in t h e situ atio n w hich thing or person w e mean. For e x a mple, in a roo m
w e t alk a b o ut t h e li g h t / t h e f l o o r / t h e ceilin g / t h e d o o r / t h e c a r p e t etc. :
Can y o u turn off t h e lig h t, please? (= th e light in this roo m)
I to o k a taxi to t h e s t a ti o n . (= th e station in t h a t t o w n)
(in a shop) I'd like t o speak t o t h e m a n a g e r, please. (= t h e m a n a g er of this shop)
In th e sa m e way, we say (go t o) t h e b a n k / t h e p o st o ffice :

.J ! have t o go to t h e b a n k and th e n I'm going t o t h e p o st o ffice.
(The speak er is usually thin kin g of a specific bank or post office.)
W e also say (go t o) t h e d o c t o r / t h e d e n tist:

O Clare isn't ve ry well. Sh e's gone t o t h e d o c t o r. (= her usual d o ct o r)
Q I d o n't like goin g t o t h e d e n t is t .
C o m p are t h e and a:
J I have to go t o t h e b a n k today.
Is th ere a b a n k near here?
Q ! d o n't like going t o t h e d e n tis t.
My sister is a d e n tist.
W e say ‘once a w e e k / three ti m es a d a y / £1.50 a k ilo' e t c . :

O ‘H o w oft en do you go to th e ci n e m a?’ ‘A b o u t once a m o n t h .'
‘H o w much are those p o t a t o e s?’ ‘£1.50 a kilo.'
Hele n works eig ht hours a d ay, six days a w e e k .
144 A / an - U n i t 71 T h e - > U n its 7 3 - 7 8

Unit
Exercises 72
Pu t in a / a n or t h e .
1 This morning I bought ^ newsp a p er and m aga z ine.............. newsp a p er is in
my bag, but I ca n't re m e m b er wh ere I put maga zine,
2 I saw accid e nt this morning, car crashed into tree.
driver o f ......... car w asn't hurt, but car was badly da maged.
3 There are t w o cars parked outside: blue one and grey one. blue
one belongs to m y neighbours; I d o n't k now w h o o wn er of grey one is.
4 My friends live in ........ old house in small village. There i s ................ beautiful
garden behind house. ! wo uld like to have garden like that.
Pu t in a / a n or t h e .
1 a This house is very nice. Has it g ot g ard e n?
b It's a b ea utiful day. Let's sit in garden,
c I like living in this house, but it's a sha m e t h a t .... garden is so smal
Z a Can you reco m m e n d good resta ura nt?
b W e had dinner in very nice restaurant.
c W e had dinner in best restaurant in town.
3 a She has French na me, but in fact she's English, not French,
b W h a t's . na m e of t h a t man we m e t yest e r d a y?
c W e staye d a t a very nice h o tel - I ca n't re m e m b er na m e now.
4 a There isn’t airp ort near wh ere I live. nearest airport is 70 miles away,
b O u r flig ht was delayed. W e had to w a it a t airport for t hree hours.
c Excuse me, please. Can yo u t ell me h o w to get t o airp ort?
5 a 'Are yo u going a w a y ne xt w e e k?' ‘ No, we e k after next.'
b I'm going a w a y for ... w e e k in Se pte m b er.
c G ary has a part - time job. He works three mornings week.
Pu t in a / a n or t h e w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Wo u ld yo u like a p ple? WowLl you Like ax\ apple?
2 H o w often do yo u go to d e n tist? . .... .... ....
3 Could yo u close door, please? ..... ...............
4 I'm sorry. I did n't mean to do th at. It was mistake.
5 Excuse me, wh ere is bus station, please? .. ... ...............
6 I have proble m. Can you help m e? ... ..................
7 I'm j ust going to post office. I w o n't be long.
8 There were no chairs, so we sat on floor ...................................... .........
9 Have you finished wit h book I lent y o u? ... ... ....
10 My sister has j u st got job in bank in Zurich. . . ... ........
11 W e live in small a p art m e n t in cit y centre. ............................................................
12 There's su p er m ark et at end of stre et I live in.
A n s w e r t h es e q u e stio ns a b o u t y o u rs e lf. W h e r e p ossible, use t h e str u ct u r e in Se ctio n D (o n c e a

w e e k / t h r e e t i m e s a d a y e tc.).
1 H o w often do yo u go t o th e cin e m a? TTiree o r . - f o u r t o e s i y e o r . ..............................
2 H o w often do yo u go to the cin e m a? .
3 H o w often do yo u go a w a y on h olid ay? ...
4 Wh a t's t h e usual speed limit in t o w ns in yo ur co u n try? ............. ................ ...
5 H o w m uch sleep do yo u n e e d? ................................................................ .............................
6 H o w often do yo u go o ut in th e eve nin g?
7 H o w m uch t elevision do yo u w a tc h (on avera g e)? ....
8 H o w m uch does it cost to rent a s m all car in yo ur co u n try?
-» A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 29 (page 319) 145

Unit
73 The 1
W e use t h e wh e n t here is o nly one of so mething:
C H ave yo u ever crossed t h e e q u a t o r?
(t here is o nly one e q u at or)
W h a t's t h e Lon g est riv e r in E u r o p e?
O u r a p art m e n t is on t h e t e n t h flo o r.
Buenos Aires is t h e c a p i t a l o f A r g e n ti n a . TH E E Q U A T O R
I'm going a w a y at t h e e n d o f t h is m o n t h .
W e use t h e before s a m e (t h e sa m e):

Your sw e a t er is t h e s a m e colo ur as mine, (n ot is sa m e colo ur)
O A re th ese keys t h e s a m e?' ‘No, t h ey'r e different.'
W e say:
t h e sun th e moon th e earth t h e w o rl d t h e u n iv e rs e

th e sky t h e sea t h e groun d t h e e n v ir o n m e n t th e in tern et
I Love to Look at t h e stars in t h e sky. (n o t in sky)

T h e i n t e r n e t has changed th e w a y we Live.
W e need to do m ore to p ro tect t h e e n vir o n m e n t . (= th e n a tural world around us)
O T h e e a r t h goes round t h e sun, and t h e m o o n goes round t h e e a r t h .
W e also use 'E a r t h ' (w it h o u t t h e) w h e n w e thin k of it as a pla n et in space (like Mars, Ju p i t e r etc.).
W h ic h pla n et is nearest E a r t h ?
W e say s p ace (w it h o u t t h e) wh e n we m ean 'space in t h e universe'. C o m p are

There are millions of stars in sp ace. (n ot in t h e space)
I trie d to park m y car, but t h e s p ace was t o o small.
W e use a / an to say w h a t kind of t hin g so m e thin g is (see U nit 71B). C o m p are t h e and a:
T h e sun is a star. (= one of m a ny stars)
T h e h o tel w e staye d at was a very nice hotel.
W e say: (go to) t h e ci n e m a, t h e t h e a t r e .

I go t o t h e cin e m a a lot, but I h ave n't been to t h e t h e a t r e for ages.
W h e n we say t h e ci n e m a / t h e t h e a t r e , we do n ot necessarily m ean a specific cine ma or theatre.
W e usually say t h e ra dio, but t e l e v isi o n / T V (w it h o u t t h e). Co m pare:

i listen t o t h e ra d io a lot. b ut I w a tc h t e l e v isi o n a lot.
W e heard it on t h e ra dio, b ut W e w a tch e d it on T V.
T h e television / t h e TV = th e television set:

Can yo u turn off t h e t e l e visi o n , please?
W e do not n or m ally use t h e wit h b re a k f a st / lu n c h / d in n e r:

W h a t did yo u have for b r e a k f a s t?
W e had lu nc h in a very nice restaurant.
But w e use a / an if we say ‘a big lunch', ‘a w o n d e r f u l dinner', 'an e a r ly breakfast' e t c . :

W e had a very nice lu n ch. (n ot W e had very nice lunch)
W e do n ot use t h e before noun + nu m ber. For e x a mple, w e say:

O ur train leaves fro m Pl a t f o r m 5. (n o t th e Platf or m 5)
(in a shop) Do yo u have th ese shoes in si z e 4 3 ? (n o t th e size 4 3)
In th e sa m e way, we say: Ro o m 12 6 (in a h otel), p a g e 2 9 (of a book), q u e stio n 3 (in an e x a m),

G a t e 10 (at an airp ort) etc.
146 A / a n and t h e U n i t 72 T h e 2 - 4 - > U n its 74 - 76 N a m es wit h and w it h o u t t h e U n its 77 - 78

Unit
Exercises 73
Pu t in t h e or a w h e r e n ecessary. If no w o r d is n ecessary, le a ve t h e sp ace e m p ty.
1 a: O u r a p art m e n t is on the- te nt h floor.
b: Is it? I hope th ere's lift.
2 a: Did yo u have nice h olid ay?
b: Yes, it was best h olid ay I’ve ever had.
3 a: Wh ere's ... .... nearest sho p?
b: There's one at end of this street.
4 a: it's lovely day, isn't it?
b: Yes, there isn't cloud in sky.
5 a: I've got a proble m wit h my co m p uter. It isn't co n n ectin g to internet.
b: That's interesting. I've g ot sa m e proble m wit h mine.
6 a: W e spent all our m o n ey because we staye d at m ost e x pensive h otel in to wn.
b: W h y did n't yo u stay at ............... ch ea p er h o t e l?
7 a: Wo u ld yo u like to trav el in sp ace?
b: Yes, I'd love to go t o ............. moon.
8 a: W h a t's Ju p it e r? Is it st ar?
b: No, it's planet. It's largest pla n et in solar syste m.
Pu t in t h e w h e r e n ecessary. If y o u d o n't nee d t h e , le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 I h ave n't been to cin e m a for ages.
2 Sarah spends m ost of her free ti m e w a tchin g TV.
3 Do you ever listen to ra dio?
4 ..... t elevision was on, but n o b o dy was w a tch in g it.
5 H ave yo u had dinner y e t?
6 Lisa and I arrived at sa me time.
7 W h a t's ca pital city of C a n a d a?
8 W h a t do yo u w a n t for ....... brea k fast?
9 I lay d own on . ground and looked up at sky.
Pu t in t h e or a w h e r e n ecessary. (Se e U n it 72 f o r a an d t h e if n ecessary.)

1 Sun is star. ... TVie. su n is cl st o x . ..
2 I'm fed up with doing sa m e thin g every d ay.................................................. ............
3 Roo m 25 is on second flo or..................... .. ...................... ......................
4 Mo on goes round earth every 27 d ays..................................................................................
5 It was very hot day. It was h o tt est d ay of y e ar.....................................................................
6 W e had lunch in nice resta ura nt by sea.
7 W h a t's on at cin e m a this w e e k? .......................................................................................
8 I like t o e at good breakfast before I go t o work.
9 W e missed our train because w e were waitin g on wro n g platfor m. ... ..........
10 N e x t train to London leaves fro m Platf or m 3. ..
11 You'll find infor m atio n yo u need at to p of page 15. ...........
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w in g . Use t h e w h e r e n ecessary,
bre a k fast ci n e m a d in n e r gate G a t e 21 q u e sti o n 8 se a
1 Are you going o ut this eve nin g?' ‘Yes, after

2 There was no wind, so ... was very calm.
3 The t est w asn't t o o difficult, but I co uld n't a nswer ........
4 T m going to ........ to nig ht.' A re y o u? W h a t film are yo u going to se e?'
5 I did n't have ti m e for this mornin g because I was in a hurry.
6 O h, ............................... is open, I m ust have f orgotte n to shut it.
7 (airp o rta n n o u nce m e n t) Flight AB123 to Ro m e is n ow boarding at .
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 2 9 (page 319) 147

Unit
74 The 2 (school / the school etc.)
C o m p are sc h o o l and t h e sch o ol:
ELLIE
Ellie is te n years old. Every day she goes t o T o d ay Ellie's m o t h er wa n ts to speak t o her
sch o ol. She's a t sc h o o l now. Sc h o o l starts dau ghter's teacher. So she has gone to t h e
at 9 and finishes at 3. sc h o o l to see her. She's at t h e sc h o o l now.
W e say a child goes t o sc h o o l or is a t sc h o o l Ellie's m o t h er is not a student. She is not 'at
(as a st u d e nt). W e are not thin king of a specific school', she d oesn't 'go t o school'. If she
school. W e are thin kin g of sc h o o l as a general w a n ts to see Ellie's teacher, she goes t o t h e
idea - children learning in a classroo m. s c h o o l ( = Ellie's school, a specific building).
W e use p riso n (or j a il), h o s p it a l, u n iv e rsit y, c o ll e g e and c h u rc h in a si milar way. W e do not use t h e
wh e n w e are thin kin g of th e ge n eral idea of th ese places and w h a t t h e y are used for.
C o m pare:
Ken's brother is in p riso n for robbery. Ken w e n t to t h e p riso n t o visit his

(H e is a prisoner. W e are n ot thinking brother.
of a specific prison.) (H e w e n t as a visitor, not as a prisoner.)
Jo e had an accid e nt last wee k. He was Ja n e has gone t o t h e h o s p it a l t o visit
tak en t o h o s pit al. He's still in h o s p it a l Joe. She's at t h e h o s p it a l now. (as a
now. (as a p atient) visitor, not as a p atient)
O W h e n I leave school, I plan to go I w e n t t o t h e u n iv e r si t y t o m e e t
t o u n iv e rsit y / go t o co ll e g e , (as a Professor Tho mas, (as a visitor, not as
st u d e nt) a stu d e nt)
Sally's fat h er goes t o c h u rc h every So m e work m e n w e n t t o t h e c h u rc h
Sun day, (to take part in a religious to repair th e roof, (n ot for a religious
service) service)
W i t h m ost oth er places, you need t h e . For e x a mple, t h e st a tio n , t h e cin e m a, (see Units 72 C and 73C).
W e say g o t o b e d / be in b ed etc. (n o t th e bed):

O I'm going t o b e d now. G o o d nig ht.
Q Do yo u ever have breakfast in b e d?
b ut O I sat d own on t h e bed. (a specific piece of furniture)
go t o w o r k / be a t w o r k / s t a r t w o r k / fi nis h w o r k etc. (n ot th e work):

C Chris did n't go to w o r k yester day.
W h a t ti m e do you usually finish w o r k ?
go h o m e / c o m e h o m e / a rriv e h o m e / g e t h o m e / be a t h o m e e t c . :
CT It's late. Let's go h o m e.
O W ill yo u be at h o m e t o m orro w aft ern o o n?
W e say go t o sea / be a t sea (w it h o u t t h e) wh e n th e m eanin g is ‘go / be on a voyage':

O' Keith works on ships. He's a t sea m ost of th e tim e.
b ut I'd like to live near t h e sea.
O It can be dangerous to swi m in t h e sea.
The U n its 72 - 73, 7 5 - 7 8 Pre p ositio ns (a t s c h o o l / in h o s p i t a l etc.) -¥ U n its 123 - 125

H o m e -» U n it 126C A m e rica n English A p p e n d i x 7__________________________________
Exercises
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a p re p ositio n (t o / a t / i n e tc.) + o n e o f t h e s e words:
bed home - h o s p ita l h o s p it a l p riso n sc h o o l u n iv e r si t y work
1 Two people were injured in t h e accid e nt and were taken to h o s p it a l

2 in Britain, children fro m t h e age of five have t o go ..
3 Mark did n't go o u t last night. He staye d
4 There is a lot of traffic in t h e mornin g wh e n every b o dy is going ....
5 Kate's m o t h er has j ust had an o peration. She is still
6 W h e n So p hie leaves school, she wa n ts to st u d y eco n o mics ........ ...
7 Ben never gets up before 9 o'clock, it's 8.30 now, so he is still
8 If people co m m it crimes, t h ey m ay be sent ......... .............
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h s c h o o l or t h e sc h o o l.
1 W h y are n't yo u r children a t ... sch o ol t o d a y? Are t h ey ill?
2 W h e n he was younger, Tim hated . .. ,
3 There were so m e parents waitin g outside ...................... to m e e t t h eir children.
4 usually starts at 8.3 0 in t h e morning.
5 a : H o w do yo u r children g et t o and fro m .. ? By bus?
b : No, t h e y walk. ... isn't very far.
6 W h a t sort of jo b does Emily w a n t t o do wh e n she leaves
So m e o f t h es e se n t e n ce s nee d t h e . C o rr e c t t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 a ‘H o w old is u n iversity?' A b o u t 2 0 0 years.' t h e u n iv e rsit y
b In yo u r co u n try do m any people go to u niversity? OK
c If yo u w a n t to g et a degree, yo u n or m ally have to st u dy
at university.
d This is a s m all to wn, but u niversity is th e biggest in t h e co u n try.....................
2 a My brother has always been healthy. He's never been in hospital,

b W h e n Ann w as ill, I w e n t t o h ospital t o visit her. W h e n I was
there, I m e t Lisa w h o is a nurse at hospital,
c A w o m a n was injured in th e accid e nt and was tak en t o hospital. .......
3 a Jo h n's m ot h er is a regular churchgoer. She goes to church every

Sun day, ..............
b Jo h n hi mself d o esn't go to church. ......
c Jo h n w e n t t o church to ta k e so me pictures of th e building.
4 a W h y is she in prison? W h a t did she d o?

b A f ew days ago firefighters were called t o prison to p ut o ut a fire. .
c Do yo u think t o o m a ny people are sent to prison?
1 H o w did yo u get h o m e / get t o h o m e aft er th e p arty? (get h o m e is correct)
2 I like to read in bed / in the bed before I go to sleep.
3 Sh all w e m e e t aft er work / aft er th e work t o m orr o w eve nin g?
4 I love swi m min g in sea / in t h e sea.
5 It's nice to travel around, but there's no place like ho m e / like th e h o m e!
6 Sa m likes to go to bed / go to th e bed early, and get up early.
7 I did n't sleep w ell in th e hotel. Bed / The bed was u nco mf orta ble.
8 H o w long did it take to cross t h e oce a n? H o w long were yo u at sea / at th e se a?
9 W h a t ti m e do yo u usually start work / th e work in the m ornin g?
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 2 9 (page 319) 149

W h e n w e are tal kin g a b o ut things or people in general, w e do n ot use t h e:
I'm afraid of dogs, (n o t th e dogs)
(d o gs = dogs in general, not a specific group of dogs)
O D o c t o rs are usually paid m ore th a n t e a c h e rs.
Do yo u k now a ny b o d y w h o collects s t a m p s?
O C ri m e is a proble m in m ost big cities. (n ot The cri m e)
Life has changed a lot in t h e last t h irty years, (n ot The life)
Do yo u like cl a ssic a l m u sic / C h in e s e f o o d / f a s t c a rs? T f Iw
O M y favo urit e sport is f o o t b a ll / s k ii n g / a t h l e tics.
My favourite subject at school was hist o ry / p h ysics / En g lis h .
W e say ‘m o s t p eople / m o s t books / m o s t cars' etc. (n ot t h e m o s t ...):

M o s t sh o ps acce p t credit cards, (n o t The m ost shops)
W e use t h e wh e n w e mean specific things or people.

Co m pare:
In g e n eral (w it h o u t t h e) Sp ecific p e o ple or things (wit h t h e)
o C h il d r e n learn fro m playing. o W e took t h e c h il d r e n to th e zoo.

(= children in general) (= a specific group, perhaps the
speaker's children)
o I co uld n't live wit h o u t m usic. The film w as n't very good, but I liked
t h e m usic. (= t h e music in th e film)
o All cars have wheels. o All t h e c a rs in t h is c a r p ar k belong to

people w h o work here.
Su g a r isn't very good for you. 0 Can you pass t h e su gar, ple ase?
o
(= the sugar on th e ta ble)
o En glish p e o p le drink a lot of tea. o T h e En glish p e o p le I k n o w drink a Lot

(= En glish p e o ple in g e n er al) of tea. (= o nly th e English people I
know, not English people in ge neral)
The differe nce b et we e n 'so m et hin g in g e neral' and ‘so m e thin g specific' is not always very clear.
Co m pare:
In g e n eral (w it h o u t t h e) Sp ecific p eo ple or things (wit h t h e)
L > I like working wit h p e o ple.

(= people in general)
I like workin g wit h p e o p le w h o s a y o I Like t h e p e o p le I w o r k w it h .

w h a t t h e y t h in k , (n ot all people, but (= a specific group of people)
‘people w h o say w h a t t h e y thin k' is still
a general idea)
Do yo u like c o f f e e?
(= coff ee in general)
J Do you like str o n g b la c k c o f f e e? I did n't like t h e c o f f e e w e h a d a f t e r

(n ot all coffee, but 'strong black coffee' din n er.
is still a ge neral idea) (= specific coffee)
T h e 1- 2 -* U n its 73 - 7 4 T h e + a d jectiv e (t h e y o u n g / t h e En g lis h etc.) - » U n i t 76

Exercises
C h o o se f o u r o f t h e s e t hin gs a n d w r i t e w h e t h e r y o u like t h e m or n ot:
b a n a n as b o x in g ca ts cr o w d s fast food h o rr o r m o vie s

hot w eather m aths opera snow su p er m ark ets z oos
Be gin e ach s e n t e n c e w it h o n e o f t h ese:

I li k e ... / I d o n 't li k e ... I d o n 't m in d ...
I l o v e ... / 1 h a t e ... I'm i n t e r e s t e d in ... / I'm n o t i n t e r e s t e d in
1 I d o n 't lik e h o t w e a t h e r very .much.
Z .........................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................ .................................
4 ....................................
5 ..........................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w in g . Use t h e w h e r e n ecessary.
-(-the) - basketbaU - (t h e) grass (t h e) p a ti e n c e (t h e) p e o p le

(t h e) q u e stio n s (t h e) m e a t (t h e )4 n f o r m a t l o n (t h e) h o t e ls
(t h e) h is t o r y (t h e) w a t e r (t h e) spid ers (t h e) lies
1 My favourite sport is bask et ball. .

2 T h e in f o r m a tio n we were given w asn't correct.
3 So m e people are afraid of .............
4 A ve g et aria n is so m e b o d y w h o d o esn't eat
5 The test w as n't very difficult. I a nswere d . wit h o u t difficulty.
6 Do you k now ............ w h o live next d oor?
7 is th e stu dy of t h e past.
8 It's b ett er to t ell th e truth. Telling usually causes problems.
9 W e co uld n't find a nywh ere t o stay in t h e to wn. ................................... were full.
10 in t h e pool did n't look very clean, so w e did n't go for a swim.
11 D o n ’t sit on it's w e t aft er th e rain.
12 You need t o t each yo u n g children.
C h o ose t h e c o rr e ct f or m , w it h or w i t h o u t the.
1 I'm afraid of dogs / th e d o gs-, (dogs is correct)
2 Ap ples / T he apples are good for you.
3 Look at apples / th e apples on t h a t tree! T h ey're very big.
4 Wo m e n / The w o m e n live longer than men / t h e m e n.
5 I d o n't drink t ea / t h e t e a . I d o n't like it.
6 W e had a very good meal. Ve g e ta bles / The ve g eta bles were esp ecially good.
7 Life / The life is strange so m eti m es. So m e very strange things happen.
8 I e njoy holid ays / th e holid ays bv th e sea.
9 H o w much m o n ey does th e g overn m e n t spend on e d ucatio n / the e d u ca ti o n?
10 W h o are people / th e people in this pict ure?
11 W h a t makes peo ple / t h e people vi o l e n t? W h a t causes aggression / t h e aggression?
12 All books / All t h e books on t h e to p shelf belong t o me.
13 D o n't st ay in t h a t hotel. It's very noisy and roo ms / t h e roo ms are very small.
14 A pacifist is so m e b o dy w h o is against w a r / th e w a r.
15 First Wo rl d W a r / The First Wo rld W a r lasted fro m 1914 until 1918.
16 I d o n't like films / th e films t h a t d o n't have hap py endings.
17 So m e o n e gave me a book a b o ut history / t h e history of modern art / th e mod ern a r t.
18 Rob and Louise g ot married, but marriage / th e marriage did n't last very long.
19 Most people / The m ost people b elieve t h a t marriage / th e marriage and
fa m ily life / th e fa m ily life are th e basis of society / th e so ci e t y.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 2 9 (page 319)

St u d y th ese sentences:
( J T h e g ir a f f e is t h e t allest of all animals.
T h e b icycl e is an e x celle nt means of transp ort.
W h e n w as t h e t e l e p h o n e inve nt e d?
T h e d o ll a r is th e curre ncy of th e Unite d States.
In th ese e x a mples, t h e ... does n ot m ean one specific thing.

T h e g ir a f f e = a specific ty p e of ani m al, not a specific giraffe.
W e use t h e in this w a y to taLk a b o u t a ty p e of animal, m achin e e tc
In th e sa me w a y we use t h e for m usical instru ments:

Can yo u play t h e g uit ar?
T h e piano is m y favourite instru ment.
C o m p are a and t h e:
I'd like t o have a pia n o. b ut I ca n't play t h e pian o.
O W e saw a g ir a f f e at th e zoo. b ut T h e g ir a f f e is m y favo urit e animal.
N o t e t h a t w e use m a n (= hu man beings in ge neral / th e h u man race) wit h o u t t h e:

W h a t do yo u k now a b o ut th e origins of m a n? (n ot th e man)
T h e + a djective
W e use t h e + a d jective (wit h o u t a noun) t o talk a b o ut groups of people. For e x a mple:
th e young t h e rich t h e sick t h e in j ure d

t h e old th e poor t h e d isa b le d th e dead
t h e e l d e r ly t h e h o m e l e ss th e u n e m ploye d
T h e y o u n g = yo u n g people, t h e rich = rich p eople e t c . :

Do yo u thin k t h e rich should p ay higher ta x es?
W e need to do m ore t o help t h e h o m ele ss.
T h e y o u n g / t h e rich / t h e in j ure d etc. are p iu ral in meaning. For e x a m ple, yo u ca n n ot say 'a y o u n g ’
or 'th e injured' for one person. You m ust say ‘a yo u n g p erso n', ‘t h e injured w o m a n ' etc.
N o t e t h a t w e say ‘t h e p o o r' (n o t th e poors), ‘th e y o u n g' (n ot t h e yo u n gs) etc.
T h e + n a tio n ality
You can use t h e + n a tio n ality a djectives t h a t end in -ch or -sh (t h e Fr e nc h / t h e En glish / t h e
Sp a n is h etc.). The m eanin g is ‘t h e people of t h a t co u ntry':
O T h e Fr e nc h are fa m o us for t h eir food. (= th e people of France)
T h e Fr e n ch / t h e En glish etc. are plural in meaning. W e do not say ’a French / an English'.
You have to say a Fr e n c h m a n / a n E n g lis h w o m a n etc.
W e also use t h e + n a tio n ality words ending in - ese (t h e C h in e s e / t h e Su d a n e s e / t h e Ja p a n e s e etc.):

T h e C h i n e s e invented printing.
Bu t t h ese words can also be singular (a Chinese, a Ja p a n ese etc.).
N o te also: a Sw iss (singular) and t h e Sw iss (= t h e people of Swit z erla n d)
W i t h o t h er nationalities, t h e plural noun ends in -s. For e x a m ple:
a n It a li a n —> It a lia n s a M e x ic a n —» M e x ic a n s a T u r k —» T ur k s
W i t h th ese words (It a li a n s etc.), we do not n or m ally use t h e to talk a b o u t t h e people in general (see
U n it 75).
A / a n and t h e U n i t 72 T h e 1- 3 U n its 7 3 - 7 5 N a m e s wit h and w it h o u t t h e -* U n its 77 - 78

Exercises
A n s w e r t h e q u estio ns. C h o ose t h e rig ht a n s w e r fr o m t h e box. D o n't f o r g e t t h e . Use a d ic ti o n a ry
if n ecessary.
1 2 3 4
anim als birds inventions currencies

tiger ele p h a nt eagle penguin tele p h o n e w h e el d ollar peso
rabbit ch eeta h swan owl t elesco p e Laser euro rupee
giraffe kangaroo parrot pigeon h elico pter ty p e writ e r rouble yen
1 a W h ic h of the a nim als is t a ll e st? t h e gi m - ffe

b W h ic h a ni m al can run fast est? ..............................
c W h ic h of th ese a ni m als is found in A ustralia?
2 a W h ic h of these birds has a long n eck? ............................
b W h ic h of th ese birds ca n n ot fly? ......................
c W h ic h bird flies at night? ................................
3 a W h ic h of these inventions is old est?
b W h ic h one is m ost re ce n t? ...............................
c W h ic h one was esp ecially i m p ort a n t for astr o n o m y? ..............................
4 a W h a t is th e curre ncy of In dia? ................
b W h a t is t h e curre ncy of C a n a d a?
c And th e curre ncy of yo ur co u n try? ................................
Pu t in t h e or a.
1 W h e n was tele p h o n e inve n t e d?
2 Can yo u play m usical instru m e nt?
3 Jessica plays . violin in an orchestra.
4 T here was piano in t h e corner of the room.
5 Can you play . pia n o?
6 O u r society is based on ... fa mily.
7 Martin co m es fro m ... large fa mily.
8 co m p u t er has changed t h e w a y we live.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e nc es using t h e + t h e f oll o w in g :
in j ure d poor rich sick u n e m ploye d young
1 T h e ijoung have th e fut ure in t h eir hands.

2 A m b ula nces arrived at the scene of th e accid e nt and too k to hospital.
3 Life is all right if yo u have a job, but things are not so easy for .
4 Hele n has been a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring for ..............
5 In England t here is an old story a b o ut a man calle d Robin Hood. It is said t h a t he robbed
and gave th e m o n ey to .......
W h a t do y o u c a ll t h e p e o p le o f t h es e c o u n t ri e s?
one person (a / a n ...) th e p e o ple in g e n eral
1 Canada cl C a ria c L u x n Cojnfkdiojns

2 Germ any
3 France
4 Russia
5 China
6 Bra zil
7 England
8 and yo ur co u n try
Unit
77 I Na m es with and with o ut the 1
W e do n ot use t h e wit h na m es of people {‘Helen', ‘Hele n T aylor' etc.). In th e sa m e way, w e do
n o t use t h e wit h m ost na mes of places. For e x a mple:
co ntinents Africa (n ot th e Africa), Europe, So ut h A m erica

countries, states etc. France (n ot t h e France), Jap a n, Brazil, Texas
islands Sicily, Ber m u da, Tasmania
cities, towns etc. Cairo, N e w York, Bangkok
m ountains Everest, Etna, Kilim anjaro
But w e use t h e in na mes wit h Re p u b lic, Kin g d o m , St a t e s e t c . :

t h e C z ech Re p u b lic t h e Unit e d Kin g d o m (t h e UK)
t h e Do minica n Re p u b lic t h e Unit e d St a t e s of A m erica (t h e USA)
Co m pare:
Have yo u been to C a n a d a or t h e U n it e d St a t e s?
W h e n we use M r / M rs / C a p t a i n / D o c t o r etc. + a na me, we do not use t h e . So we say:

M r Jo h nso n / D o c t o r Jo h nso n / C a p t a i n Jo h nso n / Pr e si d e n t Jo h nso n etc. (n ot t h e ...)
U n c l e Rob ert / Sa i n t C at h erin e / Pri n c e ss Maria etc. (n ot th e ...)
Co m pare:
W e called t h e d o ct o r.
W e called D o c t o r Jo h nso n, (n ot t h e D oct or Jo h nso n)
W e use M o u n t (= m o u nt ain) and La k e before a na m e in th e sa m e w a y (w it h o u t t h e):

M o u n t Everest (n ot th e ...) M o u n t Etna La k e Su p erior La k e Vict oria
i n T h ey Live near t h e la k e.
T h ey Live near La k e Su p e rio r, (n ot th e Lake Su p erior)
W e use t h e wit h t h e na m es of oceans, seas, rivers and canals:

t h e A tla n tic (O ce a n) t h e Red Sea t h e A ma z on
t h e Indian O ce a n t h e C h a n n el (b e tw ee n t h e Nile
t h e Me dit erra n e a n (Se a) France and Britain) t h e Sue z Canal
W e use t h e wit h t h e na m es of deserts:

t h e Sa hara (D esert) t h e Go bi Desert
W e use t h e wit h p lu ral na m es of people and places:
p e o ple the Taylors (= the T aylor fa m ily), t h e Joh nso ns

countries the N e th erla n ds, t h e Philippines, t h e Unite d St a t es
groups o f islands the Canaries / t h e C a n ary Islands, t h e Ba h a m as
m ou ntain ranges the Rocky Mo u n t ains / t h e Rockies, t h e Andes, t h e Alps
The highest m o u ntain in t h e A n d e s is (M o u n t) A c o n ca g u a .
W e say:
t h e n o r t h (of Bra zil) b ut n o r t h e r n Bra zil (with o u t t h e)
t h e s o u t h - e a s t (of Spain) b ut s o u t h - e a st e r n Spain
Co m pare:
Swe d e n is in n o r t h e r n Euro p e; Spain is in t h e so u t h .
Also t h e Mid dle East, t h e Far East
W e also use n o rt h / s o u t h etc. (w it h o u t t h e) in t h e na mes of so me regions and countries:

N o r t h A m e ric a So u t h A f ric a
N o t e t h a t on maps, t h e is n ot usually included in th e name.
N a m e s wit h and w it h o u t t h e 2 U n i t 78
Exercises
Pu t in t h e w h e r e n ecessary. Le ave t h e sp ace e m p t y if t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y c o m p le t e .
1 W h o is “ D octor Jo h n s o n? (th e se n te nce is co m ple te with o ut th e)
2 I was ill, so I w e n t t o see doctor.
3 The m ost p owerf ul person in .... Unite d Sta t es is president.
4 Preside nt Kenne dy was assassinated in 1963.
5 Do yo u k now Wils o n s? T h ey're a very nice couple.
6 I'm looking f o r .............. Professor Brown. Do you k now wh ere she is?
So m e o f t h e s e se n t e n ce s are co rr ect, b ut so m e nee d t h e (s o m e ti m e s m ore t h a n o nc e). C o rr e ct

t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Everest was first clim be d in 1953. O K ...........................................
2 Milan is in north of Italy. I*! tye- north o f It a ly
3 Africa is much larger than Europe. ..
4 Last y e ar I visited Me xico and Unit e d St ates. ................................................................
5 So ut h of England is w a r m e r than north. .................... . ...........................................
6 Port u g al is in west ern Europe. ...............
7 France and Britain are sep arate d by Channel. ..................................... ..
8 Ja m es has travelle d a lot in Mid dle East. ......
9 C hicago is on Lake Michigan. ....................... ..............
10 N e x t y e ar w e're going skiing in Swiss Alps. ....... ...
11 UK consists of Gre a t Britain and N orth ern Ireland. ..... ..
12 Seych elles are a group of islands in Indian O cea n.
13 The highest m o u ntain in Africa is Kilimanjaro.
14 River Volga flows into Caspian Sea. ...........................................................
H e re are so m e g e o g r a p h y q u estio ns. C h o ose t h e rig ht a n s w e r fro m o n e o f t h e bo x es an d w rit e

t h e if n ecessary. You do n o t nee d a ll t h e n a m es in t h e bo x es. Use an a tla s if n ecessary.
co ntinents countries oceans a n d seas m ountains rivers a n d canals

Africa Canada Atlu ntic Alps A m a z on Rhine
Asia Den mark Indian O ce a n An des D an u b e T ha m es
Australia Indonesia Pacific Hi m alayas Nile Volga
Europe Swe d e n Black Sea Rockies Sue z Canal
N ort h A m erica Thailan d Me dit erra n e a n Urals Pa n a m a Canal
So ut h A m erica Unite d St a tes Red Sea
1 W h a t do you have to cross to travel fro m Europe to A m e rica? t h e A t l a n t ic

2 W h e r e is A r g e n tin a? ......................... ...................
3 W h ic h is th e longest river in A frica? ................................................... ..
4 O f which co u n try is St ock h ol m t h e ca pit al? .......
5 O f w hich co u n try is Was hin g t o n th e ca pit al?
6 W h a t is th e na m e of t h e m o u ntain range in the w est of N ort h A m e rica?
7 W h a t is th e na m e of t h e sea b et we e n Africa and Euro p e? ..
8 W h ic h is th e s m allest co ntin e nt in th e w o rl d?
9 W h a t is t h e na m e of t h e ocean b et we e n N ort h A m erica and Asia? ...
10 W h a t is t h e na m e of th e ocean b et we e n Africa and A u stralia? ..
11 W h ic h river flows through Lo n d o n?
12 W h ic h river flows through Vie n n a, Bu d a p est and Belgra d e?
13 O f which co u n try is Bang kok th e ca pit al? .
14 W h a t joins th e A tla n tic and Pacific O c e a n s? ....... ...
15 W h ic h is th e longest river in So ut h A m e rica?
155
Unit
7 8 I Nam es with and with o u t the 2
N a m es w it h o u t t h e
W e do n ot use t h e wit h na mes of m ost city streets / roads / squares / parks e t c . :

Union St r e e t (n o t th e ...) Fifth A v e n u e Hyd e Par k
Q u e e ns Ro a d Br o a d w a y Ti mes Sq u a re
N a m es of i m p ort a n t public buildings and institutio ns (for e x a m ple, airports, stations,

universities) are oft e n t w o words:
M a n c h e s t e r A ir p o r t H a rv a r d U n iv e r s i t y
The first word is t h e na m e of a place ( ‘M a n ch est e r’) or a person (‘H arvar d'). These na m es are
usually w it h o u t t h e . In t h e sa me way, w e say:
V ic t o r i a St a t i o n (not th e ...) C a n terb u ry C ath e d ral Ed in b ur g h C a s t l e
Bu c k i n g h a m Pa l a c e C a m b ri d g e U n iv e r s i t y Sy d n e y H a r b o u r
Co m pare:
Bu c k in g h a m Pa l a c e (n o t th e ...) b ut t h e R o y a l Pa l a c e
('Ro yal' is an a djective - it is n ot a n a m e like ‘Buc k in g h a m ’.)
Most o th er buildings have na m es wit h t h e . For e x a mple:
h otels the Sh erat o n H otel, t h e H olid ay Inn

th eatres / cine m as the Palace Theatre, t h e O d eo n (cin e m a)
m useu ms / galleries the G u g g e n hei m Muse u m, t h e N a tio n al G alle ry
o th er buildings the Em pire St a t e (Building), t h e W h it e House, t h e Eiffel T ower
W e oft en leave o ut t h e noun:

t h e Sh e r a t o n (H o t el) t h e Pa l a c e (T heatre) t h e G u g g e n h e i m (Muse u m)
So m e na m es are o nly t h e + noun, for e x a m ple:

t h e A cr o p o lis t h e K r e m li n t h e Pe n t a g o n
N a m es wit h o f usualLy have t h e . For e x a mple:

t h e Bank o f England t h e Muse u m o f Mo dern A rt
t h e G re a t W a ll o f China t h e T ower o f London
N o t e t h a t w e say:
t h e U niversity o f Ca m brid ge but C a m b rid g e U n iv e r s i t y (with o u t th e)
Ma n y shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are na m e d aft er people. These na mes end in -'s or -s.
W e do n ot use t h e wit h th ese names:
M c D o n a l d's (n o t th e ...) B a r cl a y s (bank)
Jo e's D in e r (rest a ura nt) M a c y's (d e p art m e n t store)
C hurches are often na med aft er saints (St = Saint):

S t Jo h n 's C h u rc h (not th e St Jo h ns C hurch) S t Pa t ric k's C a t h e d r a l
M ost newsp ap ers and m a ny organisations have na m es wit h t h e:
newspapers t h e Washin g t o n Post, t h e Financial Times, t h e Sun

organisatio ns t h e European Union, t h e BBC, t h e Red Cross
N a m es of co m panies, airlines etc. are usually wit h o u t t h e:

Fi a t (n ot th e Fiat) So n y Sin g a p o r e A irli n e s
Kodak IBM Y a le U n iv e r s i t y Press
N a m e s wit h and w it h o u t t h e 1 - U n i t 77
156
Exercises
Use t h e m a p t o a n sw e r t h e q u estio ns. W r i t e t h e n a m e o f t h e place an d t h e str e e t it is in.
Use t h e if n ecessary. (Re m e m b e r t h a t on m a ps w e do n o t n o r m a lly use t h e .)
| TURNER'S SUPERNHARKET
0 DE0 N
f t C IN EM A BLA CK ST O N E
M A RI O 'S I B O O KS
IPIZZA
Zy / cit y
/MUSEUM/
CROWN 0
H O TEL d
1
z
3
4
5
6
7
8
W h e r e are t h e f o ll o w i n g ? Use t h e w h e r e n ecessary.
A cr o p o lis Br o a d w a y Bu c k in g h a m Pa l a c e Eif f e l T o w e r
K r e m li n W h it e H o use C a t w ic k A ir p o r t T im e s S q u are
1 Tones Sq u a r e is in N e w York. 5 is in Moscow.

2 is in Paris. 6 is in N e w York.
3 ............. is in London. 7 is in Athens.
4 is in Washin g to n. 8 is near London.
C h o ose t h e c o rr e ct f or m , w it h o r w it h o u t t h e .
1 Have you ever been to British - M -usc u m / the British M use u m? (t h e British Museu m is co rrect)
2 The biggest park in N e w York is C e ntral Park / t h e C e ntral Park.
3 My favo urite park in London is St la mes's Park / th e St lames's Park.
4 Im perial H o t el / The Im perial H o t e l is in Baker Stre e t / th e Baker Str e e t.
5 Dublin Airp ort / The Dublin Airp ort is situated a b o ut 12 kilo metres fro m the city centre.
6 lack is a stu d e nt at Liverpool U niversity / th e Liverpool U nive rsity.
7 If yo u're looking for a d e p art m e nt store, I would reco m m e n d Harrison's / th e Harriso n's.
8 If yo u're looking for a hotel, I wo uld reco m m en d Park Plaza / t h e Park Pla z a.
9 St a t u e of Liberty / The St a t u e of Liberty is at th e e ntrance to N e w York H arb o ur / th e N e w York
H ar b o ur.
10 You should go to Science Muse u m / th e Scie nce M use u m . It's very interesting.
11 A n dy works for IBM / the IBM now. He used to work for British T eleco m / th e British T eleco m .
12 'W h ic h cine ma are you going to this eve nin g?' ‘Classic / The Classic.'
13 I'd like to go to China and see Gre at W a ll / the Gre a t W a l l .
14 ‘W h ic h newspaper do you w a n t?' ‘Ti mes / The Ti m es.'
15 This book is published bv Ca m brid ge U niversity Press / th e Ca m brid ge U niversity Press.
16 'W h a t's t h a t b uildin g?' 'It's C ollege of Art / the College of A r t .'
A d d iti o n a l e x ercise 29 (page 319)

Unit
79 Singular and plural
So m e ti m es w e use a p lu ral noun for one thin g t h a t has t w o parts. For e x a mple:
trousers (tw o legs) pyja m as glasses binoculars scissors

also jea ns / tig hts / sh orts / p a nts (to p an d b o tto m)
These words are plural, so t h ey ta ke a plural verb:

My trousers a re to o long. (n ot m y trousers is)
You can also use a p air o f + t h ese words:

T h o s e a re nice je a ns. or T h at's a nice p air o f jeans, (n ot a nice jea ns)
I need s o m e n ew glasses, or I need a n e w p air o f glasses.
So m e nouns end in -ics, but are n ot usually plural. For e x a m ple:

a t h l e t ic s e c o n o m ics e l e c t r o n ics g y m n a s tics
m a t h s (= m at h e m a tics) p h ysics p o litics
G y m n a s t ic s is m y favo urite sport, (n ot Gy m n astics are)
N e w s is n ot plural (see U nit 7 0B):

W h a t ti m e is t h e n e w s on T V? (n o t are th e news)
So m e words ending in -s can be singular or plural. For e x a m ple:

m eans a m e a n s of tra nsp ort m a n y m e a n s of transp ort
s e rie s a t elevision series t w o televisio n series
s p e cie s a s p e ci es of bird 2 0 0 s p e ci es of bird
So m e singular nouns are often used wit h a plural verb. For e x a mple:
a u die nce co m m itte e co m pany f a m ily fir m govern m ent staff tea m
These nouns are all groups of people. W e oft en thin k of t h e m as a n u m b er of people (= t h ey),
n ot as one thin g (= it). So w e often use a plural verb:
T h e g o v e r n m e n t (= t h ey) h a v e d ecid e d to increase taxes.
C. T h e s t a f f at th e co m p a ny (= t h ey) a re n ot ha p py wit h t h e ir workin g conditions.
In the sa m e way, w e oft e n use a plural verb aft er th e na m e of a sports t e a m or a co m p a ny:
It a l y a re playin g Bra zil ne xt Su n d ay (in a f o o t b all m atch).
S h e ll h a v e increased th e price of petrol.
A singular verb (The g overn m e n t w a n t s ... / Sh ell h as ... etc.) is also possible.
W e use a plural verb wit h p olice:

T h e p o lic e are investigating th e crime, but h a v e n 't arrested a nyo n e yet.
(n o t The police is ... hasn't)
N o t e t h a t w e say a p o lic e o f f ic e r / a p o lic e m a n / a p o lic e w o m a n (n ot a police).
W e do not often use th e plural of p erso n ( ‘persons'). W e n or m ally use p e o p l e (a p lu ral word):
He's a nice p erso n, b ut T h ey are nice p e o ple. (n ot nice persons)
M a n y p e o p le d o n 't have enough to eat. (n ot Ma ny people d oesn't)
W e thin k of a sum of m oney, a period of ti m e, a distance etc. as one thing. So w e use a singular verb:
F i f t y t h o u s a n d p o u n ds (= it) w a s stolen in t h e robbery, (n o t were stolen)
T h r e e y e a r s (= it) is a long ti m e t o be wit h o u t a job. (n ot Three years are)
T w o m il e s is n't very far to walk.
A m e rica n English - ¥ A p p e n d i x 7
158
Unit
Exercises 79
C o m p l e t e each s e n t e n c e using a w o r d fro m Se cti o n s A or B. So m e t i m e s y o u need a o r so m e .
1 My eyesight isn't very good. I need 9l o s s e s ....
2 A sp ecies is a group of a nim als or plants t h a t have th e sa me characteristics.
3 Footballers d o n't w e a r trousers wh e n t h e y play. T h ey w e ar ....
4 The bicycle is .................. of transport.
5 The bicycle and the car are of transport.
6 I w a n t to cut this piece of material, I need ....
7 A friend of mine is writin g .. of articles for t h e local newspaper.
8 There are a lot of A m erican TV sh own on T V in Britain.
9 W h il e w e were o ut walking, w e saw m a ny diff ere nt of bird.
In e ach e x a m ple t h e w o r d s on t h e l e f t are co n n ect e d w it h an a c t iv i t y (f o r e x a m ple, a s p o rt or

an a ca d e m ic su b ject). W r i t e t h e n a m e o f t h e a c tivity. T h e b e gin nin g o f t h e w o r d is give n.
1 calculat e algebra e q uation m < ^ e m &tics ...... ..............
2 g overn m e nt electio n minister p.....................................................................
3 finance tra d e e m ploy m e n t e ..... ...
4 running j u m pin g throwin g a.................. .. ..
5 light heat gravity ph...................................................................
6 exercises so m ersault parallel bars gy ................... .............
7 processor silicon chip gig a byte el ...........................................
C h o ose t h e c o rr e ct f o r m o f t h e ver b, sin g ular or plural. In t w o s e n t e nc es e it h e r t h e sin g u lar o r

pl ur al ver b is p ossible.
1 Gy m n astics is / are- my favourite sport, (is is correct)
2 The trousers yo u bought for me d oesn't / d o n't fit me.
3 The police w a n t / wa nts to in terview t w o men a b o ut th e rob bery last week.
4 Physics was / were m v best subject at school.
5 Can I b orrow yo ur scissors? Mine isn't / are n't sharp enough.
6 It's a nice place to visit. The people is / are very friendly.
7 F ort u n a tely t h e news w asn't / w e re n't as bad as w e e x pected.
8 W h e r e does / do yo ur fa m ily live?
9 I ca n't find my binoculars. Do you k now wh ere it is / t h e y ar e?
10 Does / Do th e police k now h o w the accid e nt h a p p e ne d?
11 G e r m a n y is / are playing Spain t o m orro w night, but it's not on TV.
12 Most people e njoy / enjoys music.
€ D M o st o f t h e s e s e n t e nc es are wro n g. C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.

1 Three years are a long ti m e t o be wit h o u t a job. T h r e e . y e a r s Is...a. Long ti m e
2 The g overn m e nt have decided t o increase taxes. OK (has decided is also correct)
3 Susan was wearin g a black jeans. ............. ........................... ..........
4 I d o n't like hot weather. T hirty degrees is to o hot for m e ................... ...........................
5 I like Martin and Jane. T h ey're very nice persons.
6 Ten pounds are n't enough. I need more m o n ey th an th at.
7 I’m going t o buy a new pyjama.
8 The co m m itt e e h ave n't mad e a decision yet.
9 There was a police directing traffic in th e street.
10 W h a t is the police going to d o?
11 This scissors isn't very sharp.
12 Four days isn't enough for a good holiday.
159
Unit I
80 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
You can use t w o nouns t o g e t h er (noun + n o u n) t o m ean one thing / person / idea etc. For e x a m ple:
a t e n n is b a ll in c o m e t a x the cit y ce n tre
T he first noun is like an a djective. It tells us w h a t kind o f thing / person / idea etc. For e x a m ple:
a t e n n is b a ll = a b a ll used to play t e n n is
a b us d riv e r = th e d riv e r of a bus
a ro a d a cci d e n t = an a cci d e n t t h a t happens on th e ro a d
i n c o m e t a x = t a x t h a t you p ay on yo ur in c o m e
t he c i t y c e n t r e = t h e c e n t r e of th e c i t y
a Pa ris h o t e l = a h o t e l in Paris
m y lif e s t o r y = t h e s t o r y of my lif e
So yo u can say:
a t e l e v isi o n ca m era a t e l e v is i o n pro gra m m e a t e l e v isi o n stu dio a t e l e v isi o n producer
(t h ese are all diff ere nt things or people to do wit h televisio n)
language p r o b l e m s m arriage p r o b l e m s health p r o b l e m s work p r o b l e m s
(t h ese are all diff ere nt kinds of pro ble ms)
C o m pare:
g a r d e n v e g e t a b l e s (= v e g e t a b l e s t h a t are grown in a garden)
a v e g e t a b l e g a r d e n (= a g a r d e n w h ere veg et a bles are grown)
So m e ti m es th e first word ends in -ing. Usu ally th ese are things we use for doing so m ething:
a f ry i n g pan (= a pan for frying) a w a s h i n g m achine a s w i m m i n g pool
So m e ti m es t here are more th a n t w o nouns to g eth er:
Q I w aite d at th e h o t e l r e c e p ti o n desk.
Q W e w a tch e d th e W o r l d Sw i m m i n g C h a m p io n s h ip s on television.
If yo u w a n t t o play t a b l e t e n n is (= a ga m e), yo u need a t a b l e t e n n is t a b l e (= a ta ble).
W h e n t w o nouns are to g e t h er like this, so m eti m es w e w rit e t h e m as one word and so m eti m es as tw o
se p arate words. For e x a m ple:
a headache to oth p aste a weekend a c a r p ar k a ro a d sign
T here are no clear rules for this. If yo u are n ot sure, writ e t w o words.
N o t e th e difference between:
a s u g a r b o w l (m ay b e e m p ty) and a b o w l o f s u g a r (= a b owl wit h sugar in it)
a sh o p pin g b a g (m ay b e e m p ty) and a bag o f sh o p p in g {= a bag full of shopping)
W h e n w e use noun + noun, t h e first noun is like an a d jective. It is n or m ally singular, but the
m eanin g is often plural. For e x a mple: a b o o ksh o p is a shop wh ere yo u can buy b oo ks, an a p p le
tre e is a tree t h a t has a p ples.
In th e sa m e w a y w e say:
a t h r e e - h o u r jo ur n ey (= a jo u r n e y t h a t tak es t hre e h o urs)
a t e n - p o u n d note (n ot pounds)
a f o u r - w e e k course (n ot wee ks)
a si x - mile walk (n ot miles)
t w o 1 4 - year - old girls (n o t years)
C o m pare:
It was a f o ur - w e e k course.
b ut The course lasted four w e e k s.
-'s and o f . U n i t 81 A w e e k 's h o li d a y / t h r e e w e e k s' h o li d a y etc. • + U n i t 81E

Exercises
W h a t d o w e ca ll t h es e t hin gs a n d p e o p le?
1 A tick et for a co ncert is Jfc co n ce rt t i c k e t .................................................
2 Proble ms concernin g health are kieoitki problems ...........................................
3 An in t ervie w for a jo b is ..
4 Pictures taken on yo ur holid ay are yo ur .... ... .
5 C h ocola t e m a d e wit h milk is ...
6 So m e b o d y wh ose jo b is to inspect factories is .....
7 A horse t h a t runs in races is
8 A race for horses is ................................................................................................. ...............
9 Shoes for running are ... ... ..................................
10 A stu d e nt stu dyin g at u niversity is
11 The results of yo u r e x a ms are y o u r .........................................................................
12 The carp et in t h e living roo m is ... ...............
13 A scan dal involving an oil co m p a ny is
14 Wor k ers at a car fact ory are ...................................................................................................
15 A sche m e for t h e i m prove m e nt of a road is ....... ... . .
16 A d e p art m e n t store in N e w York is
17 A course t h a t lasts five days is ............................................................................................
18 A q uestion t h a t has tw o parts is
19 A man w h o is t h ir ty years old is ....
A n s w e r t h e q u esti o ns using t w o o f t h e f o ll o w i n g w o r d s e ach ti m e:
a cci d e n t b elt b ir t h d a y ca r d cr e d it d riv e r

e d itor forecast newspaper nu m ber p arty roa d
ro o m seat sh o p truck weather win d o w
1 This can be caused by bad driving. A- rocui a c c u i e n t ................

2 You should w e ar this wh e n yo u're in a car. a ............ .......
3 You can use this to p ay for things instead of cash. a
4 If you w a n t t o k now if it's going to rain, this is w h a t yo u need, the
5 This person is a to p jo urnalist. a ... ..... ..
6 You might stop to look in this wh e n yo u're walkin g a
alon g a street.
7 If yo u're stayin g at a hotel, you need t o re m e m b er this. yo ur ...................................
8 This is a w a y t o cele bra te g ettin g older. a ................. .................
9 This person transp orts things by road. a ............. ..............
1 It's q uite a Long book. There are 4 50 p a ge / 4 5 0 pages. (4 5 0 pages is correct)
2 I did n't have a ny change. I o nly had a t we ntv - p o u n d / t w e n t y pounds note.
3 I looked d own and t h ere were t w o ten - pound / ten pounds notes on t h e ground.
4 At work in th e mornin g I usually have a 15 - minute / 15 min utes break for coffee.
5 There are 6 0 - min ute / 60 min utes in an hour.
6 It's o nly a two - h o ur / t w o hours flight fro m London to Madrid.
7 My office is on t h e t e n t h floor of a tweive - storev / t w elv e storeys building.
8 I work five - day / five days a wee k. Sa t ur d ay and Su n d ay are free.
9 Five - star / Five stars hotels are th e m ost e x pensive.
10 Sa m's d a u g hter is six - year - old / six years old.
11 The oldest building in th e city is th e 500 - vear - old / 5 0 0 ye ars old castle.
12 Do you use th e twelve - h our / tw elve hours clock or the 24 - hour / 24 hours clock?
Unit -'s (your sister's name) and
8 1 o f . . . (the name of the book)
— ^
W e use -'s (apostrophe + s) m ostly for people or animals:
T o m's co m p u t er isn't working, (not t he co m p u t er of To m)
H o w old are C hris's childre n? (not th e children of Chris)
W h a t's {= W h a t is) y o u r sis t e r's n a m e?
W h a t's T o m's sist e r's n a m e?
Be careful. D o n't step on t h e c a t's tail.
You can use -'s wit h o u t a noun aft e r it:

This isn't my book. It's m y sist e r's. (= m y sister's book)
W e use -'s wit h a noun (T o m / frie n d / t e a c h e r etc.). W e do n o t use -'s wit h a long group of words.
So w e say:
y o u r frie n d's na m e
but th e na m e o f t h e w o m a n si t t i n g b y t h e d o o r
N o t e t h a t w e say a w o m a n's h a t (= a hat for a w o m a n), a b o y's n a m e (= a na m e for a boy), a bird's
e g g (= an egg laid by a bird) e t c
J
B W i t h a singular noun w e use -'s:
my sist e r's room (= h er roo m - one sister) M r C a r t e r's house (= his house)
W i t h a plural noun (sisters, friends etc.) w e p ut an a p ostro p h e (') at th e end o f th e word:
m y sist e rs' roo m (= t h e ir roo m - two or more sisters)
t h e C a r t e rs' house (= t h e ir house - Mr and Mrs C arter)
If a plural noun does not end in -s (for e x a m ple m e n / w o m e n / c h il d r e n / p e o p l e) we use -'s:
t h e m e n's changing roo m a c h il d r e n's book (= a book for children)
You can use -'s aft er more th a n one noun:
Ja c k a n d K a r e n's we d din g M r a n d Mrs C a r t e r's house
J
“ — r For things, ideas etc., w e n or m ally use o f (... o f t h e w a t e r / ... o f t h e b o o k etc.):
t h e t e m p era t ure o f t h e w a t e r (not t h e wa ter's te m p era t ure)
t h e na m e o f t h e b o o k t h e o w n er o f t h e r e s t a u r a n t
So m e ti m es t h e struct ure noun + noun is possible (see U nit 8 0):

the w a t e r te m p era t u re the resta ura n t o w n e r
W e say t h e b e g in ni n g / e n d / m id d le o f ... / t h e t o p / b o t t o m o f ... / t h e fr o n t / b ac k / sid e o f ... :
t h e b e g in ni n g o f th e m o nt h (not th e m onth's beginning)
t h e t o p o f t h e hill t h e b ac k o f the car
...... ri
D You can usually use -'s or o f ... for an organisation (= a group of people). So yo u can say:
t h e g o v e r n m e n t's decision or th e decision o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t
t h e c o m p a n y's success or th e success o f t h e c o m p a n y
It is also possible to use -'s for places. So yo u can say:
t h e cit y's streets t h e w o rl d 's p op ulation It a ly's prime minister
J
------- T You can also use -'s wit h ti m e words (y e s t e r d a y / n e x t w e e k etc.):
O Do yo u still have y e s t e r d a y's n ewsp a p er?
N e x t w e e k 's m eetin g has been cancelled.
In t h e sa m e way, yo u can say t o d a y ’s / t o m o r r o w 's / t h is e v e n in g's / M o n d a y's etc.
W e also use -'s (or -s' wit h plural words) wit h periods of tim e:
I've g ot a w e e k's h olid ay startin g on Mon d ay.
Julia has g ot t h r e e w e e k s' holiday.
1live near t h e statio n - it's o nly a b o ut t e n m i n u t e s' walk.
162 ^ T h e g a r a g e d o o r (noun + noun) -* U n i t 8 0 A t h r e e - h o u r journey, a t e n - p o u n d note U n it 8 0 D ^

Exercises
••
In s o m e o f t h e s e se n t e n ces, it w o u l d be m ore n a t u r a l t o use -'s or C h a n g e t h e u n d erlin e d
p arts w h e r e n ecessary.
1 W h o is th e o w n er of this rest a ura n t? OK
2 H o w old are th e children of C hris? C h ris 5 c h il d r e n
3 Is this th e u m brella of yo u r frie n d?
4 Writ e yo ur na m e at th e to p of th e p a g e. ............ ................................
5 I've never m e t th e d a u g hter of C h arles. .
6 H ave yo u m e t t h e son of H ele n and D a n? ....... ....................
7 W e d o n't k now th e cause of th e p ro ble m .
8 Do w e still have t h e newsp a p er of last M o n d a y? ........................................
9 I d o n't k now t h e words of this son g.
10 W h a t is t h e cost of a n e w c o m p u t e r?
11 The friends of yo u r children are here. ...........................................
12 The garden of our neighbours is very nice. .............. ..................
13 I work on t h e ground floor of t h e b uildin g.
14 The hair of David is very long. ....
15 I co uld n't go to th e p arty of K a t h erin e. ..............................................
16 Do you k now th e n u m b er of t h e man I need to speak t o ? ...
17 H ave yo u seen th e car of t h e parents of Mi k e? ... ..
18 W h a t's t h e m eanin g of this e x pression? .................................
19 Do yo u agree wit h t h e eco n o m ic p olicy of t h e g o ver n m e n t? .............. ..................
W h a t is a n o t h e r w a y o f sa yin g t h e s e t h i n g s? Use -'s or -s'.

1 a hat for a w o m a n a wo man 5 h a t ...........................................
2 a na m e for a boy ............. ..
3 cloth es for children
4 a sch o ol for girls .............. ...... ..
5 a nest for a bird .................... ...................................
6 a maga zine for w o m e n . ..
Rea d e ac h s e n t e n c e a n d w r i t e a n e w s e n t e n c e b e gin nin g w i t h t h e u n d erlin e d words.

1 The m eetin g t o m o rro w has been ca ncelle d.
To morrow’s meeting h a s been c a n c e l l e d . ........................ .....
2 The stor m last we e k caused a lot of damage.
L a s t .....................................................................................................................
3 The o nly cine ma in th e t o w n has closed down.
The ...... .................................. ......................
4 The w e a t h e r in Britain is very changeable.
5 Tourism is th e main ind ustry in the re gion.
Use t h e in f o r m a tio n give n t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n te nces.

1 If I leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive t o th e airport, I arrive at a b o u t 11.
So it's a b o ut two h o u rs ’ drove fro m m y house t o t h e airport, (drive)
2 If I leave my house at 8.4 0 and w al k to th e centre, I g et th ere at 9 o'clock.
So it's fro m m y house to th e centre, (wal k)
3 I'm going on h olid ay on t h e 12th. I have t o be back at work on th e 26th.
So I've g ot ........ (holid ay)
4 I w e n t t o sleep at 3 o'clock this m ornin g and wo k e up an hour later. A ft er t h a t I co uld n't
sleep. So last night I o nly had . (sleep)
163
Unit
82 Myself/yourself/themselves etc.
St u d y t his e x a m ple
St eve introduced himself t o th e o th er guests.

( H i , I m St e v e
W e use m yself/yourself/himself etc. (reflexive pronouns)
wh e n t h e subject and object are th e same:
St eve introduced hi mself
S T E VE su bject o b ject
T he refle xive pronouns are:

singular: myself yourself (oneperson) himself/herself/itself
plural: ourselves yourselves (more than one person) themselves
I d o n't w a n t yo u to pay for me. I'll pay for myself, (not I'll pay for m e)
A m y had a great holiday. She really e njoye d herself.
Do you talk to yourself so m e ti m es? (said to one person)
If you w a n t m ore to eat, help yourselves, (said to more than one person)
Co m pare:
It ’s n ot our fault. You ca n't bla m e us.
It's our own fault. W e should bla m e ourselves.
W e do n ot use m yself etc. aft er feel/relax/concentrate/meet:

I feel nervous. I ca n't relax.
) You m ust try and concentrate, (not co nce n tra t e yo urself)
W h a t ti m e shall we meet? (not m e et ourselves, not m e e t us)
W e n or m ally use wash/shave/dress without m yself e t c . :

He g ot up, washed, shaved and dressed. (not wash e d hi mself etc.)
You can also say get dressed (H e got dressed).
C o m p are -selves and each other:

G Kate and Jo e stood in fro nt of the mirror and looked
at themselves. (= Kate and joe looked at Kate and Joe)
Kate looked at Joe; Jo e looked at Kate. T h ey looked
at each other.
You can use one another instead of each other:

H o w long have you and Ben k nown each other? or ... k nown one another?
v J Sue and Alice d o n't like each other, or ... d o n't like one another.
Do yo u and Sarah live near each other? or ... near one another?
W e also use myself/yourself etc. in a n o t h er way. For e x a mple:

O ‘W h o repaired yo ur bike for y o u?' *1 repaired it myself.'
I repaired it m yself = 1repaired it, n ot a ny b o d y else. Here, myself is used to e m p hasise T

(= it makes it stronger). So m e m ore e x a mples:
I'm n ot going t o do yo u r work for yo u. You can do it yourself. (= you, not m e)
Let's p aint th e house ourselves. It will be m uch cheaper.
O The film itself w asn ’t very good, but I loved th e music.
I d o n't thin k Lisa will g e t th e job. Lisa herself d oesn't think so. (or Lisa d o esn't thin k so
herself.)
164 G e t d re ss e d / g e t m a rrie d e tc - > U n i t 4 4 D B y m y s e l f / b y y o u r s e l f etc U n it 8 3 D

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u si n g m y s e l f / y o u r s e l f e t c . + t h e s e v e r b s (i n t h e c o r r e c t f o r m ):
b la m e b urn e n jo y e x p ress h urt in t r o d u c e put
1 St e ve ..in tr o d u c e d H i m s e lf to th e o th er guests at th e party.

2 Ben fell d own so m e steps, but f ort u n a t ely he did n't .
3 It isn't Sue's fault. She really sh o uld n't ..............................
4 Please try and un derstand h o w I feel. ... .......... ... . in m y position.
5 T he chiLdren had a great ti m e at t h e beach. T hey really .
6 Be careful! T h at pan is very hot. D o n't ....................... .
7 So m e ti m es I ca n't say e x actly w h a t I mean. I wish I could .... better.
P u t in m y s e l f / y o u r s e l f / o u r s e l v e s e t c . o r m e / y o u / u s e t c .
1 A m y had a great holiday. Sh e e njoye d h e r s e l f ....
2 It's not m y fault. You ca n't bla m e ..............
3 W h a t I did was realLy bad. I'm asha m e d of ...... ...........
4 W e'v e g ot a proble m. I hope yo u can help .
5 ‘Can I take a n o th er biscuit?' ‘O f course. Help !'
6 You m ust m e e t Sarah. I'll introduce t o her.
7 D o n't w o rry a b o ut us. W e can ta k e care of ...
8 D o n't w orry a b o ut t h e chiLdren. I'll take care o f .
9 I gave t h e m a key to our house so t h a t t h e y could let .................. in.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s . U s e m y s e l f / y o u r s e l f e tc . o n l y w h e r e n e c e s s a r y . U s e t h e s e v e r b s (in
t h e c o r r e c t f o r m ):
co n ce n trate d efen d d ry feel m e e t rela x ^ have -
1 Martin decided to grow a beard because he was fed up wit h sH avi n g .....
2 I w a s n't very welL yester day, but I much b e tter today.
3 I clim b e d o ut of t h e swi m m in g pool and wit h a t owel.
4 I tried t o study, but I co uld n't .
5 If so m e b o dy attacks you, yo u need to be able to .. ..........................
6 I'm going o ut wit h Chris this evening. W e'r e at 7.30.
.
7 Yo u're always rushing around. W h y d o n't yo u sit d own and ?
C o m p le te t h e se n te n ces w it h o u rs e lv e s / t h e m s e lv e s or e a c h o t h e r.
1 H o w long have yo u and Ben k nown otHer ?
2 If people work t o o hard, t h e y can make ill.
3 I need yo u and yo u need me. W e need ........................ .
4 In Britain friends oft en give ............... . presents at Christ mas.
5 So m e people are very selfish. T h ey o nly thin k o f ................. ...........
6 Tracy and I d o n't see . very oft en these days.
7 W e co uld n't get back into th e house. W e had locked out.
8 T h ey've had an arg u m ent. T h ey're n ot speaking to .. at th e m o m e nt.
9 We'd never m e t before, so we introd uced to .
C o m p l e t e t h e a n sw e rs t o t h e q u e stio ns using m y s e l f / y o u r s e l f / i t s e l f etc.
f N
A . ____
1 W h o repaired t h e bike for y o u? ^ N o b o d y. I r e p a ir e d i t m y s e lf
2 W h o cuts Brian's hair for hi m? N o bo dy. He cuts ...................
3 Do you w a n t me t ell A m y a b o ut yo u r id e a? No, I’ll
4 W h o told yo u t h a t Linda was going a w a y? Linda
5 ^ Can yo u p hone Jo h n for m e?^ W h y ca n't you ?
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 0 (page 3 2 0)
Unit A friend of mine my own house
83 on my own / by myself
A f r i e n d o f m i n e / a f r i e n d o f y o u r s etc.
W e say '(a friend) o f m i n e / y o u r s / h is / h e r s / o u r s / t h e ir s ’.

A f r i e n d o f m i n e = one of m y friends:
I'm going t o a we d din g on Saturd ay. A f r i e n d o f m i n e is g ettin g married. (n ot a friend of me)
W e w e n t on h olid ay wit h s o m e f r i e n d s o f o u r s . (n ot so me friends o f us)
Mike had an arg u m e nt wit h a n e i g h b o u r o f his.
It was a g o o d i d e a o f y o u r s t o go t o th e cine ma.
In t h e sa m e w a y w e say ‘(a friend) o f m y s i s t e r's / (a friend) o f T o m 's' e t c . :

T h a t w o m a n over t h ere is a f r i e n d o f m y s is t e r's . (= one of m y sister s friends)
It was a g o o d i d e a o f T o m 's t o go t o th e cine ma.
M y o w n ... / y o u r o w n ... etc.
W e use m y / y o u r / h is / h e r / i t s / o u r / t h e ir before o w n :
m y o w n house y o u r o w n car h e r o w n room
(n ot an own house, an own car etc.)
M y o w n ... / y o u r o w n ... etc. = so m e thin g t h a t is o nly mine / yours, not shared or borrowed:
I d o n't w a n t t o share a roo m wit h anybo dy. I w a n t m y o w n r o o m .
Vic k y and G ary wo uld like to have t h e i r o w n h o u s e .
It's a sha m e t h a t t h e a p art m e n t hasn't g ot i t s o w n p a r k i n g s p a c e .
It's m y o w n f a u l t t h a t I've g ot no m oney. I buy t o o m any things i d o n't need.
W h y do yo u w a n t t o b orrow m y ca r? W h y d o n't yo u use y o u r o w n ? ( - y o u r o wn car)
You can also say ‘a roo m o f m y o w n ', 'a house o f y o u r o w n ', ‘proble ms o f h is o w n ' e t c . :
I'd like t o have a roo m o f m y o w n .
He w o n ’t be able to help yo u wit h yo ur proble ms. He has t o o m a ny pro ble ms o f h is o w n .
W e also use o w n to say t h a t w e do so m e thin g ourselves instead o f so m e b o d y else doing it for us.
For e x a mple:
Brian usually cuts h is o w n h air.
(= he cuts it himself; he d o esn’t
go to a barber)
I'd like to have a garden so t h a t
I could grow m y o w n v e g e t a b l e s , b ria n M
(= grow t h e m m yself instead of ^
b uying t h e m fro m shops)
O n m y o w n / by m ys e lf
O n m y o w n and b y m y s e l f both m ean ‘a lo n e ’. W e say:
' my / yo ur m yself / y o u rse lf (sin g ular)

o n < his / her / its > o w n = b y < hi mself / herself / itself
our / th eir ourselves / yo urselves (p lu ral) / th e mselves
I like living o n m y o w n / b y m y s e l f .
‘Did yo u go on h olid ay o n y o u r o w n / b y y o u r s e l f ?' 'N o, wit h a friend /
Jac k was sitting o n h is o w n / b y h i m s e l f in a corn er of th e cafe.
Learner drivers are n ot allo w e d t o drive o n t h e i r o w n / b y t h e m s e l v e s .
166 M y s e lf / y o u rs e lf / t h e m s e Lv e s etc U n i t 82
Exercises
W r i t e n e w s e n t e nc es w it h t h e sa m e m e anin g. C h a n g e t h e u n d erlin e d w o r d s and use t h e
str u ct u r e in Se ctio n A (a f ri e n d o f m in e e tc.).
1 I a m m e e t i n g o n e o f m y f ri e n d s t o n i g h t . I ’m m e e ti n g a. - friend, o f m i n e t o n U j h t , ..........
2 W e m e t one of yo ur rela tives. We met a ....
3 Jaso n borrowed one of my books. Jason ..
4 Lisa invited so m e of her friends to her flat. Lisa to her flat.
5 W e had dinner wit h one of our neigh bours........................................................ ..............
6 I w e n t on h olid ay wit h t w o of m y frie n ds.
7 Is t h a t man one of yo ur frie n ds?
8 I m et one of lane's friends at t h e party. .... .... . at th e party.
9 It's always been one of my a m bitions to ....
travel round t h e world. to travel round th e world.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using m y o w n / o u r o w n e tc. + t h e f oll o w in g :
b e d ro o m - b usin ess o p in io n s p riv a t e b e ac h words
1 i share a kitchen and bathroo m, but I have my pwfl bedroom ....... ...........................
2 G ary d oesn't thin k th e sa me as me. He's got ..........................................................................
3 Julia is fed up wit h working for o th er people. She wa nts t o start .
4 In the test we had t o read a story, and th e n writ e it in .
5 W e stayed at a Luxury h otel by th e sea. The h ot el had ... ..............................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using m y o w n / y o u r o w n etc.
1 W h y do you w a n t to b orrow my car? W h y d o n't yo u w s e tjpwr o w n c o r ?
2 H o w can you bla m e m e? It's n ot my fault. It's ................................... ............................
3 She's always using my ideas. W h y ca n't she use ?
4 Please d o n't w orry a b o ut my proble ms. Yo u've got ... .
5 I ca n't make his decisions for him. He m ust make ...........................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u si n g m y o w n / y o u r o w n e t c . U s e t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s:
bake cle a n - eu t make w rite
1 Brian never goes to a barber.

He c u ts h is own hour ...... ...................
2 HeLen d oesn't often buy clothes.
She usually ........................ .........................
3 W e d o n't often buy bread.
W e usualLy ....................................................................................................
4 I'm not going to clean yo u r shoes.
You can . . . . . . . .................................... ............. .... ....................
5 Paul and Jo e are singers.
T h ey sing songs writt e n by o t h er people, but t h e y also ..................................
d p C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u si n g m y o w n / m y s e l f e tc .
1 Did you go on h olid ay on yowr own ?
2 I'm glad ! live wit h oth er people. I w o u ld n't Like to live o n ..................... .
3 The box was to o h eavy for me t o Lift by .
4 'W h o was Tom wit h wh e n yo u saw hi m?' ‘N o b o dy. He was by
5 V ery yo u n g children should not go swi m min g by ............................ .
6 I d o n't think she knows m a ny people. W h e n I see her, she is always by
7 I d o n't like strawb erries wit h crea m. I Like t h e m on ........... ...........
8 Do you Like working with o t her people or do yo u prefer working b y ..........
9 W e had no help decoratin g t h e flat. W e did it co m ple t ely on ......
10 I w e n t o ut wit h Sally because she did n't wa n t to go o ut on .
Unit
84 I. T h e re ... and it...
St u d y this e x a mple:
f There's a new restaurant in Hill Street, j

y - = '
Yes, I know. I've
heard it's very good.
W e use t h e r e ... w h e n w e talk a b o ut so m ethin g for th e first ti m e, to say t h a t it exists:

T h e r e's a n ew resta ura nt in Hill Street. (n o t A n e w resta ura nt is in Hill Stre et)
!'m sorry I'm late. T h e r e w a s a lot of traffic, (n o t It was a lot of traffic)
Things are m ore e x pensive now. T h e r e h as b e e n a big rise in t h e cost of living.
It = a specific thing, place, fact, sit u atio n etc. (b u t see also sectio n C):
W e w e n t to t h e new restaurant. It's very good. (It = th e resta ura nt)
I w asn't e x pectin g t h e m t o co me. It was a co m ple t e surprise. (It = t h a t t h e y ca m e)
C o m p are t h e r e and it:

! d o n't like this town. T h ere's nothin g to do here. It's a boring place.
T h e r e also means ’to / at / in t h a t place':

W h e n we g ot to th e party, t h ere were alre a dy a lot of peo ple t h e r e (= a t th e p arty).
You can say t h e r e w il l b e / t h e r e m u s t be / t h e r e m i g h t be / t h e r e use d t o be e t c . :

W ill yo u be busy t o m o rr o w? W i l l t h e r e be m uch t o d o?
‘Is t h e r e a flig ht to Ro m e t o n ig h t?' ‘T h e r e m i g h t be. I'll check th e we bsite.'
o if people drove more carefully, t h e r e w o u l d n 't be so m a ny accidents.
Also t h e r e m u s t h a v e b ee n, t h e r e s h o u ld h a v e b e e n e t c . :
I could hear music co min g fro m th e house. T h e r e m u s t h a v e b e e n so m e b o dy at ho me.
C o m p are t h e r e and it:

T h ey live on a busy road. T h e re m u s t b e a lot of noise fro m th e traffic.
T h ey live on a busy road. It m u s t b e very noisy.
T h e r e use d t o be a cin e m a here, but it closed a f e w ye ars ago.
T h a t building is n o w a super mark et. It use d t o b e a cine ma.
You can also say t h e r e is sure / b o u n d (= sure) / li k e ly to be ... . C o m p are t h e r e and it:
' i T h e r e's sure t o be a flight t o Ro m e to nig ht, (or T h e r e's b o u n d t o be ...)
T h ere ’s a flight to Ro m e tonig ht, but it's sure t o be full, (it = t h e flight)
W e also use it in sente nces like this:

O It's dangerous t o w a l k in t h e roa d.
W e do not usually say ‘To walk in th e road is dangerous'. N o r m ally w e begin wit h I t ... .
It did n't ta k e us long t o g e t here.
It's a sha m e (t h a t) y o u c a n 't c o m e t o t h e p a rty.
Let's go. It's not w ort h w a i t i n g a n y lo n g er.
W e also use it to talk a b o u t distance, ti m e and we at h er:

O H o w far is it fro m here to t h e air p ort?
W h a t d ay is it t o d a y?
It's a long ti m e since w e saw you last.
It was win d y yester day, (b ut T h e r e was a c o ld win d .)
It's w o r t h / it's n o u se / th e r e 's n o p o in t U n i t 63 Su r e t o / b o u n d t o ... etc. U n it 6 5 E

168 T h e re is + -in g / -e d U n it 97
Exercises
Pu t in t h e r e is / w a s or i t is / w as. So m e se n t e n c e s are q u e stio ns (is t h e r e ... ? / is i t ... ? e tc.) and
so m e are n e g a tiv e (is n 't / w a s n 't).
1 The jo urn ey too k a long time. T h e re w a s a Lot of t r a f fic
2 W h a t's this resta ura nt like? '5 i t g o o d?
3 ... so m ethin g wron g wit h th e co m p uter. Can you check it for m e?
4 I w a nt e d to visit the museu m, b u t ....... enough tim e.
5 ‘W h a t's t h a t building? a h o t e l?' 'No, a theatre.'
6 H o w do we g et across the river? a b ri d g e?
7 A f e w days ago a big storm, which caused a lot of damage.
8 I ca n't find my phone. ... in m y bag - I j ust looked.
9 It's often cold here, but m uch snow.
10 'H o w was yo ur trip?' ' ............ ... a disaster. Everyt hin g w e n t wrong.'
11 ................... a nyt hin g on television, so I turned it off.
12 1 ... a bookshop near h ere?' 'Yes, one in Hudson Street.'
13 W h e n w e got to th e cine ma, a q ueue outside. a very
long queue, so we decided not to wait.
14 i co uld n't see anything. ... co m ple t ely dark.
15 difficult to g et a jo b right now. a lot of u n e m ploy m e nt.
Rea d t h e first s e n t e n c e and t h e n w rit e a s e n t e n c e b e gin nin g T h e r e ... .

1 The roads were busy yesterday. . TViere w a s a, Lot o f t r a f f i c . ...........................................
2 This soup is very salty. There in th e soup.
3 The box was e m pty. ... ...... .... in the box.
4 The film is very violent. ..........................................................................................
5 The shopping m all was crowded. ...... .. ___
6 t like this t o w n - it's lively. ..
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces. Use t h e r e w i l l be, t h e r e w o u l d b e e tc. C h o ose fro m:
w il l m ay ^/voutd^ w o u l d n 't s h o u ld use d t o (b e) g oin g t o
1 If people drove more carefully, t h e r e wowLd.be f ew er accidents.

2 'Do we have a ny eggs?' T m not sure. so m e in t h e fridge.'
3 I thin k everythin g will be O K. I d o n't think any problems.
4 Look at t h e sky. a storm.
5 ’Is th ere a school in t h e villa g e?' ‘N o t n o w one, but it closed.'
6 People drive t o o fast on this road. I thin k ........................................... a speed limit.
7 If people w e r e n't aggressive, any wars.
A re t h e s e s e n t e nc es rig ht or w r o n g? C h a n g e it t o t h e r e w h e r e n ecessary.
1 T h ey live on a busy road. It m ust be a lot of noise. T h ere m ust be a Lot o-f noLse...
2 It's a long w a y fro m my house to t h e nearest shop.
3 A ft er th e lecture it will be an o p p ort u nity to ask questions.
4 I like wh ere I live, but it wo uld be nicer t o live by th e se a.............................................................
5 W h y was she so u n frie n dly? It m ust have been a reason. .............. ........
6 It's three years since I last w e n t t o th e th eatre. ......................................................
7 a : Wh e r e can we park th e car?
b : D o n ’t worry. It's sure to be a car park so m ewh ere. .................... .........................
8 It was Ken’s birt h d ay yesterd ay. W e had a party. ... ........................
9 The situation is still th e same. It has been no change.
10 it used to be a church here, but it was knocked down. ....
11 I was told t h a t it wo uld be so m e b o dy to m e e t me at th e .................................................
station, but it w a s n ’t anybody.
12 ! d o n't k now w h o'll win, but it's sure to be a good game.
In ge neral we use s o m e (also s o m e b o d y / s o m e o n e / s o m e t h i n g) in positive sentences and a n y
(also a n y b o d y etc.) in ne gative sentences:
so m e any
o W e bou ght s o m e flowers. o W e di d n't buy a n y flowers.
o He's busy. He's got s o m e work to do. LJ H e ’s lazy. He n e v e r does a n y work.
o There's s o m e b o d y at th e door. There isn't a n y b o d y at th e door.
o 1w a n t s o m e t h i n g t o eat. 1 d o n't w a n t a n y t h i n g to eat.
W e use a n y in t h e f ollowin g se nte nces because th e m eanin g is negative:

She w e n t o ut w i t h o u t a n y money, (she d i d n't ta k e a n y m o n ey wit h her)
O He re f u se d t o e at a n y t h i n g , (he d i d n't e at a n y t h i n g)
It's a very easy e xam. H a r d ly a n y b o d y fails. (= al m ost n o b o d y fails)
W e use both s o m e and a n y in questions. W e use s o m e / s o m e b o d y / s o m e t h i n g to talk a b o ut a person

or thin g t h a t w e k now exists, or w e thin k exists:
Are yo u w aitin g for s o m e b o d y? (I thin k yo u are waitin g for so m e b o dy)
W e use s o m e in q uestions wh e n we offer or ask for things:

O Wo u ld yo u like s o m e t h i n g t o e a t? (th ere is so m e thin g to eat)
Can I have s o m e sugar, please? (th ere is pro ba bly so m e sugar I can have)
But in m ost questions, w e use a ny. W e do n ot k now if th e thin g or person exists:

‘Do you have a n y lu g g a g e?' ‘No, I d on't.'
I ca n't find my bag. Has a n y b o d y seen it?
W e often use a n y aft er if:

If a n y o n e has a n y questions, I'll be pleased to a nswer the m.
Let me k now if yo u need a n yt h i n g .
T he f ollowin g sente nces have th e idea of if:

I'm sorry for a n y trou ble I’ve caused. (= if I have caused a ny trou ble)
A n y o n e w h o w a n ts t o do t h e e x a m should t ell me by Friday. (= if t here is a nyo n e)
W e also use a n y wit h th e m eanin g 'it d o esn't m a t t er which':

You can ta k e a n y bus. T h ey all go to th e centre. (= it d oesn't m a t t e r which bus yo u take)
'Sing a song.' 'W h ic h song shall I sin g?' ‘A n y song. I d o n't mind.' (= it d oesn't m a t t er
which song)
O C o m e and see me a n y ti m e yo u wa nt.
W e use a n y b o d y / a n y o n e / a n y t h i n g / a n y w h e r e in t h e sa me way:
W e forgot t o lock th e door. A n y b o d y could have co m e in.
‘Let's go o u t so m e wh ere.' ‘Wh e r e shall we g o?' ‘A n y w h e r e . I j u st w a n t to go out.'
C o m p are s o m e t h i n g and a n y t h i n g :
a: I'm hungry. I w a n t s o m e t h i n g t o eat.
B: W h a t w o u l d y o u l i k e ?
a: I d o n 't m i n d . A n y t h i n g . (= it d o e s n't m a t t e r w h a t)
So m e b o d y / s o m e o n e / a n y b o d y / a n y o n e are singular words:

So m e o n e is here t o see you.
But w e use t h e y / t h e m / t h e ir after t h ese words:
So m e o n e has f or g otte n t h e ir u mbrella. (= his or her u m brella)
If a n y b o d y wa nts to leave early, t h e y can. (= he or she can)
N o t .. a n y U n it 8 6 So m e o f / a n y o f U n it 88 H a r d ly a n y - > U n i t 101D
Exercises
Pu t in som e or any.
1 W e did n't buy flowers.
2 Tonight I'm going out wit h friends of mine.
3 a : H a v e y o u see n g o o d m o vies r e c e n tly?
b: N o, I h a v e n ’t b e e n t o t h e c i n e m a f o r a g es.
4 i d i d n 't h a v e m o n e y , so I h a d t o b o r r o w
5 Can I have .............. milk in my coffee, ple ase?
6 W e wa n te d to buy g r a p e s, b u t t h e y d i d n 't h a v e in th e shop.
7 He did everythin g h i m s e lf - w i t h o u t help.
8 You can use this card t o wit h d ra w m o n ey at cash m achine.
9 I'd like in for m a tio n a b o ut places of interest in t h e town.
10 W i t h th e special t o urist train tick et, you can trav el on train yo u like.
11 Those apples look nice. Shall w e buy .... ?
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h so m e - or a n y - + - b o d y / - t hin g / - w h ere.
1 I was t o o surprised to say tilin g .
2 There's ................... at t h e door. Can you go and see w h o it is?
3 Does ... ... mind if I open th e w in d o w?
4 I w asn't feeling hungry, so I did n't e at .......
5 You m ust be hungry. W h y d o n't I get yo u to e a t?
6 Q uick, let's go! There's co ming and I d o n't w a n t t o see us.
7 Sara h was upset a b o ut and refused t o talk to .
8 This m achine is very easy to use............. can learn to use it very quickly.
9 There was h a r d ly ... on t h e beach. It was al m ost deserted.
10 'D o yo u live near Jo e?' ‘No, he lives in a n o t h er part of t own.'
11 'W h e r e shall w e go on h olid a y?' ‘Let's go w ar m and sunny.'
12 T h ey st ay at ho m e all th e tim e. T h ey never see m to go .
13 I'm going to a m eetin g now. I f ............. needs me, t ell t h e m I'll be back at 11.30.
14 W h y are yo u looking under the b e d? H ave yo u l o s t .... ?
15 This is a no - parking area. w h o parks here will have t o pay a fine.
16 Jo n a t h a n stood up and left th e roo m wit h o u t saying . .
17 'Can I ask yo u ? ’ ‘Sure. W h a t do yo u w a n t to ask?'
18 Sue is very secretive. She never tells (2 words)
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use a n y (+ n o u n) o r a n y b o d y / a n y t h i n g / a n y w h e r e .
8
Unit
86 No/none/any Nothing/nobody etc.
N o and n o n e
W e use no + noun. N o = n o t a or n o t a ny:

C W e had to wal k h o m e because th ere was no bus. (= t h ere w a s n 't a bus)
Sue will have n o t r o u b l e finding a job. (= Sue w o n 't have a n y tro u ble ...)
O There were n o sh o ps open. (= There w e r e n 't a n y shops open.)
You can use n o + noun at t h e beginning of a sentence:
O N o re aso n w as given for t h e change of plan.
W e use n o n e with o ut a noun:

‘H o w m uch m o n ey do yo u h a v e?' 'N o n e .' (= no m o n ey)
All th e tick ets have been sold. There are n o n e left. (= no tickets left)
O r w e use n o n e o f ... :
This m o n ey is all yours. N o n e o f it is mine.
C o m p are n o n e and a ny:

‘H o w m uch luggage do yo u h a v e?' ’N o n e .' / 'I d o n 't have a ny.'
A f t e r n o n e o f + p lu ral (no ne of t h e st u d e n ts, none of t h e m etc.) t h e verb can be singular or plural.

A plural verb is m ore usual:
N o n e of th e shops w e r e (or w a s) open.
N othin g nobody / no - one now h ere
You can use these words at th e beginning of a se nte nce or alo n e (as a nswers t o questions):
‘W h a t's going t o h a p p e n?' 'N o b o d y (or N o - o n e) knows.'
‘W h a t h a p p e n e d?' ‘N o t h i n g .'
'W h e r e are yo u g oin g?' ‘ N o w h e r e . I'm stayin g here.'
You can also use th ese words aft er a verb, esp ecially aft er b e and h ave:
_ The house is e m pty. T h ere's n o b o d y living there.
W e h a d n o t h i n g to eat.
N o t h i n g / n o b o d y etc. = n o t + a n y t h i n g / a n y b o d y e t c . :
I said n o t h in g . = I d i d n 't say a n yt h i n g .
C ja n e told n o b o d y a b o ut her plans. = Ja n e d i d n 't t e ll a n y b o d y a b o u t her plans.
Q T h ey have n o w h e r e to live. = T h ey d o n 't have a n y w h e r e to live.
W i t h n o t h i n g / n o b o d y etc., do n o t use a ne gative verb (isn't, d i d n't etc.):

I said nothing, (n ot I did n't say nothing)
A ft er n o b o d y / n o - o n e you can use t h e y / t h e m / t h e ir (see also U nit 8 5E):

N o b o d y is perfect, are t h e y ? (= is he or she p erfect)
Q N o - o n e did w h a t I asked t h e m t o do. (= him or her)
N o b o d y in th e class did t h e i r ho m ework. (= his or her h o m e work)
So m e ti m es a n y / a n y t h i n g / a n y b o d y etc. m eans ‘it d oesn't m a t t er w hich / w h a t / w h o' (see Unit 8 5 D).

C o m p are no - and any - :
There was n o bus, so w e walk e d home.
You can ta ke a n y bus. T h ey all go t o t he centre. (= it d o esn't m a t t e r w hich)
‘W h a t do you w a n t t o e a t?' 'N o t h i n g . I'm n ot hungry.'
I'm so hungry, i could e at a n y t h i n g . (= it d o esn't m a t t er w h a t)
The e x a m was e x tre m ely difficult. N o b o d y passed. (= every b o d y failed)
The e x a m was very easy. A n y b o d y could have passed. (= it d o esn't m a t t er w h o)
S o m e and a n y U n it 85 N o n e o f ... -* U n i t 8 8 A n y b ig g e r / n o b e t t e r etc. -* U n i t 1 0 6B

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e nc es w it h no, n o n e or a n y.
1 It was a public holiday, so th ere were W shops open.
2 I h ave n't got money. Can yo u lend me so m e?
3 W e had to walk ho m e because there were .... taxis.
4 W e had to walk ho m e because there w e re n't taxis.
5 'H o w m any eggs have we g o t?' 1........ Do yo u w a n t me t o get so m e?'
6 W e too k a f ew pictures, but . of t h e m were very good.
7 ‘Did yo u take Lots of pict ures?' ‘No, I did n't take .'
8 W h a t a stupid thing to do! intelligent person wo uld do such a thing.
9 There's nowh ere to cross t h e river. There's bridge.
10 I h ave n't read of th e books yo u lent me.
11 W e cancelle d the p arty because of t h e people w e invited were able to co me.
12 ‘Do yo u k now wh e n Chris will be b ack?' T m sorry. I have .... ...id ea.'
A n s w e r t h es e q u e stio ns using n o n e / n o b o d y / n o t h i n g / n o w h e r e .
1
2
3
4
5
6
N o w a n sw e r t h e sa m e q u estio ns using c o m p l e t e s e n t e nc es w it h a n y / a n y b o d y / a n y t h i n g /
anyw here.
7 (1) ci\Ax\t do anything.
8 (2) I
9 (3)
10 (4)
11 (5)
12 ( 6 )
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e nc es w it h no - or a ny - + - b o d y / - t hin g / - w h ere.
1 I d o n't w a n t a nyt hin g t o drink. I'm not thirsty.
2 The bus was co m ple t ely e m pty. There was ......... on it.
3 ‘Wh e r e did yo u go for yo ur h o li d a ys?’ ' ................... I staye d at ho me.'
4 I w e n t to th e shops, but I did n't b u y .
5 ‘W h a t did yo u b uy?' 1 Ico uld n't find I w a nt e d .'
6 The t o w n is still th e sa me as it was years ago. has changed.
7 Have yo u seen my w a tc h? I ca n't find it ..................
8 T h ere w as c o m p l e t e sile nce in t h e r o o m ............................ s a i d ............................
C h o o se t h e rig ht wor d.
1 She did n't t ell nobod y / a ny b o dy a b o ut her plans, (a ny b o d y is correct)
2 The accid e nt looked bad, but f ort u n a t ely n o b ody / a ny b o dy was badly injured.
3 I looked o ut of the win d ow, but I co uld n't see no - one / a ny o n e .
4 My jo b is very easy. N o b o d y / A ny b o dy could do it.
5 ‘W h a t's in t h a t b o x?' ‘N ot hin g / A n yt h in g. It's e m pty.'
6 The situation is uncertain. N ot hin g / A nythin g could happen.
7 1d o n't k now nothing / a nythin g a b o ut econo mics.
8 I'll try and a nswer no / any questions yo u ask me.
9 ‘W h o were yo u talking to just n o w?' ‘ No - one / A n yo n e. I w asn't talking t o no - one / a nyo n e.
A d d iti o n a l e x ercis e 3 0 (page 320)

Unit
87 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty
W e use m u ch and li t t l e wit h u nco u nta ble nouns:
m uch tim e m u c h lu c k li t t l e e n e r g y li t t l e m o n e y
W e use m a n y and f e w wit h p lu ra l nouns:

m a n y frie n d s m a n y p eo ple f e w cars f e w c o u n tri e s
W e use a l o t o f / l o ts o f i p l e n t y o f wit h both u nco u nta ble and p lu ral nouns:

a l o t o f lu c k l o ts o f t i m e ple n ty of m o n ey
a l o t o f f rie n d s l o ts o f p e o p le p l e n t y o f id e as
Pl e n t y - more th a n enough:
There's no need t o hurry. W e'v e g ot p l e n t y o f ti m e.
M u c h is unusual in p ositive se nte nces (esp ecially in spoken English). Co m pare:

W e d i d n't spend m u ch money.
b ut W e s p e n t a l o t o f m oney. (n ot W e spent m uch m o n ey)
D o you s e e David m u c h ?
but I se e David a lo t. (n ot I see David m uch)
W e use m a n y and a l o t o f in all kinds of sentences:

M a n y people drive to o fast. or A l o t o f peo ple drive t o o fast.
Do yo u k now m a n y p eo ple? or Do you k now a l o t o f p eo ple?
There are n ’t m a n y to urists here, or There are n't a l o t o f to urists here.
N o t e t h a t w e say m a n y y e a r s / m a n y w e e k s / m a n y d a ys (n ot a lot o f ...):

W e'v e lived here for m a n y y e a rs. (not a lot of years)
Li t t l e = n ot much, f e w - not many:

G a ry is very busy wit h his job. He has li t t l e t i m e for o t h er things. (= n ot much ti m e, less
ti m e th a n he wo uld like)
Vick y d o esn't like living in London. She has f e w friends there. (= not many, n ot as m any as
she wo uld like)
You can say v e r y li t t l e and v e r y f e w :
G a ry has v e r y li t t l e ti m e for o t h er things.
Vick y has v e r y f e w friends in London.
A l i t t l e = so me, a s m all a m o u nt:

Let's go and have a coffee. W e have a li t t l e ti m e before th e train leaves.
(a little ti m e = so m e ti m e, enough ti m e t o have a coffee)
‘ Do yo u speak En glish?' 'A li t t l e .' (so w e can talk a bit)
A f e w = some, a small nu mber:
I e njoy m y life here. I have a f e w friends and we m e e t q uite often.
(a f e w friends = not m a ny but enough t o have a good ti m e)
‘W h e n was t h e last ti m e yo u saw C la re?' ‘A f e w days ago.' (= so m e days ago)
C o m p are li t t l e and a lit tl e , f e w and a f e w :
He spoke l i t t l e English, so it was difficult to co m m u n ica t e wit h him.
He spoke a l i t t l e English, so w e were able t o co m m u n ica t e wit h him.
She's lucky. Sh e has f e w proble ms. (= n ot m a ny pro ble ms)
Things are n ot going so w e ll for her. She has a f e w proble ms. (= so m e proble ms)
You can say o n ly a l i t t l e and o n ly a f e w :
Hurry! W e o n ly have a li t t l e time, (not o nly little ti m e)
The villa g e was very small. There were o n ly a f e w houses, (n ot o nly few houses)
174 G C o u n t a b le and u nco u n t a b le *4 U n its 6 9 - 7 0

Exercises
••
In so m e o f t h es e s e n t e nc es m u c h is i n c o rre ct or u n n a t ur al. C h a n g e m u c h t o m a n y or a l o t (o f)
w h e r e n ecessary. W r i t e lO K ' if t h e s e n t e n c e is co rrect.
1 W e did n't spend much money. OK ....... .....
2 Sue drinks much tea. & lo t o f t e a .......
3 Jo e always puts much salt on his food.
4 W e ’ll have to hurry. W e d o n't have much time. .......................... ...... ....
5 It cost much t o repair th e car. .......
6 Did it cost much to repair th e ca r? ........................................... ....
7 I d o n't k now much people in this town.
8 Mike travels much. ........................ .........................................
9 There w asn't much traffic this morning.
10 You need much m o n ey t o travel round t h e world.
C iH C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using p l e n t y or p l e n t y o f + t h e f oll o win g :

h o t e ls m oney ro o m t im e- t o le a r n t o see
1 There's no need to hurry. There's ptewfcy o f tu n e.

2 He d oesn't have a ny financial problems. He has ............
3 C o m e and sit wit h us. There's .............. ................................................. .....
4 She k nows a lot, but she still h a s ....
5 It's an interesting t o w n to visit. There ....... ....... ............
6 I'm sure w e ’ll find so m e wh ere to stay.
Pu t in m u c h / m a n y / li t t l e / f e w (o n e w o r d o n ly).
1 She isn't very popular. She has fe-w friends.
2 Ann is very busy these days. She has free time.
3 Did yo u take pictures wh e n yo u were on h olid ay?
4 I'm not very busy to day. I d o n't have to do.
5 This is a very mod ern city. There are . old buildings.
6 The w e a t h er has been very dry recently. W e'v e had rain.
7 'D o you k now Ro m e?' ‘No, I h av e n't been there for years.'
P u t ‘n a (a f e w ' a I't t l e ) w h e r e n ecessary. W r i t e ' O K ' if t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y co m p le t e .

1 She's lucky. She has f ew pro ble ms. O K..............................
2 Things are not going so w ell for her. She has f ew pro ble ms. A f e w problems
3 Can yo u lend me few d ollars? .................................
4 There was little tr af fic, so th e jo ur n ey did n't take very long.
5 I ca n't give you a decision yet. I need little ti m e to think. ........ ..............
6 It was a surprise t h a t he wo n t h e m atch. Few people ....................................
e x pected him to win.
7 I d o n't k now much Spanish - o nly f e w w ords. ........................................
8 t w o n d er h o w Sa m is. I h ave n't seen him for f e w m o n t hs. .....................................
Pu t in l i t t l e / a l i t t l e / f e w / a f e w .
1 G ary is very busy wit h his job. He has Little
ti m e for o t h er things.
2 Listen carefully. I'm going to give you .. advice.
3 Do yo u mind if I ask yo u q uestions?
4 It's not a very interesting place to visit, so tourists co m e here.
5 I d o n't thin k A m y would be a good teacher. She h a s patience.
6 'Wo ul d yo u like milk in yo u r co ff e e?' ‘Yes, ......... .'
7 This is a very boring place to live. There's to do.
8 ‘H ave yo u ever been to Paris?' ‘Yes, I've been t here times.'
175
a ll so m e any m ost m uch / m any Lit tle / f e w no
You can use th e words in th e box wit h a noun (so m e f o o d / f e w b o o k s etc.):

A l l ca rs have wheels.
Q So m e ca rs can go faster t h an others.
(on a n o tice) N O C A RS. (= no cars allo w e d)
G M a n y p e o p l e drive t o o fast.
O I d o n ’t go o ut very often. I'm at ho me m o s t d a ys.
You ca n n ot say ‘all of cars’, ‘so m e of p eo ple' etc. (see also Sectio n B):
N o t e t h a t w e say m o s t (n ot th e most):
M o s t t o u r is t s d o n ’t visit this part of th e to w n, (n ot The m ost to urists)
a ll so m e any m ost m uch / m any li t t l e / f e w h a lf none
You can use th ese words wit h o f (s o m e o f / m o s t o f etc.).
so m e of t h e ... m y ...
W e use m ost of + t h i s ... t h e s e ...
n o n e o f etc. t h o s e ... t h o s e ... etc.
So yo u can say:
so m e o f t h e p e o ple, so me o f t h o s e p e o p le (but n ot so m e of p eo ple)
m ost o f m y ti m e , m ost o f t h e t i m e (b ut n o t m ost of ti m e)
So m e o f t h e p e o p le I w o r k w i t h are n ot very friendly.

G N o n e o f t h is m o n e y is mine.
O Have yo u read a n y o f t h e s e b o o k s?
LJ I was sick yester day. I spent m o s t o f t h e d a y in bed.
You d o n't need o f aft er a ll or h alf. So yo u can say:

A l l m y frie n d s live in Los Angeles, or All o f my friends ...
H a l f t h is m o n e y is mine, or H alf o f this m o n e y ...
C o m pare:
A l l f l o w e r s are beautiful. (= all flowers in general)
A ll (of) t h e f l o w e r s in t h is g a r d e n are beautiful. (= a specific group of flowers)
M o s t p r o b l e m s have a solution. (= m ost proble ms in general)
W e were able t o solve m o s t o f t h e p r o b l e m s w e had. (= a specific group of proble ms)
You can use a ll o f / s o m e o f / n o n e o f etc. + it / us / yo u / t h e m .

‘H o w m a ny of t h ese people do yo u k n o w?' ‘N o n e o f t h e m . / A f e w o f t h e m . ’
Do a n y o f y o u w a n t to co m e to a p arty t o ni g h t?
O 'D o yo u like this m u sic?’ ‘So m e o f it. N o t a ll o f it.’
W e say: a ll o f us / a ll o f y o u / h a lf o f it / h a lf o f t h e m etc. You need o f before it / us / yo u / t h e m :

A l l o f us were late. (n ot all us)
I h ave n ’t finished th e book yet. I've only read h a lf o f it. (n ot half it)
You can also use s o m e / m o st etc. alone, with o u t a noun:

C So m e cars have four doors and s o m e have two.
A f ew of t h e shops were open, but m o s t (of t h e m) were closed.
H alf this m o n ey is mine, and h a lf (of it) is yours, (n o t the half)
A ll - U n its 75B, 9 0 , 1 0 0 D So m e and a n y - > U n it 85 N o and n o n e - U n it 8 6

176 M u c h / m a n y / lit tl e / f e w U n it 87 A ll o f w h o m / m o st o f w h ic h etc. U n it 9 6B
Exercises
Pu t in o f w h e r e n ecessary. Leave t h e sp ace e m p t y if t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y c o m p le t e .
1 All - cars have wheels, (th e se n te nce is alre a d y co m ple te)
2 N o n e° f this m o n ey is mine.
3 So m e films are very violent.
4 So m e .... the films I've seen rece n tly have been very violent.
5 Jo e never goes to museu ms. He says t h a t all m useu ms are boring.
6 I think so me p eo ple w a tch t o o m uch TV.
7 ‘ Do yo u w a n t any t h ese m aga z in es?' ‘No, I've finished wit h t h e m .'
8 Kate has lived in London m ost her life.
9 Jo e has lived in C hicago all his life.
10 Most .. days I get up before 7 o'clock.
C h o o se fro m t h e list an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use o f (s o m e o f / m o s t o f e tc.) w h e r e

n ecessary.
a cci d e n ts Eu r o p e a n c o u n t ri e s m y d in n e r t h e p la y e rs
birds h e r fri e n d s m y s p a re t i m e t h e p o p u l a ti o n
- ears h e r o p in io n s t h e b uildin gs ^ h ese - b o o ks
1 I h ave n't read m a ny of. t li e s e books .

2 All c o j t s have wheels.
3 I spend much gardening.
4 Ma ny are caused by bad driving.
5 It's a historic to wn. M a ny ........... are over 4 0 0 years old.
6 W h e n she got married, she kept it a secret. She did n't t ell any ........ ...............
7 N o t m a ny peo ple live in t h e north of t h e co untry. Most live in
t h e south.
8 N o t all can fly. For e x a mple, th e penguin ca n't fly.
9 O u r t e a m played badly and lost th e ga me. N o n e .......................................... played well.
10 Em m a and I have very diff ere nt ideas. I d o n't agree wit h m a ny ................................................
11 Sarah travels a lot in Europe. She has been to m o s t .
12 I had no a p p etite. I could o nly e at half .

1 The building was da maged in th e e x plosion. All t h e win d o ws were broken.
2 W e argue so m eti m es, but get on w e ll m ost o f ..........................................
3 i w e n t t o the cin e m a by myself. N o n e of ........... w a n t e d to co me.
4 The test was difficult. I could o nly a nswer half .
5 So m e of you too k at th e we d din g were very good.
6 ‘Did yo u spend alL I gave y o u?' ‘No, there's still so m e left.'
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use:
a ll of / so m e o f / n o n e o f + it / t h e m / u s (a l l o f it / s o m e o f t h e m e tc.)
1 These books are all Jane's. N one o f them belong t o me.
2 H o w m a ny of these books have yo u re a d?' ‘ .......... Ev e ry o n e .'
3 W e all g ot w e t in t h e rain because had an u m brella.
4 So m e of this m o n ey is yo urs and . is mine.
5 I asked so m e people for directions, but was able t o help me.
6 She invented th e w h ole story fro m beginning to end. was true.
7 N o t all th e tourists in t h e group were Spanish. were French.
8 I w a tch e d m ost of th e film, but n ot .
Both / both of neither / neither of
either / either of
W e use b o t h / n e it h e r / e it h e r for tw o things. You can use th ese words wit h a noun (b o t h b oo ks,
n e i t h e r b o o k etc.).
For e x a mple, yo u are going o ut t o eat. There are t w o possible restaurants. You say:
B o t h r e s t a u r a n t s are very good, (not The both restaurants)
N e i t h e r r e s t a u r a n t is e x pensive.
W e can go t o e i t h e r r e s t a u r a n t . I d o n't mind.
(e i t h e r = one or th e other, It d oesn't m a t t e r which o ne)
You can also use b o t h / n e it h e r / e it h e r alone, with o u t a noun:

I co uld n't decide which of the t w o shirts to buy. I liked b ot h, [or I liked b o t h of t h e m.)
‘Is yo u r friend British or A m e rica n?' ‘N e it h e r. She's A ustralian.'
'D o yo u w a n t te a or c o ff e e?' ‘Eit h e r. I d o n't min d.’
B o t h o f ... / n e it h e r o f ... / e i t h e r o f ...
W e use b o t h o f / n e it h e r o f / e i t h e r o f + t h e / t h e s e / m y / T o m 's . . . etc. So w e say 'both of t h e

restaurants', 'both of t h o s e resta ura nts' etc. [b ut n o t both of restaurants):
Bo t h o f t h e s e resta ura nts are very good.
N e i t h e r o f t h e restaurants w e w e n t to was (or w ere) e x pensive.
I h ave n't been t o e i t h e r o f t h o s e restaurants. (= I h av e n ’t been t o one or t h e oth er)
You d o n't need o f after b o t h. So yo u can say:

Bo t h m y p a r e n ts are fro m Egypt, or Bot h o f my parents ...
You can use b o t h o f / n e i t h e r o f / e i t h e r o f + us / yo u / t h e m :

(talkin g to two p e o p le) Can e it h e r o f y o u speak Russian?
I asked tw o people th e w a y to th e station, but n e it h e r o f t h e m could help me.
You m ust say ‘both o f' before us / yo u / t h e m :
B o t h o f us were very tired, (n ot Bot h us were ...)
A ft er n e it h e r o f ... a sin g ular or a p lu ral verb is possible:

N eit h e r of t h e children w a n t s (or w a n t) to go to bed.
You can say:
b o t h ... a n d ... B o t h Chris a n d Paul were Late.

I was b o t h tired a n d hungry wh e n I arrived ho me.
n e i t h e r ... n o r N e i t h e r Chris n o r Paul ca m e t o t h e party.

There was an accid e nt in t h e street wh ere we live, but w e n e it h e r saw
n o r heard anything.
e i t h e r ... or ... i'm not sure wh ere M a ria ’s from, Sh e ’s e i t h e r Spanish o r Italian.
Eit h e r yo u apoLogise, o r I'll never speak to yo u again.
C o m p are e it h e r / n e it h e r / b o t h (t w o things) and a n y / n o n e / a ll (m ore th a n tw o):
There are t w o good hotels here. There are m a n y good hotels here.
You could st ay at e it h e r of the m. You could st ay at a n y of the m.
W e tried t w o hotels. W e tried a l o t o f hotels.

| N e i t h e r of t h e m had a ny rooms. N o n e of t h e m had any rooms.
1 Bo t h of t h e m were full. A ll of t h e m were full.
_____________________________________________________ ___ ________ ______ __________ ________________________ ___________
N e i t h e r d o I / 1 d o n 't e i t h e r U n i t 51C B o t h o f w h o m / n e i t h e r o f w h ic h - > U n i t 9 6 B

178 B o t h - > U n i t 110D
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h both/neither/either.
1 'D o you w a n t t ea or co ff e e?' 1 tii H . e r . I reaLly d o n't m in d.1
2 ‘W h a t d ay is it t o d ay - th e 18th or th e 1 9 t h?' 1 .................... It's th e 2 0th.'
3 a : W h e r e did yo u go on yo ur trip - Korea or Ja p a n?
b : W e w e n t t o .......................... A we e k in Korea and a w e e k in Japan.
4 ‘Sh all w e sit in t h e corn er or by th e w i n d o w?' 1 ................... I d o n't mind.'
5 ‘Wh e re's Lisa? Is she at work or at h o m e?' ' She's a w ay on holiday.'
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s w it h both/neither/either. Use of w h e r e n ecessary.

1 Both my parents are fro m London.
2To get to th e t o w n centre, yo u can go alon g th e f o o t p a t h by t h e river or you can go along the
road. You can go way.
3 ! tried t wice to p hone Carl, but ti m es he was out.
4 Tom's parents is English. His fa th er is Polish and his m ot h er is Italian.
5 Isaw an accid e nt this morning. O n e car drove into the back of another. F ort u n a t ely
driver was injured, but ... cars were badly da maged.
6 I've got t w o sisters and a brother. My brother is working, but my sisters are
still at school.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s w it h both/neither/either + of us / of them.
1 I asked t w o people t h e w a y t o th e station, but n e it h e r o f therm, could help me.
2 I was invited to tw o parties last week, but i co uld n't go to .............
3 There were t w o win d o ws in t h e roo m. It was very war m, so I opened
4 Sarah and I play tennis t o g e t h er regularly, but w e're not very good,
can play very well.
5 I tried t w o bookshops for th e book I wa nt e d , but had it.
W r i t e se n t e n c e s w i t h both ... and ... / neither ... nor ... / either ... or ... .
1 Chris was late. So was Pat. Both C hris a n d P a t w er e Late.:..................
2 He did n't say hello, and he did n’t smile. He n e it h e r s a k t h ello nor s m il e d .
3 Jo e is on holid ay and so is Sa m.
4 Jo e d oesn't have a car. Sa m d oesn't have one either,
5 Brian d oesn’t w a tc h T V and he d oesn't read newspapers.
6 It was a boring movie. It was long too.

The m o v i e .......................................................................................................
7 Is t h a t man's na m e Richard? O r is it Ro b ert? It's one of t h e two.
T h at man's na m e ............................ ................................................
8 I h ave n't got ti m e to go on holiday. And I d o n't have th e money.
I have .............................................................................................
9 W e can leave t o d ay or w e can leave t o m orr o w - w hich e ve r yo u prefer.
We ...............................................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h n e it h e r / e i t h e r / n o n e / a n y .
1 W e tried a lot of hotels, but none of t h e m had a ny rooms.
2 I to o k t w o books wit h me on holiday, but I did n't read of the m.
3 I to o k five books wit h me on holiday, but I did n't read of t he m.
4 There are a f e w shops at t h e end of t h e street, but of t h e m selLs newspapers.
5 You can phone me at ...... ti m e during th e evening. I'm always at ho me.
6 I can m e e t yo u ne xt Mo n d ay or Friday. Wo u ld of th ose days suit y o u?
7 Jo h n and I co uld n't get into t h e house because of us had a key.
Unit
90 All, e v e ry and w h o le
A l l and e v e r y b o d y / e v e r y o n e
W e do n ot n or m ally use a ll to m ean e v e r y b o d y / e v e ry o n e :

Ev e r y b o d y had a great ti m e at th e party, (n o t All e njoye d)
But we say a ll o f us / a ll o f y o u / a ll o f t h e m :
A l l o f us had a great ti m e a t t h e party, (n ot Every b o d y of us)
A l l and e v e r y t h i n g
So m e ti m es yo u can use a ll or e v e ry t h i n g :
I'll do a ll I ca n t o help, or I'll do e v e r y t h i n g I ca n to help.
You can say 'all I ca n' / 'all y o u n e e d' etc., but we do not n or m ally use a ll alo n e:
He thinks he k nows e v e ry t h i n g , (n o t he k nows all)
O u r holid ay was a disaster. Ev e r y t h i n g w e n t wrong, (n ot All w e n t wron g)
But yo u can say a ll a b o u t:
He k nows a ll a b o u t co m p uters.
W e also use a ll (n ot everythin g) to m ean ‘th e o nly thing(s)':

A l l I've eat e n t o d ay is a san dwich. (= t h e o nly thing I've eat e n t o d ay)
E v e r y / e v e r y b o d y / e v e r y o n e / e v e r y t h i n g are sin g u lar words, so w e use a sin g ular verb:

Ev e r y s e a t in th e t h e a tre w a s taken.
E v e r y b o d y h as arrived, (n o t have arrived)
But we use t h e y / t h e m / t h e ir aft er e v e r y b o d y / e v e ry o n e :
E v e r y b o d y said t h e y enjoye d t h e m s e lv e s. (= every b o d y e njoye d hi mself or herself)
W h o l e and a ll
W h o l e = co m plet e, entire. Most oft en we use w h oLe wit h sin g ular nouns:
Did you read t h e w h o l e b o o k? (= all th e book, not j u st a p art of it)
Emily has lived h er w h o l e lif e in th e sa m e town,
w as so hungry, I a te a w h o l e p a c k e t of biscuits. (= a co m ple t e packet)
W e use t h e / m y / h e r etc. before w h o l e . C o m p are w h o l e and all:

h e r w h o l e lif e b ut a ll h e r lif e
W e do n ot n or m ally use w h o l e wit h u nco u nta ble nouns. W e say:

I've spent a ll t h e m o n e y yo u gave me. (n ot t h e w h ole m o n ey)
Ev e r y / a ll / w h o l e wit h ti m e words
W e use e v e r y to say h ow often so m ethin g happens (e v e ry d a y / e v e r y M o n d a y / e v e r y t e n m in u t e s /

e v e r y t h r e e w e e k s etc.):
G W h e n w e were on holiday, we w e n t to th e beach e v e r y d ay. (n ot all days)
The bus service is e xcellent. There's a bus e v e r y t e n m in u t e s.
O W e d o n't see each o t h er very often - a b o ut e v e r y six m o n t h s.
A l l d a y / t h e w h o l e d a y = th e co m ple t e d ay fro m beginning to end:

W e spent a ll d a y / t h e w h o l e d a y on th e beach.
Dan was very quiet. H e did n't say a word a ll e v e n in g / t h e w h o l e eve nin g.
N o t e t h a t w e say a ll d a y (n ot all th e d ay), a ll w e e k (n ot all t h e we e k) etc.
C o m p are a ll t h e t i m e and e v e r y ti m e :
T h ey never go out. T h ey are a t ho m e a ll t h e ti m e . (= always, co ntin u o usly)
E v e r y t i m e I see you, yo u look different. (= each tim e, on every occasio n)
C o u n t a b le and u nco u n t a ble -¥ U n i t s 6 9 - 7 0 A l l / a ll o f U n it 8 8 Ea c h and e v e r y U n i t 91

180 Ev e ry o ne -> U n it 9 1 D A l l (w or d ord er) U n i t 110D
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e n c e s w i t h all, everything or everybody/everyone.
1 It was a good party. Ev e ry b o d y had a great time.
2 A l l I’ve eate n t o d ay is a sandwich.
3 ........ has th eir faults. N o b o d y is perfect.
4 N o t hi n g has changed. is the sa me as it was.
5 Kate told me a b o ut her n ew job. It sounds q uite interesting.
6 Can writ e t h eir na m es on a piece of paper, please?
7 W h y are you alw ays thin king a b o ut m o n e y? Mo n ey isn't ... .
8 I did n't have much m o n ey wit h me. I had was ten pounds.
9 W h e n th e fire alar m rang, left th e b uiLding im m e diately.
10 Sarah did n't say wh ere she was going. ... she said was t h a t she was going away.
11 W e have co m ple t ely diff ere nt opinions. I disagree wit h she says.
12 W e all did w ell in th e e xam. inour class passed.
13 W e all did w ell in t h e e xam. of us passed.
14 W h y are you so la z y? W h y do yo u e x p ect me to do for y o u?
W r i t e s e n t e nc es w it h w h o l e .
1 I read t h e book fro m beginning to end. i. r z a A t h e w h ole book. .......
2 Everyo n e in t h e t e a m played well.
The ................................. ......................................................................
3 Paul opened a box of ch ocolates. W h e n he finished eating, t here were no ch ocola tes left in the
box. He a t e ...........................................................................................................................
4 The police ca m e to th e house. T h ey were looking for so m ethin g. T h ey searched everywhere,
every room. T h ey ...............................................................................................................
5 Everyo n e in Ed and Jan e's fa m ily plays tennis. Ed and Ja n e play, and so do all their
children. The
6 Ann work ed fro m early in the mornin g until late in th e evening.
7 Jac k and Lisa had a wee k's h olid ay by th e sea. It rained fro m t h e beginning of the
we e k t o t h e end. It ............... ................ .......
N o w w r i t e s e n t e nc es 6 and 7 a gain using a l l inst e a d o f w h o l e .

8 (6) Ann .......................................................................................................
9 ( 7) -....... ............. ............. -............. -...... -.... ..... ...................
• Jep C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e n c e s using e v e r y w i t h t h e f o ll o w in g :
f iv e m i n u t e s t e n m in utes - f o u r h o u rs si x m o n t h s fo u r y e ars
1 The bus service is very good. There's a bus e v e ry t e n min utes

2 To m is i l l He has so m e medicine. He has to take it
3 The O ly m p ic G a m es ta ke place .
4 W e live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house .............................
5 Martin goes to t h e dentist for a check - up
W h ic h is t h e c o rr e c t a l t e r n a t iv e?
1 I've spent th e who[q- - mofêy / all th e m o n ey you gave me. fall th e m o n ey is co rrect)
2 Sue works every d ay / all days e xcept Sunday.
3 I'm tired. I've been working hard all th e d ay / all d ay.
4 It was a terrible fire. W h o l e building / T h e w h ole building was destroyed.
5 I've been tryin g to co n t act her, but every ti m e / all th e ti m e I p hone there's no answer.
6 I d o n't like t h e w e a t h e r here. It rains every ti m e / all t h e ti m e .
7 W h e n I was on holiday, all my luggage / my w h ole luggage was stolen.
-+ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 0 (page 3 2 0)
Unit
91 Each and every
Each and e v e r y are si milar in meaning. O ft e n it is possible t o use e ac h or e v e ry:
Each ti m e (or Ev e r y ti m e) I see you, yo u look different.
There are co m p u ters in e a c h classroo m ( o r e v e r y classroo m) in t h e school.
But e a c h and e v e r y are n ot e x actly th e same. St u d y t h e difference:
W e use e ac h wh e n we think of things W e use e v e r y wh e n we thin k of things as a

sep arately, one by one. group. The m eanin g is si milar to all.
St u d y e a c h s e n t e n c e carefully. Ev e r y s e n t e n c e m ust have a verb.
(= stu dy th e sentences one by one) (= all sentences in general)
e ac h =X + X +X +X every :x
X X > C v
X
Each is more usual for a s m all nu mber: Ev e r y is more usual for a large nu mber:
There were fo ur books on the table. Kate loves reading. She has read e v e r y
Each b o o k was a diff ere nt colour. b o o k in t h e library. (= all t h e books)
(in a card g a m e) At th e beginning of the I'd like t o visit e v e r y c o u n t r y in the
ga me, e ac h p l a y e r has three cards. world. (= all th e co u ntries)
Ea c h (b ut n ot e v e r y) can be used for t w o things:

In f oot b all, e a c h t e a m has eleve n players, (n ot every t e a m)
W e use e v e r y (n o t e a c h) t o say h o w often so m e thin g happens:
'H o w oft en do yo u use yo ur c a r?' 'E v e r y d a y .' (n ot Each d ay)
There's a bus e v e r y t e n m in u t e s, (n o t each te n min utes)
C o m p are th e structures w e use wit h e ac h and e v e ry:
You can use e a c h wit h a noun: You can use e v e r y wit h a noun:
e ac h b o o k e ac h s t u d e n t every book every stu d e nt
You can use e ac h alone (w it h o u t a noun): You ca n't use e v e r y alone, but yo u can say
O N o n e of th e roo ms was th e same. e v e r y one:
Each (= each roo m) was different. a : Have yo u read all t h ese b oo ks?
O r yo u can use e a c h one: B: Yes, e v e r y one.

O Ea ch o n e was different.
You can say e ac h o f (t h e ... / t h e s e ... / t h e m You can say e v e r y o n e o f ... (b u t n o t 'every of'):
etc.):
Read e ac h o f t h e s e se nte nces carefully. I've read e v e r y o n e o f t h o s e books.
Each o f t h e books is a diff ere nt colour. (n ot every of th ose books)
Each o f t h e m is a diff ere nt colour. I've read e v e r y o n e o f t h e m .
You can also use e ac h in t h e mid dle or at t h e end of a sente nce. For e x a mple:
The st u d e nts were e a c h given a book. (= Each stu d e nt was given a book.)
These oranges cost 4 0 pence e ach.
Ev e r y o n e and e v e r y o n e
Ev e r y o n e (one word) is o nly f or peo ple (= every b o dy).
E v e r y o n e (t w o words) is for things or people, and is si milar to e ac h o n e (see Sectio n B).

Ev e r y o n e e njoye d t h e party. (= Ev e r y b o d y ...)
Sarah is invite d to lots of parties and she goes t o e v e r y one. (= t o e v e r y p a r t y)
182 Ea c h o t h e r ^ U n i t 8 2 C A H and e v e r y U nit 9 0

Exercises
Loo k a t t h e pict u res and c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h each or every.
IR M f JS T O
LPNDPN O
|6
15
10-15.
liiS
12:IS
U:15
14.15
1 player has three cards.

2 Kate has read every book in t h e library.
3 .............. side of a square is t h e sa m e length.
4 seat in th e t h e a tr e was taken.
5 There are six a p art m e nts in t h e b uilding.................... one has a balcony.
6 There's a train to London ... hour.
7 Sh e was wearin g four rings - one on finger.
8 O ur f o o t b all t e a m is playin g well. W e'v e won g a m e this season.
Pu t in e a c h or e v e r y .
1 There were four books on t h e ta ble. £<xch book was a diff ere nt colour.
2 The O ly m p ic Ga m es are held e v e ry four years.
3 parent worries a b o ut t h eir children.
4 In a ga m e of te n nis there are t w o or four players. ................... player has a racket.
5 Nicola plays volley b all .................. T h ursd ay evening.
6 I un derstoo d m ost of w h a t t h e y said but not word.
7 The book is divided into five parts and .... of these has three sections.
8 I get paid ................... four weeks.
9 I called th e office tw o or t hre e times, but ti m e it was closed.
10 Car seat belts save lives..................... driver should w e a r one.
11 A friend of mine has three children.I always give of t h e m a present at
C hrist mas.
12 (fro m an e x a m) A n sw er all five questions. Writ e yo ur a nswer t o q uestio n on a
sep arate sheet of paper.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using e ac h.
1 The price of one of th ose oranges is 30 pence. T h ose orange-s a r e 30 pence e<xoh
2 I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I ........................
3 O n e of th ose postcards costs 8 0 pence. Those .................................................
4 The h otel was e x pensive. I paid £150 and so did you. W e ............................ .......
Pu t in everyone (1 w o r d ) or every one (2 w o r d s).

1 Sarah is invited t o a lot of parties and she goes to every one .
2 As soon as ... had arrived, we began t h e meeting.
3 I asked her lots of q uestions and she answered correctly.
4 A m y is very p o p ular............... likes her.
5 I dropped a tr a y of glasses. U n f o rt u n a t e ly b ro k e .
Unit
92 , Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which
Look a t this e x a m ple sentence:
The w o m a n w h o lives ne x t d o or is a doctor.

relative clause
A cla use is a part of a sentence. A rela tive cla use tells us which person or thin g (or w h a t kind of
person or thing) t h e speaker means:
The w o m a n w h o liv es n e x t d o o r ... ('w h o lives ne x t door' tells us which w o m a n)
People w h o liv e in t h e c o u n t r y ... ('w h o live in th e co u n try' tells us w h a t kind of people)
W e use w h o in a rela tive clause wh e n we are talking a b o ut people (n ot things):
th e w o m a n - she lives ne xt d oor - is a d octor
The w o m a n w h o liv e s n e x t d o o r is a doctor.
w e k now a lot of people - t h e y live in th e co u n try

I
- W e k now a lot of people w h o liv e in t h e c o u n t ry .
An archit ect is so m e o n e w h o d esig ns b uildin gs.

W h a t was th e na m e of th e person w h o p h o n e d?
A nyon e w h o w a n t s t o a p p ly f o r t h e j o b m ust do so by Friday.
You can also use t h a t (instead of w h o), but yo u ca n't use w h ic h for people:
The w o m a n t h a t liv e s n e x t d o o r is a doctor, (n ot t h e w o m a n w hich)
So m e ti m e s yo u m ust use w h o (n ot t h a t) for p eo ple - see U nit 95.
W h e n we are talkin g a b o u t things, w e use t h a t or w h ic h (n o t w h o) in a relative clause:
w h ere is t h e ch eese? - it was in th e fridge

f
Wh e r e is t h e ch eese j ^ w a s <n t h e fri d g e?
I d o n't like stories t h a t h a v e u n h a p p y e n din gs, (or stories w h ic h have ...)

Grace works for a co m p a ny t h a t m a k es f u r n it u r e , (or a co m p a ny w h ic h makes furniture)
) The m achine t h a t b ro k e d o w n is working again now. (or The m achine w h ic h broke d own)
T h a t is more usual than w h ic h , but so m e ti m es yo u m ust use w h ic h - see U n it 95.
Re m e m b er t h a t in relative clauses w e use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h , not h e / sh e / t h e y / it.

C o m pare:
( ‘W h o's t h a t w o m a n?' ‘Sh e lives ne xt door to me.'
I've never spoken t o th e w o m a n w h o lives ne xt door, (n o t th e w o m a n she lives)
W h e r e is th e ch e ese? It was in t h e fridge.

W h e r e is th e cheese t h a t was in th e frid g e? (n o t t h e cheese it was)
W h a t = ‘t h e thin g(s) t h at'. C o m p are w h a t and t h a t :

W h a t h a p p e n e d was m y fault. (= t h e thing t h a t hap pened)
but
O Everyt hin g t h a t h a p p e n e d was m y fault. (n ot Everyt hin g w h a t hap pene d)
The m achin e t h a t b ro k e d o w n is n ow working again, (n ot The m achine w h a t broke d ow n)
184 c Rela tive cla uses 2 - 5 U n its 9 3 - 9 6

Exercises
In t h is e x ercise y o u h av e t o e x plain w h a t so m e w o r d s m e a n. C h o ose t h e rig h t m e a n in g fro m
t h e box and t h e n w r i t e a s e n t e n c e w i t h w h o . Use a d ic ti o n a ry if n ecessary.
steals fro m a shop buys so m e thin g fro m a shop

-dcfrigFts-buildings pays rent t o live in a house or a p art m e n t
he / she
d o esn't b elieve in C o d breaks into a house to steal things
is not brave e x pects th e w orst to happen
1 an archit ect) A n a r c h i t e c t is someone who d esig n s b uildin gs

2 a burglar) A burglar is s o m e o n e .......
3 a custo m er) ............... ..................
4 a shoplifter) . .
5 a coward) ............... .............
6 an atheist) ....................................................................................
7 a pessimist) ...............................................................................
8 a t e n a n t) .......................................................................................
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fr o m t w o . Use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h .
1 A girl w as injured in t h e accid e nt. She is n o w in hospital.
T h e girt who w a s injure d, in t h e a c c u t e n t is now in h o s p it a l.
2 A waitress served us. She was i m p olite and i m p atient.
T h e ....................................................................................................
3 A building was d estroye d in t h e fire. It has n o w been rebuilt.
T h e ..............................................................................................
4 So m e people were arrested. T h ey have n o w been released.
The .................................... --......... ........ ........ ........
.
5 A bus goes to th e airport. It runs every half hour.

The ...... -. ... ,.. , ............ ...............................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. C h o ose fro m t h e bo x a n d m a k e a re la tiv e cla use,
in v e n t e d t h e t e l e p h o n e m a k e s f u r n it u r e
ru ns a w a y fr o m h o m e gives y o u t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d s
stole m y w a lle t ca n s u p p o r t lif e
w e r e h a n gi n g on t h e w a ll c a n n o t be e x p la in e d
1 H ele n works for a co m p a ny t h a i m a k es - furniture

2 The book is a b o ut a girl
3 W h a t hap pened to the p ic t u r e s....
4 A m yst ery is so m et hin g ........
5 The police have arrested th e man
6 A dictio n ary is a book ...
7 Ale x an d er Bell was t h e man
8 It see ms t h a t Earth is th e o nly pla n e t
A re t h es e se n t e n c e s rig ht or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.
1 I d o n't like stories w h o have un ha p py endings. st o rie s t h a t h a v e
2 W h a t was th e na m e of th e person w h o p h o ne d? OK
3 Wh e re's th e nearest shop w h o sells bread?
4 The driver which caused th e accid e nt was fined £500.
5 Do yo u k now th e person t h a t t o o k these pictures?
6 W e live in a world w h a t is chan gin g all t h e tim e.
7 Dan said so m e things a b o u t me t h a t were n ot true.
8 W h a t was th e na m e of th e horse it wo n th e race?
Unit Relative clauses 2:
93 clauses with and with o u t who/that/which
Look at th ese e x a m ple sente nces fro m U n it 92:
O T h e w o m a n w h o lives ne xt door is a doctor, (or The w o m a n t h a t lives ...)
The w o m a n lives ne xt door. w h o (= th e w o m a n) is th e su bject
W h e r e is th e cheese t h a t was in th e frid g e? (o r t h e cheese w h ic h was ...)

....................
The cheese was in th e fridge, t h a t (= th e ch eese) is t h e su bject
You m ust use w h o / t h a t / w h ic h w h e n it is th e su bject of th e relative clause. So you ca n n o t say
'The w o m a n lives ne xt d oor is a d oct or' or ‘W h e r e is th e cheese was in t h e fridge?'.
So m e ti m es w h o / t h a t / w h ic h is t h e o b ject of t h e verb. For e x a mple:
T he w o m a n w h o I w a n t e d t o se e was a w a y on holiday.
w h o (= t h e w o m a n) is th e o b ject
I w a nt e d to see th e w o m a n
I is t h e su bject
H ave yo u found t h e keys t h a t y o u l o s t?
t h a t (= th e keys) is t h e o b ject
You lost th e keys.
y o u is th e su bject.
W h e n w h o / t h a t / w h ic h is the object, y o u can leave it out. So yo u can say:

T h e w o m a n I w a n t e d t o se e was away, or The w o m a n w h o I w a n t e d to see . ..
O H ave yo u found t h e k e ys y o u l o s t? or ... th e keys t h a t yo u lost?
T h e d ress Lisa b o u g h t d o esn't fit her very well, or The dress t h a t Lisa b o u g h t .. .
Is t here a n y t h i n g I ca n d o? or ... a nythin g t h a t I can d o?
t h e k eys y o u lo st (n ot t h e keys yo u lost th e m)
t h e d ress Lisa b o u g h t (n ot th e dress Lisa bou ght it)
N o t e th e position of prepositions (in / t o / f o r etc.) in relative clauses:
To m is talking t o a w o m a n - do you k now her?
Do yo u k now t h e w o m a n (w h o / t h a t) Tom is t a l k i n g t o ?
I sle pt in a bed last night - it w asn't very co m f ort a ble
The bed (t h a t / w hich) I s l e p t in last night w asn't v ery co m fort a ble.
Are th ese t h e books y o u w e r e lo o k in g f o r? or ... t h e books t h a t / w h ic h yo u were ...

T he w o m a n he f e l l in l o v e w i t h left him aft er a m onth, or The w o m a n w h o / t h a t he
T he man I w a s sit ti n g n e x t t o o n t h e p la n e talk ed all t h e time, or
The man w h o / t h a t I was sittin g ne xt to ...
t h e b o o k s y o u w e r e lo o k in g f o r (n ot th e books yo u were looking for t h e m)
You ca n n o t use w h a t in sentences like these (see also U nit 9 2 D):

ID Everythin g (t h a t) t h e y said was true, (n ot Everythin g w h a t t h e y said)
I gave her all th e m o n ey (t h a t) I ha d. (n ot all t h e m o n ey w h a t I had)
W h a t = t h e thin g(s) that:
Did yo u hear w h a t t h e y s a i d? (= the things t h a t t h e y said)
C Re la tive clauses 1 -* U n i t 92 Rela tive clauses 3 - 5 - > U n i t s 9 4 - 9 6 Whom - U n it 9 4B

Exercises
In so m e o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s y o u n e e d w h o or t h a t . C o rr e ct t h e s e n t e nc es w h e r e n ecessary.
1 T he w o m a n lives ne xt door is a doctor. THe worn ^ .who., lives. n e x t d o o r .......
2 H ave yo u found th e keys yo u lo st? Q.K.......... ................
3 The people we m e t last night were very nice. ...............................................................
4 T he people work in th e office are very nice. .................................................................
5 T he people I work wit h are very nice. ........................ ........................................
6 W h a t have you d one wit h t h e m o n ey I gave y o u? .......
7 W h a t hap pened to t h e m o n ey was on th e t a b l e? ..........
8 W h a t ’s th e w orst film y o u'v e ever se e n? .
9 W h a t's th e best thing it has ever hap pened to y o u?
W h a t do y o u say in t h es e sit u a t i o n s? C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a r e la tiv e cla use.

1 Your friend lost so me keys. You w a n t t o k now if he has found th e m. You say:
H ave you found t h e k eys you l o s t ..................................................................................... ?
2 A friend is wearin g a dress. You like it. You t ell her:
I like th e dress .......................................................................................... .................
3 A friend is going to see a film. You w a n t t o k now th e na m e of t h e film. You say:
W h a t's th e na m e of t h e film ?
4 You wa nt e d t o visit a m useu m. It was shut wh e n yo u g ot there. You t ell a friend:
The m useu m was shut wh e n w e g ot there.
5 You invited so me p eople to yo ur party. So m e of t h e m co uld n't co me. You t ell so m eone:
So m e of th e people ......................... co uld n't co me.
6 Your friend had t o do so me work. You w a n t to k now if she has finished. You say:
H ave yo u finished th e work .. ?
7 You rented a car. It broke d own aft er a f e w miles. You telL a friend:
T he car . broke d own aft er a f ew miles.
T h ese s e n t e nc es a ll h ave a r e la tiv e cl a u s e w it h a p re p ositio n. Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e c o rr e c t order.

1 Did yo u find (loo kin g / for / yo u / t h e books / w e r e)?
Did yo u find t H e books you w er e Looking f o r ...................................................................... ?
2 W e co uld n't go t o (we / invited / to / were / th e we d din g).
W e co uld n't go t o .............. .................................................................................
3 W h a t's th e na m e of (th e h o tel / a b o u t / me / told / y o u)?
W h a t's th e na m e of ?
4 U n f o rt u n a t e ly I did n't get (ap plied / 1 / th e job / for).
U n f o rt u n a t e ly I did n't g et . ........ ...................................
5 Did yo u e njoy (yo u / t h e co ncert / to / w e n t)?
Did yo u e njoy ?
6 G a ry is a good person to know. He's (on / rely / can / so m e b o dy / yo u).
G ary is a good person to know. He's . ......................... ............................. .
7 W h o was (th e man / were / wit h / yo u) in th e resta ura nt last nig ht?
W h o was .. in th e resta ura nt last nig ht?
Pu t in t h a t or w h a t w h e r e n ecessary. If t h e se n t e nc e is a lr e a d y c o m ple t e , le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 I gave her all th e m o n ey - I had. (all th e m o n ey t h a t I had is also correct)
Z Did yo u hear what t h ey said?
3 T h ey give t h eir children everythin g t h ey wa nt.
4 Tell m e yo u w a n t and I'll try to get it for you.
5 W h y do you bla m e m e for everythin g goes wr o n g?
6 I w o n't be able to do much, but t'll do le a n.
7 I w o n't be able to do much, but I'll do th e best le a n.
8 I d o n't agree wit h y o u'v e j ust said.
9 I d o n't trust him. I d o n't b elieve a nythin g he says.
Unit
94 I. Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where
W hose
W e use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their:
w e helped so m e people - t h eir car had broken d own
W e helped so m e people whose car had broken down.
W e use whose m ostly for people:

J A wid o w is a w o m a n whose husband is dead, (her husband is dead)
O W h a t's th e na m e of t h e man whose car you borrowed? (yo u borrowed his car)
I m et so m eo n e whose brother 1went to school with. (I w e n t t o school wit h his/her brother)
C o m p are who and whose:
Q I m e t a man who k nows you. (he k nows yo u)
O ! m e t a man whose sister k nows you. (his sister k nows yo u)
W hom
W hom is possible instead of who wh e n it is th e o b ject of th e verb in t h e relative clause (like the
sente nces in U n it 9 3B):
O Georg e is a person whom I admire very much. (I a d mire him)
You can also use whom wit h a preposition (to w hom / from whom / with whom etc.):
I like th e people with whom I work. (I work with them)
W hom is a f or m al word and w e do not often use it in t his way. W e usually prefer who or that, or
n othin g (see U nit 93). So w e usually say:
O ... a person who/that I a d mire a lot or ... a person I admire a lot
O ... th e people who/that I work wit h or ... t h e p eo ple I work with
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk a b o ut a place:
th e resta ura nt - we had lunch th ere - it was near th e airport
rask ra I
The resta ura nt where we had lunch was near th e airport.
O I rece ntly w e n t back to the town where I grew up.

(or ... th e t o w n I grew up in o r ... th e t o w n that I grew up in)
O I w o uld like t o live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
[Sf c W e say:
the day / the year / the time etc. j s°met^'nS haPP®ns 0r
| that so m e thin g happens
I ca n't m e e t yo u on Friday. T hat's the day (that) I'm going away.
The last time (that) I saw Anna, she looked great.
I h av e n't seen Jac k and H ele n since the year (that) they got married.
W e say:
| so m e thin g hap pens or
the reason < . . , ,,
| that/why so m e thin g happens
3 The reason I'm phoning is t o ask yo u r advice.
(o r T h e reason t h a t I'm phoning / The reason w hy I'm p honing)
188 ReLative clauses 1-2 U n its 9 2 - 9 3 Re la tive cla uses 4 - 5 U n its 9 5 - 9 6 W h o m -> U n it 96
Exercises
You m e t t h es e p e o p le a t a p arty:
m. M y m o t h e r writ es M y wif e is an f I o wn a rest a ura nt

d e t e ctiv e stories. English t e a c h er
r ~ L T —
M y a m bitio n is W e ve j ust got marrie d M y p are nts used t o

t o cli m b Everest. w or k in a circus.
' t t I ^
T h e n e x t d a y y o u t e ll a frie n d a b o u t t h es e p eo ple. C o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces using w h o or w h o s e .

1 I m et s o m e b o d y whose mother write,s d e t e c t iv e s t o r i e s ... ...
2 I met a m a n ................................. ............................................................................................
3 I met a w o m a n ............................................................................................... ................
4 I m et s o m e b o d y ......................................................................................................................
5 I m et a cou ple ...................
6 ! m et s o m e b o d y ............... .........
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s a n d c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using w h e r e .

1 You grew up in a s m all town. You w e n t back th ere recently. You t ell so m e o n e this.
I rece ntly w e n t back t o t h e smciil town w h e re I grew up... ....
2 You're t hirsty and y o u w a n t a drink. You ask a friend w h ere y o u can g et so m e water.
is there a shop near here ?
3 You work in a factory. The fact o ry is going to close d own ne xt month. You t ell a friend.
The ............................................... is going t o close d own ne xt m onth.
4 Sue is stayin g at a hotel. You w a n t t o k now t h e na m e of th e hotel. You ask a friend.
Do yo u k now th e n a m e o f ........................................................................................................ ?
5 You play f o o t b all in a park on Sun days. You sh ow a friend th e park. You say:
This is th e .......................................... ............................ on Sun days.
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using w h o / w h o m / w h o s e / w h e r e .
1 W h a t's th e na m e o f t h e man w h ose car yo u b orro we d?
2 A ce m e t ery is a place people are buried.
3 A pacifist is a person believes t h a t all wars are wrong.
4 An orphan is a child parents are dead.
5 W h a t was t h e na m e of t h e person to yo u spoke on th e p h o n e?
6 The place ..................... we sp e nt our holid ays was really beautiful.
7 This school is o nly for children .................. first language isn ot English.
8 The w o m a n wit h ............... he fell in love left him aft er a m onth.
Us e y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p le t e t h es e se n t e nces. T h e y are like t h e e x a m ples in Se ctio n s D an d E.

1 I ca n't m e e t yo u on Friday. That's t h e d ay i ;m going a w a y .........................................
2 The reason ................................. was t h a t t h e salary was t o o low.
3 I'll never forget th e ti m e ..................... .........................................................................
4 Do yo u re m e m b er t h e d ay ?
5 The reason is t h a t t h ey d o n't need one.
6 was th e y e ar ...............................................................................................
Unit
95 1 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)
There are t w o ty p es of relative clause. In th ese e x a mples, t h e relative clauses are u n d erlin e d.
Co m pare:
Type 7 Type 2
The w o m a n w h o lives ne xt d oor is a My brother Ben, w h o lives in Hong
doctor. Kon g, is an architect.
Grace works for a co m p a ny t h a t makes Anna told m e a b o u t her n e w job, which
furniture. she's enjoying a l o t .
W e staye d at t h e h o tel (t h a t) you W e staye d at th e Park H otel, which a
reco m m e n d e d . friend of ours reco m m e n d e d .
In t h ese e x a mples, t h e relative clauses t ell you In these e x a mples, th e relative clauses do not
which person or thing (or w h a t kind of person telL you which person or thing th e speaker
or thing) th e speaker means: means. W e alre a dy k now which thin g or
T h e w o m a n w h o liv es n e x t d o o r' tells us person is m eant: ‘My brother Ben', A n n a's new
which wo m a n. jo b' and 'th e Park Hotel'.
‘A co m p a ny t h a t m a k e s f u r n i t u r e' t ells us The rela tive clauses in t hese se nte nces give us
w h at kind of co m pany. e xtra inform atio n a b o u t th e person or thing.
T h e h ot el (t h a t) y o u r e c o m m e n d e d' tells
us which hotel.
W e do n ot use co m m as (,) wit h t hese clauses: W e use co m m as (,) wit h these clauses:
W e k now a lot of people wh o live in My brother Ben, w h o lives in Hong
London. Kon g, is an architect.
In both typ es of relative clause we use w h o for p eo ple and w h ic h for things. But:
Type 1 Type 2
You can use t h a t: You ca n n o t use t h a t:
Do you k now a nyo n e w h o / t h a t speaks Jo h n, w h o (n ot t h a t) speaks French and
French and Italia n? Italian, works as a t o ur guide.
Grace works for a co m p a ny w h ic h / t h a t Anna told me a b o u t her n e w job, w h ic h
makes furniture. (n ot t h a t) she's enjoyin g a lot.
You can leave o ut w h o / w h ic h / t h a t wh e n it is
th e o bject (see U nit 93): You ca n n o t leave o ut w h o or w h ic h :
W e staye d at th e h otel (t h a t / w hich) yo u W e staye d at th e Park H otel, w h ic h a
reco m m en de d. friend of ours reco m m en de d.
This m ornin g I m e t so m e b o d y (who / This m ornin g I m e t Chris, w h o I h a d n't
t h a t) I h a d n't seen for ages. seen for ages.
W e do not oft e n use w h o m in this ty p e of You can use w h o m for people (wh e n it is the
clause (see U nit 9 4B). o bject):
This m ornin g I m e t Chris, w h o m I ha d n't
seen for ages.
In both typ es of relative clause yo u can use w h o s e and w h e r e :
W e m et so me people w h o s e car had Lisa, w h o s e car had broken d own, was

broken d own. in a very bad mood.
W h a t's th e n a m e of th e place w h e r e Kate has j u st been to Swe d e n, w h e r e
yo u w e n t on h olid ay? her d a u g hter lives.
Re la tive cla uses (Typ e 1) - 4 U n i t s 9 2 - 9 4 Rela tive clauses (Typ e 2 ) -* U n i t 9 6

Exercises
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . Use t h e s e n t e n c e in b rac k e ts t o m a k e a r e la tiv e cla u s e (T y p e 2).
You w ill n ee d t o use w h o ( m ) / w h o s e / w h ic h / w h e r e .
1 C at h erin e is very friendly. (Sh e lives ne xt door.)
Catherine , . who. lives-, n e x t d o or, us v e ry - frie n d ly,.........................................................
2 W e staye d a t t h e Park Hotel. (A friend of ours reco m m e n d e d it.)
W e 5t o y e d a t t h e Por k H o t ^ , which a - fuen d c-f o urs rec o m m e n d e d ....................
3 W e often go t o visit our friends in Ca m brid ge. (It is not far fro m Lon don.)
W e often go t o visit our friends in Ca m brid ge . .................. .....
4 I w e n t t o see th e doctor. (Sh e told me I needed t o change m y diet.)
I w e n t t o see ........................................... ..............................................................................
5 St eve n is one of m y closest friends. (I have k nown him for a very long ti m e.)
Steve n ....................................................................................................................................
6 Lisa is a w a y fro m ho m e a lot. (H e r jo b involves a lot of travelling.)
L i s a ................................................ ........................................................................................
7 The n e w sta diu m will be finished ne xt month. (It can hold 9 0 , 0 0 0 people.)
8 Alask a is the largest state in t h e USA. (M y brother lives there.)
9 O u r t e ach er was very kind. (I have f or gotte n her na me.)
Rea d t h e in f o r m a tio n a n d c o m p l e t e e ach se n t e n ce . Use a r e la tiv e cla use o f T y p e 1 o r T y p e 2.

Use c o m m a s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 There's a w o m a n living ne xt d oor to me. Sh e ’s a doctor.
T he w o m a n who liv e s n e x t d o or to me Is a d o c t o r .........................................................
2 I've g ot a brother called Ben. He lives in Ho n g Kong. He's an a rc h it e c t
My brother Be n , who liv e s In Hong Kong, . ................................................
3 There was a strike at the factory. It began ten days ago. It is n o w over.
T he strike at th e fact ory ............... ............................................................................
4 I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now.
I've f o u n d ..................................................................................................................................
5 I've had my car for 15 years. It has never broken down.
M y c a r .................................................................................................. .....................................
6 A jo b was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of t h e m had th e necessary qualifications.
Few o f .....................................................................................................................................
7 A m y has a son. Sh e showe d me a picture of him. He's a police officer.
A m y showe d me .................... ................................................................................
So m e o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s are wr o n g. C o rr e c t t h e m an d p u t in c o m m a s w h e r e n ecessary. If t h e
s e n t e n c e is co rr ect, w r i t e ' O K'.
1 A n na told m e a b o u t her n e w jo b t h a t she's e njoyin g very much.
A n n a t o l d me- a b o u t h er new j o b , w h l d i s h e ’s e ^ o yi n g very m u c h ...............................
2 My office t h a t is on t h e second floor is very small.
3 The office I'm using at th e m o m e n t is very small.
4 Mark's fa t h er t h a t used to be in t h e ar m y n o w works for a T V co m pany.
5 The d oct or t h a t e x a mine d me co uld n't find a nythin g wrong.
6 The sun t h a t is one of millions of stars in t h e universe provides us wit h h e at and light.
191
Unit
96 Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
Prep ositio ns + w h o m / w h ic h
You can use a pre p ositio n before w h o m (for peo ple) and w h ic h (for things). So yo u can say:
t o w h o m / w i t h w h o m / a b o u t w h ic h / w i t h o u t w h ic h e t c . :
O Mr Lee, t o w h o m I spoke at th e meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
F ort u n a tely we had a good map, w i t h o u t w h ic h w e wo uld have g o t lost.
In infor m al English w e often keep t h e preposition aft er t h e verb in th e relative clause. W h e n w e do

this, w e n or m ally use w h o (n ot w h o m) for people:
Q This is my friend fro m Canada, w h o I was tellin g you a b o u t.
G Yest er d ay w e visited t h e C ity Museu m, w h ic h I'd never been t o before.
A l l o f / m o s t o f etc. + w h o m / w h ic h
St u d y t h ese e x a mples:
Hele n has three brothers. All of t h e m are married. (2 sentences)
Hele n has three brothers, a ll o f w h o m are married. (1 se n te nce)
T h ey asked me a lot of questions. I co uld n't a nswer m ost of t h e m . (2 se n te nces)
- T h ey asked me a Lot of questions, m o s t o f w h ic h I co uld n't answer. (1 se n te nce)
In th e sa m e w a y yo u can say:
n one o f / n eit h er o f / a n y of / eith er of
+ w h o m (peo ple)
s o m e o f / m a n y o f / m u ch o f / (a) f e w o f
? + w h ic h (thin gs)
b o t h o f / h a lf o f / e ac h o f / o n e o f / t w o o f etc.
Martin tried on three jack ets, n o n e o f w h ic h fitte d him.

G Two men, n e it h e r o f w h o m I had seen before, ca m e into t h e office.
G T h ey have t hre e cars, t w o o f w h ic h t h ey rarely use.
Sue has a lot of friends, m a n y o f w h o m she was at school with.
You can also say t h e ca u s e o f w h ic h / t h e n a m e o f w h ic h e t c . :

The building was d estroye d in a fire, t h e ca u s e o f w h ic h was never established.
C j W e staye d at a bea utiful hotel, t h e n a m e o f w h ic h I ca n ’t re m e m b er now.
W h ic h (not w h a t)
St u d y this e x a m ple:
jo e g ot t h e job. This surprised everybo dy. (2 sente nces)
Jo e g ot th e job, w h ic h surprised everybody. (1 se n te nce)

relative clause
In this e x a mple, w h ic h = 'th e fact t h a t he g ot t h e job'. You m ust use w h ic h (n ot w h a t) in sentences

like these:
Sarah co uld n't m e e t us, w h ic h w as a sha me, (n ot w h a t was a sha m e)
O The w e a t h e r was good, w h ic h we h a d n't e x pected, (n o t w h a t w e h a d n’t e x pecte d)
For w h a t , see Units 9 2 D and 93D.
192 A ll o f / m o s t o f etc. U n it 8 8 Bo t h o f etc. U n it 89 Rela tive cla uses 1- 4 - U n its 9 2 - 9 5

Exercises
W r i t e t h e re la tiv e cla uses in a m ore f o r m a l w a y using a p re p ositio n + w h o m / w h ic h .
1 Yest erd ay w e visited th e C ity Museu m, which I'd never been t o before.
Yest erd ay w e visited th e C ity Museu m, to which I ’d n ever been b e f o r e .............. .......
2 My brother showe d us his n ew car, which he's very proud of.
M y brother showe d us his n ew car, ... . .
3 This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, w h o w e w e n t on holid ay with.
This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, .
4 The we d din g, which o nly m e m b ers of th e fa m ily were invited to, to o k place on Friday.
The wedding, ............ ,
too k place on Friday.
Use t h e in f o r m a tio n in t h e first s e n t e n c e t o c o m p l e t e t h e seco n d se n t e n ce . Use a l l o f / m o s t o f

e tc. or t h e ... o f + w h o m / w h ic h .
1 All of Helen's brothers are married.
Hele n has t hree brothers, M L o-f whom a r e r o a m e d ................................. .............. .....
2 Most of t h e in for m a tio n we w ere given was useless.
W e were given a lot of inform ation, ... ................... .................................................
3 N o n e of th e ten people w h o applied for th e jo b was suitable.
Ten people applied for t h e job, ..................................................................................................
4 Kate hardly ever uses one of her co m puters.
Kate has g ot tw o co m p uters, ..............................................................................................
5 Mik e wo n £ 1 0 0,0 0 0. He gave half of it to his parents.
Mike wo n £ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,..................................................................................................................
6 Bot h of Julia's sisters are Lawyers.
Julia has tw o sisters, .................................................................................................................
7 Ja n e replied to n eit h er of t h e e m ails Lse nt her.
I sent Ja n e tw o e mails, ..............................................................................................................
8 I w e n t t o a p arty - I k new o nly a f e w of t h e people there.
There were a lot of people at the party, ....................................................................................
9 The sides of th e road w e drove along were Lined wit h trees.
W e drove alon g the road, t h e ... .
10 The aim of t h e co m p a ny's n e w business plan is t o save money.
The co m p a ny has a new business plan, ...........................................................................
Jo i n s e n t e n c e s fro m t h e bo x es t o m a k e n e w se n t e nc es. Use w h ic h .
This was very kind of her.

1 Laura co uld n't -eo m e t o t h e party.
This means w e ca n't go a w a y to m orrow.
2 Ja n e d oesn't have a phone.
This makes it difficult t o co n t a ct her.
3 Ale x has passed his exams.
This makes it difficult t o sleep so m eti m es.
4 O u r flight was deLayed.
T his w as a sha m er-
5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house.
This is good news.
6 The stre et I live in is very noisy at night.
This m ea nt we had to w ait three hours at the
7 O u r car has broken down.
airport.
1 Laura co uld n't co m e to th e party, which w a s a sh a n n e,............. .................

2 Ja n e ........................ .,...............
3 .......................................................... ........................................................................................
4 ............................... ...................................................................................................................
5
Unit -ing and -ed clauses (the wo m an talking to Tom,
97 the boy injured in the accident)
A cla use is a part o f a sentence. So m e clauses begin wit h -ing or - ed. For e x a mple:
TOM
Do yo u k now th e w o m a n t a l k i n g t o T o m ? th e w o m a n
-in g clause
talkin g t o Tom
The boy in j ure d in t h e a cci d e n t was ta ken to hospital.

-ed clause
th e boy injured
in th e accid e nt
W e use -ing clauses to say w h a t so m e b o dy (or so m et hin g) is (or was) d oing at a p articular tim e:
Do you k n ow t h e w o m a n t a l k i n g t o T o m ? (th e w o m a n is t a l k i n g t o To m)
Police in v e sti g a ti n g t h e cri m e are looking for three men. (police ar e i n v e stig a tin g th e crime)
W h o were th ose p eople w a i t i n g o u t s i d e? (t h ey w e r e w a iti n g)
G I was wo k e n up by a bell ringin g, (a bell w a s rin gin g)
You can also use an -ing clause to say w h a t hap pens all t h e ti m e, not j ust a t a p articular tim e.
For e x a mple:
The road c o n n e c t i n g t h e t w o villa g e s is very narrow, (the road c o n n e c ts th e t w o villages)
I have a large roo m o v e rl o o k i n g t h e g ard e n, (th e roo m o v e rl o o k s th e garden)
G Can you thin k of th e na m e of a flo w er b e gin n in g w i t h T ? (th e na m e b e gins wit h T)
- ed clauses have a passive meaning:

O The boy in j ure d in t h e a cci d e n t was taken t o hospital.
(he w a s in j ure d in t h e accid e nt)
O G e org e showe d me so m e pictures p a in t e d b y his f a t h e r.
(t h e y h a d b e e n p a i n t e d by his fath er)
In j u re d and i n vit e d are p ast p articiples. N o t e t h a t m a ny past participles are irregular and do not
end in - ed (s t o l e n / m a d e / w rit t e n etc.):
The police n ever found t h e m o n ey s t o l e n in t h e ro b b e ry.
Most of t h e goods m a d e in t h is f a c t o r y are e x ported.
You can use l e f t in this way, wit h t h e m eanin g 'n o t used, still there':
W e'v e e at e n nearly all t h e ch ocolates. There are o nly a f ew le f t.
W e oft e n use -ing and - ed clauses aft er t h e r e is / t h e r e w a s e t c . :

T h e r e w e r e so m e children s w i m m i n g in t h e river.
Is t h e r e a ny b o d y w a i t i n g ?
T h e re w a s a big red car p ar k e d outsid e th e house.
Se e / h e a r so m e b o d y d o i n g so m e t hin g 4 U n i t 6 7 -ing clauses U n it 6 8 T h e r e (is) - U n it 84

194 Irre g ular past p articiples (m a d e / s t o l e n etc.) Appen dix 1
Exercises
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h an - ing cla use.
1 A bell was ringing. I was wo k en up by it.
I was wo k en up by <*• b ell ringing ,
2 A man was sittin g ne xt to m e on t h e plane. I did n't talk much to him.
I did n't talk much to th e ........... .................................................. ...............
3 A taxi was ta king us to th e airport. It broke d own.
The _........................ ...... broke down.
4 There's a path at th e end of this street. The path leads to t h e river.
At th e end of th e stre et there's a ............ ............ .............. ..................
5 A fact ory has j ust o pened in th e to wn. It e m ploys 50 0 people.
A has j ust opened in t h e town.
6 The co m p a ny sent me a brochure. It co ntaine d th e infor m atio n I needed.
The co m p a ny sent me ........................................ ..............
Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o , b e gin nin g as sh o w n . Each ti m e m a k e an - ed cla use.

1 A boy was injured in t h e accid e nt. He was taken to h o s pit al
The boy injwre. <l in the- a c c i d e n t was tak en t o hospital.
2 A g ate was da mage d in th e stor m. It has n o w been repaired.
The gate has n o w been repaired.
3 A n u m b er of suggestions were m a d e at t h e meeting. Most of t h e m were not very practical.
Most of the were not very practical.
4 So m e paintings were stolen fro m t h e museu m. T h ey h av e n't been found yet.
The .................................................... h ave n't been found ye t.
5 A man was arrested by th e police. W h a t's his n a m e?
W h a t ’s th e n a m e of ............................................................................................................. ?
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs in t h e c o rr e c t f or m:
blo w c a ll in v it e liv e offer rea d ri ng sit stu dy work
1 I was wo k en up by a bell rmging............

2 So m e of th e people in vite d , t o th e p arty ca n't co me.
3 Life m ust be very u n pleasa nt for people near busy airports.
4 A f ew days aft er t h e interview, I received an e m ail me th e job.
5 So m e b o d y Jac k phoned whiLe yo u were out.
6 There was a tree ....... d own in t h e stor m last night.
7 The waitin g roo m was e m p ty e xcept for a yo u n g man by the win d o w
a maga zine.
8 Ian has a brother in a bank in London and a sister
eco n o mics at u niversity in Manchester.
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e s e n t e n c e s using T h e r e is / T h e r e w a s etc.

1 T h at house is e m pty, (n o b o dy / live / in it) T h e re ’s nobody livin g in ct..........................
2 The accid e nt w asn't serious,(n o b o dy / injure) T h e re w a s nobody i n j u r e d . .......................
3 I can hear footsteps, (so m e b o dy / co m e)
There ..................................................................................................................................
4 The train was full, (a Lot of people / travel)
5 W e were t h e o nly guests at th e hotel, (n o b o dy else / stay th ere)
6 The piece of paper was blank, (n othin g / writ e / on it)
7 The colle ge offers English courses in th e evening, (a course / begin / ne xt Mo n d ay)

Unit
98 A djectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
M a ny a djectives end in -ing and -ed, for e x a mple: b ori n g and b ore d. St u d y this e x a m ple situation:
Ja n e has been doing t h e sa m e jo b for a very long

bored time. Every d ay she does e x actly t h e sa me thing
again and again. She d oesn't e njoy her jo b any
m ore and w o uld like t o do so m e thin g different.
Jan e's jo b is b orin g.
Ja n e is b ore d (wit h her job).

boring
So m e b o d y is b ore d if so m e thin g (or so m e b o dy else) is b orin g. Or, if so m e thin g is b orin g, it makes

yo u b ore d. So:
Ja n e is b ore d because her jo b is b oring.
O Ja n e ’s job is b orin g, so Ja n e is b ore d, (n o t Ja n e is boring)
If a person is b orin g, this m eans t h a t t h e y make o t h er people b ore d:

G eorg e always talks a b o u t th e sa m e things. He's really b orin g.
C o m p are a djectives ending in -ing and - ed:
b orin g. I'm b ore d wit h my job.

in t e re stin g . I'm not i n t e r e s t e d in m y jo b a ny more.
My jo b is < tirin g. I: I get very tir e d doing m y job.
s a tisfyin g . I'm not sa tisfi e d wit h my job.
d e p ressin g, (etc.) My jo b makes me d e p resse d , (etc.)
In these e xa mples, t h e -ing a djective tells In t h ese e x a mples, th e - ed a djective tells yo u

yo u a b o ut th e job. h o w so m e b o dy feels (a b o ut t h e job).
i n t e r e sti n g in tereste d
Julia thinks politics is in t e r e stin g . Julia is i n t e r e s t e d in politics.
(n o t interesting in politics)
Did yo u m e e t a nyo n e in t e r e s t i n g at the Are you i n t e r e s t e d in buying a car?
p arty? I'm trying t o sell mine.
sur p risin g s ur p rise d

It was sur p risin g t h a t he passed the Every b o dy was sur p ris e d t h a t he passed
e xam. th e e xam.
d is a p p o in tin g d is a p p o in t e d
The m ovie was disa p p o in ti n g . W e were d isa p p o in t e d wit h th e movie.
W e e x pected it to be much better. W e e x pected it to be much better.
s h o c k in g sh oc k e d
The news was shock in g. 1was sh oc k e d wh e n 1 heard t h e news.
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s f or e ach sit u a ti o n . Use t h e w o r d in b rac k e ts + - ing or - ed.
1 The m ovie w asn't as good as w e had e x pected, (d is a p p o i n t...)
a The m ovie was disa p p oinUn g .
b W e were disa p p oint e d, wit h th e movie.
2 D on na teaches yo u n g children. It's a very hard job, but she enjoys it. (e x h a u s t ...)
a She enjoys her job, but it's often .......
b A t th e end of a day's work, she is often ............. ..
3 It's been raining all day. I h ate this weat h er, (d e p r e ss...)
a This w e a t h e r is .
b This w e a t h e r makes me .
c It's silly to g e t .............................. because of t h e weather.
4 Clare is going t o Me xico ne xt month. She has never been t h ere before, (e x clt ...)
a It will be a n ........................... e x perience for her.
b G oin g to n e w places is always .........................................
c She is r e a lly ........................ a b o ut going to Me xico.
C h o o se t h e c o rr e c t w or d .
1 I was disa p p oin ting- / disa p pointe d wit h th e film. I had e x pected it to be better.
(disap pointed is correct)
2 Are yo u interesting / interested in f o o t b all?
3 The n e w project sounds e xciting / e x cit e d . I’m looking forward t o working on it.
4 It's e m barrassing / e m barrassed wh e n yo u have to ask peo ple for money.
5 Do yo u easily get e m barrassing / e m b arrasse d?
6 I had never e x p ecte d to get th e job. I was really ama zing / ama z ed wh e n I was offered it.
7 Sh e has really learnt very fast. She has m a d e a ma zing / a ma z ed progress.
8 I did n't find t h e situatio n funny. I w as not a m usin g / a m use d .
9 It was a really terrifyin g / terrified e x perience. Every b o dy was very shocking / sh ock e d.
10 W h y do you alw a ys look so boring / b ore d? Is yo ur life really so boring / b ore d?
11 He's one of th e m ost boring / bored people I've ever m et. He n ever stops talking and he never
says a nythin g interesting / in t erest e d .
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a w o r d fr o m t h e box.
a m u sin g / a m u se d a n n o yi n g / a n n o y e d b orin g / b or e d
c o n f u sin g / c o n f u se d d isg u stin g / d is g u st e d e x citin g / e x cit e d
e x h a u sti n g / e x h a u s t e d in terestin g / in tereste d - surprisi n g / sur p rise d
1 He works very hard. It's n ot sur p risin g t h a t he's always tired.

2 I've g ot nothin g t o do. I'm .........................................
3 The teacher's e x pla nation was ...... . Most of th e stu d e nts did n't
un derstand it.
4 The kitchen h a d n't been clea n e d for ages. It was really .
5 I d o n't visit art galleries very often. I'm not p articularly in art.
6 There's no need t o g et j ust because I'm a f e w min utes late.
7 The lecture was . I fell asleep.
8 I've been working very hard all d ay and n o w I'm .
9 I’m startin g a new jo b ne xt wee k. I'm very a b o ut it.
10 St eve is good a t tellin g fu n ny stories. He can be very .
11 H ele n is a very person. She k nows a lot, she's travelle d a lot and
she's done lots of diff ere nt things.
Unit
99 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
So m e ti m es we use t w o or m ore a djectives to geth er:
Q M y brother Lives in a nice n e w house.
Q In th e kitchen th ere was a b e a u t if u l Large ro u n d w o o d e n tabLe.
A djectives Like n e w / la r g e / r o u n d / w o o d e n are f a c t adjectives. T h ey give us fact u al infor m atio n a b o ut
age, size, colo ur etc.
A djectives like n ic e / b e a u tif u l are opinion a djectives. T h ey t ell us w h a t so m e b o dy thin ks of so m ethin g

or so m e bo dy.
O pinio n a djectives usually go before fact a djectives.
opinion fact
a nice lo n g su m m er holid ay
an in t e r e s t i n g young man
d e licio u s hot ve g et a ble soup
a b e a u t if u l la r g e ro u n d w o o d e n ta ble
So m e ti m es w e use t w o or more fact a djectives to geth er. Usu ally (b ut n ot alw ays) w e put fact
a djectives in this order:
a t a l l y o u n g man (1 —» 2 ) a la rg e w o o d e n t a ble (1 - > 5)

big b lu e eyes (1 —» 3) an old Ru ssia n song (2 —> 4)
a s m a ll b la c k p l a s tic bag (1 —» 3 —» 5) an old w h i t e c o t t o n shirt(2 —> 3 —> 5)
A djectives of size and Length (b ig / s m a ll / t a ll / s h o r t / l o n g etc.) usually go
before a djectives of shape and wid t h (r o u n d / f a t / t h in / sli m / w id e etc.):
a la r g e ro u n d t a ble a t a l l t h i n girl a Long n a r r o w street
W h e n t h ere are tw o or more colo ur adjectives, w e use a nd:

a b la c k a n d w h i t e dress a red, w h i t e a n d gr e e n flag
This does n ot usually happen wit h o t h er a djectives before a noun:
a lo n g b la c k dress (n ot a long and black dress)
W e use a djectives aft er b e / g e t / b eco m e / se e m :

O Be c a r e f u l!
O I'm tir e d and I'm g e t t i n g h u n g ry.
O As th e film w e n t on, it b e c a m e more and more b orin g.
D Your friend s e e m s very nice.
W e also use a djectives t o say h o w so m e b o dy / so m e thin g looks, feels, sounds, tast es or smells:
You l o o k tir e d . / 1f e e l tir e d . / She so u n d s tir e d .
O The dinner s m e lls g o o d.
J This tea t a s t e s a bit stra n g e .
But t o say h ow so m e b o d y does so m ethin g yo u m ust use an a dverb (see Units 100 - 101):
Drive c a r e f u lly! (n o t Drive careful)
Susan plays t h e piano very w e ll. (n ot plays ... very good)
W e say 'th e f irs t t w o days / t h e n e x t f e w wee ks / th e l a s t t e n min utes' e t c . :

O I did n't e njoy th e f irs t t w o days of th e course. (n o t th e t w o first days)
T h e y'll be a w a y for t h e n e x t f e w weeks. (n ot t h e f e w ne xt wee ks)
A dverbs U n its 100 - 101 C o m p ariso n (c h e a p e r etc.) *4 U n its 10 5 - 1 0 7

198 Su p e rla tives (c h e a p e s t e tc.) - U n i t 1 0 8
Exercises
Pu t t h e a d je ctiv e s in b rac k e ts in t h e c o rr e c t p ositio n.
1 a bea utiful t a ble (wo o d e n / round) <*- b e a u t i f u l round., wooden table, ..
2 an unusual ring (gold) .........................................................................
3 an old house (b ea utif ul) ................................... ............................
4 black gloves (le at h er)
5 an A m erica n film (old) .. .........
6 a long face (thin) . .
7 big clouds (black) ........ ..............................
8 a sunny day (lovely) ............. ....... ...... .......
9 an ugly dress (y e ll o w) ...
10 a wid e avenue (long) ......... ........
11 a lovely resta ura nt (little) .................. ....... .......................
12 a red car (old / little) ....................... .. ...............................
13 a new sw e a t er (green / nice) ...............................................................................
14 a m e t al box (black / s m all) .............. ..............
15 a big cat (fa t / black) .......
16 lo n g h a ir (black / b ea utiful) . . ........
17 an old paintin g (interestin g / French) .............. .......
18 an e n or m ous u m brella (red / y e ll o w) ... .......
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h a ver b (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) an d an a d j e ctiv e fro m t h e boxes.
feel lo o k se e m awful fi n e in t e r e s t i n g
s m e ll so u n d taste nice u p se t wet
1 Hele n s e e m e d u p s e t this morning. Do yo u k now w h a t was wro n g?

2 I ca n't e at this. I've j ust tried it and it .....
3 I w asn't very w e ll yester day, b ut I today.
4 W h a t b ea utiful flowers! T h ey ....... too.
5 You ........................................ Have yo u been o ut in th e rain?
6 Ja m e s was t ellin g me a b o ut his n ew job. It .............. - much b ett er th a n his
old job.
Pu t in t h e c o rr e ct w or d.
1 This t ea tastes a bit s t r a n g e . (stran ge / stra n g ely)
2 I always feel wh e n th e sun is shining, (h a p py / ha p pily)
3 The children were playin g in t h e garden, (ha p py / hap pily)
4 The man b eca m e wh e n t h e m an ag er of th e resta ura nt asked him to leave,
(viole n t / viole n tly)
5 You look ......... ! Are yo u all rig ht? (terrible / terribly)
6 There's no p oint in doing a jo b if yo u d o n't do it . (proper / properly)
7 The soup tast es ......... (good / w ell)
8 Hurry / up! Yo u're always so (slow / slowly)
W r i t e t h e f o ll o w i n g in a n o t h e r w a y using t h e f i r s t ... / t h e n e x t ... / t h e l a s t ... .

1 th e first day and t h e second d ay of th e course t h e - first two d a y s o f t h e co urse
2 ne xt we e k and th e we e k aft er t h e n e x t two wee ks ...............
3 yest er d ay and th e d ay before yest er d a y
4 th e first wee k and t h e second we e k of M ay .... .............. ..........................
5 t o m o rro w and a f ew days aft er t h a t ................................................................
6 q uestions 1 , 2 and 3 in th e e x a m ... . .....
7 ne x t y e a r and th e y e ar aft er .......... .. . ................
8 t h e last d ay of o ur h olid ay and t h e t w o days
before t h a t
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 31 (page 3 2 0) 199

Unit ^ - 11
100 A djectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly)
Look at t h ese e x a mples:
O O u r h olid ay was to o short - t h e ti m e passed very q u ic k ly.
O Two people were s e ri o u sly injured in t h e accid ent.
Q u ic k ly and s e ri o u sly are adverbs. Ma ny adverbs are for m e d from an a djective + - ly:
a djective: quick serious careful q uiet h e avy bad

adverb: q uick ly serio usly ca re f u lly q u ie tly h e a vily b a dly
For spelling, see Ap pendi x 6 .
N o t all words en ding in - ly are adverbs. So m e a djectives end in - ly too, for e x a mple:
f r i e n d ly liv e ly e l d e r ly l o n e ly s illy l o v e ly
A d jective or a dver b?
A djectives (q u ic k / ca r e f u l etc.) t ell us a b o ut A dverbs (q u ic k ly / c a r e f u lly etc.) t ell us a b o ut

a noun (so m e b o dy or so m ethin g). W e use a verb (h ow so m e b o dy does so m e thin g or h ow
a djectives before nouns: so m e thin g happens):
o Sa m is a c a r e f u l d river. o Sa m d r o v e c a r e f u lly aLong th e narrow

(n o t a caref ully driver) road, (n ot drove careful)
o W e did n't go o ut because of t h e h e a v y o W e did n't go o u t because it w as raini n g
rain. h e a vily, (n ot raining h e avy)
Co m pare:
i r 1.
She speaks p e r f e c t En glish. o She sp e a k s En g lish p e r f e c t ly .
adjective + noun verb + noun + adverb
W e also use a djectives aft er so m e verbs, esp ecially be, and also lo o k / f e el / so u n d etc.
Co m pare:
o Please b e q uie t. o Please s p e a k q u ie tly.

o I was disap pointed t h a t m y e xam results o ! was un ha p py t h a t 1did so b a d ly in the
w e r e so bad. e xam, (n o t did so bad)
o W h y do yo u always lo o k so s e ri o u s? o W h y do yo u never t a k e m e s e ri o u sly?
I f e e l h a p py. o The children were p la yi n g h a p pily.
W e also use adverbs before a djectives and o th er adverbs. For e x a mple:
r e a s o n a b ly chea p (a dverb + a d jective)

t e r r i b l y sorry (adverb + a d jective)
i n cr e d i b ly q uickly (a dverb + a dverb)
O It's a r e a s o n a b ly c h e a p resta ura nt and t h e food is e x t r e m e ly goo d,

i'm t e r r i b ly s o rry. I did n't mean t o push you. (n ot terrible sorry)
Maria learns languages i n cr e d i b ly q u ic k ly.
T he e x a m was s u r p risi n g ly e asy.
You can also use an adverb before a p ast p articip le (in j u r e d / o r g a n is e d / w rit t e n etc.):
Two people were s e ri o u sly in j ure d in th e accid e nt. (n ot serious injured)
The m e etin g w as b a d ly org a nise d.
200 A djectives aft e r b e / lo o k / f e e l etc. -4 U n i t 9 9 C A d je ctives and a dver bs 2 U n i t 101

Exercises
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w it h an a dver b . T h e first l e t t e rs o f t h e a d v e r b are give n.
1 W e did n't go o u t because it was raining he civdy .
2 O u r t e a m lost t h e ga m e because w e playe d very ba ...................
3 I did n't have a ny proble ms finding a place to live. I found a flat q uite ea ..
4 W e had to w ait for a long ti m e, but w e did n't co m plain. W e w aite d pat
5 N o b o d y k new St eve was co min g t o see us. He arrived une x .
6 Mike keeps fit by playing tennis r e g ..................
7I d o n't speak French very well, but I can un derstand per if people speak
s i. and cl ............
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t w or d.
1 Two people were s e rio u sly injured in t h e accid ent, (serious / seriously)
2 The driver of th e car had serio us injuries, (serious / seriously)
3 I thin k you behaved very ........................ (selfish / selfishly)
4 Tanya is ... upset a b o ut Losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
5 There was a chan g e in th e weath er, (sudden / su d denly)
6 Every b o dy at th e carnival was dressed, (colo urf ul / colo urf ully)
7 Linda usually we ars clothes, (colo urf ul / colo urf ully)
8 Liz fell and hurt herself really (bad / badly)
9 Jo e says he did n't do w ell at school because he was ....................... taught, (bad / badly)
10 D o n't go up t h a t ladder. It d oesn't look . (safe / safely)
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a w o r d fro m t h e box. So m e t i m e s y o u nee d t h e a d j e c t iv e (careful

e tc.) an d s o m e ti m e s t h e a d v e r b (carefully e tc.).
c a r e f u l(ly) c o m p l e t e(ly) c o n t i n u o u s(ly) f i n a n c i a l(ly) f l u e n t(ly)

h a p p y / h a p p ily n e r v o u s(ly) p e r f e c t(ly) q u ic k(ly) s p e ci a l(ly)
1 O u r h olid ay was to o short. The ti m e passed very ûuskUj .

2 St e ve d oesn't take risks wh e n he's driving. He's always ..................... .
3 Sue w o r k s ...................... .. She never see ms t o stop.
4 Rach el and Patrick are very . married.
5 Maria's English is v e r y ......................... alth o u g h she makes q uite a lot of mistakes.
6 I cooked this m eal for you, so I hope yo u like it.
7 Everythin g was very quiet. There was silence.
8 I tried on th e shoes and t h ey fitte d me .
9 Do yo u usualLy feel before e x a ms?
10 I'd like to buy a car, but i t's ....................... im possible for m e at th e m o m e nt.
C h o o se t w o w o r d s (o n e fro m e ac h bo x) t o c o m p l e t e e ach se n t e n ce .
a b s o l u t e ly b a d ly co m p le t e ly ch a n g e d ci rtap damaged
rcdsonc! b iy s e ri o u sly s li g h t ly enorm ous ill lo n g
u n n e c e ss a rily u n u s u a lly p la n n e d q u ie t
1 I t h o u g ht t h e resta ura nt wo uld be e x pensive, but it was . reasor.cibly cheap.. .

2 Will's m o t h er is . in hospital.
3 W h a t a big house! It's ................................................
4 It w asn't a serious accident. The car was o nly .........................................
5 The children are n or m ally very lively, but t h ey're to day.
6 W h e n I returned ho m e aft er 20 years, everyt hin g had .............. ................
7 T he m ovie was . . . . . . . . . It could have been m uch shorter.
8 A lot w e n t wro n g during our h olid ay because it was ...........................................
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 31 (page 3 2 0) 201

Unit A djectives and adverbs 2
101 (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)
G o o d / w e ll
G o o d is an a djective. The adverb is w e ll:

O Your English is g o o d. b ut You s p e a k English w e ll.
Susan is a g o o d pianist, b ut Susan p la ys th e piano w e ll.
W e use w e l l (n o t goo d) wit h p ast p articiples (d r e ss e d / k n o w n etc.):

w e ll - d r e ss e d w e ll - k n o w n w e ll - e d u c a t e d w e ll - p aid
Gary's fat h er is a w e ll - k n o w n writer.
But w e l l is also an a djective wit h th e m ea nin g 'in good health':

‘H o w are yo u t o d a y?' ‘I'm very w e ll, thanks.'
F a st / h a r d / la t e
These words are both a djectives and adverbs:

a d jective adverb
o Darren is a very f a s t ru n n er. Darren can ru n very f ast.
Kate is a h ard w o r k e r. Kate w o r k s hard, (n ot works hardly)
1
(v•_J 1was la t e . 1 g o t up l a t e this morning.
L a t e ly = recently:
o Have yo u seen Tom l a t e l y ?
H a r d ly
H a r d ly = very little, al m ost not. Stu d y th ese e xa mples:

Sarah w asn't very frie n dly a t t h e party. She h a r d ly spoke to me.
(= she spoke to me very little, al m ost not at all)
W e'v e o nly m e t o nce or t wice. W e h a r d ly k now each other.
H a r d and h a r d ly are different. Co m pare:
He tried h ard t o find a job, but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, wit h a lot of effort)
I'm not surprised he did n't find a job. He h a r d ly tried. (= he trie d very little)
I ca n h a r d ly do so m ethin g = it's very difficult for me, al m ost impossible:

Your writin g is terrible. I ca n h a r d ly read it. (= it is al m ost im possible to read it)
0 My leg was hurting. I c o u ld h a r d ly walk.
You can use h a r d ly + a n y / a n y b o d y / a n y o n e / a n y t h i n g / a n y w h e r e : There's hardly anything

1J a : H o w m uch m o n ey have we g o t? în t h e fridge.
B: H a r d ly a ny. ( = very little, al m ost none)
These tw o ca m eras are very similar. There's h a r d ly
a n y difference b et we e n the m.
The e x a m results were very bad. H a r d ly a n y b o d y in
our class passed. {= very f e w stu d e nts passed)
N o t e t h a t you can say:
Sh e said h a r d ly a n y t h i n g . or She h a r d ly said a n y t h i n g .
W e'v e g ot h a r d ly a n y m oney, or W e'v e h a r d ly g ot a n y money.
H a r d ly e v e r = al m ost never:
o I’m n early always at h o m e in th e evenings. I h a r d ly e v e r go out.
H a r d ly also m ea ns 'ce rt ainly n o t ’. For e xample:

, j It's h a r d ly sur p risin g t h a t y o u'r e tired. You h av e n't sle pt for three days.
(= it's cert ainly not surprising)
C The situatio n is serious, but it's h a r d ly a crisis. (= it's cert ainly not a crisis)
A d jectives aft e r verbs ('Y o u l o o k t ir e d ' etc.) U n it 9 9 C A d je ctives and adverbs 1 - U n it 100
Unit
Exercises 101
Pu t in g o o d or well.
1 I play tennis but I'm not very good .
2 Your e xam results were very .
3 You did in yo ur exams.
4 The w e a t h e r was w hile w e were away.
5 I did n’t sleep ............... last night.
6 Lucy speaks G er m a n .... .S h e 's at Languages.
7 O u r n e w business isn't doing very at th e m o m e nt.
8 I like yo u r hat. It l o o k s ............... on you.
9 I've m e t her a f ew times, but I d o n't k now her .......
C o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e n c e s using w ell + t h e f o ll o w i n g w or ds:
êhave 4 - d resse d in f o r m e d kept known paid w ritte n
1 The chiLdren were very good. T h ey were w e ll - b e h ave d ,

2 I'm surprised yo u h ave n't heard of her. She is quite ..
3 O u r n eig h b o urs'g ard e n is n eat and tidy. It is very .........................
4 I e njoye d the book yo u le nt me. It's a great story and it's very
5 Tanya k nows a lot a b o ut m a ny things. She is very .....................................
6 Mark's clot h es are always smart. He is always
7 Ja n e has a lot of responsibility in her job, but she isn't very
A re t h e u n d erlin e d w o r d s rig h t or w r o n g? C o rr e ct t h e m w h e r e n ecessary.

1 I'm tired because I've been working h ard. O K ......................................................
2 I tried hard to re m e m b er her na me, but I co uld n't. ... . ..
3 This co a t is p ractically unused. I've hardly worn it.
4 Laura is a good tennis player. She hits th e ball h ardly.................................................................
5 D o n't walk so f ast! I ca n't keep up wit h you.
6 I had ple nty of ti m e, so I was walkin g slo w. . .....................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es. Use h a r d ly + t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ):
ch a n g e hear know^ r eco g n ise say sle e p sp e a k
1 Sc o tt and Tracy have o nly m e t once before. T h ey h a r d ly know each other.

2 You're speaking very q uietly, le a n .... you.
3 I'm very tired this morning. I last night.
4 W e were so shocked wh e n w e heard th e news, w e could .............................
5 Kate was very q uiet this evening. Sh e a word.
6 You look th e sa m e n o w as you looked 15 years ago. Yo u've .............
7 I m et David a f e w d ays ago. I h a d n't seen him for a long ti m e and he Looks very diff ere nt now.
I .............................................. him.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e n c e s w it h h a r d ly + a n y / a n y b o d y / a n y t h i n g / a n y w h e r e / e v e r .
1 I'll have to go shopping. There's h a r d ly a nyt hin g t o eat.
2 It was a very war m d ay and t h ere w a s .................................................... wind.
3 'D o y o u k now m uch a b o ut c o m p u t e rs?' 'N o, .'
4 The h otel was al m ost e m pty. There was ... stayin g there.
5 I listen to th e radio a lot, but I w a tc h television.
6 O u r n e w boss is not very popular. Likesher.
7 It was very crow d e d in th e room. There w a s ................. to sit.
8 W e used to be good friends, but we see each o t h er now.
9 It was nice driving this morning. There was traffic.
10 I hate this town. There's .......... to do a n d ....................................... Lo g o.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 31 (page 3 2 0) 203

Unit
102 WJ
S o and su c h
C o m p a r e so a n d s u c h :
W e use so + a djective / a dverb: W e use such + noun:

so st u p id so q uic k such a s t o r y such p e o p le
so nice so q u ic k ly W e also use such + a d jective + noun:
such a stupid s t o r y such nice p e o p le
I did n't like t h e book. The story was so I did n't like t h e book. It was such a
st u pid . stupid st o ry, (n ot a so stupid story)
I like Liz and Joe. T h ey are so nice. I like Liz and Joe. T hey are such nice
p e o ple, (n ot so nice peo ple)
W e say such a ... (n ot a such):

such a big d o g (not a such big dog)
So and such make th e m eanin g stronger:
It's a b ea utiful day, isn't it? It's so w a r m . It was a great holiday. W e had such a
(= really w ar m) g o o d ti m e . (= a really good ti m e)
It's difficult t o understand him because You always thin k good things are going to
he talks so q u i e tly. happen. You're such a n o p ti m ist.
You can use so ... t h a t: You can use such ... t h a t :

The book was so g o o d t h a t I co uld n't It was such a g o o d b o o k t h a t I co uld n't
put it down. put it down.
I was so tir e d t h a t I fell asleep in the It was such nice w e a t h e r t h a t w e spent
armchair. t h e w h ole d ay on th e beach.
W e usually leave o ut t h a t: W e usually leave o ut t h a t:

I was so tir e d I fell asleep. It was such nice w e a t h e r w e spent ...
W e also use so and such wit h t h e m eanin g ‘like this':
So m e b o d y told me th e house was built I did n't realise it was such a n ol d h o use.
100 years ago. I did n't realise it was You k now it's not true. H o w can yo u
so old. (= as old as it is) say such a t h i n g?
I'm tired because I g ot up at six.
N o t e t h e e x pression n o such ... :
I d o n't usually get up so e a rly.
You w o n't find t h e word 1blid' in t h e
I e x pecte d t h e w e a t h e r to be cooler.
dictionary. There's no such w o r d .
I'm surprised it is so w a r m .
(= this word does not e xist)
Co m pare:
so lo n g such a lo n g ti m e
1 h ave n't seen her for so lo n g I've 1 h ave n't seen her for such a lo n g ti m e .
forg o tt e n w h a t she looks like. (n ot so long ti m e)
so f a r such a lo n g w a y
1did n't k now it was so far. 1 did n't k now it was such a lo n g w a y .
so m uc h , so m a n y such a l o t (of)
I'm sorry I'm late - t here was so m uc h I'm sorry I'm late - t h ere was such a l o t
traffic. o f traffic.
204 N o t so ... as - > U n i t 1 0 7 A Su c h as - > U n i t 117A

Unit
Exercises 102
Pu t in so, su ch or su ch a.
1 It's d iffic u lt t o u n d e rst a n d hi m b eca use he sp ea ks s ° q uie tly.
2 I like Liz an d j o e . T h e y'r e sucH nice p eo ple.
3 It w a s a g r e a t h olid ay. W e had su ch c l g o o d ti m e.
4 I w as surprise d t h a t he Looked ..................... w e ll a f t e r his r e c e n t illness.
5 Ev e ry t h i n g is ......... e x p e nsive t h es e d ays, isn't it?
6 T h e w e a t h e r is b e a u tif u l, is n't i t? I d id n't e x p ect it t o be .......... nice day.
7 I t h in k she w or k s t o o hard. Sh e loo ks tire d all t h e ti m e .
8 H e a lw a ys lo o ks g oo d. H e w e a rs .... nice clo t h es.
9 It w a s b orin g m o vie t h a t I f ell asle e p w h il e I w a s w a tc h i n g it.
10 I c o u l d n't b elieve t h e n ews. It w a s ... shock.
11 I h ave t o go. I d i d n't realise it w as late.
12 T h e f o o d a t t h e h o t e l w as a w f u l. I've n e v e r e a t e n awful
foo d.
13 T h e y'v e g o t m uch m o n e y t h e y d o n't k n o w w h a t t o d o w it h it.
14 I d i d n't realise y o u l i v e d ......................... lo n g w a y fro m t h e cit y ce n tre .
15 T h e p a rty w a s re a lly grea t. It w a s s h a m e y o u c o u l d n't co m e.
M a k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . Use so or such.
1 She worked - hardr - You could hear it fro m miles away.

2 It was a b ea utiful dayr- You w o uld thin k it was her native Language.
3 I was tired. W e spent th e w h ole d ay indoors.
4 W e had a good ti m e on holiday. -She - ma4e - hefsetf ill.
5 She speaks English well. ! co uld n't keep m y eyes open.
6 I've g ot a lot to do. I did n't e at a nythin g else for t h e rest of t h e day.
7 The music was loud. W e decided to go to t h e beach.
8 I had a big breakfast. I did n't k now w h a t to say.
9 It was horrible weather. I d o n't k now w h ere to begin.
10 ! was surprised. W e did n't w a n t t o co m e ho me.
1 She worked.so Hard sh e mode H erself i l l. ............

2 It was swcH a beautiful day we d ecid ed to go to the beach
3 I was ......................................................................................................
4 ...................................................................................
5 .....................................................................................
6 ............
7 ................................................................ .....................
8
9 ......................................................................................
10 ...................
Use y o u r o w n id e as t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e pairs o f se n t e nces.

1 a W e enjoyed o ur holiday. It was so rela x in g
b W e enjoyed o ur holiday. W e had such . & QQod tu n e
a like Catherine. She's so .........................................
b like C at herin e. She's such ... ..................
a like N e w York. It's so
b like N e w York. It's such .................
a w o u ld n't like to be a teacher. It ’s so
b w o u ld n't like to be a teacher. It's such ..............
a t's great to see yo u again! I h av e n't seen you for so
b t's great to see yo u again! I h av e n't seen you for such
205
Unit
Enough and too
En o u g h goes a ft e r a djectives and adverbs: m not f i t e n o u g h. ^)
I ca n't run very far. I'm not f i t e n o u g h, (n ot enough fit) ^
Le t’s go. W e'v e w ait e d lo n g e n o u g h.
I can let yo u k now t o m orrow. Is t h a t so o n e n o u g h?
C o m p are t o o ... and n o t ... e n o u g h:

You never stop working. You work t o o hard.
(= more th a n is necessary)
O You're lazy. You d o n 't work h ard e n o u g h.
(= less than is necessary)
En o u g h n or m ally goes b efore nouns:

I ca n't run very far. I d o n't have e n o u g h e n e r g y, (n o t energy enough)
Do w e have e n o u g h p e tro l, or should we stop and get so m e?
W e'v e g ot e n o u g h m o n e y. W e d o n't need a ny more.
L 1 So m e of us had t o sit on t h e floor because th ere w e re n't e n o u g h ch airs.
W e also use e n o u g h alone (w it h o u t a noun):

W e d o n't need t o stop for petrol. W e'v e g ot e n o u g h.
C o m p are t o o m u c h / m a n y and e n o u g h:
There's t o o m u ch f u r n it u r e in this room. There's n ot e n o u g h sp ace.
There were t o o m a n y p e o p le and not e n o u g h ch airs.
W e say e n o u g h / t o o ... f o r so m e b o dy / so m ethin g:

Q Does Jo e have enough e x perience f o r t h e j o b ?
This bag isn't big enough f o r a ll m y clo t h e s.
T h a t shirt is t o o s m all f o r y o u . You need a larger size.
But w e say e n o u g h / t o o ... t o do so m ething. For e x a mple:

Does Jo e have enough e x perience t o d o t h e j o b ? (n o t for doing)
W e d o n't have enough m o n ey t o go o n h o li d a y ri g h t n o w.
0 She's not old enough t o h a v e a d rivin g lice n ce .
She's t o o yo u n g t o h a v e a d rivin g lice nce.
1 Let's g et a taxi. It's t o o far t o w a l k h o m e f r o m here.
The f ollo win g e x a m ple has both f o r ... and t o ... :

The bridge is j ust wid e enough f o r t w o c a rs t o p ass e ac h o t h e r.
W e say:
The food was very hot. We couldn't eat it.

and The food was so hot that we could n't eat it.
but The food was t o o hot t o eat. (without it)
So m e more e x a m ples like this:

These boxes are t o o h e a v y t o c a rry.
(n ot t o carry t h e m)
The w a ll e t was t o o big t o p u t in my pocket.
(n ot t o p ut it)
O This chair isn't s tr o n g e n o u g h t o st a n d on.
(n ot t o stand on it)
206 T o ... and f o r ... (p urp ose) -* U n i t 6 4 A d je ctive + t o ... (d i f f ic u l t t o u n d e rs t a n d etc.) - > U n i t 65
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using e n o u g h + t h e f o ll o w i n g words:
big -c h oirs cu ps -fit m il k m oney ro o m tim e warm w e ll
1 i c a n ’t run very far. I’m n ot -fit enough

2 So m e of us had to sit on th e floor because th ere w e re n't enough c h o irs
3 I'd like to buy a car, but I d o n't have at th e m o m e nt.
4 Do you have ................................... in yo u r coff ee or wo uld yo u like so m e m ore?
5 Are yo u ? O r shall I switch on th e h e a tin g?
6 It's o nly a small car. There i s n ' t ............. ....................... for all of us.
7 St ev e did n't feel to go to work this morning.
8 I enjoyed my trip to Paris, but th ere wasn't ................................. t o do everythin g I
wa nt e d.
9 Try this jack e t on and see if it's for you.
10 There w e re n't ... for every b o d y to have coff ee at th e sa m e time.
n C o m p l e t e t h e a n sw e rs t o t h e q u estio ns. Use t o o or e n o u g h + t h e w o r d(s) in brack ets.
1 Does she have a driving lice nce? (old) No, s h e ’s n ot o ld enough to

h a v e a d rivin g Licence.
2 1 need t o talk to yo u a b o ut so mething. (busy) Well, I'm afraid I'm
to yo u now.
3 Let's go to th e cine ma. (la t e) No, it's ............................................
t o th e cine ma.
4 W h y d o n't we sit o utsid e? (w ar m) It's not .............................................
outside.
5 Wo u ld you like to be a p oliticia n? (shy) No, I'm . ..
......... a politician.
6 Wo u ld yo u like to be a t e ach e r? (pa tie nce) No, 1 d o n't have
................................. a teacher.
7 Did yo u hear w h a t he was sayin g? (far a w a y) No, we were ............. ....
.......................w h a t he was saying.
8 Can he read a newsp a p er in English? (English) No, he d oesn't k now
I J ............................. a newspaper.
P Ma k e o n e s e n t e n c e fro m t w o . C o m p l e t e t h e n e w s e n t e n c e usin g t o o or e n o u g h .
1 W e co uld n't carry the boxes. T h ey were to o heavy.
T h e boxes w er e too h e a vy to c a r r y . .................................................
2 I ca n't drink this coffee. It's t o o hot.
This coffee i s ..................................................................... ...............................
3 N o b o d y could m ove t h e piano. It was t o o heavy.
The piano .......................... .................... ................................................
4 D o n't e at these apples. T h ey're not ripe enough.
These apples ............................. ....... ............................................................
5 I ca n't e x plain th e situation. It is t o o co m plicat e d.
The situation
6 W e co uld n't cli m b over th e wall. It was t o o high.
The w a ll ...........................................................................
7 Three people ca n't sit on this sofa. It isn't big enough.
This sofa ...... .................................................... .......................
8 You ca n't see so m e things wit h o u t a microscope. T h ey are t o o small.
So m e . .................................................... ........................ .... ..............
207
Unit
104 Quite, pretty, rather and fairly
You can use q u it e / p r e t t y / r a t h e r / f a irLy + a djectives or adverbs. So yo u can say:
3 It's q u it e cold . It's p r e t t y cold . It's r a t h e r col d . It ’s f a i r l y cold .
Q u i t e / p r e t t y / r a t h e r / f a irly = less than 'very' but m ore than fa Little'.
Q u i t e and p r e t t y are si milar in meaning:

I'm surprised yo u h av e n't heard of her. She's q u it e f a m o u s / p r e t t y f a m o u s. (= Less th a n
‘very fa mous', but m ore than 'a little fa m o us’)
Anna lives q u it e n e a r me, so we see each o t h er p r e t t y o ft e n .
Pr e t t y is an infor m al word and is used m ainly in spoken English.
Q u i t e goes before a / an:

W e live in q u it e an ol d h o use. (n ot a quite oLd house)
Co m pare:
Sarah has q u it e a good job.
Sarah has a p r e t t y good job.
You can also use q u it e (b ut n ot p r e t t y) in th e f ollowin g ways:

q u it e a / an + noun (w it h o u t an a djective):
I did n't e x pect t o see th e m. It was q u it e a surp rise. (= quite a big surprise)
q u it e a l o t (o f ...):
There were q u it e a l o t o f people at th e meeting,
q u it e + verb, esp ecially lik e and e n joy:
I q u it e li k e tennis, but it's not my favo urit e sport.
R a t h e r is similar t o q u it e and p r e t t y . W e oft en use r a t h e r for ne gative ideas (things we thin k are not
good):
The w e a t h e r isn't so good. It's r a t h e r clo u d y.
O Paul is r a t h e r shy. He d oesn't talk very much.
Q u i t e and p r e t t y are also possible in these e xa mples.
W h e n w e use r a t h e r for positive ideas (g o o d / nice etc.), it m eans ‘u n usu ally’ or ‘surprisingly':
These oranges are r a t h e r g o o d. W h e r e did yo u g et t h e m ?
F a irly is wea k er than q u it e / r a t h e r / p r e t t y . For e x a m ple, if so m et hin g is f a i r l y g oo d, it is n ot very

good and it could be better:
My roo m is f a i r l y big, but I'd prefer a bigger one.
W e see each o t h er f a i r l y o f t e n , but n ot as often as w e used to.
Q u i t e also means ‘co m ple t ely'. For e x a m ple:

A r e yo u sure?' ‘Yes, q u it e sure.' (= co m ple t ely sure)
Q u i t e means 'c o m p le t e ly' wit h a n u m b er of adjectives, especially:
sure ri g h t tru e cl e a r d if f e r e n t in cre d ib l e a m a z in g

certain wron g safe o b vio u s u n n e c e ss a ry e x tra ord in ary i m p o ssib le
She was q u it e d if f e r e n t from w h a t I e x pected. (= co m ple t e ly differe nt)

Everythin g t h e y said was q u it e tr u e . (= co m ple t ely true)
W e also use q u it e (= co m ple t ely) wit h so m e verbs. For e x a mple:

I q u it e a g re e wit h yo u. (= ! co m ple t ely agree)
N o t q u it e = n ot co m ple tely:
T hey h a v e n 't q u it e fin is h e d eatin g yet.
O I d o n 't q u it e u n d e rst a n d w h a t yo u mean.
‘Are you rea dy y e t?' 'N o t q uit e .' (= n ot co m ple t ely)
208
Unit
Exercises 104
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using q u i t e + t h e f o ll o w in g :
fa m ous good h u n g ry Late n o isy ofte n ol d sur p ris e d
1 I'm surprised yo u h ave n't heard of her. She's quite- f a m o u s ...

2 I'm .. Ist here a nyt hin g to e a t?
3 ‘H o w were t h e pictures yo u t o o k?' 1 Be t t e r th a n usual.'
4 I go to th e cin e m a - m ay b e once a m onth.
5 W e live near a very busy road, so it's often ......................................
6 I did n't e x pect Laura to co n t act me. I was wh e n she phoned.
7 I w e n t to bed last night, so I'm a bit tired this morning.
8 I d o n't k now e x actly wh e n t h ese houses were built, but t h ey'r e ...........................
Pu t t h e w o r d s in t h e rig h t o r d e r t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.
1 The w e a t h e r was b e tter t han w e had e x pected.
It was q u it e a n ic e d a y .................... ........................................(a / nice / q uite / day).
2 Tom likes to sing.
H e has ......... (voice / q uite / g o o d / a).
3 The bus stop w asn't very near t h e hotel.
W e had t o w alk ........ (q uite / w a y / a / long).
4 It's not so w ar m today.
There's (a / win d / cold / pretty).
5 The jo ur n ey too k Longer t h a n I e x pected.
T here was .. (lo t / traffic / a / of / quite).
6 I'm tired.
I've had .... (p re tty / d
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e se n t e n ces. Use r a t h e r + a d j ectiv e .

1 The w e a t h er isn't so good. It's r a t h e r clo u d y .
2 I e njoye d th e film, but it was .....................................
3 The h ot el we staye d at w a sn't very good. I was ....... ...............
4 I thin k it's . t h a t Chris w e n t a w a y wit h o u t t ellin g anybody.
5 Lucy d oesn't like having to wait. So m e ti m es she's ... ..................... ....
W h a t d oes q u it e m e a n in t h es e s e n t e n c e s? Tick ( / ) t h e rig h t m e a nin g.

m ore than a little, less co m p le tely
than very (Sectio n B) (Sectio n E)
1 It's q uite c o ld . You'd b e tter w e a r y o u r coat. S
2 ‘Are yo u sure?' ‘Yes, quite sure.' ....................... . S
3 Anna's English is q uite g o o d. ................... ........ .............
4 I co uld n't believe it. It was q uite incre dible. ......................... .........................
5 My b edroo m is q uite big. ......................... .........................
6 I'm q uite tire d . I thin k I'll go to bed. ....... ...............
7 I q uite agree wit h you. ........................ ............ ......
a m C o m p l e t e t h es e s e n t e nc es using q u i t e + t h e f o ll o w in g :
d if f e r e n t i m p o ssib le ri g h t safe sure t ru e u n n e c e ss a ry
1 I did n't believe her at first, but in fact w h a t she said was q u it e t r u e .
2 You w o n't fall. The ladder is .. ......... ............ .
3 I'm afraid I ca n't do w h a t yo u ask. It's ...................................................
4 I co uld n't agree wit h you more. You are .
5 You ca n't co m p are th e t w o things. T h ey are ......................................................... .
6 You n e e d n't have done th at. It w a s ...............................................................
7 I thin k I saw t h e m go out, but I'm n ot ................ ......
209
St u d y th ese e xamples:
H o w shall we tr a v e l? Shall we drive or go by tr ain?
Let's drive. It ’s ch e a p er.

D o n't go by train. It's m o r e e x p e nsive.
C h e a p e r and m o r e e x p e n siv e are co m p arative forms.
A f t e r co m p aratives yo u can use t h a n (see U nit 107):

It's c h e a p e r to drive t h a n go by train.
G oin g by train is m o r e e x p e n siv e t h a n driving.
The co m p ara tive form is - er or m o r e ... .
W e use - er for short words (one syllabte): W e use m o r e ... for longer words (t w o
sylla bles or more):
c h e a p —» ch e a p er f a s t —» faster m o r e seri o us m ore ofte n
la r g e —> larger t h in —> t hin n er m o r e e x p e n siv e m or e c o m f o r t a b l e
W e also use - er for two - sylla ble words t h a t W e also use m or e . for adverbs t h a t end
end in -y ( - y —> ier): in -ly:
lucky —> luckier e arly —* e arlier m o r e s l o w ly m o r e s e ri o u sly
e asy —> e asier p r e tt y —» p re ttier m o r e e a sily m o r e q u i e t ly
For spelling, see Appendi x 6 .
o You're o l d e r than me. o You're m o r e p a t i e n t th a n me.

o The e x a m was q uite easy - e a si e r than o The e xam was quite difficult - m o r e
1 e x pected. d if f ic u l t than 1 e x pected.
o Can you walk a bit f a s t e r? o Can yo u walk a bit m o r e s l o w l y ?
o I'd like to have a big g er car. o I’d like to have a m o r e r e li a b l e car.
o Last night 1w e n t t o bed e a r li e r than o 1 d o n't play ten nis much these days.
usual. 1 used to play m o r e o f t e n .
You can use - er or m o r e ... wit h so m e two - sylla ble adjectives, especially:
clever n a rro w q uiet s h a ll o w si m p le
It's to o noisy here. Can we go so m e wh ere q u i e t e r / m o r e q u i e t?
A f ew a djectives and adverbs have irregular co m p arative forms:
g o o d / w e ll —> b e t t e r
The garden looks b e t t e r since yo u tidied it up.
I k now him w e l l - pro ba bly b e t t e r than a ny b o d y else k nows him.
b a d / b a d ly —> w o rs e
I ‘H ow's yo u r h e a d ach e? Be t t e r?' ‘No, i t ’s w o rs e .'
C He did very b a dly in t h e e x a m - w o r s e t h a n e x pected.
f a r —> f u r t h e r (or f a r t h e r)
It's a long w alk fro m here to th e park - f u r t h e r t h a n I t h o u g ht, (or f a r t h e r th a n)
F u r t h e r [b ut n o t farth er) can also m ean 'm ore' or ‘a d ditional':

Let me k now if yo u hear a ny f u r t h e r news. (= a ny more news)
C o m p ariso n 2 - 3 - > U n its 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 Su p erla tives (c h e a p e s t / m o s t e x p e n siv e etc.) -4U n i t 108

Unit
Exercises 105
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using a c o m p a r a tiv e f o r m (o l d e r / m o r e i m p o r t a n t e tc.).
1 It's t o o noisy here. Can w e go so m ew h ere quueier ?
2 This coff ee is very weak. I like it .......
3 The h otel was surprisingly big. I e x pected it to be .
4 The h otel was surprisingly cheap. I e x pected it to be .
5 The w e a t h e r is t o o cold here. I'd like to live so m e wh ere ...
6 My jo b is a bit boring so m eti m es. I’d like to do so m e thin g .
7 It's a sha m e yo u live so far away. I wish yo u lived ....... ...............................
8 I was surprised h o w easy it was to g et a job. I t h o u g ht it w o uld be .
9 Your work isn't very good. I'm sure yo u can do ......................... .
10 D o n't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be ... .
11 I was surprised w e got here so quickly. I e x pected th e trip t o take .
12 You're talking very loudly. Can yo u speak ..?
13 You hardly ever call me. W h y d o n't you call m e . ?
14 You're stan ding t o o near t h e ca mera. Can yo u m ove a b i t ............... a w a y?
15 You were a little depressed yesterd ay, but yo u look today.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e c o m p a r a tiv e f o r m s o f t h e w o r d s in t h e box. Use t h a n

w h e r e n ecessary.
big cr o w d e d - early - e a sily high im p orta n t

in tereste d peaceful re l ia b le seri o us si m p le thin
1 I was feeling tired last night, so I w e n t t o bed e a rli e r t h a n usual.

2 I'd like to have a more r e lia b le car. The one I have keeps breaking down.
3 U n f o rt u n a t e ly her illness was we t h o u g ht at first.
4 You look . H ave yo u lost w e ig h t?
5 I want a ............... .. a p art m e nt. W e d o n ’t have enough space here.
6 He d o esn't st u d y very hard. He's in having a good time.
7 H e alt h and happiness are . money.
8 The instructions were very co m plicat e d. T h ey could have been ...........................
9 T here were a lot of people on th e bus. It was usual.
10 I like living in t h e country. It's living in a to wn.
11 Yo u'll find yo u r w a y around t h e t o w n if you have a good map.
12 In so m e parts of th e c o u n try prices are ...................................... ..........in others.
Re a d t h e sit u a tio n s an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use a c o m p a r a tiv e f or m ( - er or m o r e ...).

1 Yest erd ay th e t e m p era t ure was six degrees. Today it's o nly three degrees.
It's c o ld e r t o d a y t h a n jt was yesterd ay.
2 The jo ur n ey tak es four hours by car and five hours by train.

It ta k es ........ by car.
3 Dan and I w e n t for a run. I ran ten kilo metres. Dan stop ped aft er eight kilo metres.
I ra n .................................. ,......................................................................... Dan.
4 Chris and Jo e both did badLy in t h e test. Chris g ot 3 0 %, but Jo e o nly g ot 2 5%.
Jo e did ............. Chris in t h e test.
5 I e x p ecte d my friends to arrive at a b o ut 4 o'cLock. In fact t h e y arrived at 2.30.

My friends ................................................ I e x pected.
6 You can go by bus or by train. The buses run every 30 minutes. The trains run every hour.
The b u s e s ................... t h e trains.
7 W e were very busy in th e office to d ay. W e'r e n ot usually so busy.

W e ................................................................................. usual in th e office today.
211
Unit Comparison 2 (much better / any better /
106 better and better / the sooner the better)
Bef ore co m p aratives yo u can use:
m uch a Lot f a r (= a lot) a b it a Little s li g h t ly (= a little)
Let's go by car. It's m u ch ch e a p e r, (o r a l o t c h e a p e r)

'H o w do yo u feel n o w?' ‘M u c h b e t t e r than ks.'
D o n't go by train. It's a l o t m o r e e x p e nsive, (or m u c h m o r e e x p e n siv e)
Could y o u speak a b it m o r e s l o w l y? (or a li t t l e m o r e s l o w ly)
This bag is s li g h t ly h e a vi e r th a n t h e o t h er one.
H er illness was f a r m o r e s e rio u s than w e th o u g h t at first, (or m u ch m o r e s e rio u s /
a Lot m o r e serio us)
You can use a n y and no + co m p arative (a n y l o n g e r / n o big g er etc.):

i've w ait e d long enough. I'm not w aitin g a n y lo n g er. (= n ot even a little longer)
W e e x pecte d th eir a p a rt m e n t to be very big, but it's no big g er than ours, or
... it isn't a n y big g er t h a n ours. (= not even a little bigger)
H o w do yo u feel n o w? Do yo u f eel a n y b e t t e r?
This h o tel is b ett er th a n th e o t h er one, and it's no m o r e e x p e nsive.
B e t t e r a n d b e t t e r / m o r e a n d m o r e etc.
W e re p eat co m p aratives (b e t t e r a n d b e t t e r etc.) to say t h a t so m e thin g changes co ntinu o usly:

Your English is improving. It's g ettin g b e t t e r a n d b e t t e r.
The cit y has grown fast in rece nt years. It's g ot b ig g er a n d bigger,
As I listened to his story, I b eca m e m o r e a n d m o r e c o n vi n c e d t h a t he was lying.
These days m o r e a n d m o r e p e o p le are learning English.
T h e ... t h e ...
You can say t h e (sooner / bigger / more etc.) t h e b e t t e r:

‘W h a t ti m e shall we l e a v e?' ‘T h e s o o n e r t h e b e t t e r.' (= as soon as possible)
L a : W h a t sort of box do yo u w a n t? A big o n e?
b : Yes, t h e big g er t h e b e t t e r. (= as big as possible)
W h e n y o u're travellin g, t h e less Luggage you have t h e b e t t e r.
W e also use t h e ... t h e ... t o say t h a t one thin g depends on a n o t h e r thing:

T h e w a r m e r th e we ath er, t h e b e t t e r I feel. (= if th e w e a t h e r is war m er, I feel b etter)
T h e s o o n e r w e leave, t h e e a rli e r w e will arrive.
G T h e y o u n g e r yo u are, t h e e a si e r it is to learn.
T h e m o r e e x p e n siv e t h e hotel, t h e b e t t e r th e service.
T h e m o r e ele ctricity yo u use, t h e hi g h e r yo u r bill will be.
T h e m o r e I t h o u g h t a b o u t t h e plan, t h e less I liked it.
O l d e r and e l d e r
T he co m p ara tive of ol d is ol d er:

David Looks o l d e r th a n he really is.
You can use e l d e r (or o l d e r) wh e n yo u talk a b o ut people in a fa mily. You can say
(m y / y o u r etc.) e l d e r sist e r / b ro t h e r / d a u g h t e r / so n :
M y e l d e r sis t e r is a TV producer, (or My o l d e r sister ...)
W e say ‘m y e l d e r sist er', b ut we do n ot say t h a t ‘so m e b o dy is elder':

C My sister is o l d e r th a n me. (n ot eld er th a n m e)
Any / no U nit 86 C o m p ariso n 1, 3 U n its 1 0S, 107 El d e s t U n it 1 0 8C

212 Ev e n + c o m p a ra tiv e U n i t 112 C
Unit
Exercises 106
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use m u c h / a b it etc. + a c o m p a r a tiv e
f or m . Use t h a n w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Her illness w a s much more serio u s t har \ w e t h o u g h t at first, (m u c h / serious)
2 This bag is to o small. I need so m e thin g .......... (m uch / big)
3 I liked th e m useu m. It was I e x pected. (m uch / interesting)
4 It was very hot yesterd ay. T o d ay i t's ............... (a bit / co ol)
5 I'm afraid th e proble m is . it seems. (far / co m plicat e d)
6 You're driving t o o fast. Can yo u drive ? (a bit / slowly)
7 It's to learn a language in a co u n try w h ere it is spoken. (a Lot / easy)
8 I t h o u g h t she was yo u n g er than me, but in fact she's .................. (slig htly / old)
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using a n y / n o + c o m p a r a tiv e . Use t h a n w h e r e n ecessary.

1 I've w ait e d long enough. I'm not waitin g a n y Longer .
2 I'm sorry I'm a bit late, but I co uld n't get here
3 This shop isn't e x pensive. The prices are ......... ... a nywh ere else.
4 I need t o stop for a rest. I ca n't w a l k .......
5 The traffic isn't p articularly bad to d ay. It's ................................. usual.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h e str u c t u r e in Se ctio n C {... a n d ...).

1 It ’s g etting w ore cuad more d i f f i c u l t t o find a job. (difficult)
2 T h a t hole in yo u r sw e a t er is g ettin g (big)
3 M y bags see med to g e t as carried th e m , (h e avy)
4 As I w ait e d for m y interview, I b eca m e . (nervous)
5 As th e d ay w e n t on, t h e w e a t h e r g ot ... .............. . (bad)
6 H e alth care is beco min g . .................................................. (e x pensive)
7 Since A n na w e n t to Canada, her English has got (good)
8 As th e co nversation w e n t on, Paul b e c a m e ......................................... .................. (t al k ative)
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e str u ct u r e in Se ctio n D (t h e ... t h e ...).

1 I like w ar m we ath er.
The w ar m er t h e weat her, t h e b ett er I feel. . (feel)
2 I did n't really like him wh e n we first met.
But t h e more I got to k now him, .................. * (like)
3 (f yo u're in business, yo u w a n t to make a profit.
The more goods you sell, .................................................................. . (profit)
4 it's hard to co nce n tra t e wh e n yo u're tired.
The m ore tired yo u are, ... . (hard)
5 Kate had to w a it a very long time.
The longer she had to w a i t , ............. .................. ......... (i m p a tie n t / b eco m e)
Us e t h e w o r d s on t h e rig ht t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.
1
I like to trav el light. The Less luggage, t h e better. any
2
The proble m is g ettin g and more serious. b etter
3
The m ore ti m e I have, th e ............... it takes m e to do things. eld er
4
I'm walkin g as fast as I can. I ca n't wal k faster. l ess
5
The higher yo u r inco me, ............ more ta x yo u have t o pay. less
6
I'm surprised A nna is o nly 25. I t h o u g h t she was . . lo n g e r
7
Jan e's sister is a nurse. m ore
8
I was a little late. The jo ur n ey t o o k longer th a n I e x pected. no
9
W e have a lot to discuss. W e need t o start th e m e etin g later old er
th a n 9.30. sli g h t ly
10 D o n't t e ll him a nything. The he knows, t h e the
213
Unit J
107 Comparison 3 (as ... as / than)
Sarah, Jo e and David are all very rich.

Sarah has $20 million, Jo e has $15 million
and David has $10 million. So:
Jo e is rich.
He is ric h e r t h a n David.
Bu t he is n't as rich as Sarah.

(= Sarah is ric h e r t h a n he is)
SARAH JOE DAVID
So m e more e x a m ples of n o t as ... (as):

Jac k is n't as old as he looks. (= he looks o l d e r t h a n he is)
The t o w n ce ntre w a s n 't as cr o w d e d as usual. (= it is usually m o r e cr o w d e d)
Lisa d i d n 't do as w e l l in t h e e xam as she had hoped. (= she had hoped t o do b e t t e r)
O The w e a t h e r is b e tt er to d ay. It's n o t as cold . (= y est er d ay was c o l d e r t h a n t o d ay)
O I d o n ’t k now as m a n y p eople as yo u do. (=
you k now m o r e people t h a n me)
'H o w much did it cost? Fifty p ou n ds?' ‘ No, n o t as m uc h as that.' (= less t h a n fifty pounds)
You can also say n o t so ... (as):

It's not war m , but it is n't so cold as yesterd ay. (= it isn't as cold as ...)
Less ... t h a n is si milar t o n o t as ... as:

Q I spent less m o n ey t h a n you. (= t d i d n't spend as much m o n e y as yo u)
The city ce ntre was less crowd e d t h a n usual. (= it w a s n 't as crowd e d as usual)
O i play tennis less t h a n I used to. (= I d o n 't play as m uch as I used to)
W e also use as ... as (b u t n ot so ... as) in positive sente nces and in questions:
O I'm sorry I'm late. I g ot here as f a s t as I could.
Q There's ple nty of food. You can have as m u ch as yo u wa nt.
O Let's walk. It's j u s t as q uic k as ta king t h e bus.
O Can yo u send me t h e in for m a tio n as so o n as p ossible, ple ase?
Also t w ic e as ... as, t h r e e t i m e s as .. . as e t c . :

Q Petrol is t w ic e as e x p e n siv e as it w as a f ew years ago.
Q Their house is a b o ut t h r e e ti m e s as big as ours.
W e say t h e s a m e as (n ot t h e sa m e like):
C Laura's salary is t h e sa m e as mine, or Laura gets t h e s a m e salary as me.
David is t h e s a m e age as Ja m es.
C Sarah hasn't changed. She still looks t h e s a m e as she did ten years ago.
T h a n m e / t h a n I a m etc.
You can say:

o You're t all er t h a n m e. or You're t alle r t h a n I a m.
(n o t usu ally You're t aller th a n I)
o He's n ot as clever as her. or He's n ot as clever as sh e is.
o T h ey have more m o n ey t h a n us. or
o I ca n ’t run as fast as hi m. or I ca n't run as fast as h e ca n.
C o m p ariso n 1-2 U n its 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 A s l o n g as U n i t 115B As and l i k e -» U n i t 117

Unit
Exercises 107
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using as ... as.
1 I'm tall, but you are t a ll e r I'm not t a i l fcs... y o u ....
2 My salary is high, b ut yo urs is higher. My salary isn't .. .
3 You k now a bit a b o ut cars, but I k now more.
You d o n't ................................................. .......................................................
4 W e are busy today, but w e were busier yesterday.
W e a r e n 't ..........................................................................................................
5 I still feel bad, but I f elt a lot worse earlier.
I d o n't ...................................................................................................... .........
6 O u r neighbours have lived here for quite a long ti m e, but w e ’ve lived here longer.
O u r neighbours h ave n't ........
7 i was a little nervous before th e interview, but usually I'm a lot more nervous.
I w a s n 't ........................................................................................
W r i t e a n e w s e n t e n c e w it h t h e sa m e m ea nin g.
1 Jac k is yo u n g er th a n he looks, jac k isn't He looks .
2 i did n't spend as m uch m o n ey as you. You sp e nt more money t h a n me .
3 The statio n was nearer than I thou ght. The station w a s n ’t .................................
4 The m eal did n't cost as much as l e x pected. The m eal cost
5 I go o ut less th a n I used to. I d o n't ................................... ..............
6 Karen's hair isn't as long as it used to be. Karen used to
7 I k now t h e m b e tter t h a n you do. You d o n't ..................................................
8 T here are f ew er people at this m eetin g th a n at th e last one.
T here are n't .................................................. *............... - ..............................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using as ... as + t h e f o ll o w in g :
b ad co m fo rta b le h ard lo n g o fte n q u i e t ly so o n w e ll
1 I'm sorry I'm late. I g ot here .Q& f a s t a s ] could.

2 It was a difficult q uestion. I a nswere d it I could.
'H o w long can I stay wit h y o u?' 'You can stay yo u like.'
I need th e infor m atio n quickly, so let me k now possible.
I like to keep fit, so I go swi m min g I can.
I did n't w a n t to wa k e anybody, so I ca m e in I could.
In t h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e n c e s use j u s t as ... as.

7 I'm going to sleep on th e floor. It's th e bed.
8 You always say h o w tiring y o u r jo b is, but I work .......................................... . .you.
9 At first I t h o u g h t he was nice, but really he's ............... every b o d y else.
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s using the sam e as.

&
1 David and Ja m es are both 22 years old. David t h e s a m e a g e a s Ja m es.
2 You and I both have dark brown hair. Your hair mine.
3 I arrived at 10.25 and so did you. I arrived ..... .. ............... you.
4 My birth day is 5 April. It'sT o m's birth d ay too. My birth day Tom's.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s w it h than ... or as . . . .
1 I ca n't reach as high as you. You are t all er .. t h a n me .
2 H e d oesn't k now much. I k now m o r e ...
3 I d o n't work p articularly hard. Most people work as hard
4 W e were very surprised. N o b o d y was more surprised
5 She's not a very good player. I'm a b e tter player
6 T h e y'v e been very lucky. I wish w e were as lucky ......
215
Unit Superlatives
108 (the longest / the most enjoyable etc.)
St u d y th ese e x a mples:
W h a t is t h e l o n g e s t river in th e w o rl d?
W h a t was t h e m o s t e n j o y a b l e holid ay y o u'v e ever h a d?
Lo n g e st and m o s t e n j o y a b l e are su p erlative forms.
T he su p erlative for m is - est or m o s t . . . . In general, we use - est for short words and m o s t ...
for lon ger words. The rules are th e sa m e as th ose for th e co m p ara tive - see U n it 105.
lo n g —» lo n g est h o t —> h o t t e s t e a s y —» e asiest h ard —> h ard est

b ut m o s t fa m o us m o s t boring m o s t difficult m o s t e x pensive
A f ew a djectives are irregular:

good —> b e st bad —» w o r s t f a r —> f u r t h e s t / f a r t h e s t
For spelling, see Ap pendi x 6 .
W e n or m ally use t h e before a su p erlative (t h e longest / t h e m ost fa m o us etc.):

G Yest erd ay w as t h e h o t t e s t d ay of t h e year.
G The m ovie w as really boring. It's t h e m o s t b orin g m ovie I've ever seen.
She is a really nice person - one of t h e n ic e s t people I know.
W h y does he always co m e t o see m e at t h e w o r s t possible ti m e?
C o m p are su p erlative and co m p arative:
This h ot el is t h e c h e a p e s t in to wn, (su p erlative)

It's c h e a p e r th a n all th e others in t o w n, (co m p arative)
He's t h e m o s t p a t i e n t person I've ever met.

He's much m o r e p a t i e n t t h a n I am.
O l d e s t and e l d e s t
The su p erlative of old is o ld e st:

G T h at church is t h e o l d e s t building in t h e town, [n o t th e eldest)
W e use e l d e s t (or o l d e s t) wh e n w e are talking a b o ut p eo ple in a fa mily:

M y e l d e s t so n is 13 years old. (o r My o l d e s t son)
G Are yo u t h e e l d e s t in y o u r f a m ily? (o r t h e o l d e s t)
A ft er su p erlatives we n or m ally use in wit h places:

W h a t's t h e longest river in t h e w o r l d ? (n ot of th e world)
G W e had a nice roo m. It was one of th e best in t h e h o t e l, (n o t o f th e h otel)
W e also use in for organisations and groups of people (a class / a co m p a ny etc.):

W h o is th e yo u n g est st u d e nt in t h e cl a ss? (n ot of th e class)
For a period of ti m e, w e n or m ally use of:

Yest er day was th e h o tt est d ay o f t h e y e a r.
W h a t w as th e ha p piest d ay o f y o u r lif e?
W e oft en use th e p rese n t p e rfe ct (I h a v e d o n e) aft e r a su p erlative (see also U n it 8 A):

W h a t's t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t decision y o u 'v e e v e r h a d to m a k e?
T hat was t h e b e st holid ay I'v e h a d for a long time.
G C o m p ariso n (c h e a p e r / m o r e e x p e n siv e e tc.) U n its 10 5 - 1 07 El d e r - > U n i t 10 6E

Unit
Exercises 108
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use a s u p e rla tiv e (-est o r m o s t ...) + a p re p ositio n (of o r in).
1 It's a very good room. It's t h e b est room In th e h o t e l
2 It's a very chea p restaurant. It's th e town.
3 It was a very hap py day. It was .. . my life,
4 She's a very intellig e nt stu dent. She's ........ th e class,
5 It's a very valu a ble painting. It's th e gallery,
6 Spring is a very busy ti m e for me. It's .... the year.
In t h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e n c e s use one of + a s u p e rla tiv e + a p re p ositio n.

7 it's a very good room. It's one o f the. b est rooms w t h e hotel.
8 He's a very rich man. He's one ... ... t he country.
9 It's a very big castle. It's .................. Europe,
10 She's a very good player. She's ... th e tea m,
11 It was a very bad e x perience. It was .... my life,
12 It's a very fa m o us university. It's ... t h e world.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es. Use a s u p e rla tiv e ( - e st or m o s t ...) or a c o m p a r a tiv e ( - er or m o r e ...).

1 W e staye d a t t h e c h e a p e s t h ot el in th e t o wn, (chea p)
2 O u r h otel was ch e a p er t h a n all th e others in t h e to wn, (chea p)
3 The Unit e d Sta t es is very large, but Canada is .. ......................................... (large)
4 W h a t 's ................................. co u n try in th e w o rl d? (sm all)
5 I w asn't feeling w ell yester day, but I feel a bit to d ay, (good)
6 It was an a wf ul day. It was ........ ......................... d ay of m y life, (bad)
7 W h a t is .... sport in yo ur c o u n try? (po p ular)
8 Everest is ................................................. m ou ntain in th e world. It i s ....................................
th a n a ny o th er m ou ntain, (high)
9 This building is over 250 m etres high, but it's not ................................. in th e city.
(tall)
10 I prefer this chair to th e o th er one. It's (co m fort a ble)
11 W h a t's w a y t o get to t h e st a tio n? (quick)
12 Wh ic h i s ...................................... - t h e bus or t h e train? (quick)
13 W h a t's thing y o u'v e ever b o u g ht? (e x pensive)
14 Sue and Kevin have g ot three d au g hters..................................................... is 14 years old. (old)
W h a t d o y o u s a y in t h e s e sit u a ti o n s? Use as u p e rla tiv e + ever. Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts (in t h e

c o rr e c t f o r m ).
1 Yo u've j u st been to th e cine ma. The m ovie was e x tre m ely boring. You t ell yo u r friend:
(boring / m ovie / see) T hat's t h e. m ost boring movie I’v e e ve r s e e n ....................................
2 Your friend has j u st told yo u a joke, which yo u thin k is very funny. You say:
(fu n ny / jo k e / hear) T h a t's ..................................................................................................... .
3 You're drinking coff ee wit h a friend. It's really good coffee. You say:
(good / coff ee / t ast e) This ...........................................................
4 You are talking to a friend a b o ut Sarah. Sarah is very generous. You t ell y o u r friend a b o ut her:
(generous / person / m e et) Sh e ........ ..................................................................
5 You have j ust run ten kilo metres. Yo u've never run f urt h er t h a n this. You say t o yo ur friend:
(f a r / r u n ) T h a t .............. ..... ..................................................................
6 You decided t o give up yo u r job. N o w yo u thin k this was a bad mistake. You say to y o ur friend:
(bad / mistak e / mak e) It ......................................................................................................
7 Your friend m eets a lot of people, so m e of t h e m fa mous. You ask yo u r friend:

(fa m o us / person / m e e t?) W h o .......... ........................................................................
217
Unit I
1 0 9 , Word order 1: verb + object; place and tim e
Verb + o bject
The verb and t h e o bject n or m ally go together. W e do not usually put o t h er words b etwe e n th e m:
verb + o bject
I like my job very much, (n ot I like very m uch m y job)
Did yo u see your friends yest er d ay?
Hele n never drinks coffee.
St u d y th ese e x a mples. The verb and t h e o bject go to g e t h er each time:

I I
Do yo u eat meat every d a y? (n o t Do yo u e at every day m e a t?)
Every b o dy enjoyed the party very much. (n ot enjoyed very much th e party)
O u r guide spoke English fluently, (not spoke flu e n tly English)

! 1
I lost all m y m o n ey and I also lost m y passport .
(n ot I lost also my passport)
I i
At th e end of th e stre et y o u'll see a supermarket on y o ur left.
(n ot see on y o ur left a su p er m ark et)
Pla c e an d time
Usu ally th e verb and th e p lace (w h e re?) go to gether:

go home live in a city walk to work etc.
If th e verb has an o bject, th e place co m es after t h e verb + o bject:

take som ebody home meet a friend in the street
Time (w h e n? / h o w o f t e n? / h o w lo n g?) usually goes aft er p lace:
p lace + time
Ben walks to work every morning. (n ot every mornin g t o work)
Sa m has been in Canada since April.
W e arrived at the airport early.
St u d y these e x a mples. Time goes aft er place:
I'm going to Paris on M onday . (n ot I'm going on Mo n d ay to Paris)
T h ey have Lived in the sam e house for a long time .
D o n't be Late. Make sure yo u're here by 8 o'clock .

..... t.
Sarah gave m e a lift home after the party .
- X"—" ,j>.,
You really sh o uld n't go to bed so late .
It is oft e n possible t o p ut time at t h e beginning of th e sentence:

O O n M o n d a y I'm going t o Paris.
Every morning Ben walks t o work.
So m e ti m e words (for e x a mple, always/never/usually) go wit h the verb in th e mid dle of the
sentence. See U n it 110.
Wo r d ord er in q u estio ns U nits 4 9 - 5 0 A d j ective ord er U nit 99 Wor d order 2 U n i t 110

Unit
Exercises 109
Is t h e w o r d o r d e r rig h t or w r o n g? C o rr e c t t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Every b o dy e njoye d th e p arty very much. OK .......
2 Ben walks every mornin g to work. Be n w a l k s to work eve ry morning .
3 Jo e d oesn't like very m uch f oot b all. ......................................................
4 I drink three or four cups of coff ee every m ornin g...................................................................
5 I ate q uickly m y breakfast and w e n t out. ..
6 Are yo u going to invite to th e p arty a lot of p eo ple? .........................................................
7 I phoned To m i m m e dia t ely aft er hearing t h e news. ..
8 Did you go late t o bed last nig ht? ..........................................................
9 Did yo u learn a lot of things at school t o d a y? ...............
10 I m e t on my w a y h o m e a friend of mine. .... ...
Pu t t h e p arts o f t h e se n t e n c e in t h e c o rr e c t order.
1 (th e p arty / very much / every b o d y e njoye d) Ev e ry b o d y e njoye d t h e p arty v e ry much .
2 (w e wo n / easily / th e g a m e) .........................................
3 (q uie tly / t h e d oor / I closed) ........................................................................................
4 (Tanya / quite w e ll / speaks / G er m a n)
5 (Sa m / all th e t i m e / T V / wa tch es)
6 (again / please d o n't ask / t h a t questio n)
7 (f o o t b all / every wee k en d / does Kevin p lay?)
8 (so m e m o n ey / I b orrowe d / fro m a friend of mine)
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Pu t t h e p arts in t h e c o rr e c t order.

1 (for a long ti m e / have lived / in t h e sa m e house)
T h ey h a v e Live d in t h e so m e h o u se f o r a Long ti m e
2 (to t h e su p er m ark et / every Friday / go)
3 (h o m e / did yo u co m e / so late)
W h y ............. -. ..................................................
4 (h er children / tak es / every d ay / to school)
Sarah ................................................................
5 (been / rece n tly / to th e cin e m a)
I h ave n't ...........................................................
6 (at t h e to p of t h e page / yo ur n a m e / write)
Please ........................ ...
7 (her na m e / aft er a f e w min utes / re m e m b ere d)
I ..... .. . .......................... ............................
8 (around t h e t o wn / all mornin g / walk e d)
W e ......................................... „.........................
9 (on Sa t ur d ay night / did n't see yo u / at th e party)
I .................................
10 (so m e interestin g books / found / in th e library)
We ...........................................................
11 (her u m brella / last night / in a resta ura nt / left)
Laura
12 (op p osite the park / a new h ot el / are building)
T h ey ................................................................
219
Unit
110 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb
So m e adverbs (for e x a mple, a l w a y s , also, p r o b a b ly) go wit h th e verb in th e mid dle of a sentence:
Hele n a l w a y s d riv es t o work.
O W e were feeling very tired and we w e r e a ls o hungry.
O The co ncert w il l p r o b a b ly be c a n c e ll e d .
If th e verb is one word (d riv e s / f ell / c o o k e d etc.), th e adverb goes before th e verb:
adverb verb
Hele n always d rives t o work.
I al m ost f e ll as I was going down th e stairs.
C I cleaned th e house and a ls o c o o k e d th e dinner. (n ot cooked also)

Lucy h a r d ly e v e r w a t c h e s television and r a r e ly re a ds newspapers.
‘Shall I give yo u my a d dress?' 'N o, I a lr e a d y h a v e it /
N o t e t h a t these adverbs (a l w a ys / o f t e n / a ls o etc.) go before h a v e t o ... :

Jo e never phones me. ! a l w a y s h a v e to phone him. {not I have always to p hone)
But adverbs go a ft e r a m / is / are / w as / w ere:

W e were feeling very tired and w e w e r e a ls o hungry.
W h y are you always la t e? Yo u're n e v e r on tim e.
The traffic is n't u s u a lly as bad as it was this morning.
If t h e verb is t w o or more words (for e x a mple, ca n r e m e m b e r / d o e s n 't e a t / w i l l be c a n c e ll e d), the

a dverb usually goes a ft e r the first verb (c a n / d o e s n't / w ill etc.):
verb 1 adverb verb 2

I ca n never re m e m ber her name.
Clare d o e s n't often eat meat.
A r e yo u d e f i n i t e ly g oin g a w a y ne xt w e e k?
The co ncert w il l p r o b a b ly be cancelled.
O Y o u'v e a l w a y s b e e n very kind t o me.

Jac k ca n't cook. He c a n 't e v e n b oil an egg.
D o yo u s t ill w o r k for th e sa me co m p a ny?
The house w a s o n ly b u ilt a ye ar ago and it's a lr e a d y f a lli n g down.
N o t e t h a t p r o b a b ly goes before a ne g ative (is n't / w o n't etc.). So we say:

I p r o b a b ly w o n 't se e you. or l will p r o b a b ly n o t see you, (n ot I w o n't probably)
W e also use a ll and b o t h in these positions:

G W e a ll f e l t ill aft er the meal, (n ot we f elt all ill)
My parents a re b o t h teachers. (n ot my parents both are teachers)
Sarah and Ja n e h a v e b o t h a p p li e d for th e job.
W e are a ll g oin g o ut to nig ht.
So m e ti m es w e use is / will / did etc. instead of repeating part of a sente nce (see U n it 51):
Q Tom says he isn't clever, but I thin k he is. (= he is cl e v e r)
W h e n w e d o t h is, w e p u t a l w a y s / n e v e r e t c . before t h e v e r b :
He always says he w o n't be late, but he a l w a y s is. (= he is a l w a y s late)
I've never done it and I n e v e r w ill. (= I w il l n e v e r do it)
220 W o r d ord er 1 -* U n i t 109

Exercises
A re t h e u n d erlin e d w o r d s in t h e rig h t p ositio n o r n o t? C o rr e ct t h e se n t e n c e s w h e r e n ecessary.
1 Hele n drives always t o work. Helen, alwa x js d r iv e s to work .
2 I clea ne d t h e house and also cooked th e dinner. OK
3 I have usually a sh o wer in th e morning.
4 W e soon found th e solution to t h e proble m. .........
5 St e ve gets hardly ever angrv. ................................. ........
6 I did so me shopping and I w e n t also to th e bank. .
7 lane has always to hurry in th e morning.
8 I never have work e d in a factory. ......................................................
9 I never have enough tim e. I always a m busy. ........... ..........................................
Re w rit e t h e s e n t e n c e s t o in clu d e t h e w o r d in brack ets.

1 Clare d oesn't e a t m eat, (oft e n) C la r e d o e s n ’t o f t e n e a t m e a t................................ ...
2 Kat herin e is very generous, (alw ays) .
3 I d o n't have t o work on Saturdays, (usu ally) ................................................................
4 Do yo u w a tc h TV in t h e eve nin gs? (alw ays)
5 Martin is Learning Spanish and he is Learning Japanese, (also)
Martin is Learning Spanish and he
6 a W e were on h olid ay in Spain, (all) ....................................................................................
b W e were stayin g at th e sa m e hotel, (all) ... .
c W e e njoye d ourselves, (all) ..................................................................................................
7 a The n ew h otel is very e x pensive, (prob a bly) ...
b It costs a lot to stay there, (pro b a bly) .................................................................................
8 a I can help you. (prob a bly)
b I ca n't help you. (pro b a bly) ...................................................... ...
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es. Use t h e w o r d s in b r ac k e ts in t h e c o rr e c t order.

1 I car \ n ever remember (re m e m b er / I / never / can) her na me.
2 .... .................... (tak e / I / usually) sugar In coffee.
3 . (a m / usually / 1) hungry wh e n I g et ho m e fro m work.
4 Mark and A m y (b oth / were / born) in Manchester.
5 Lisa is a good pianist. ................................. (sing / she / also / can) v
6 O u r cat ........ ....................................... (usu ally / sleeps) under th e bed.
7 T h ey live in t h e sa me building as me, but ... .........
(n ever / I / have / spoken) to th e m.
8 This shop is alw ays very busy......................................................................................................
(have / you / always / to w ait) a Long ti m e t o be served.
9 My eyesight isn't very good. ............................... .
(I / read / can / o nly) wit h glasses.
10 ......................................... (all / were / w e) tired, s o ..............................................
(all / w e / f ell) asleep.
11 a : Are yo u tire d?
b : Yes, (a m / I / alw ays) at this ti m e of day.
12 ........................... (I / proba bly / leaving / will / be) e arly to m orrow.
13 I'm afraid (prob a bly / 1 / be / w o n't) able to co m e to
th e party.
14 Hele n is a w a y a lot. (is / hardly ever / she) at ho me.
15 .... (we / still / are / living) in th e sa me place. W e h ave n't
moved.
16 If we h a d n't taken the sa me train, ............. ....................................... ...........................
(n ever / m e t / we / wo uld / have) each other.
17 Tanya ................................. (says / alw ays) t h a t she'll p hone me, but
(does / she / never).
221
W e use s t ill to say t h a t a sit u atio n or actio n is continuing. It hasn't changed or stopped:
D It's 10 o'clock and Jo e is s t ill in bed.
O W h e n I w e n t t o bed, Chris was s t ill working.
Do yo u s t ill w a n t t o go a w a y or have you changed y o u r m in d?
S t i l l usualLy goes in t h e mid dle of th e se nte nce wit h th e verb (see U nit 110).
A n y m ore / a n y lo n g er / no lo n g er
W e use n o t ... a n y m o r e or n o t ... a n y l o n g e r t o say t h a t a situatio n haschanged. A n y m o r e and

a n y l o n g e r go at t h e end of a sentence:
O Lucy d o e s n't work here a n y m o r e (o r a n y lo n g e r). Sh e Left last m onth.
(n ot Lucy d oesn't still work here.)
W e used to be good friends, but w e a r e n 't a n y m o r e (or a n y lo n g e r).
You can also use no lo n g er. N o l o n g e r goes in t h e mid dle of th e sentence:

G Lucy n o l o n g e r works here.
N o t e t h a t w e do not n or m ally use n o m o r e in this way:
W e are n o lo n g e r friends, (n ot W e are no m ore friends.)
C o m p are s t ill and n o t ... a n y m ore:

SaLly s t ill works here, but Lucy d o e s n't work here a n y m ore.
Yet
Y e t = until now. W e use y e t m ainly in ne gative sentences (H e is n't here y e t) and q uestions
(Is he here y e t?). Y e t shows t h a t t h e speaker is e x p ectin g so m e thin g t o happen.
Y e t usually goes at th e end of a sentence:
It's 10 o'clock and Jo e is n't here y e t .
H a v e you m e t yo u r n e w neighbours y e t ?
Q 'W h e r e are yo u going on h o li d a y?' ‘W e d o n 't k now y e t .'
W e often use y e t wit h t h e p rese n t p e rfe ct (H a v e yo u m e t ... y e t?'). See U n it 7 D.
C o m p are y e t and still:

Q Mike lost his jo b six m o n ths ago and is s t ill u ne m ploye d.
Mike lost his jo b six m o n ths ago and h a s n't f o u n d a n o t h er jo b y e t .
Is it s t ill raining?
H a s it st o p p e d raining y e t ?
S t i l l is also possible in n e g ative sente nces (before th e ne gative):

Sh e said she wouLd be here an hour ago and she s t ill h a s n't co me.
This is si milar t o 'she h asn't co m e y e t'. Bu t s t i l l ... n o t shows a stronger feeling of surprise or
i m p atience. Co m pare:
I sent him an invitatio n Last wee k. He h a s n 't replied y e t . (but I e x p ect he will reply soon)
I sent him an invitatio n wee ks ago and he s t ill h a s n't replied, (he should have replied
before now)
A lr e a d y
W e use a lr e a d y t o say t h a t so m e thin g hap pened soo n er t h a n e x pected. A lr e a d y usually goes in

t he mid dle of a se nte nce (see U n it 110):
'W h a t ti m e is Sue le avin g?' ‘She has a lr e a d y Left.' ( = soo ner t h a n yo u e x pecte d)
G Shall I t ell Jo e w h a t hap pened or does he a lr e a d y k n o w?
Q I've j u st had Lunch and !'m a lr e a d y hungry.
Prese n t p erf ect + a l r e a d y / y e t -* U n i t 7 D Wo r d order - > U n i t 110

Exercises
C o m p a re w h a t Pa u l said a f e w y e a rs ago w it h w h a t he says n ow. So m e t h in g s are t h e sa m e as
b e f ore an d s o m e t h in gs h ave ch an g e d . W r i t e s e n t e nc es w it h s t i l l a n d any more.
I travel a lot. I travel a lot.

I work in a shop. I work in a hospital.
I writ e poems. I gave up writin g poems.
I w a n t t o be a teacher. I w a n t t o be a teacher.
I'm interested in politics. _ \ I'm n ot interested in politics.
Pa u l a f e w Pa u l n o w
I'm single. I'm single.
y e a r s ago
I go fishing a lot. I h a v e n't bee n fishin g f or years.
1 (travel) He s t il t t r a v e ls c l Lot. 5 (politics)

2 (shop) He d o e s n't work in shop .... ....
a n y more. 6(single) .............................
3 (p o e ms) He 7 (fishing) ..
4 (t e ach er) ... ... 8 (beard) ..................................................
N o w w r i t e t h r e e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t Pa u l using n o lo n g e r.
9 He no longer works in a. shop. 11 . . ..
10 12 .
For e ach s e n t e n c e (w it h s t i l l) w r i t e a se n t e n c e w it h a si m ila r m e a n in g using n o t ... y e t + o n e o f

t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs:
d ecid e fi n d fin is h go -stop- ta k e o ff w a k e up
1 It's still raining. It h a s n ’t stopped, r a w i n g y e t . .........................

2 G a ry is still here. H e .................. ................................................
3 T h ey're still repairing the road. T h ey .
4 The children are still asleep. ...........................................................................
5 Is Ann still Looking for a place to liv e? ?
6 I'm still wo n d erin g w h a t t o do. .... ...
7 The plane is still waitin g on t h e runway. ...............................
Pu t in s t ill, y e t , a l r e a d y or a n y m o r e in t h e u n d erlin e d s e n t e n c e (or p art o f t h e se n t e n c e).

St u d y t h e e x a m p le s ca re f u lly.
1 Mike lost his job a year ago and he is u n e m ploye d . He is s t d l u n e m ploye d
2 Sh all I t ell loe w h a t hap pened or does he k n o w? d o e s h e a l r e a d y know ? .................
3 I'm hungry. Is dinner re a d y? . J s d i n n e r r e a lly y e t ?....................................
4 I was hungry earlier, but I'm n ot hu n gry. I rn n ot h u n gry a n y m o r e ..............
5 Can we w ait a f e w m in u t es? I d o n't w a n t t o go out. ... ............. ..
6 A m y used to work at th e airport, but she d oesn't work t h e r e . ..
7 I used to live in A msterd a m. I have a Lot of friends there. ......................................
8 ‘Shall I intro duce you to Jo e?' 'There's no need. W e'v e m e t.'
9 Do you live in th e sa m e place or have you m ov e d? .....
10 Wo u ld you like to e at wit h us or have you e a t e n? ...........................................................
11 ‘Wh e re's Jo h n ?' ‘He's n ot here. H e'll be here soon.'
12 Tim said he'd be here at 8.30. It ’s 9 o'clock n ow and he isn't here. ....... ............................
13 Do yo u w a n t t o join th e club or are you a m e m b e r? ...................................
14 It hap pened a long ti m e ago, b ut I can re m e m b er it very cle a rly. ..
15 I've put on weig ht. These trousers d o n't fit me. ................................................................
16 ‘H ave you finished wit h the p a p er?' 'N o. I'm reading it.'
223
Unit
112 F l
Even
Tina loves w a tch in g television.
She has a T V in every roo m of t h e house,

e v e n t h e bathroo m.
W e use e v e n to say t h a t so m e thin g is unusual

or surprising. It is n ot usual to have a TV
in th e bathroo m.
O These pictures are really awful. Ev e n ! ta k e b e tter pictures th a n these.
(and I’m cert ainly not a good p hoto gra p h er)
He always wears a coat, e v e n in h o t w e a t h e r .
O The print was very small. I co uld n't read it, e v e n w i t h glasses.
N o b o d y wo uld help her, n o t e v e n h e r b e st frie n d .
or N o t e v e n her best friend w o uld help her.
You can use e v e n wit h t h e verb in t h e mid dle of a sente nce (see U nit 110):
J Su e has travelle d all over th e world. Sh e has e v e n been t o t h e A ntarctic.
(It's esp ecially unusual to go t o t h e A ntarctic, so she m ust have travelle d a lot.)
O T hey are very rich. T h ey e v e n have t h eir own private jet.
St u d y th ese e x a m ples wit h e v e n aft er a n e g ative (n o t / c a n't / d o n't etc.):
G I ca n't cook. I c a n 't e v e n boil an egg. (and boiling an egg is very easy)
T hey w e re n't v ery frie n dly to us. T h ey d i d n't e v e n say hello.
Jessica is very fit. She's j ust run five miles and she's n o t e v e n o ut of breath.
You can use e v e n + co m p arative (c h e a p e r / m o r e e x p e n siv e etc.):

I g ot up very early, but Jack g ot up e ve n e arlie r.
O I k new I did n't have much m oney, but I've g ot e v e n less than I thou g ht.
W e were surprised t o get an e m ail fro m her. W e were e v e n m o r e su r p ris e d wh e n she ca m e
t o see us a f ew days later.
Ev e n t h o u g h / e v e n w h e n / e v e n if
W e use e v e n t h o u g h / e v e n w h e n / e v e n if + su bject + verb:
Eve n t h o u g h sh e c a n 't drive, she bou ght a car.

I________ I
su bject + verb
O He never shouts, e v e n w h e n h e's angry.
O This river is dangerous. It ’s dangerous to swim in it, e v e n if y o u 'r e a strong swi m m er.
You ca n n o t use e v e n in this w a y (+ su bject + verb). W e say:

Ev e n t h o u g h sh e c a n 't drive, she bou ght a car. [n o t Even she ca n ’t drive)
G I ca n ’t reach t h e shelf e v e n if I st a n d on a chair. (n ot even I stan d)
C o m p are e v e n if and if:

We'r e going t o the beach t o m orrow. It d o esn’t m a t t e r w h a t t h e w e a t h e r is like.
W e'r e going e v e n if it's raining.
G W e w a n t to go to t h e beach t o m orrow, but w e w o n't go if it's raining.
224 and w h e n - U n it 25D T h o u g h / e v e n t h o u g h - > U n i t 113E

d
Exercises
A m y, K a t e an d Lisa are t h r e e frie n ds w h o w e n t on h o li d a y t o g e t h e r. Use t h e i n f o r m a tio n give n
a b o u t t h e m t o c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using e v e n or n o t e v e n .
Amy K ate Lisa

is usually happy isn't very keen on art is al m ost always late
is usually on ti m e is usually miserable is a keen p h oto gra p h er
likes g ettin g up early usually hates hotels Loves stayin g in hotels
is very interested in art h asn't g ot a ca m era isn't very good at g ettin g up
1 T h ey staye d at a hoteL. Every b o dy Liked it, even k a t e

2 T h ey arranged to m eet. T h ey all arrived on time, .
3 T h ey w e n t t o an art gallery. N o b o d y e njoye d it, .............
4 Yest er d ay t h e y had to g et up earLy. T h ey all managed to do this,
5 T h ey were t o g e t h er yesterd ay. T h ey were all in a good m o o d ,.
6 N o n e of t h e m too k any pictures, ............ ......................
Ma k e se n t e n c e s w it h e v e n . Use t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 Sue has been all over the world, (the A n t a rctic) S h e h a s eve n been to t h e A n t a r c t ic .
2 W e painted t h e w h ol e room, (th e floor) W e ..
3 Rach el has m e t Lots of fa m ous people, (th e prime minister)
She ........... -. ..............................................................................................................
4 You could hear th e noise fro m a Long w a y a way, (fro m t h e ne xt stre et)
You ..................................................................................................................................
In t h e f o ll o w i n g s e n t e n c e s y o u h av e t o use n o t ... e v e n .
5 T h ey did n't say a nythin g to us. (hello) T h ey ciu in t eve n s o y h ello.
6 I ca n't re m e m b er a nythin g a b o u t her. (her na m e)
7 There isn't a nythin g to do in this town, (a cin e m a)
8 He did n't tell a ny b o d y w h ere he was going, (his wife)
9 I d o n't k now a nyo n e in our street, (th e people ne xt door)
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using even + c o m p a ra tiv e .

1 It was very hot yester day, but t o d ay it's eve n h o tt er
2 The church is 5 0 0 ye ars old, but th e house ne xt to it i s ...............
3 That's a very good idea, but I've got an one.
4 The first q uestion was very difficult to answer. The second one was
5 I did very badly in t h e exam, but m ost of m y friends did
6 N eit h e r of us was hungry. I ate very Little and m y friend ate
Pu t in if, even, even i f or even though.

1 £ye n though she ca n't drive, she has bou ght a car.
2 T h e b u s l e a v e s in f iv e m i n u t e s , b u t w e c a n s t ill c a t c h it .......................... w e run.
3 The bus Leaves in t w o minutes. W e w o n't catch it now w e run.
4 His Spanish isn't very good, aft er t hree ye ars in Spain,
5 His Spanish isn't very good, he lived in Spain for three years.
6 wit h t h e heatin g on, it was cold in th e house.
7 I co uld n't sleep I was very tired.
8 I w o n't forgive t h e m for w h a t t h e y did, t h ey apologise.
I h a d n't eat e n a nythin g for 24 hours, I w as n't hungry.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 32 (page 321) 225

Unit Although / though / even though
113 [ In spite of / despite
St u d y this e x a m ple situation
Last ye ar Paul and Sarah had a holiday by th e sea.

It rained a lot, but t h ey enjoyed it.
You can say:
A l t h o u g h it rain e d a lot, t h ey enjoyed it.

(= It rained a lot, b ut t h ey ...)
or
In s p it e o f
t h e rain, t h ey e njoye d it.
D e s p it e
A ft er a lt h o u g h w e use a su bject + verb:

A l t h o u g h it rain e d a lot, w e e njoye d our holiday.
G I did n't get th e job a lt h o u g h I h a d the necessary qualifications.
C o m p are th e m eanin g of a lt h o u g h and b eca use:
W e w e n t o ut a lt h o u g h it was raining heavily.
W e did n't go o ut b ec a u se it was raining heavily.
A ft er in s p it e o f or d espit e, w e use a n o u n, a pronoun (t h is / t h a t / w h a t etc.) or -ing:

O In s p it e o f t h e rain, we e njoye d our holiday.
I did n't get th e jo b in s p it e o f h a vin g th e necessary qualifications.
G Sh e w a s n't well, b ut in s p it e o f t h is she co ntinu e d working.
In s p it e o f w h a t I said yester day, I still love you.
D e s p it e is t h e sa m e as in s p it e of. W e say in s p it e of, but d e s p it e (with o u t of):

Sh e w a s n't well, b ut d e s p it e t h is she co ntinu e d working, (n ot despite of this)
You can s a y in s p it e o f t h e f a c t (t h a t) ... and d e s p it e t h e f a c t (t h a t) . . . :

r—y , , ljL , ,, . , [ in s p it e o f t h e f a c t (t h a t) 1 , , . . ..... .
I didn t get th e jo b j d e s p it e t h e f a £ t (t h a t) [ I had the necessary q ualifications.
C o m p are in s p it e o f and b eca u se of:

O W e w e n t o ut in s p it e o f t h e rain, (or ... d e s p it e t h e rain.)
W e did n't go out b ec a u se o f t h e rain.
C o m p are a lt h o u g h and in s p it e o f / d espit e:

A l t h o u g h t h e t r a f f i c w a s bad,
w e arrived on time, (n ot In spite of th e traffic was bad)
In s p it e o f t h e t r a f fic,
a lt h o u g h I w a s very tired. (n ot despite I was tire d)

I co uld n’t sleep
d e s p it e b ein g very tired.
T h o u g h is th e sa me as a lt h o u g h :
C I did n't get th e jo b t h o u g h I had th e necessary qualifications.
In spoken English w e often use t h o u g h at th e end of a sentence:

The house isn't so nice. I like the garden t h o u g h . (= but I like th e garden)
G I see t h e m every day. I've never spoken t o t h e m t h o u g h . (= but I've never spoken to t h e m)
Ev e n t h o u g h (b ut n ot ‘even' alo n e) is a stronger for m of a lt h o u g h :

Eve n t h o u g h I was really tired, I co uld n't sleep, (n ot Even I was really tired ...)
226 Ev e n -¥ U n i t 112
Unit
Exercises 113
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use a l t h o u g h + a se n t e n c e fro m t h e box.
i did n't speak t h e language w ell he has a very i m p ort a nt j ob

I had never seen her before w e d o n't like t h e m very m uch
it was q uite cold th e heating was on
I'd m e t her twice before w e've k nown each o th er a long ti m e
1 Alth o u g h h e ha,s c l very i m p ort a n t Jo b , he isn't p articularly well - paid.

2 , I recognised her fro m a p hotograph
3 She w as n't wearin g a co at ...
4 W e t h o u g ht we'd b etter invite t h e m to th e p arty ... ...
5 ........................... .. .......... , I managed to make m yself un derstood
6 . , the room w asn't war m
7 I did n't recognise h e r ............. .......... ........................................................................................
8 W e'r e not very good friends
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h a l t h o u g h / in s p it e o f / b e c a u s e / b e c a u s e of.
1 Alt ho u g h it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
2 a all our careful plans, a lot of things w e n t wrong.
b ... we'd planned everythin g carefully, a lot of things w e n t wrong.
3 a I w e n t h o m e early ............. I was feeling unwell.
b I w e n t to work th e ne xt day I was still feeling unwell.
4 a She only acce pt e d t h e j o b ................ th e salary, which was very high.
b She acce pt e d the job the salary, which was rather low.
5 a ! managed to get to sleep ... there was a lot of noise,
b I co uld n't get to sleep .. ... th e noise.
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e f o ll o w i n g se n t e nces:

6 a H e passed t h e e x a m althou g h ...............
b He passed th e e xam because
7 a I did n't e at a nythin g althou g h .......................... ..
b I did n't e at a nythin g in spite of
Ma k e o n e s e n t e nc e fro m t w o . Use t h e w o r d(s) in b rac k e ts in y o u r se n t e nces.

1 I co uld n't sleep. I was very tired, (despite)
I c o u l d n't sleep d es p it e being very t ir e d .
2 T h ey have very little money. T h ey are happy, (in spite of)
In spite .......................... .......... .............................................................................
3 My f o o t was injured. I managed t o walk ho me, (alth o u g h)
4 I e njoye d the film. The story was silly, (in spite of)
5 W e live in th e sa me street. W e hardly ever see each other, (despite)
6 I g ot very w e t in th e rain. I was o nly o ut for five minutes, (even th ou g h)
Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e a se n t e n ce w it h t h o u g h a t t h e end.

1 The house isn't very nice, (like / garden) I li k e t h e g a r d e n th o u g h.
2 It's w ar m today, (very win dy)
3 W e did n't like th e food, (a te) ............. ...
4 Liz is very nice, (d o n't like / husband) I ..
A d d iti o n a l e x ercise 32 (p a g e 321) 227

Unit
114 In case
Your car should have a spare w h e el because it is

possible you wilL have a puncture.
Your car should have a spare w h e el in case yo u have

a puncture.
In ca se you have a p uncture = because it is possible

you will have a puncture.
So m e m ore e x a m ples of in case:

I'll leave m y m obile p hone switch e d on in ca se Ja n e calls. (= because it is possible she will
call)
I'll draw a map for yo u in c ase y o u h a v e p r o b l e m s fin d in g o u r h o use. (= because it is
possible yo u will have proble ms)
I'll re mind t h e m a b o u t th e m e etin g in ca se t h e y 'v e f o r g o t t e n . (= because it is possible t h ey
have for g o tt e n)
W e use j u s t in ca se for a s m aller possibility:

O I d o n't thin k it will rain, but I'll ta k e an u m brella j u s t in case. ( = j u s t in c ase it rains)
Do not use w i l l after in case. Use a present te nse for t h e future (see U n it 25):
I'll leave my p hone switch e d on in ca se Ja n e calls. (n ot in case Ja n e will call)
In ca se is n ot th e sa me as if. W e use in case to say w hy so m e b o d y does (or d o esn't do) so m ething.

You do so m ethin g n ow in case so m e thin g happens later.
Co m pare:
in case if
o W e'll b uy so me m ore food in case W e 'll buy so m e more foo d if Tom
Tom comes. co mes.
(= May b e Tom will co m e. W e 'll buy (= May b e To m will co me. If he co mes,
so me more food now, w h e t h e r he w e'll buy so me more food; if he d oesn't
co m es or not; t h en w e l l alre a d y have co m e, w e w o n't buy any more food.)
t he food i f he co mes.)
o I'll give yo u m y p hone n u m b er in case O You can call me on this n u m b er if you
you need to co n t act me. need to co n t act me.
o You should insure yo ur bike in case it O You should inform th e police if yo ur
is stolen. bike is stolen.
You can use in case + p ast to say w h y so m e b o d y did so mething:

I left m y phone switch e d on in ca se Ja n e c a ll e d . (= because it was possible t h a t Ja n e wo uld
call)
I dre w a map for Sarah in ca se sh e h a d p r o b l e m s fin d in g t h e h o use.
W e rang th e d oorb ell again in case t h e y h a d n't h e a r d it t h e f ir s t ti m e .
In case o f is n ot t h e sa m e as in case. In ca se o f ... = if th ere is ... (esp ecially on notices etc.):

In case o f fire, please leave th e building as q uickly as possible. (= if t h ere is a fire)
In ca se o f e m e r g e n cy , call this number. (= if th ere is an e m er g e ncy)
228 I f - * U n i t s 25, 3 8 - 4 0
Exercises
So p h ie is goin g f o r a lo n g w a l k in t h e c o u n try. You t hin k she sh o uld ta k e;
so m e ch o c o l a t e a map an a n o r a k a ca m e r a so m e w a t e r
You t h in k she sh o uld t a k e t h es e t hin gs b eca use:
it's possible sh e'll get lost she m ight get hungry

perhaps she'll be thirsty m ayb e it will rain
she mig ht wa n t t o take so me pictures
W h a t do y o u say t o So p h i e? W r i t e se n t e n ces w it h in case.

1 Take some chocolate in case you get hungry..........................
2 T a k e ...............................................................................................
3 ........................ ..... ...............................
4 .............................................................................................
5 .......
W h a t do y o u say in t h es e sit u a ti o n s? Use in case.

1 It's possible t h a t Ja n e will need to co n t act you, so you agree to give her yo ur p hone number.
You say: I’ll give you my p hone n u m ber in c a s e you need, to c o n t a c t me ..
2 A friend of yours is going a w a y for a Long time. Mayb e yo u w o n't see her again before she
goes, so you d ecide to say goo d bye now.
You say: I'll say goo d bye n o w .............. ... .. . .. ..
3 You are shopping in a su p er mark et wit h a friend. You think yo u have everythin g you need,
but m ayb e yo u forgot so m ething. Your friend has the list. You ask her to check it.
You say: Can yo u .................. ...................................................................................
4 You advise a friend a b o ut using a co m p uter. You thin k he should back up (= co py) his files
because m ayb e there will be a proble m wit h his co m p u ter (and he could lose all his d ata).
You say: You should back u p ............... ...........................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using in case.
1 There was a p ossibility t h a t Ja n e wo uld call. So I left m y p hone switch e d on.
I left my phone sw^tche - d on In c a s e J a n e c a l l e d .................................................
2 I t h o u g ht t h a t I might forget th e na m e of the book. So I w r o t e it down.
I wro t e down th e na m e of th e book ...
3 I t h o u g ht my parents might be worrie d a b o ut me. So I phoned the m.
I phoned my p a r e n ts ....... ................................
4 I sent an e m ail to Lisa, but she did n't reply. So I sent a n o t h er e m ail because m ay b e she did n't
g et th e first one.
I sent her a n o th er e m ail ................. .................................................... ...............................
5 I m e t so me people wh e n I was on h olid ay in France. T h ey said t h e y might co m e to London
one day. I live in London, so I gave t h e m my p hone number.
I gave t h e m my phone n u m b er ..
Pu t in in ca se or if.
1 I’ll d ra w a map for yo u in c a s e you have proble ms finding our house.
2 You should t ell th e police i'f. yo u have any infor m atio n a b o ut t h e crime.
3 I hope y o u'll co m e to A ustralia so m eti m e. yo u co me, yo u m ust visit us.
4 This book belongs to Susan. Can yo u give it to her you see her?
5 Writ e yo ur na m e and phone n u m b er on yo ur b a g .. ................. yo u lose it.
6 G o t o th e lost pro p erty office yo u lose yo ur bag.
7 The burglar alar m will ring so m e b o dy tries to break into th e house.
8 You should lock yo ur bike to so m ethin g . so m e b o dy tries t o steal it.
9 I was advised to g et insurance I needed m e dical tre a t m e n t while I was abroad.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 32 (page 321) 229

Unit
115 Unless As long as Provided/providing
U n l e ss
The club is for m e m b ers only.
You ca n't go in u n le ss y o u a r e a m e m b e r.
This means:
You ca n't go in e x ce p t if you are a m e m b er

You can go in o nly if yo u are a me mber.
U n l e ss = e xcept if.
So m e more e x a m ples of u nless:

I'll see yo u t o m o rro w u n less I h a v e t o w o r k la t e . (= e xcept if I have to work late)
There are no buses to t h e beach. U n l e ss y o u h a v e a car, it ’s difficult to g et there.
(= e xcept if yo u have a car)
'Sh all I t ell Liz w h a t h a p p e n e d?' 'N o t u n le ss she asks you.' (= o nly if she asks yo u)
Sally hates to co m plain. She w o u ld n't co m plain a b o ut so m et hin g u n le ss it w a s r e a lly bad.
(= e xcept if it was really bad)
W e can ta k e a taxi to th e resta ura nt - u n less y o u'd p r e f e r t o w a l k . (= e xcept if yo u'd prefer
to wal k)
Instead of u n le ss it is oft en possible t o say if ... n ot:

U n l e ss w e l e a v e n o w, w e'll be Late, or If w e d o n 't l e a v e n o w, w e 'l l ...
A s lo n g as / p ro vi d e d / p ro vid in g
as lo n g as or so lo n g as ]
. . . t . .v , . I All th ese e x pressions m e a n ‘i f'o r'o n co n dition that',
p ro vi d e d (t h a t] or p ro vi d in g (t h a t) J
For e x a mple:
You can b orrow my car j ^ [on g as } ^ ° U Promise not 1:0 c*r‘ve 1:00 âst -
(= you can b orrow my car, but you m ust pro mise n ot to drive t o o fast - this is a co n ditio n)
O Travellin g by car is co nve nie n t j (t t a t) | ^ °U âve somewêre t0 Par ^-

(= but o nly if yo u have so m e w h ere to park)
G Pr o vi d in g (t h a t) ] .
_ . , / i % \ t h e roo m is clean, I don t mind which h otel w e st ay at.
Pr o vi d e d (t h a t) | J
(= t h e roo m m ust be clean - oth erwise I d o n't mind)
U n l e ss / as lo n g as etc. for th e future
W h e n y o u are talkin g a b o ut t h e future, do not use w i l l aft er u n le ss / as lo n g as / so lo n g as /

p r o vid e d / p rovidin g. Use a prese n t tense (see U nit 25):
C I'm not going o u t u n le ss it st o p s raining, {n ot unless it will stop)
Pr o vi d in g th e w e a t h e r is good, w e'r e going to have a picnic to m orrow.
(n ot providing th e w e a t h e r will be good)
If - > U n its 25, 3 8 - 4 0

Exercises
W r i t e a n e w se n t e n c e w it h t h e sa m e m ea nin g. Use u n l e ss in y o u r se n t e n ce .
1 You m ust try a bit harder or yo u w o n't pass th e exam.
You won’t p ass t h e e xam unLess you try a bit h a r d e r .
2 Listen caref ully or you w o n't k now w h a t t o do.

You w o n't k now w h a t to do
3 She m ust a pologise t o me or I'll never speak t o her again.
4 You have to speak very slo wly or he w o n't be able to un derstand you.
5 Business m ust im prove soon or the co m p a ny will have t o close.
W r i t e s e n t e n c e s w it h u n le ss.
1 The club isn't open to everyone. You're allowe d in o nly if yo u're a me mber.
You a r e n ’t a ll o w e d In t h e club u n le ss you Y e a member.
2 I d o n't w a n t t o go to th e p arty alone. I'm going o nly if yo u go too.

I'm not going ................ ..........................................................................
3 D o n't w o rry a b o ut t h e dog. It will a tt ac k yo u o nly if yo u m ove suddenly.

The dog ......... ..................................................................
4 Ben isn't very tal k ative. H e'll speak to yo u o nly if you ask him so mething.
B e n ............................................................................................................
5 T oday is a public holiday. The d oct or will see you o nly if it's an e m ergency.
The d oct or ...
1 You can b orrow my car unless / as long as yo u pro mise not to drive t o o fast.
(as long as is correct)
2 I’m playin g te n nis t o m orr o w unless / providing it rains.
3 I'm playing te n nis t o m o rro w unless / providing it d oesn't rain.
4 I d o n't mind if yo u co m e h o m e late unless / as long as yo u co m e in quietly.
5 I'm going n ow unless / provided yo u w a n t me to stay.
6 I d o n't w a tc h T V unless / as long as I've got nothing else to do.
7 C hildren are allowe d to use the swi m min g pool unless / provided t h ey are wit h an adult.
8 Unless / Provided t h ey are wit h an adult, children are not allowe d t o use the swi m min g pool.
9 W e can sit here in t h e corn er unless / as long as you'd ra th er sit over th ere by th e win dow.
10 a : O ur holid ay cost a lot of m oney.
b : Did it? Well, t h a t d oesn't m a t t er unless / as long as yo u enjoyed yourselves.

1 W e'll be late unless we g e t a t a x i
2 I like h ot w e a t h e r as long as ............... .................................... .............
3 It takes a b o ut 20 minutes to drive to the airport provided
4 I d o n't mind walkin g ho m e as long as
5 I like to walk to work in th e mornin g unless ............... ............................
6 W e can m e e t t o m orro w unless
7 I can lend yo u th e m o n ey providing .
8 You w o n't achieve anythin g unless
-»• A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 32 (page 321) 231

Unit As (As I walked along the street ... /
116 As I was hungry ...)
A s - a t th e sa m e ti m e as
You can use as wh e n t w o things hap pen at th e sa me tim e:

W e all w ave d goo d bye to Liz as she drove away.
(W e w a v e d and she d r o v e a w a y a t t h e sa m e ti m e)
As I walk e d alon g th e street, I looked in t h e shop win d ows.
Can yo u turn o ff t h e light as yo u go out, please?
O r yo u can say t h a t so m e thin g hap pened as y o u w e r e d oin g

so m e thin g else (in t h e mid dle of doing so m ethin g else):
Kate slipped as sh e w a s g e t ti n g o f f t h e bus.
W e m et Paul as w e w e r e l e a vi n g th e hotel.
For t h e p ast co ntinuous (w a s g e t ti n g / w e r e g oin g etc.), see U nit 6 .
You can also use j u s t as (= e x actly at t h a t m o m e nt):

i J u s t as I sat d own, t h e d o orb ell rang.
I had t o leave j u s t as th e co nversatio n was g ettin g interesting.
W e also use as wh e n t w o things hap pen t o g e t h er in a longer period

of tim e: th e d ay w e n t on
As th e d ay w e n t on, t h e w e a t h e r g ot worse.
the w e a th er g o t worse
G I began to e njoy th e jo b more as I g ot used to it.
C o m p are as and w h e n :
W e use as o nly if t w o things happen at t h e Use w h e n (n o t as) if one thin g happens after
sa me time. another.
As I d ro v e h o m e, I listened to music. W h e n I g o t h o m e, I had so m e thin g to
(= at th e sa m e ti m e) eat. (n ot As I g ot ho m e)
A s = because
A s also m eans ‘because':

As I w a s h u n g ry, I decided to find so m e w h ere to eat. (= because I was hungry)
C As w e h a v e p l e n t y o f t i m e before our flight, let's go and have a coffee.
W e w a tch e d T V all eve nin g as w e d i d n't h a v e a n y t h i n g b e t t e r t o do.
As I d o n 't w a t c h t e l e v is i o n a n y m ore, I gave my T V to a friend of mine.
You can also use since in this way:

C 1 Si n c e w e have ple nty of time, Let's go and have a coffee.
C o m p are as (= because) and w h e n :
I co uld n't co n t act David as he w a s on ( David's passport was stolen w h e n he

h o li d a y. (= because he was on h olid ay) w a s on h o li d a y
(= during th e ti m e he was a w ay)
As t h e y liv e d n e a r us, w e used to see W h e n t h e y liv e d n e a r us, w e used to

t h e m q uite often. see th e m q uite often.
(= because t h e y lived near us) (= at th e ti m e t h e y lived near us)
232 A s ... as - ¥ U n i t 107 Like and as U n i t 117 A s if - U n i t 118

Exercises
(Se c ti o n A) Use as t o j o in se n t e n c e s fro m t h e boxes.
1 we were driving along th e road

2 I listened I was ta king a h ot dish out of t h e oven
3 I burnt myself
4 The crowd cheered she told me her story
5 A dog ran o ut in fro nt of th e car th e t w o tea ms ca m e o nto t h e field
1 W e all w a v e d goodbye to Ll z a s s h e d r o v e a w a y
2
3
4
5
(Se c ti o n B) Jo i n se n t e n c e s fro m t h e box es. Begin each s e n t e n c e w it h as.
1 I need so me a dvice
2 t o d ay is a public holid ay i was very quiet
3 I did n't w a n t t o disturb a ny b o d y I d ecided t o -f+ftd-so m e w h e r e t o eat-
4 I d o n ’t k now w h a t to do we did n't k now w h a t ti m e it was
5 none of us had a w a tch m a ny of th e shops are shut
1 A s I w ds h u n g ry, I d e c t d e d to / find so m ewh ere to e a t .

2
3
4
5
c m W h a t d o es as m e a n in t h es e s e n t e n c e s? because a t the sa m e
tim e as
1 As t h e y live near us, we see t h e m q uite often. /
2 Kate slipped as she was g ettin g off th e bus. /
3 As I was tired, I w e n t to bed early.
4 U n fortu n at ely, as I was parking th e car, I hit th e car behind me.
5 A s w e clim bed t h e hill, we g ot more and more tired.
6 W e decided to go o ut to e at as we had no food at home.
7 A s w e d o n't use th e car very often, w e'v e decided to sell it.
In so m e o f t h e s e se n t e nces, y o u nee d when (n o t as). C o rr e c t t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n ecessary.

1 Julia g ot married as she was 22. wh e n s h e w a s . 2-2-............
2 As t h e d ay w e n t on, th e w e a t h e r g ot worse. OK
3 He dropped th e glass as he was ta king it o ut of t h e cupboard.
4 I lost m y p hone as I was in London.
5 As I left school, I did n't k now w h a t to do.
6 The train slowe d d own as it a p proache d th e station.
7 I used t o Live near the sea as I was a child.
4f] jp Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e nces.

1 I saw yo u as ..
2 It starte d to rain j ust as ....................... .....................
3 As I did n’t have enough m o n ey for a taxi, ...................
4 Ju st as I too k t h e picture,
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 32 (p a g e 321) 233

Unit
117 Like and as
Like = ‘si milar to', ‘th e sa me as'. You ca n n o t use as in this way:
W h a t a b ea utiful house! It's lik e a p alace , (n ot as a palace)
'W h a t does Sandra d o?' ‘She's a teacher, lik e m e.' (n ot as me)
Be careful! The floor has been polished. It's li k e w a l k i n g on ice. (n ot as walkin g)
J It's raining again. I hate w e a t h e r li k e t his, (n o t as this)
In these sentences, li k e is a pre p ositio n. So it is f ollowe d by a noun (like a p ala c e), a pronoun
(like m e / like t h is) or -ing (like w a l k in g).
You can also say li k e (so m e b o dy / so m et hin g) d oin g so m ething':

O 'W h a t's t h a t n oise?' 'It sounds li k e a b a b y cryi n g .'
So m e ti m es lik e = for e x a mple:
I enjoy w a t e r sports, li k e surfin g , scu b a d ivin g a n d w a t er - s k iin g .
You can also use such as (= for e x a m ple):
I enjoy w a t e r sports, such as surfin g , scu b a d ivin g a n d w a t e r - s k iin g .
As = in th e same w a y as, or in t h e sa m e con dition as. W e use as before su b ject + verb:

C 1 I did n’t m ove anything. I left everythin g as it w as.
You should have done it as I s h o w e d y o u.
W e also use lik e in this way:

O I left everythin g lik e it was.
C o m p are as and like:

G You should have done it as I s h o w e d y o u . or ... lik e I s h o w e d yo u .
You should have done it lik e this, (n ot as this)
N o t e t h a t w e say as u s u a l / as a l w a y s:
You're late as usual.
A s a l w a ys, Nick was t h e first to co m plain.
So m e ti m es as (+ su bject + verb) has o t h er meanings. For e x a m ple, aft er do:

You can do as y o u like. (= do w h a t yo u like)
. T hey did as t h e y p r o m ise d . (= T h ey did w h a t t h ey pro mised.)
W e also say as y o u k n o w / as I said / as sh e e x p e c t e d / as I t h o u g h t etc. :

As y o u k n o w, it's Em m a's birth d ay ne x t week. (= yo u k now this alrea dy)
G A n dy failed his driving test, as h e e x p e ct e d . (= he e x pected this before)
Like is n ot usual in th ese ex pressions, e xcept wit h s a y (li k e I said):
A s I said yester day, I'm sure we can solve th e proble m, or Like I said yest e r d ay ...
A s can also be a pre p ositio n, but th e m e a nin g is diff ere nt fro m like.
Co m pare;
As a t a x i d riv e r, I spend m ost of my o Everyon e wa n ts m e to drive t h e m to

working Life in a car. places. I'm li k e a t a x i d river.
(I a m a taxi driver, t h a t is m y jo b) (I'm not a taxi driver, but I'm like one)
A s (prep ositio n) = in t h e position of, in t h e for m of e t c . :

O Ma ny years ago I work e d as a p h o t o g r a p h e r, (n ot like a p hoto gra p h er)
G Ma ny words, for e x a m ple 'work' and ‘rain', can be used as v e r b s o r no u ns.
London is fine as a p la c e t o visit , but I w o u ld n't like t o live there.
!_ The news of t h e tra g e dy ca m e as a g r e a t shock.
234 A s ... as -4U n i t 107 A s (= at the sa m e ti m e as / b eca use) U n i t 116 A s if U n i t 118

Exercises
In so m e o f t h es e se n t e nces, y o u nee d li k e (n o t as). C o rr e ct t h e s e n t e nc es w h e r e necessary,
1 It's raining again, I hate w e a t h e r as this. weatVier Like t h is
2 A n dy failed his driving test, as he e x pected. OK
3 Do you think Lisa looks as her m o t h e r? ..................... .............
4 Tim gets on my nerves. I ca n't stand people as him.
5 W h y did n't you do it as I told you to do it?
6 Brian is a student, as m ost of his friends. ....
7 You never listen. Talking to yo u is as talking to the
wall.
8 As I said before, I'm thin king of changing my job. .
9 Tom's idea see ms a good one. Let's do as he suggests. . ....................
10 I'll phone you t o m orro w as usual, O K?
11 Su d d e nly there was a terrible noise. It was as a bomb
e x ploding.
12 She's a very good swim mer. She swims as a fish.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using li k e or as + t h e f oll o win g :
a b e g in n e r bloc k s o f ice a p alace a b ir t h d a y p r e se n t

a c h ild a th e a tre win ter a t o u r g uid e
1 This house is beautiful. It ’s ..Like- a. p a la c e .......

2 My feet are really cold. T h ey're ........
3 I've been playing tennis for years, but I still play
4 Marion once had a part - time jo b ................................... .....................................
5 I w o n d er w h a t t h a t building is. It looks . .......
6 My brother gave me this w a tc h a long ti m e ago
7 It's very cold for th e mid dle of su m mer. It's ........ .
8 He's 22 years old, but he so m eti m es b e h a v e s .........................................................
Pu t in li k e or as. So m e ti m e s e it h e r w o r d is p ossible.
1 W e heard a noise . li k e .. a baby crying.
2 Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak you.
3 D o n't take my a dvice if you d o n't w a n t to. You can do you like.
4 You w ast e t oo much ti m e doing things sitting in cafes all day.
5 I wish I had a car yours.
6 You d o n't need to change clothes. You can go o ut yo u are.
7 M y neighbour's house is full of interesting things. It's .... a museu m.
8 W e saw Kevin last night. He was very cheerful, always.
9 Sally has been working a waitress for th e last t w o months.
10 In several countries in Asia, Japan, Indonesia and Thailand, traffic drives on th e left.
11 You're differe nt fro m th e o th er people I know. I d o n't k now a nyo n e else ..you.
12 W e d o n't need all t h e bedroo ms in th e house, so w e use one of th e m a study.
13 The news t h a t Sarah and G ary were g ettin g married ca m e a co m ple t e surprise to me.
14 her father, C at herin e has a very good voice.
15 A t th e m o m e n t I've got a t e m p orary jo b in a bookshop. It's n ot great, but it's O K a
t e m p orary job.
16 you can imagine, w e were very tired after such a long journey.
17 This tea is awful. It tastes water.
.
18 I thin k I prefer this roo m it was, before we decorate d it.

Unit |
118 Like / as if / as though
You can use lik e t o say h ow so m e b o d y or so m e thin g lo o k s / so u n d s / f e els
T h at house lo o k s li k e it's going t o fall down.
That house looks like
H ele n s o u n d e d li k e she had a cold, did n't she? it's going t o fall down.
I've j u st g ot back fro m holiday, but I feel very
tired. I d o n't f e e l li k e I've had a holiday. \ f
You can also use as if or as t h o u g h in all th ese e x a mples:

G T h at house lo o k s as if it's going to fall down.
Q Hele n so u n d e d as if she had a cold, did n’t she?
O I d o n't f e e l as t h o u g h I've had a holiday.
Co mpare:
O You lo o k tire d , (lo o k + a djective)
You lo o k lik e y o u h a v e n 't sle p t, (l o o k lik e + su bject + verb)
As if and as t h o u g h are more f or m al than like.
You can say It lo o k s li k e ... / It so u n ds lik e ...:

It sounds like t h ey're
Sarah is very late, isn't sh e? It lo o k s lik e she having a party next door.
isn't co ming.
W e too k an u m brella because it lo o k e d lik e it
was going to rain.
The noise is very loud ne xt door. It s o u n d s li k e
t h ey're having a party.
You can also use as if or as t h o u g h :

It lo o k s as if she isn't co ming, or
It lo o k s as t h o u g h she isn't co ming.
G It l o o k e d as if it was going to rain.
It s o u n d s as t h o u g h t h ey'r e having a party.
You can use li k e / as if / as t h o u g h wit h o th er verbs t o say h o w so m e b o dy does so m ething:

G He ran lik e he w a s r u n n in g f o r his life.
G A ft er th e interru ption, th e speaker w e n t on talking as if n o t h i n g h a d h a p p e n e d .
W h e n I told t h e m m y plan, t h e y Looked at me as t h o u g h I w a s m a d.
A ft er as if (or as t h o u g h), w e so m e ti m es use th e p ast wh e n w e are talkin g a b o ut th e present.

For e x a mple:
I d o n't like Tim. He talks as if he k n e w everythin g.
The m eanin g is not past in this sentence. W e use th e past (as if he k n e w) because th e idea is not
real: Tim does n ot k now everythin g. W e use th e past in t h e sa m e w a y in o t h er sentences wit h if and
w is h (see U n it 39),
Lik e is n ot n or m ally used in this way.
She's always asking me t o do things for her - as if I d i d n't have enough to do already.
(I do have enough t o do)
C ary's o nly 40. W h y do yo u talk a b o ut him as if h e w a s an old m a n? (he isn't an old man)
W h e n yo u use th e past in this way, yo u can use w e r e instead of w as:

G W h y do yo u talk a b o ut him as if h e w e r e (or w a s) an old m a n?
T h ey tr e a t me as if I w e r e (or w a s) t h eir own son. (I'm not th eir son)
236 If I w a s / w e r e U n it 39 C Lo o k / s o u n d etc. + a d jectiv e -* U n i t 9 9 C Lik e and as U n i t 117

Exercises
W h a t do y o u say in t h es e sit u a ti o n s? Use t h e w o r d s in b rac k e ts t o m a k e y o u r se n t e nce.
1 You m e e t Bill. He has a black eye and so me plasters on his face, (loo k / like / be / a fight)
You say to him: You Look (i k e you 'v e been, in c l - fight. .....................
2 Claire co m es into th e room. Sh e looks a bsolut ely terrified, (look / like / see / a ghost)
You say t o her: W h a t's th e m a t t e r? You
3 Jo e is on holiday. He's talking t o you on th e p hone and sounds happy, (sound / as if / have / a
good ti m e)
You say to him: You . ...... ....
4 You have j ust run one kilo metre. You are a bsolut ely e x hausted, (feel / like / run / a m arat h o n)
You say to a friend: I .............. ...
Ma k e s e n t e nc es b e gin nin g It l o o k s li k e ... / It s o u n d s li k e ... .
yo u should see a d oct or there's been an accid e nt t h ey're having an arg u m e nt

it's going to rain she isn't c o m ingr w e'll have to walk
1 Sarah said she wo uld be here an hour ago.

You say: It looks like, s h e is n 't co ming.............................................................................
2 The sky is full of black clouds.
You say: It .....
3 You hear t w o people shoutin g at each o th er ne xt door.
You say: ..... -. ........................
4 You see an a m b ula nce, so me p olice m e n and tw o da maged cars at the side of th e road.
You say: ... ................................................... ....................................................................
5 You and a friend have just missed t h e last bus home.
You say: .................................................................................................................................
6 Dave isn't feeling well. He tells you all a b o ut it.
You say: ........................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h as if. C h o ose fro m t h e box, p u ttin g t h e ver bs in t h e c o rr e ct f or m.
she / e njoy / it I / go / be sick he / not / eat / for a we e k

he / nee d / a good rest- she / hurt / her leg he / mean / w h a t he / say
I / n ot / exist she / n ot / w a n t / co m e
1 Mark looks very tired. He looks &s i f He n e e d s a. good r e s t

2 I d o n't thin k Paul was joking. He looked ... ......................................
3 W h a t's the m att er wit h A m a n d a? She's w a l k i n g ... .................................. ...
4 Peter was e x tre m ely hungry and a te his dinner very quickly.
He ate ........................................................................................................................
5 Tanya had a bored ex pression on her face during th e movie.
She did n't l o o k ...................................
6 I've j ust eaten to o m any ch ocolates. N o w I d o n't feel well.
I f e e l....................... . . ........................................................ .................................................
7 I phoned Liz and invited her t o th e party, but she w as n't very enth usiastic ab out it.
She sounded ..... ....................
8 I w e n t into t h e office, but n o b ody spoke to me or looked at me.
Every b o dy ignored m e ... .......
T h ese s e n t e nc es are like t h e o n es in Se cti o n D. C o m p le t e e ach se n t e n c e using as if.

1 A n dy is a terrible driver. He drives <l s uf he were th e o nly driver on t h e road.
2 I'm 20 years old, so please d o n't talk to me ..... I ................. a child.
3 St eve has never m e t Nicola, but he talks a b o ut her his best friend.
4 It was a long ti m e ago t h a t w e first met, but I re m e m b er it yesterday.
Unit 1
119 For, during and while
For and d urin g
W e use f o r + a period of ti m e to say h ow long so m e thin g goes on:

for t w o h o urs for a w e e k for a g es
U W e w a tch e d T V f o r t w o h o urs last night.

Jess is going a w a y f o r a w e e k in Se pte m b er.
O W h e r e have yo u b ee n? I've been w aitin g f o r ages.
O Are yo u going a w a y f o r t h e w e e k e n d ?
W e use d urin g + noun to say wh e n so m e thin g happens (n ot h ow Long):

during t h e m o vi e during o u r h o li d a y during t h e n i g h t
O t felL asleep d urin g t h e m ovie .

W e m e t so m e really nice people d urin g o u r h o li d a y. I fell asleep d urin g t h e m ovie.
O The ground is w e t It m ust have rained d urin g t h e nig ht.
W i t h ‘ti m e words' (for e x a mple: t h e m o r n in g / t h e a f t e r n o o n / t h e s u m m e r), yo u can usually say in

or d urin g:
O It m ust have rained in t h e nig ht, or ... d urin g t h e nig ht.
I'll phone yo u so m e ti m e d urin g t h e a f t e r n o o n , or ... in t h e a f t e r n o o n .
You ca n n o t use d urin g t o say h o w long so m et hin g goes on:

O It rained f o r three days wit h o u t stopping, (not during t hree days)
C o m p are d urin g and for:
I fell asleep d urin g t h e m ovie , I was asleep f o r h a lf a n hour.
D u ri n g and w h il e
Co m pare:
W e use d urin g + noun: W e use w h il e + su bject + verb:

o 1fell asleep d urin g t h e m ovie. o 1fell asleep w h il e 1w a s w a t c h i n g T V.
noun subject + verb
o W e m e t a lot of interesting people o W e m e t a lot of interesting people

d urin g o u r h o li d a y. w h il e w e w e r e on h o li d a y.
o Robert su d d e nly began to feel ill o Robert su d d e nly began to feel ill
d urin g t h e e x a m w h il e he w a s d oi n g t h e e x a m.
So m e m ore e x a m ples of w h il e :
O W e saw Clare w h il e w e w e r e w a i t i n g for t h e bus.
O W h i l e y o u w e r e out, th ere was a phone call for you.
Ale x read a book w h il e I w a t c h e d TV.
W h e n yo u are talking a b o u t t h e future, use th e p rese n t (n o t will)

after w h il e :
O I'm going t o Sin gap ore ne x t week. I hope to see so me
friends of mine w h il e I'm t h e r e .(n ot w hile I will be th ere) Ale x read a book w h il e f
W h a t are yo u going t o do w h il e y o u'r e w a itin g? w a t c h e d TV.
(n ot w hile y o u'll be waitin g)
See also U n it 25.
F o r and si n c e -> U n i t 12A W h i l e + -ing - U n it 6 8B

Exercises
Pu t in for or during.
1 It rained f o r t hree days w it h o u t stopping.
2 I felL asleep d urin g the movie.
3 ! w e n t t o th e t h e a tre last night. I m e t Sue ... t h e in t e rv a l
4 Martin hasn't lived in Britain all his Life. He lived in Bra zil f o urye ars.
5 Pro d uctio n at th e fact ory was seriously aff ecte d th e strike.
6 I felt really ill last wee k. I could hardly e at anyt hin g . t hree days.
7 I w ait e d for y o u ..................... half an hour and decided t h a t yo u w e r e n't co ming.
8 Sarah was very a n gry wit h me. She did n't speak t o me a week.
9 W e usually go o ut at wee k ends, but w e d o n't go out t h e we e k very often.
10 Jac k starte d a n e w jo b a f e w wee ks ago. Before t h a t he was o ut of work ......................
six months.
11 I need a break. I think I'll go a w a y .... a f ew days.
12 The president gave a long speech. She spoke ... ... tw o hours.
13 W e were hungry w h e n we arrived. W e h a d n't had a nythin g to eat ........ the journey.
14 W e were hungry w h e n we arrived. W e h a d n't had a nythin g to e at eig ht hours.
Pu t in during or while.
1 W e m e t a Lot of interesting people w h il e w e were on holiday.
2 W e m e t a lot of interestin g people d u rin g our holiday.
3 I m e t Mike ................. !was shopping.
4 I was on holiday, I did n't read a ny newspapers or w a tc h TV.
5 our stay in Paris, w e w e n t t o a lot of m useu ms and galleries.
6 My p hone rang w e were having dinner.
7 There was a lot of noise the night. W h a t was it?
8 I'd been a w ay for m a ny years. t h a t tim e, m a ny things had changed.
9 W h a t did t h ey say a b o ut m e I was o ut of t h e ro o m?
10 I w e n t o u t for dinner last night. U n f o rt u n a t e ly I began to feel ill .......t h e m eal and
had to go ho me.
11 Please d o n't interru pt me . .... I'm speaking,
12 There were m a ny interru ptions ............ .. t h e president's speech.
13 Can yo u hold m y bag I try on this j a c k e t?
14 W e were hungry wh e n we arrived. W e ha d n't had a nythin g t o e at w e were
travelling.
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e nces.

1 I fell asleep w hile J w a s w aJx h in q . T V...................................................................................
2 I fell asleep d u ri n g the- m ovie................................................................................................
3 N o b o d y ca m e to see me while
4 Can yo u w ait for m e w hile ............... ....................................................................
5 Most of t h e stu d e nts looked bored during ... ........................................
6 I was asked a Lot of questions during ......................... ...
7 D o n't open t h e car d oor w hile
8 The lights su d d e nly w e n t o ut w h i l e ......................................................................................
9 It starte d to rain during .............................................
10 It starte d to rain w hile ...............................................................................................
11 W h a t are you going t o do w h i l e ............. .......................................................................
-4 A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 3 (p a g e 321) 239

Unit I
120 By and until By the time
By . . . = not Later than:
o I sent th e d ocu m e nts to t h e m today, so

t h ey shouLd receive t h e m b y M o n d a y.
(= on or before Mo n d ay, n ot Later
t han Mo n d ay)
We'd b ett er hurry. W e have to be

h o m e b y 5 o ’cloc k . (= at or before
5 o'clock, not Later th a n 5 o'cLock)
o Wh e re's Sa ra h? She should be here by

n o w. (= n o w or before n o w - so she
should have alrea dy arrive d) This milk has to be used b y 14 A u g ust.
W e use u n t il (or t il l) t o say h o w long a situ atio n continues:
'Sh all w e go n o w?' ‘No, let's w a i t u n til it stops raining.' or t i l l it stops raining.'
I s t a y e d in b e d u n t il half past ten.
I co uld n ’t get up this morning.
I d i d n 't get up u n t il half past ten.
C o m p are u n til and by:
So m et hin g continues u n t il a ti m e in the So m e t hin g happens b y a ti m e in th e future:

future:
Jo e w i l l b e a w a y u n t il Mon day. o Jo e w il l be b ac k b y Mo n d ay.
(so he'LL be back on Mo n d ay) (= he'll be back n ot Later t h a n Mo n d ay)
I'll be w o r k i n g u n til 11.30. o I'll h a v e fi n is h e d m y w o r k b y 11.30.
(so I'll stop working a t 11.30) (= I'LL finish m y work not Later than
11.30.)
You can say ‘b y t h e t i m e so m e thin g happens'. St u d y these e x a mples:

It's t o o Late t o go t o th e bank now. By t h e t i m e w e g e t t h e r e , it will be closed.
(= th e bank will close b et we e n n o w and t h e ti m e w e g et th ere)
(fro m a p ostcard) O ur h olid ay ends to m orrow. So b y t h e t i m e y o u r e c e iv e t h is p ostc a r d ,

I'll be back home.
( = I will arrive h o m e b e t w e e n t o m o rro w and th e ti m e yo u receive this postcard)
H urry up! B y t h e t i m e w e g e t t o t h e cin e m a , t h e film will alre a dy have started.
You can say ‘b y t h e t i m e so m e thin g ha p pene d' (for th e past):

Karen's car broke d ow n on t h e w a y to th e p arty last night. B y t h e t i m e sh e a rriv e d , m ost of
t he o t h er guests had left.
(= it to o k her a long ti m e t o get to th e p arty and m ost of th e guests Left during this ti m e)
I had a Lot of work t o do yest e r d ay evening. I w as very tired b y t h e t i m e I fi nish e d .

(= it t o o k me a Long ti m e t o do th e work, and I b eca m e more and m ore tired during this ti m e)
W e w e n t t o th e cine m a last night. It to o k us a Long ti m e t o find so m e wh ere t o park th e car.

B y t h e t i m e w e g o t t o t h e cin e m a , the film had alrea dy started.
Also b y t h e n or b y t h a t ti m e :
Karen finally g ot t o th e p arty at midnight, but b y t h e n , m ost of th e o t her guests had Left.
o r ... but b y t h a t ti m e , m ost of t h e o th er guests had Left.
2 40 W i l l be d oin g and w i ll h a v e d o n e -* U n i t 2 4 B y (o t h e r uses) U n its 4 2B, 6 0B, 128

Exercises
< S S > C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ce s w it h by.
1 W e have to be h o m e not later than 5 o'clock.
W e have t o be h o m e by 5 o’cl o c k ..................
2 I have to be at th e airp ort not la ter t h a n 8.30.
! have t o be at th e airp ort .... . .....
3 Let me k now n ot la ter th an Sa t ur d ay w h e t h e r yo u can co m e to th e party.
........................................ .... w h e t h e r yo u can co m e to th e party
4 Please make sure t h a t yo u're here not later than 2 o'clock.
Please make sure t h a t ....................................................................... .........................................
5 If w e leave now, w e shouLd arrive not later than Lunchtime.
If w e leave now, ...................................... ..........................................................................
Pu t in b y or u n til.
1 St e ve has gone away. He'Ll be a w a y u n t il until Mon d ay.
2 Sorry, b u t ! m ust go. I have to be ho m e ........... 5 o'clock.
3 I've been offered a job. I h ave n't decided y e t w h e t h e r t o acce p t it or not. I have to decide
........................ Friday.
4 I thin k I'll w ait T h ursd ay before making a decision.
5 It's t o o Late to go shopping. The shops are open o nly 5.30 to day. T h e y'll be
closed now.
6 ! need t o pay th e p hone bill. It has to be paid to m orrow.
7 D o n ’t pay th e bill to d ay. W a i t ............ t o m orrow.
8 a: Have yo u finished re d ecoratin g y o ur ho use?
b : N o t yet. W e hope to finish t h e end of th e week.
9 a: I'm going o ut now. I'll be back at a b o ut 10.30. W ill you still be here?
b : I d o n't thin k so. I'll proba bly have gone o ut then.
10 I'm m ovin g into m y new flat ne xt week. I'm stayin g wit h a friend ........ then.
11 I've g ot a lot of work to do. t h e ti m e I finish, it will be ti m e to go to bed.
12 If you w a n t to take part in th e co m p e titio n, you have t o a p ply 3 April.
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e nces. Use b y or u n til.

1 David is a w a y a t t h e m o m e nt. H e'll be a w a y w n til M o n d a y ............
2 David is a w a y at t h e m o m e nt. H e'll be back by M o n d a y
3 I'm j ust going out. I w o n't be very long. W a i t here
4 I'm going o ut to buy a f ew things. It's 4.3 0 now. I w o n't be Long. I'll be b a c k ...........................
5 If yo u w a n t to a p ply for th e job, yo ur a p plicatio n m ust be received .
6 Last night I w a tch e d T V . .. ........
Rea d t h e sit u a ti o n s an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using B y t h e t i m e ... .

1 I was invited to a party, but I g o t t here m uch later than I intended.
By the- t u n e I got to t h e .party , m ost of th e o th er guests had left.
2 I inten ded t o catch a train, but it to o k me Longer t h a n e x p ecte d to get to th e station.
................................................................................................... , my train had alrea dy Left.
3 I w a n t e d to go shopping aft er finishing m y work. But I finished much later t h a n e x pected.
................................................................................................. ,it was t o o late to go shopping.
4 I saw t w o men w h o looked as if t h e y were trying to steal a car. I called t h e police, but it was
so m e ti m e before t h ey arrived.
.................................................................................................. , th e t w o men had disappeared.
5 W e clim b e d a m o u ntain and it t o o k us a very Long ti m e to g et to the top. There w a s n't
much ti m e to e njoy t h e view.
................................................................................... , w e had t o co m e d own again
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 3 3 (page 321) 241

Unit
121 At/on/in (tim e)
C o m p are a t, o n and in:
T h ey arrived a t 5 o'cl o c k .
T h ey arrived o n Frid ay.
T h ey arrived in O c t o b e r. / T h ey arrived in 1 9 9 8.
W e use:
a t for th e ti m e of d ay
a t f iv e o'cl o c k a t 11.45 a t m id n ig h t at lu nch tim e a t su nset etc.
o n for days and dates

o n F ri d a y / on Frid a ys on 16 M a y 2 0 0 9 on C h ris t m a s D a y on m y b ir t h d a y
in for longer periods (for e x a mple: m onths / years / seasons)

in O c t o b e r in 1 9 9 8 in t h e 1 8 th c e n t u r y in t h e p ast
in (t h e) w i n t e r in t h e 1 9 9 0s in t h e M id d l e A g es in (t h e) f u t u r e
W e use a t in these expressions:
at ni g h t I d o n't like working a t nig ht.

at th e weekend / at weekends o W i ll yo u be here a t t h e w e e k e n d ?
at C h ris t m a s o
r~\
Do yo u give each o th er presents a t C h ris t m a s?
at t h e m o m e n t / a t p r e se n t The m anager isn't here a t t h e m o m e n t / a t p rese n t.
at t h e sa m e tim e n Kate and I arrived a t t h e sa m e ti m e .
W e say:
in t h e m o r n in g(s) but on F ri d a y m o r n in g(s)

in t h e a f t e r n o o n(s) on Su n d a y a f t e r n o o n (s)
in t h e e v e n in g(s) on M o n d a y e v e n i n g(s) etc.
I'll see yo u in t h e m ornin g. I'll see yo u on F rid a y m ornin g.

Do yo u work in t h e e v e n i n g s? Do yo u work o n Sa t u r d a y e v e n i n g s?
W e do not use at / o n / in before la st / n e x t / t h is / e v e ry:

C I'll see you n e x t Frid ay. (not on ne x t Friday)
T h ey g ot married l a s t M a rc h.
In spoken English we oft en leave o u t on before days (S u n d a y / M o n d a y etc.). So yo u can say:

I'll see yo u o n Frid ay, or I'll see yo u Frid ay.
I d o n't work o n M o n d a y m ornin gs, or I d o n't work M o n d a y m ornin gs.
In a f e w m i n u t e s / in si x m o n t h s etc.
The train will be leaving in a f e w m in u t e s. (= a f e w minutes fro m now)

O A n d y has gone away. H e'll be back in a w e e k . (= a we e k fro m n ow)
O T h ey'll be here in a m o m e n t . (= a m o m e n t fro m n ow)
You can also say: in six m o nths' ti m e , in a wee k's t i m e etc.

O T h ey're getting married in si x m o n t h s' ti m e , or ... in six m o n t h s.
W e also use in ... t o say h ow long it takes to do so m ething:
O I learnt t o drive in f o u r w e e k s. (= it too k me four wee ks t o learn)
O n / i n t i m e , a t / in t h e e n d U n i t 122 In / a t / o n (p ositio n) - * U n its 123 - 125

242 In / a t / o n (o t h e r uses) - > U n i t 127 A m erica n English - A p p e n d i x 7
Exercises
^21 Pu t in a t, o n or in.
1 Mo z art was born in Sal z burg k). 1756.
2 I've been invited t o a we d din g 14 February.
3 Electricity prices are going up Octo b er.
4 wee k ends, we often go for long walks in th e country.
5 I h ave n't seen Kate for a f ew days. I last saw her Tuesday.
6 Jo n a t h a n is 63. H e'll be retiring fro m his jo b t w o y e a rs'ti m e .
7 I'm busy right now, but I'll be wit h yo u a m o m e nt.
8 My brother is an engineer, but he d oesn't have a jo b .......... th e m o m e nt.
9 There are usually a lot of parties N e w Year's Eve.
10 I d o n't like driving . night.
11 M y car is being repaired at t h e garage. It will be rea dy t w o hours.
12 My p hone and th e d o orb ell rang th e sa m e time.
13 Mary and David always go o ut for dinner . t h eir we d din g anniversary.
14 It was a short book and easy to read. I read it a day.
15 Sa t ur d ay night I w e n t t o bed midnight.
16 W e travelle d overnig ht and arrived 5 o'clock th e morning.
17 The course begins .......... 7 Ja n u a ry and ends so m eti m e April.
18 I mig ht not be at h o m e T u esd ay morning, but I'll be there th e aftern oon.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use a t, o n or in + t h e f o ll o w in g :
th e eve nin g a b o u t 20 m in utes 1/1Q ? t h e sa m e ti m e

the m om ent 21 J u l y 1 9 6 9 t h e 1 9 2 0s ni g h t
Sa t u r d a y s t h e M i d d l e A g es 11 sec o n d s
1 C olu m b us m a d e his first voya g e fro m Europe to A m erica in 1492.

2 If th e sky is clear, you can see th e s t a r s ........................
3 A ft er working hard during th e day, I Like to relax
4 N eil Ar mstron g was th e first man to wal k on t h e m oon ..
5 It's difficult to Listen if everyo n e is speaking
6 Ja z z b eca m e pop ular in th e Unit e d Sta t es . ..............
7 I'm just going o u t to th e shop. I'll be back
8 'Can I speak to D a n?' T m afraid he's b u s y . ..............
9 Ma ny of Europe's great cath e drals were built ...................
10 Ben is a very fast runner, He can run 100 m etres
11 Liz works fro m Mo n d ay to Friday. So m e ti m es she also works
W h ic h is co rr ect: a, b, or b o t h o f t h e m ?
1 a
I'll see yo u on Friday. b I'll see yo u Friday, both
2 a
i'll see yo u on ne xt Friday. b I'll see yo u ne xt Friday. b
3 Paul g ot married in April.

a b Paul g ot married April,
4 a
T h ey never go o u t on Su n d ay b T h ey never go o u t Su n d ay
evenings. evenings.
5 a W e often have a short h olid ay on b W e often have a short h olid ay at
Christ mas. Christ mas.
6 a W h a t are you doing the w e e k e n d? b W h a t are yo u doing at th e
w e e k e n d?
7 a Wilt yo u be here on T u esd ay? b W ill yo u be here T u esd ay?
8 a W e were ill at t h e sa m e time. b W e were illi n t h e same time.
9 a Sue g ot married at 18 M ay 2 0 0 8. b Sue g ot married on 18 M a y 2 0 0 8
10 a He left sch o ol last June. b H e left sch o ol in last June.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 33 {p a g e 321) 243

Unit
122 On time and in time At the end and in the end
O n t i m e and in ti m e
O n t i m e = p unctual, not late. If so m e thin g happens on ti m e , it happens at t h e ti m e t h a t was

planned:
~ T he 11.45 train left on ti m e . (= it left at 11.45)
J 'i'll m e et you at 7.30.’ ‘O K, but please be o n ti m e .' (= d o n't be late, be t here at 7.30)
The co nf ere nce was well - organised. Everyt hin g began and finished o n ti m e .
The op p osite of o n t i m e is la t e:
Be on ti m e . D o n't be la te.
In t i m e (for so m ethin g / to do so m ethin g) = soon enough:

W ill you be ho m e in t i m e f o r d i n n e r? (= soon enough for dinner)
I've sent Tracey a birth d ay present. I hope it arrives in t i m e (for her birth day).
(= on or before her birth day)
I'm in a hurry. I w a n t to get ho m e in ti m e t o se e t h e ga m e on TV.
(= soon enough to see th e ga m e)
The o p p osite of in t i m e is t o o la t e:
3 I got ho m e t o o l a t e t o see th e ga m e on TV.
You can say j u s t in t i m e (= al m ost to o Late):

O' W e got to th e statio n j u s t in t i m e for our train.
A child ran into th e road in fro nt of t h e car - I managed to stop j u s t in ti m e .
A t t h e e n d and in t h e end
A t t h e e n d (of so m ethin g) = a t t he ti m e wh e n so m ethin g ends. For e x a m ple:
at th e end of th e m onth a t t h e e n d o f Ja n u a r y a t th e end of th e ga m e

a t t h e e n d o f t h e fil m a t t h e e n d o f t h e c o u rse a t th e end of th e co ncert
O I'm going a w a y a t t h e e n d o f Ja n u a r y / a t t h e e n d o f t h e m o n t h .
A t t h e e n d o f t h e c o n c e r t, everyon e applauded.
CD The players shook hands a t t h e e n d o f t h e g a m e.
W e do not say ‘in t h e end o f S o you ca n n o t say ‘in th e end of Ja n u a ry' or ‘in t h e end of the
concert'.
The op p osite of a t t h e e n d (o f ...) is a t t h e b e gin nin g (o f ...):

O I'm going a w a y a t t h e b e gin n in g o f Ja n u a r y , (n ot in th e beginning)
In t h e e n d = finally.
W e use in t h e e n d wh e n w e say w h a t th e final result of a situatio n was:

W e had a lot of proble ms wit h our car. W e sold it in t h e e n d. (= finally w e sold it)
O He got m ore and more angry. In t h e e n d he j ust walk e d out of t h e room.
Alan co uld n't decide wh ere to go for his holidays. H e did n't go a nyw h ere in t h e e n d.
(n ot at th e end)
The op p osite of in t h e e n d is usually a t first:

j A t f irs t w e did n't get on very well, but in t h e e n d w e b eca m e good friends.
A t / o n / i n (ti m e) U n i t 121
Unit
Exercises 122
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h on time or in time.
1 The bus was late this morning, b ut it's usually on to n e .
2 The film was supposed t o start at 8.30, but it did n't begin . .
3 I like t o get up ... to have a big breakfast before going t o work.
4 W e w a n t t o start t h e m e etin g , so please d o n't be late.
5 I've j ust washe d this shirt. I w a n t to w e ar it this evening, so ! hope it will be dry
6 The train service isn't very good. The trains are rarely ......................... ..
7 I nearly missed my flight this morning. I g ot to th e airp ort j u st ........
8 I al m ost f orgot t h a t it was Jo e's birthday. F ort u n a t ely I re m e m b ere d
9 W h y are you n e v e r ................. ? You always keep every b o dy waiting.
Rea d t h e sit u a tio n s and m a k e se n t e n c e s using just in time.

1 A child ran into t h e road in fro n t of yo u r car. You saw th e child at th e last m o m e nt,
(m a na g e / stop) I m ci m g e d to stop j u s t in ti m e. ...... ...........................................
2 You were walkin g ho me. Just aft er yo u g ot ho me, it starte d to rain very heavily.
(get / ho m e) I ..................... . ..................................................................................
3 Tim was going to sit on th e chair yo u had j ust painted. You said, ’D o n't sit on t h a t ch air!’,
so he didn't, (stop / him) I ................................................... ............
4 You and a friend w e n t to th e cin e m a. You were late, and yo u t h o u g ht yo u wo uld miss the
beginning of t h e film. But th e film began j ust as yo u sat d own in th e cine ma.
(get / cin e m a / beginning / fil m)
W e .................................................................................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using a t t h e e n d + t h e f o ll o w in g :
t h e c o u rs e t h e g a m e- th e in te rvie w the m onth t h e race
1 The players shook hands a t the- e n d o-f t h e game

2 I usually g et paid ................................ .......................................
3 T h e st u d e nts had a p a r t y ..........................................................................
4 Two of th e runners collapsed ...
5 To m y surprise, I was offered th e jo b ............................
W r i t e s e n t e nc es w it h In t h e e n d . Use t h e ver b in brack ets.

1 W e had a lot of proble ms wit h our car. (sell) In t h e e n d w e s o l d i t .
2 A n na g ot more and more fed up wit h her job.
(resign)
3 I tried to learn Ger m a n, but I found it t o o difficult.
(give up) .....
4 W e co uld n't decide w h e t h e r t o go to t h e p arty or not.
(n o t / g o ) ..............................................................................................
Pu t in at or in.
1 I'm going a w ay a t at t h e end of t h e month.
2 It too k me a long ti m e to find a job, ............... th e end I g ot a job in a hotel.
3 Are yo u going a w a y t h e beginning of Au g ust or the e n d?
4 I co uld n't decide w h a t t o buy Laura for her birthday. I did n't buy her a nything th e end.
5 W e w ait e d ages for a taxi. W e gave up th e end and walk e d ho me.
6 I'll be m ovin g to a n e w address t h e end of Se pte m b er.
7 W e had a f ew proble ms at first, but ......... th e end everythin g was O K.
8 I'm going a w a y th e end of this week.
9 a : I did n’t k now w h a t to do.
b : Yes, yo u were in a difficult position. W h a t did yo u do .......... th e e n d?
245
Unit
1 2 3 I In/at/on (position) 1
In
in a roo m in a garden in a pool

in a building in a t o w n / co u n try in th e sea
in a box in th e city centre in a river
D There's no - one in the room / in the building / in the garden.

W h a t have yo u g ot in your hand / in your mouth?
W h e n w e were in Italy, w e spent a f e w days in Venice.
O I have a friend w h o lives in a sm all village in the mountains.
There were so m e p eo ple swi m min g in the pool / in the sea / in the river.
At
at th e bus stop at th e door at t h e ro u n d a b o u t at reception
W h o is t h a t man stan ding at the bus stop / at the door / at the window?
Turn left at the traffic lights / at the church / at the roundabout / at the junction.
C W e have to g et off t h e bus at the next stop.
W h e n you leave th e hotel, please leave yo ur key at reception. (= at th e rece ption desk)
On
on th e ceiling on her nose
on th e door v\m
on th e floor
on th e ta ble on an island
I sat on the floor / on the ground / on the grass / on the beach / on a chair.
There's a dirty mark on the w all / on the ceiling / on your nose / on your shirt.
H ave yo u seen t h e n otice on the notice board / on the door?
Yo u'll find d etails of T V pro gra m m es on page seven (of th e newsp ap er).
The h o tel is on a sm all island in t h e mid dle of a lake.
C o m p are in and at:

There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowded.
Go alon g this road, th e n turn left at the shop.
I'll m e e t yo u in the hotel lobby.
I'll m e e t yo u at the entrance to the hotel.
C o m p are in and on:

There is so m e w a t e r in the bottle.
There is a la bel on the bottle.
C o m p are at and on:

There is so m e b o d y at the door. Sh all I go and see w h o it is?
There is a n otice on the door. It says ‘Do not disturb'.
246 In / a t / o n (p ositio n) 2 - 3 -* U n its 124 - 125

Exercises
A n s w e r t h e q u e stio ns a b o u t t h e pictures. Use in, a t or o n w it h t h e w o r d s b e l o w t h e pictures.
(b o ttle) (traffic lights)
(b each)
1 Wh e re's th e la b el? .On t h e b ottle.

2 Wh e r e's the fly? ..........
3 W h e r e is the car w a itin g? . ..
4 a Wh e re's th e n o tic e? .
b Wh e re's th e k ey? .....................
5 W h e r e are the sh elves? .................
6 Wh e re's th e Eif f e lT o w e r? .
7 a Wh e re's th e man sta n din g?
b Wh e re's t h e bird? ......
8 W h e r e are the children playin g?
^ j j j j j C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use in, a t or o n + t h e f o ll o w in g :
th e win d o w y o u r coffe e th e m o u ntains t h a t tree

m y g uitar 4he - nvef - t h e isla n d t h e n e x t p e trol statio n
1 Look at t h ose people s w i m m i n g m tyie- riv e r .

2 O n e of th e strings . is broken.
3 There's so m ethin g wron g wit h t h e car. We'd b ett er stop ..... ...........................
4 Wo u ld yo u like sugar .......... ?
5 The leaves are a b ea utiful colour.
6 Last y e ar w e had a w o n d erf ul skiing h o li d a y ..................... .................. .
7 There's n o b o dy living ... It's uninhabited.
8 He spends m ost of t h e day sittin g ................................ and looking outside.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h in, a t or on.
1 There was a long queue of people a t th e bus stop.
2 Nicola was wearin g a silver ring . her little finger.
3 There w as an a c ci d e n t ............... t h e crossroads this morning.
4 I w a s n't sure w h e t h e r! had co m e t o th e right office. There was no na m e th e door.
5 There are so me b ea utiful trees ............... th e park.
6 Yo u'll find th e sports results ... the back page of th e newspaper,
7 I w o ul d n't like an office job. I co uld n't spend t h e w h ole d ay sitting a co m p uter.
8 My brother l i v e s a small villa ge t h e sout h - west of England.
9 The man the police are Looking for has a scar his right cheek.
10 The hea d q uarters of t h e co m p a ny are Milan.
11 I like t h a t picture hanging t h e w a ll .. th e kitchen.
12 If you co m e here by bus, get off th e stop aft er t h e traffic Lights.

Unit
1 2 4 I In/at/on (position) 2
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy / so m e thin g is:
in a line / in a row / in a queue in bed

in the sky / in the world in the country / in the countryside
in an office / in a department in a picture / in a photo / in a photograph
in a book / in a paper (= newsp a p er) / in a magazine / in a letter
W h e n I go t o t h e cin e ma, I like to sit in the front row.

Ja m es isn't up y e t H e ’s still in bed.
O It w as a lovely day. There w asn't a cloud in the sky.
I've j u st starte d working in the sales department.
W h o is th e w o m a n in that photo?
H ave yo u seen this picture in today's paper? in a row
on the left / on the right on the left-hand side / on the right-hand side
on the ground floor / on the first floor / on the second floor etc.
on a map / on a menu / on a list
on a farm
In Britain w e drive on the left, or ... on the left-hand side.

O ur a p a rt m e n t is on the second floor of t h e building.
H e re ’s a shopping list. D o n't buy a nythin g t h a t's not on the list.
Have yo u ever work e d on a farm?
W e say t h a t a place is on a river / on a road / on the coast:

B U D A PES T
Bu d a p est is on the (river) Danube.
The t o w n w h ere yo u live - is it on the coast or inla n d?
D A N U BE
Also on the way:
W e stop ped t o buy so m e things in a shop on the way home.
at the top (of) / at the bottom (of) / at the end (of)

at the to p (of the
Writ e y o u r na m e at the top of the page,
ja n e's house is at the other end of the street.
at the b o tt o m (of
in the front / in the back of a car

I was sittin g in the back (of t h e car) wh e n w e crashed. at th e back
at the front / at the back of a building / th e a tre / group of people etc.

Q The garden is at the back of the house.
J Let's sit at the front (of t h e cin e m a).
W e were at the back, so w e co uld n't see very well.
on the front / on the back o f a le tt er / piece of paper etc.

O I wro t e t h e d ate on the back of the photo.
at th e front
in the corner of a roo m

O The T V is in the corner of t h e room.
at the corner or on the corner of a street
J There is a s m all shop at/on the corner of t h e street.
in th e corner at/on the corner
248 In t h e w o r l d U n it 108D In / a t / o n (p ositio n) U n its 1 2 3 , 1 2 5 A m e rica n English Ap pen dix 7

Exercises
< g g ) A n s w e r t h e q u e stio ns a b o u t t h e pict ures. Use in, at or on w it h t h e w o r d s b e l o w t h e pict ures.
(sales depart m ent) (second floor) (corner) (corner) (to p / stairs)
(back / car) (back row)
1 W h e r e does Sue w o r k? In t h e s a le s d e p a rt m e n t...............................................................

2 Sue lives in this building. Wh e re's her flat e x actly?
3 W h e r e is t h e w o m a n sta n din g? ....... ... ...... .............
4 W h e r e is th e man sta n din g? ..... ..............................................................
5 Wh e re's t h e c a t? .......................................................................... . ..................................
6 Wh e re's t h e d o g? ................................................ ..... ..........
7 Liz is in this group of people. Wh e r e is sh e? ............................................................................
8 Wh e re's th e post o ffice? . ... ..
9 G a ry is at t h e cine ma. W h e r e is he sittin g?
10 W h e r e does Kate w o r k? ... .................................... ........ ...
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use in, a t o r o n + t h e f o ll o w in g :
th e w e st co ast t h e w o rld t h e b ac k o f t h e cla ss 4 h e sky

th e fro n t row t h e ri g h t t h e b ac k o f t h is car d the w ay to work
1 !t was a lovely day. There w asn't a cloud w t h e sky ,

2 In m ost cou ntries people d r i v e .............. ......................................
3 W h a t is th e t allest building ... ?
4 I usually buy a n ewsp a p er ... in th e morning.
5 San Francisco is ... .... .... ... of t h e Unite d States.
6 W e w e n t to t h e t h e a tre last night. W e had seats
7 I co uld n't hear the teacher. Sh e spoke q uie tly and I was sitting
8 I d o n ’t have yo ur address. Could yo u writ e it ... .. .
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h in, a t or on.
1 Writ e yo ur na m e .. <& th e to p of th e page.
2 Is yo u r s i s t e r .............. this p h o to g ra p h? Id o n't recognise her,
3 I did n't feel very w ell w h e n I wo k e up, so I staye d bed.
4 W e n or m ally use th e fro nt e ntrance to th e building, but there's a n o t h er one t h e back.
5 Is th ere a nythin g interesting t h e paper t o d a y?
6 There was a list of na mes, but m y na m e w asn't th e list.
7 th e end of t h e street, t h ere is a path leading to t h e river.
8 I love to look up a t th e stars t h e sky at night.
9 W h e n I'm a passenger in a car, I prefer to sit ... t h e front.
10 I live in a very s m all village. You proba bly w o n ’t find it yo ur map.
11 Jo e works t h e furniture d e p art m e n t of a large store.
12 Paris is ... t h e river Seine.
13 I d o n't like cities. I'd much prefer to live ... th e country.
14 My office is th e to p floor. It's th e left as yo u co m e out of th e lift.

Unit
125 In/at/on (position) 3
In h o s p it a l / a t w o r k etc.
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy is in h o s p it a l / in p riso n / in ja il:
Anna's m o t h er is in h o s p it al.
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy is a t w o r k / a t sc h o o l / a t u n iv e r si t y / a t co lle g e :
O I'll be a t w o r k until 5.30.
Julia is st u dyin g ch e m istry a t u n iv e rsit y.
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy is a t h o m e or is h o m e (wit h or wit h o u t a t), but we say d o s o m e t h i n g a t

h o m e (wit h a t):
Q I'll b e a t h o m e all evening, or I'll be h o m e all evening.
O Shall we go to a resta ura nt or e a t a t h o m e?
A t a p a r t y / a t a c o n c e r t etc.
W e say t h a t so m e b o dy is a t an eve n t (a t a p a r t y / a t a c o n f e r e n c e etc.):
We r e th ere m a ny people a t t h e p a r t y / a t t h e m e e t i n g / a t t h e w e d d i n g?
I saw St ev e a t a c o n f e r e n c e / a t a c o n c e r t on Saturday.
In and a t for buildings

You can oft en use in or a t wit h buildings. For e x a mple, yo u can e at in a r e s t a u r a n t or a t a
r e s t a u r a n t ; yo u can b uy so m e thin g in a s u p e r m a r k e t or a t a s u p e r m a r k e t . W e usually say a t wh e n
w e say wh ere an eve nt tak es place (for e x a mple: a concert, a film, a party, a m eetin g):
W e w e n t to a co ncert a t t h e N a t i o n a l C o n c e r t H a ll.
The m e etin g to o k place a t t h e c o m p a n y's h e a d o f fic e in Frankfurt.
There was a rob bery a t t h e s u p e r m a r k e t.
W e say a t t h e s t a t i o n / a t t h e a ir p o rt:
There's no need t o m e e t me a t t h e st a tio n . I can g et a taxi.
W e say a t so m e b o dy's house:

I was a t H e l e n's h o us e last night, or I was a t H e l e n's last night.
Also a t t h e d o c t o r's / a t t h e h a ir d r e sse r's etc.
W e use in wh e n we are thin kin g a b o u t th e building itself. Co m pare:

W e had din ner a t t h e h o t e l.
All th e roo ms in t h e h o t e l have air con ditioning. (n ot at t h e hotel)
I was a t H e l e n's (h o u se) last night.
It's always cold in H e l e n's h o use. The h eatin g d o esn’t work well, (n ot at Hele n's house)
In and a t for t o w ns etc.

W e n or m ally use in wit h cities, t o w n s and vilLages:
The Louvre is a fa m o us art m useu m in Paris, (n ot at Paris)
Sa m's parents live in a vill a g e in t h e south of France. (n ot at a village)
W e use a t wh e n we thin k of t h e place as a point or station on a journey:

L Does this train stop a t O x f o r d ? (= at O x ford statio n)
O n a bus / in a ca r etc.
W e usually say o n a bus / o n a t r a i n / o n a p la n e / o n a ship but in a ca r / in a ta x i:

T h e bus was very full. There were t o o m a ny people o n it.
Laura arrived in a t a x i.
W e say o n a bike (= bicycle) / o n a m o t o r b i k e / on a h orse:
Ja n e passed me o n h e r bike.
C A t sc h o o l / in h o s p i t a l etc. - > U n i t 74 In / a t / o n (p ositio n) U n its 1 2 3 - 2 4

250 I T o / a t / in / in t o - U n i t 126 By c a r / b y bi k e etc. 4 U n i t 1 2 8B
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s a b o u t t h e pict ures. Use in, a t o r o n w it h t h e w o r d s b e l o w t h e pictures.
DAVE KAREN
(th e airp ort) (a train) (a co nf ere nce) (h ospital)
CARY
JUDY
(t he hairdresser’s) (his bike) (N e w York) (th e Sa voy T h eatre)
1 You can hire a c a r . . a ir p o r t .... . 5 Ju d y i s ............................................

2 Dave is 6 I saw G a ry .....................
3 Karen is ................................................. 7 W e spent a f ew days .............................
4 Martin i s 8 W e w e n t to a show ............................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es. Use in, a t or o n + t h e f o ll o w in g :
t h e p la n e h o s p it a l a ta xi ^he - sta t io n t h e cin e m a

Tokyo sc h o o l p riso n t h e a ir p o r t t h e s p o rts c e n t r e
1 My train arrives at 11.30. Can yo u m e e t me statio n ?

2 W e walk ed to the restaurant, but we w e n t ho me .
3 I'd like t o see a film. W h a t's on this w e e k?
4 So m e people a r e ............................... for crim es t h a t t h ey did n ot co m mit.
5 ‘W h a t does yo ur sister d o? Does she have a j o b ?' ‘No, she's still
6 I play bask etball on Friday evenings.
7 A friend of mine was injured in an accid e nt a f ew days ago. She's still ...
8 O u r flight was d elaye d. W e had t o w a i t .... for four hours.
9 t e njoye d t h e flight, but th e food w asn't very nice.
10 Vic k y has gone to Jap a n. She's living .... . ..............
C o m p l e t e t h es e se n t e n c e s w it h in, a t or on.
1 W e w e n t to a co ncert t h e N a tio n al C o ncert Hall.
2 It was a very slo w train. It stop ped every station.
3 My parents Live a small village a b o u t 50 miles fro m London.
4 I h av e n't seen Kate for so m e time. I Last saw her David's wed ding.
5 W e staye d a very co m f ort a ble h otel wh e n w e were A msterd a m.
6 There were a b o ut fifty r o o m s .............. th e hotel.
7 I d o n't k now w h ere m y umbrelLa is. Perhaps I Left it th e bus.
8 ‘W h e r e were you on Mo n d ay eve nin g?' ‘I was a friend's house.'
9 There m ust be so m e b o dy th e house. The lights are on.
10 The e x hibition t h e Muse u m of Modern A rt finishes on Saturday.
11 Shall w e travel y o u r car or m in e?
12 i did n't e x p ect yo u t o be ... home. I t h o u g ht yo u'd be work.
13 ‘Did yo u Like th e m o vie?' ‘Yes, but it was t o o h o t ........... th e cine ma.'
14 Paul lives Bir mingha m. He's a stu d e n t Bir min g h a m University.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 4 (page 32 2) 251

Unit
126 To/at/in/into
W e say g o / c o m e / t r a v e l (etc.) t o a place or event. For e x a m ple:
go t o China go t o bed c o m e t o my house

go b ac k t o It aly go t o the bank b e t a k e n t o hospital TO "
r e t u r n t o London g o t o a co ncert be s e n t t o prison —
w e lc o m e so m e b o dy t o a place d riv e t o the airp ort
W h e n are yo u r friends g oin g b ac k t o It a ly? (n ot going back in It aly)

Three people were injured in t h e accid e nt and t a k e n t o hospital.
Z W e lc o m e t o our co u n try! (n ot W e lc o m e in)
In t h e sa m e w a y we say 'a j o u r n e y t o / a t ri p t o / a v isit t o / on m y w a y t o . etc.

Did yo u e njoy y o u r t r i p t o Paris / y o u r v isit t o th e z oo?
C o m p are t o (for m ove m e n t) and in / a t (for p ositio n):

T h ey are g oin g t o France, but T h ey liv e in France.
Can yo u c o m e t o th e p ar ty? b ut I'll se e y o u a t t h e party.
W e say b e e n t o a place or an event:

I've b e e n t o It a l y four tim es, but I've never b e e n t o Ro m e.
A m a n d a has never b e e n t o a f o o t b a l l m a t c h in her life.
G e t and a rriv e
W e say g e t t o a place:
W h a t ti m e did t h ey g e t t o Lo n d o n / t o w o r k / t o t h e h o t e l?
But we say a rriv e in ... or a rriv e a t ... (not arrive to).

W e say a rriv e in a to wn, cit y or co u ntry:
oT h ey a rriv e d in Lo n d o n / in Sp ain a we e k ago.
For o th er places (buildings etc.) or events, w e say a rriv e at:

W h e n did t h ey a rriv e a t t h e h o t e l / a t t h e a ir p o r t / a t t h e p a r t y?
Home
W e say g o h o m e / c o m e h o m e / g e t h o m e / a rriv e h o m e / on t h e w a y h o m e etc. (no preposition).

W e do not say 't o ho me':
I'm tired. Let's go h o m e now. (n o t go t o ho m e)
I m e t Lisa on m y w a y h o m e, (n ot m y w a y to ho m e)
In t o
G o in t o, g e t in t o ... etc. = e nt er (a room / a building / a car etc.):

I opened th e door, w e n t in t o th e roo m and sat down.
IN T O
A bird f l e w in t o t h e kitchen t hrou g h th e win dow.
Every m onth, my salary is paid directly in t o my bank accou nt.
W i t h so me verbs (esp ecially g o / g e t / p u t) w e often use in (instead of in t o):

Sh e g o t in th e car and drove away, (or Sh e g o t in t o th e c a r ...)
I read t h e le tt er and p u t it back in th e envelope.
The op p osite of in t o is o u t of:

She g o t o u t o f t h e car and w e n t in t o a shop.
W e usually say 'g e t o n / o ff a bus / a train / a plane' (n ot usu ally into / out of):
She g o t on t h e bus and I never saw her again.
Be e n t o *4 U n its 7 - 8 In / a t / o n (p o s i t i o n ) - > Units 123 - 125 A t h o m e U n i t 12 5 A

252 In t o and in U n it 138A
Exercises
Pu t in to/at/in/into w h e r e n ece ssa ry. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.
1 Three people were taken to hospital after th e accident.
2 I m e t Kate on m y w a y ~ ho me, (no pre p ositio n)
3 W e left our luggage th e station and w e n t t o find so m ethin g to eat.
4 Shall w e ta ke a taxi t h e station or shall w e w a l k?
5 (h a v e t o go ...... the bank today. W h a t ti m e does it o p e n?
6 The A ma z on f l o w s .. t h e A tla n tic Ocea n.
7 'D o yo u have yo u r ca m era wit h y o u ?' ‘No, I left it t h e car /
8 H ave yo u ever been C hin a?
9 I had lost my key, but I manage d to cli m b th e house through a win d ow.
10 W e g ot stuck in a traffic ja m on our w a y t h e airport.
11 W e had lunch the airp ort while w e were w aitin g for our pLane.
12 We lc o m e th e hotel. W e hope you e njoy yo u r stay here.
13 W e drove alon g t h e main road for a b o ut a kilo m etre and th e n turned a narrow
side street.
14 Did yo u enjoy y o u r visit th e m use u m?
15 I'm tired. As soon as I get home, I'm going bed.
16 Marcel is French. He has j ust returned France aft er t w o ye ars Brazil.
17 Carl was born Chicago, but his fa m ily m ove d N e w York wh e n he was three.
H e still lives N e w York.
H a v e y o u b ee n t o t h e s e p la c e s? If so, h o w m a n y t i m e s? C h o o se t h r e e o f t h e places an d w rit e a

s e n t e n c e using b e e n t o .
Athens A u s t r a li a H o n g Ko n g M e x ic o Paris
Ro m e Si n g a p o r e Sw e d e n To kyo t h e U n it e d St a t e s
1 (e x a m ple a nsw ers) J V e n ev er been to A u s t r o lio i. / I’v e been to Me xico o n c e ,...........

2 ................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
4 .............................................. ................. , ..........................................................................
Pu t in to/at/in w h e r e n ecessary. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 W h a t ti m e does this train get to Lo n d o n?
2 W e arrived Barcelon a a f ew days ago.
3 W h a t ti m e did yo u g et ho m e last nig ht?
4 W h a t ti m e do yo u usually arrive work in t h e m ornin g?
5 W h e n w e got th e cine ma, there was a long q ueue outside.
6 I arrived ho m e feeling very tired.
W r i t e se n t e n c e s using g o t + i n t o / o u t o f / o n / o ff.
1 You were walkin g home. A friend passed yo u in her car. She saw you, stop ped and offered yo u a
lift. She opened th e door. W h a t did you d o? I got Into t h e c a r .
2 You were waitin g for th e bus. A t last y o ur bus ca m e. The doors opened. W h a t did you do t h e n?
I ............ -. -. ..the bus.
3 You drove h o m e in y o ur car. You stop ped outsid e yo u r house and parked t h e car. W h a t did you
do t h e n? ...............................................................................................................................
4 You were travellin g by train to Manchester. Wh e n the train got to Manchester, w h a t did yo u d o?
5 You needed a taxi. A ft er a f ew min utes a taxi stop ped for you. You opened th e door. W h a t did
yo u do t h e n? .
6 You were travellin g by air. A t th e end of yo ur flight, y o ur plane landed at th e airp ort and
stopped. The doors were opened, yo u too k yo ur bag and stood up. W h a t did yo u do t h e n?
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 4 (p a g e 32 2) 253
Unit
127 In/on/at (oth er uses)
In
in t h e rain / in t h e sun / in t h e s h a d e / in t h e d a r k / in b a d w e a t h e r etc.

O W e sat in t h e sh a d e. It was t o o h ot to sit in t h e sun.
D o n't go o ut in t h e rain. W a i t until it stops.
(writ e) in in k / in p en / in p e n cil
D W h e n yo u do th e e xam, yo u're n ot allowe d to writ e in p e ncil.
Also (writ e) in w o r d s / in fig u r es / in c a p i t a l l e t t e r s etc.
G Please writ e yo ur na m e in c a p i t a l le t t e rs.
W rit e th e story in y o u r o w n w o r d s. (= d o n't co py so m e b o dy eLse) t h e shade
(be / fall) in lo v e (w i t h so m e b o dy)

T h ey're very happy to geth er. T h ey're in love.
in (m y) o pi nio n
In m y o pinio n, th e m ovie w asn ’t very good.
On
o n T V / o n t e l e v isi o n / on t h e ra dio
I did n't w a tc h th e news o n t e l e visi o n , but I heard it o n t h e ra dio.
on th e phone
o I've never m e t her, but I've spoken t o her on t h e p h o n e a f e w times.
(be / go) o n stri k e
There are no trains to d ay. The drivers are o n stri k e.
(be / go) o n a d i e t
f I’ve put on a lot of weig ht. I'll have to go o n a diet.
(be) on fir e
Look! T h at car is o n fire.
o n t h e w h o l e (= in general)
So m e ti m es I have proble ms at work, but o n t h e w h o l e I e njoy my job.
o n p u r p o se (= in t e ntio n ally)
I’m sorry. I did n't m ean to a n n oy you. I did n't do it o n p ur p ose.
O n h o li d a y / o n a t ri p etc.
W e say: (be / go) o n h o li d a y / o n b usin ess / on a tri p / o n a t o u r / on a cr u is e etc.

I'm going o n h o li d a y ne xt week.
Em ma's a w a y o n b usin e ss a t t h e m o m e nt.
O n e d ay I'd like to go o n a w o rl d t o ur.
You can also say ‘go t o a place f o r a h olid ay / f o r m y holid ay(s)':

St eve has gone to France f o r a h o li d a y.
W e are n ow flying a t a sp ee d of
A t t h e a g e o f ... etc.
8 0 0 kilo metres an hour and a t
W e say a t t h e a g e o f 16 / a t 12 0 m il e s a n h o u r / an a l t it u d e of 9, 0 0 0 metres.
i i— .
a t 1 0 0 d e g re e s e t c . :
Tracy left school a t 16. or ... a t t h e a g e of 16.
The train was travellin g a t 120 m il e s a n h o ur.
W a t e r boils a t 1 0 0 d e g re es C elsius.
254 In / a t / o n (ti m e) U n i t 121 In / a t / o n (p ositio n) 4 U n i t s 123 - 125

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using in + t h e f o ll o w in g :
ca pital le tt e rs c o ld w e a t h e r lo v e m y o p in io n
p e n cil ^the-ram - t h e sh a d e
1 D o n't go o u t in the- r a m . W a i t until it stops.

2 M a tt [ikes to keep war m, so he d oesn't go o ut m u c h ... .
3 If yo u write . and make a mistake, you can rub it o ut and correct it.
4 T h ey fell ............ al m ost i m m e dia t ely and were married in a f ew weeks.
5 Please writ e y o u r address clearly, prefera bly ............. .................................
6 It's t o o h ot in th e sun. I'm going to sit ........................................
7 A m a n d a t h o u g ht th e resta ura nt was O K, but . it w asn't very good.
m C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ce s using o n + t h e f oll o w in g :
b usin ess a d iet 4ire - h o li d a y th e phone

p ur p ose st ri k e TV a tour th e w h ole
1 Look! T h at car is oy \ - fir e i So m e b o d y call t h e fire brigade.

2 Wor k ers at the fact ory have gone for b e tt er p ay and conditions.
3 Soon after we arrived, we were tak en ......... of th e city.
4 I feel la zy this evening. Is t here a nythin g w ort h w a tchin g ... ?
5 I'm sorry. !t was an accid e nt. I did n't do it .......
6 Richard has put on a lot of w eig h t recently. I thin k he should go ....
7 Ja n e's job involves a lot of travelling. She oft e n has t o go a w a y .............. .........
8 a : I'm g o i n g ............ ............. ne xt week.
b : W h e r e are yo u g oin g? So m e w h ere nice?
9 a . Is Sarah h ere?
b : Yes, but she's at th e m o m e nt. She w o n't be long.
10 a : H o w was yo u r e x a m?
b : Well, th ere were so m e difficult questions, b u t .......................................... it was OK.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h in, o n o r a t.
1 W a t e r boils .<&. 100 degrees Celsius.
2 W h e n I was 1 4 , 1w e n t a trip to France organised by my school.
3 There was panic wh e n people realised t h a t t h e building was fire.
4 Julia's g ra n d m o th er died r e c e n t ly t h e age of 79.
5 Can yo u turn th e light on, please? I d o n't w a n t to s i t ............ the dark.
6 W e did n't go h olid ay last year. W e staye d a t ho me.
7 I hate driving fog. You ca n't see anything.
8 I w o n't be here ne x t wee k. I'll be holiday.
9 T ech n olo gy has d evelo p e d great speed.
10 Alan got m a rri e d . 17, which is rath er yo u n g t o get married.
11 I heard an interesting pro gra m m e t h e radio this morning.
12 ..... my opinion, viole n t films should not be shown television.
13 I w o u ld n't like t o go a cruise. I thin k I'd g et bored.
14 I sh o uld n't e at t o o much. I'm supposed t o be a diet.
15 I w o u ld n't like his job. He spends m ost of his ti m e talking th e phone.
16 The earth travels round th e sun 107,000 kilo m etres an hour.
17 'Did yo u e njoy yo u r h o lid a y?' 'N o t every min ute, b u t .............. t h e wh ole, yes.'
18 A lot of houses were d a m age d ........ th e stor m last week.
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 3 4 (page 322) 255

Unit
1 2 8 . By
W e use b y in m a ny e x pressions t o say h o w w e do so mething. For e x a m ple, yo u can:
send so m ethin g b y p o st co n t act so m e b o dy b y p h o n e / b y e m a il
do so m e thin g b y h a n d pay b y cr e d it car d / b y c h e q u e
Can I pay b y cr e d it c a r d?
You can co n t act me b y p h o n e or b y e m ail.
But w e say p a y cash or p a y in cash (n ot usually by cash).
W e also say t h a t so m e thin g happens b y m ist a k e / b y a cci d e n t / by c h a n c e:

O W e ha d n't arranged to meet. W e m e t b y ch a nce.
But w e say ‘do so m e thin g o n p u r p ose' (= yo u m ean to do it):
! did n't do it o n p ur p ose. It was an accid ent.
N o t e t h a t w e say b y ch a n ce , b y cr e d it ca r d etc. (n o t by th e ch ance / by a cre dit card). In th ese

e x pressions we use b y + noun wit h o u t t h e or a.
In th e sa me w a y we use b y ... to say h o w so m e b o dy travels:

b y c a r / b y t r a i n / b y p la n e / b y b o a t / b y ship / b y b us / b y bik e etc.
b y ro a d / b y r a il / b y a ir / b y sea
Jess usually goes t o work b y bus.
Bu t w e say on f o o t:
Did yo u co m e here b y c a r or o n f o o t?
You ca n n o t use b y if yo u say m y c a r / t h e t r a i n / a t a x i etc. W e say:

by car b ut in m y car (n o t by my car)
b y t r a i n b ut o n t h e train (n o t by th e train)
W e use in for cars and taxis:

T h ey did n't co m e in t h e i r car. T h ey ca m e in a t a x i.
W e use o n for bikes and public transp ort (buses, trains etc.):
W e travelle d o n t h e 6 . 4 5 tr ai n .
W e say t h a t 'so m et hin g is done b y so m e b o dy / so m e thin g' (passive):

H ave yo u ever been bitte n b y a d o g?
( j The pro gra m m e was w a tc h e d b y m illi o n s o f p e o ple.
C o m p are b y and w it h :
The d oor m ust have been opened w i t h a k ey. (n o t by a key)
(= so m e b o dy used a key to open it)
The d oor m ust have been opened b y s o m e b o d y wit h a key.
W e say ‘a play b y Sh a k e s p e a r e' / 'a painting b y R e m b r a n d t ’ / ‘a novel b y T o ls t o y' etc.

H ave yo u read a nythin g b y Ernest H e m in g w a y?
B y also means ‘ne x t to / beside':

C o m e and sit b y me. (= ne xt to m e) SWITCH
‘Wh e re's th e light s w it c h?' ‘B y t h e d oor.'
N o t e th e f ollowin g use o f by:

Clare's salary has j u st gone up fr o m £2,50 0 a m onth t o n e w salary £2,750
£2,750. So it has increased b y £ 2 5 0 / b y t e n p e r ce n t.
Carl and Mike had a race over 2 0 0 metres. Carl wo n increased b y £250
b y a b o ut t h r e e m e tr es. old salary £ 2,500
256 c Passive + b y ^ U n i t 4 2 B By + -ing - U nit 6 0B By m yself U nit 8 3 D By (ti m e) - U nit 120

3
Exercises
••
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using b y + t h e f o ll o w in g :
ca n al chance cr e d it car d hand m ist a k e
1 W e h a d n't arranged to meet. W e m e t by c h a n c e .

2 I did n't intend to take yo u r u m brella. I to o k it
3 D o n't put the sw e a t er in th e washin g machine, it has to be wash e d ...
4 I d o n't need cash. I can pay th e bill ...... .....
5 The t o w n is not on t h e coast, but is co n n ecte d to th e sea
Pu t in by, in or on.
1 Jess usually goes to work by bus.
2 I saw Ja n e this morning. She was the bus.
3 H o w did yo u g et h ere? Did yo u co m e ..train?
4 I decided not to go car. I w e n t .......... m y bike instead.
5 I did n't feel like walkin g ho me, so I ca m e h o m e a taxi.
6 Sorry w e're late. W e missed t h e bus, so we had to co m e foot.
7 H o w long does it ta k e to cross th e A tla n tic ......... ship?
A ll t h e s e s e n t e nc es h ave a m ist a k e. C o rr e ct t h e m .
1 Did yo u co m e here by Kate's car or yo u rs? .in K a t e s c a r ..................
2 I d o n't like travellin g on bus. ...............................................
3 These p hotogra p hs were ta k en by a very good ca m era. ...................... ...
4 I k now this music is from Bee th ove n, but I ca n't
re m e m b er w h a t it's called. ...............................................
5 I co uld n't pay by cash - I did n’t have a ny m o n ey on m e ......................................................
6 W e lost th e ga m e because of a mistak e of one of our
players. .............................................
W r i t e t h r e e s e n t e n c e s like t h e e x a m ples. W r i t e a b o u t a song, a p ain tin g, a fil m , a b oo k e tc.
1 YJar ar\<L Peace a book: by Tolstoy. .............
ls ................
2 Romeo and Ju lie t is a play by Shakespeare.,....................................................
3 ............................. ............................................................. .............................................
4
5
Pu t in by, in, on or w i t h .
1 Have yo u ever been bitten by a d og?
2 The plane was b adly d a m age d lightning.
3 W e managed to put th e fire o u t ..... a fire e xtinguisher.
4 W h o is t h a t man stan ding the w i n d o w?
5 These p hoto gra p hs were taken a friend of mine.
6 I d o n ’t mind going car, b ut I d o n ’t w a n t to go ........... yo ur car.
7 There was a s m all t a ble th e bed a la m p and a c l o c k .. . it.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using by.
1 Clare's salary was £2,5 0 0 a m onth. N o w it is £2,750.
H er salary .. h a s incre ase d , by ?(Z 5 G ....
2 My d aily newsp a p er used to cost 8 0 pence. From t o d ay it costs 90.
The price has gone up ...................... ........................................ ...
3 There was an election. Helen wo n. She g ot 25 vot es and Ja m es got 23.
H ele n wo n ...... ............................................................
4 I w e n t t o K a t e ’s house to see her, but she had gone o ut five min utes before I arrived.
! m iss e d .............................. -. .....................................................................................
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 3 4 (p a g e 3 2 2) 257
Unit
129 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)
N o u n + f o r ...
a d e m a n d / a n e e d F O R ...
The co m p a ny closed d own because t here w asn't enough d e m a n d f o r its product.
There's no e xcuse for b e h avio ur like t h at. There's no n e e d f o r it.
a re aso n F O R ...
T he train was Late, but n o b o dy knew th e re a so n f o r t h e delay. (n ot reason of)
N o u n + o f ...
an a d v a n t a g e / a d is a d v a n t a g e O F ...
The a d v a n t a g e o f livin g a l o n e is t h a t yo u can do w h a t you like.
b ut
t h e r e is an a dvanta g e in (or t o ) doing so m ethin g
T h e r e are m a ny a dva nta g es in living alone, or ... m a ny a dva nta g es t o living alone.
a ca u s e O F ...
The ca u s e o f t h e e x plosion is unk nown.
a p ic t u r e / a p h o t o / a p h o t o g r a p h / a m a p / a pla n / a d r a w i n g (etc.) O F ...

Rachel showe d me so m e p ict u re s o f her fa mily.
I had a m a p o f th e t o wn, so I was able to find my w a y around.
N o u n + in ...
an in cre ase / a d e cr e a s e / a rise / a f a ll IN (prices etc.)

There has been an in cr e a s e in th e nu m b er of road accid e nts recently.
Last y e ar was a bad one for th e co m pa ny. There was a big f a ll in sales.
N ou n + t o ...
d a m a g e T O ...
The accid e nt was my fault, so I had to pay for t h e d a m a g e t o th e o th er car.
an i n vi t a t i o n T O ... (a p arty / a we d din g etc.)

Did yo u get an i n vit a t i o n t o the p ar ty?
a s o l u ti o n T O (a pro ble m) / a k e y T O (a door) / an a n s w e r T O (a q uestio n) / a r e p ly T O

(a lett er) / a r e a c ti o n T O ...
t hope w e find a s o l u ti o n t o th e proble m, (n ot a solutio n of t h e proble m)
I was surprised at her r e a c ti o n t o m y suggestion.
an a t t i t u d e T O ... or an a t t i t u d e T O W A R D S ...
His a t t i t u d e t o his jo b is very negative, or His a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s his job ...
N o u n + w i t h ... / b e t w e e n ...
a r e l a ti o n s h i p / a c o n n e c ti o n / c o n t a c t W I T H
Do yo u have a good r e la ti o n s h i p w i t h yo ur p arents?
The police w a n t to q uestion a man in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h th e robbery.
b ut
a r e la ti o n s h i p / a c o n n e c ti o n / c o n t a c t / a d if f e r e n c e B E T W E E N t w o things or people
The police believe t h a t t h ere is no c o n n e c ti o n b e t w e e n t h e tw o crimes.
There are so me d if f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n British and A m erica n English.
258
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e seco n d se n t e n c e so t h a t it has t h e sa m e m e a n in g as t h e first.
1 W h a t caused th e e x plosion? W h a t was th e cause 0-f tkie- e x plosion ?
2 W e Ye tryin g to solve th e proble m.
W e'r e tryin g t o find a solution ...... ...
3 Sue gets on w ell wit h her brother.
Sue has a good relationship
4 The cost of living has gone up a Lot.
There has been a big increase .....................................................
5 I d o n't k now h o w t o a nswer yo u r question.
I c a n ’t thin k of an a nswer
6 I d o n't think t h a t a new road is necessary.
I d o n't think there is any need ... .
.
7 I thin k t h a t workin g at ho m e has m a ny advantages.
I thin k t h a t t here are m a ny a dva nta g es ....................................
8 The nu m b er of people wit h o u t jo bs fell last month.
Last m o n th th ere was a fall ... ...
9 N o b o d y wa nts t o buy shoes like th ese a ny more.
T here is no d e m a n d .............................. ...........
10 In w h a t w a y is yo ur jo b diff ere nt fro m m in e?
W h a t is th e differe nce ............... ...
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e s e n o u ns + a p re p ositio n:
ca u s e c o n n e c ti o n co ntact damage i n vit a t i o n

key -map- p h oto gra p hs re aso n r e p ly
1 O n th e w a ll t h ere were so m e pictures and a rnop o f th e world.

2 Than k yo u for t h e . yo u r p arty ne xt week.
3 Since she left ho m e t w o years ago, So p hie has had little ....her fa mily.
4 I ca n't open this door. Do yo u have a ........ th e o th er d oor?
5 The th e fire at th e h o tel last we e k is still un k nown.
6 Did yo u get a th e e m ail yo u sent to th e co m p a ny?
7 The t w o co m p a nies are co m ple t ely in de pen d ent. There is no the m.
8 Ja n e showe d me so m e old ..... t h e city as it looked 100 years ago.
9 Carol has decided to give up her jo b. I d o n't k n ow h e r ...................................... doing this.
10 It w a s n't a bad accid e nt. The t h e car w as n't serious.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n.
1 There are so me differences b etween British and A m erica n English.
2 M o n e y isn't th e solution every problem.
3 There has been an increase th e a m o u n t of traffic using this road.
4 The a dva n ta g e having a car is t h a t yo u d o n't have to rely on public transport.
5 There are m a ny a dvanta g es being a ble to speak a foreign language.
6 Everythin g can be e x plained. There's a r e a s o n .............. everythin g.
7 W h e n Paul left ho me, his a ttit u d e . his parents see m e d to change.
8 Ben and I used to be good friends, but I d o n't have m uch co n t a ct him now.
9 T here has been a sharp rise pro p erty prices in th e past f ew years.
10 W h a t was Sarah's reaction t h e n e ws?
11 If I give yo u th e ca mera, can yo u take a picture m e?
12 The co m p a ny has rejected the work ers' d e m a n d s a ris e ............. pay.
13 W h a t was th e a nsw er q uestion 3 in the t e st?
14 The fact t h a t Ja n e was offered a jo b has no co n n ectio n th e fact t h a t she is a friend of
t h e managing director.
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 35 (p a g e 322) 259

Unit
130 A djective + preposition 1
It was nice o f yo u to ...
nice / kin d / g o o d / g e n e r o u s / p o lit e / st u p id / silly etc. O F so m e b o dy (to do so m ethin g)

Than k you. It was very kind o f y o u to help me.
It is st u p id o f m e to go o ut wit h o u t a co a t in such cold weather.
but
(be) nice / kind / g o o d / g e n e r o u s / p o lit e / ru d e / f r i e n d ly / cr u e l etc. T O so m e b o dy
C T h ey have alw ays been very nice t o me. (n ot wit h me)
W h y were you so u n f ri e n d ly t o Lucy?
A d jective + a b o u t / w i t h
. , ,, . . f A B O U T so m ethin g
a n g ry / a n n o y e d / f u rio u s / u p s e t ( ® _ , . ..
[ W I T H so m e b o dy F O R doing so m et hin g
There's no p oint in g ettin g a n g ry a b o u t things t h a t d o n't matter.
Are you a n n o y e d w i t h me f o r being la t e?
Lisa is u p s e t a b o u t not being invited to t h e party.
e x cit e d / w o rri e d / n e rv o u s / h a p p y etc. A B O U T a situation
O Are you n e rv o u s a b o u t t h e e x a m?
p le as e d / s a tisfi e d / h a p p y / d e li g h t e d / d is a p p o i n t e d W I T H so m ethin g yo u receive, or the
result of so m ethin g
T h ey were d e li g h t e d w i t h th e present I gave th e m.
.D We r e you h a p p y w i t h y o ur e x a m results?
A d jective + a t / b y / w i t h / o f
s ur p ris e d / sh o c k e d / a m a z e d / a st o n is h e d / u p s e t A T or BY so m ethin g
Every b o dy was s ur p rise d a t (or b y) the news.
I hope yo u w er e n't s h o c k e d b y (or a t) w h a t I said.
i m p re ss e d W I T H or BY so m e b o dy / so m ethin g
J I'm very i m p resse d w i t h (or b y) her English. It's very good.
f e d up / b ore d W I T H so m et hin g
I d o n't e njoy m y jo b any more. I'm f e d up w i t h it. / I'm b ore d w i t h it.
tir e d / sick O F so m ethin g
Z C o m e on, let's go! I'm tir e d o f waitin g. / I'm sick o f waitin g.
So rry a b o ut / fo r
s o r r y A B O U T a situatio n or so m e thin g t h a t hap pened

I'm s o r r y a b o u t th e mess. I'll clear it up later.
S o r r y a b o u t last night. (= Sorry a b o u t so m ethin g t h a t ha p pened last night)
s o r r y F O R or A B O U T so m e thin g yo u did
G Ale x is very s o r r y f o r w h a t he said, (or s o r r y a b o u t w h a t he said)
O I'm s o r r y f o r sh o utin g at yo u yesterd ay, (or s o rry a b o u t shouting)
You can also say T m sorry I (did so m ethin g)':
I'm s o r ry I s h o u t e d at yo u yesterd ay.
f e e l / be s o r ry F O R so m e b o dy w h o is in a bad situatio n
I f e e l s o rry f o r Ma tt. He's had a lot of bad luck. (n ot I feel sorry a b o ut M a tt)
C Pre p ositio n + - ing U n it 60 A d je ctive + t o ... U n i t 65 S o r r y t o ... / s o r r y f o r .., U nit 6 6 C

260 ^ A d j e c t iv e + pre p ositio n 2 ^ U n i t 131
Exercises
m C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using n ic e o f ..., k in d o f ... e tc.
1\ / L
1 I w e n t o ut in th e cold w it h o u t a coat."'' (silly) T h a t w a s s'dhj o f yo u.
2 Tom offered to drive me to th e airport. (nice)

T h at was him.
3 I needed m o n ey and Sue gave me some. (generous)
T h at ....................
4 T h ey did n't invite us to t h eir party. (not very nice)
T h at w asn't
5 Can I help yo u wit h y o ur lu ggage? (very kind)
6 Kevin never says ‘than k you'. (n ot very p olite)
7 T h ey've had an arg u m e nt and n o w t h ey (a bit childish)

^ refuse t o speak t o each other. ^
" J
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e s e a d j e ctiv e s + a p re p ositio n:
amazed a n g ry b ore d c a r e l e ss e x cit e d i m p r ess e d kind n e rv o u s
1 Are yo u . n ervo us dbowt t h e e x a m?

2 T han k you for all y o u'v e done. Yo u've been v e r y .. me.
3 W h a t have I d one wr o n g? W h y are you m e?
4 You m ust be very ......................... yo u r trip ne xt wee k. It sounds really great.
5 I w a s n ’t t h e service in th e restaurant. W e had to w a it ages before our
food arrived.
6 Ben isn't very ha p py at college. He says h e ’s th e course he's doing.
.
7 I'd never seen so m a ny people before. I was th e crowds.

8 It was yo u t o leave th e d oor unlocked wh e n yo u w e n t out.
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n.
1 T h ey were d elig hted wit h t h e present I gave the m.
2 It was nice you to co m e and see me wh e n I was ill.
3 W h y are you so rude .............. p e o ple? W h y ca n't yo u be more p olit e?
4 W e always have t h e sa m e food every day. I'm fed up it.
5 W e e njoye d our holiday, b ut w e were a bit disap pointed th e hotel.
6 I ca n't un derstan d people w h o are cruel animals.
7 I was surprised the w a y he behaved. It was co m ple t ely o u t of character.
8 I've been tryin g t o learn Spanish, but I'm n ot very satisfied my progress.
9 Tanya d oesn’t look very well. I'm worrie d her.
10 T h ey told me t h ey were sorry . th e situation, but t h ere was nothin g t h ey could do.
11 I w o u ld n't like to be in her position. I feel sorry . her.
12 Are yo u still upset w h a t I said to yo u ye st e r d a y?
13 So m e peopLe say Kate is unfriendly, but she's always been very nice .............. me.
14 I'm tired doing th e sa m e thin g every day. I need a change.
15 The man we interviewe d for t h e jo b was intellig e nt and we were impressed t h e w a y he
a nswere d our questions.
16 I'm sorry th e smelL of p aint in this room. I've j u st finished re d ecoratin g it.
17 I was shocked w h a t I saw. I'd never seen a nythin g like it before.
18 O ur neighbours were very angry .... th e noise w e made.
19 O ur neighbours were furious us . making so m uch noise.
20 I'm sorry w h a t I did. I hope yo u're not angry me.
~¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 5 (page 322) 261

Unit
13fltAAdjective + preposition 2
A d jective + o f (1)
a fr a id / f ri g h t e n e d / t e rrif i e d / sc ar e d O F ...
A r e you a fr a i d o f spid ers?' 'Yes, I'm t e rrifi e d o f th e m.'
f o n d / p ro u d / a s h a m e d / j e a l o u s / e n vio u s O F ...
W h y are you always so j e a l o u s o f ot h er p eo ple?
s usp icio u s / c r i t ic a l / t o l e r a n t O F
He did n’t trust me. He was s usp ici o us o f my motives.
A d jective + o f (2)
a w a r e / c o n scio u s O F ...
'Did yo u k now he was m arrie d?' ‘ No, I w asn't a w a r e o f t hat.'
c a p a b l e / i n c a p a b le O F ...
I'm sure yo u are c a p a b l e o f passing th e e x a mination.
f u ll / s h o r t O F ...
A m y is a very active person. She's always f u ll o f energy.
I'm s h o r t o f m oney. Can yo u lend me so m e?
t y p ic a l O F ...
He's late again. It ’s t y p ic a l o f him to keep every b o dy waiting.
c e r t a i n / sure O F or A B O U T ...
1 I thin k she's arriving this evening, but I'm not s ur e o f that, or ... not sure a b o u t that.
A d jective + a t / t o / f r o m / in / o n / w i t h / f o r
g o o d / b ad / b rilli a n t / b e t t e r / h o p e le ss etc. A T ...

I'm not very g o o d a t repairing things, (n ot good in repairing things)
m a rrie d / e n g a g e d T O ...
Louise is m a rrie d t o an A m erican, (n ot married wit h)
b ut Louise is married w i t h t h r e e ch ild re n. (= she is married and has three children)
s i m il a r T O ...
Your writin g is si m il a r t o mine.
d if f e r e n t FR O M or d if f e r e n t T O ...
The film was d if f e r e n t fr o m w h a t i'd e x pected, or ... d if f e r e n t t o w h a t I’d e x pected.
i n t e r e s t e d IN ...
Are yo u i n t e r e s t e d in art?
k e e n O N ...
W e staye d at h o m e because Chris w asn't very k ee n o n going out.
d e p e n d e n t O N ... (b ut i n d e p e n d e n t O F ...)
I d o n't w a n t to be d e p e n d e n t on anybody.
cr o w d e d W I T H (people etc.)
The streets were cr o w d e d w i t h tourists, (b u t... f u ll o f tourists)
f a m o u s F O R ...
The Italian city of Florence is f a m o u s f o r its art treasures.
re s p o n sib le F O R ...
W h o was re s p o n sib le f o r all t h a t noise last nig ht?
A fr a i d o f / t o ... *4 U n i t 6 6 A A d je ctive + pre p ositio n 1 - U n i t 130

26 2
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h es e a d je ctiv e s + t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n:
a fr ai d ca p a ble d if f e r e n t in tereste d pro u d re s p o nsib le si m ila r - sure
1 I thin k she's arriving this evening, but I'm n ot sure, o f that.

2 Your ca m era is mine, but it isn't e x actly t h e sa me.
3 D o n't worry. I'll look after you. T h ere ’s nothin g to be .
4 I never wa tch t h e news on TV. I'm not .. th e news.
5 The e ditor is th e person wh o is ...... w h a t appears in a newspaper.
6 Sarah is a keen gardener. She's very her garden and loves
sh owin g it to visitors.
7 I was surprised wh e n I m et Lisa for t h e first ti m e. She w as ......
w h a t I e x pected.
8 He could b eco m e world ch a m pion one day. He's ....... it.
1 There were lots of tourists in th e streets. The streets were crowde d t o u ris t s
2 There was a lot of furniture in t h e room. The roo m was full
3 I d o n't Like sport very much. I'm not very keen ......... ...........................
4 W e d o n't have enough tim e. W e'r e s h o r t .............................................................
5 I'm not a very good tennis player. I'm not very good ..
6 C at herin e's husband is Russian. C at herin e is married
7 I d o n't trust Robert. I'm suspicious .............
8 My proble m is n ot th e sa me as yours. My proble m is diff ere nt ..... . .....
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n.
1 A m y is always f ull ...of. energy.
2 My ho m e t o w n is not a very interesting place. It's n ot fa m ous anything.
3 Kate is very f o n d her yo u n g er brother.
4 I d o n't like going up Ladders. I'm scared heights.
5 You Look bored. You d o n't see m interested w h a t I'm saying.
6 'O u r flig ht departs a t 10.35.' A re yo u sure .... t h a t?'
7 I'm not asha m ed w h a t I did. In fact I'm q uite proud it.
8 I w a n t e d t o go o ut for a meal, but n o b o dy else was keen ... t h e idea.
9 These days every b o d y is a ware ....... th e dangers of smoking.
10 The station platfor m was crowd e d ....... people w aitin g for t h e train.
11 Sue is much more successful than I am. So m e ti m es I feel a bit jealo us her.
12 Do yo u k now a nyo n e w h o mig ht be interested buying an old car?
13 W e'v e g ot ple n ty to eat. The fridge is f ull .......... food.
14 She's very honest. I d o n't thin k she is capabLe ......... telling a lie.
15 Hele n works hard and she's e x tre m ely good her job.
16 It's ty pical him to change his mind at th e last minute.
17 Mark has no m o n ey of his own. He's t o t a lly d e p e n d e nt his parents.
18 W e'r e short staff in our office at th e m o m e nt. W e need more people to do th e work.
W r i t e se n t e n c e s a b o u t y o u rs e lf. A re y o u goo d a t t h e s e t h in g s or n o t? Use t h e f o ll o w in g :
good p re tty good not v e ry good h o p e le ss
1 (re p airin g t hin gs) I’m n o t ve ry good, a t re p airin g t h i n g s ..................................................

2 (t elli n g jo k es) .........................................................................................................................
3 (m a ths) ............. ........ ............. ..........
4 (re m e m b erin g na m es) ...................................................................................................
5 (sp ort) .....................................................................................................................
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 35 (page 322) 263

Unit I
1 3 2 ^Vert^^repositior^ to and at
Verb + t o
t a l k / s p e a k T O so m e b o dy (w i t h is also possible b ut less usual)

0 W h o was t h a t man yo u were t a l k i n g t o ?
list e n T O ...
W e spent the evening lis t e n i n g t o music. (n ot listening music)
a p o l o g is e T O so m e b o dy ( f o r ...)
T h ey a p o lo g is e d t o m e for w h a t happened. (n o t T h ey apologised m e)
e x p lain so m e thin g T O so m e b o dy
Can yo u e x p la in this word t o m e? (n ot e x plain me this word)
e x p la in / d escrib e (t o so m e b o dy) w h a t / h o w / w hy ...
i e x p la in e d t o t h e m w h y I was worried, (n ot t e x plained t h e m)
Let me d escrib e t o y o u w h a t I saw. (n ot Let me describe yo u)
W e do n ot use t o wit h these verbs:
p h o n e / c a ll / e m a il / t e x t so m e b o d y
i c a ll e d t h e a irli n e to ca ncel my flight. (n ot caLled to the airline)
b ut w r i t e (a lett er) t o so m e b o dy
a n s w e r so m e b o dy / so m ethin g
He refused t o a n s w e r m y q u estio n, (n ot a nswer t o my q uestion)
but r e p ly t o an e m ail / a le tt er etc.
ask so m e b o dy
Can i ask y o u a q u estio n? (n ot ask to yo u)
t h a n k so m e b o d y (for so m ethin g)
He t h a n k e d m e for helping him. (n o t He than k ed to me)
Verb + a t
lo o k / s t a r e / g la n c e A T ... , h a v e a lo o k / t a k e a lo o k A T ...
W h y are you lo o k in g a t me like t h a t?
la u g h A T ...
I look stupid wit h this haircut. Every b o dy will la u g h a t me.
ai m / p o i n t (so m et hin g) A T ... , s h o o t / fir e (a gun) A T ...
O D o n't p o i n t t h a t knife a t me. It's dangerous.
W e saw so m e on e wit h a gun s h o o ti n g a t birds, but he did n't hit any.
So m e verbs can be f ollowe d by a t or t o , wit h a difference in meaning. For e x a mple:
s h o u t A T so m e b o d y (wh e n yo u are angry)

He g ot very an gry and starte d s h o u ti n g a t me.
s h o u t T O so m e b o dy (so t h a t t h ey can hear yo u)
J He s h o u t e d t o me fro m t h e o th er side of t h e street.
t h r o w so m ethin g A T so m e b o dy / so m e thin g (in order t o hit th e m)
So m e b o d y t h r e w an egg a t th e minister.
t h r o w so m ethin g T O so m e b o dy (for so m e b o dy to catch)
Lisa shoute d 'C a tch!' and t h r e w th e keys t o me fro m the win d ow.
Verb + pre p ositio n 2 - 5 U n its 1 3 3 - 1 3 6 Ask for U n i t 1 3 3B

264 A p o l o g is e f o r / t h a n k s o m e b o d y f o r -¥ U n i t 1 3 5B O t h e r verbs + t o -* U n i t 1 3 6 D
Exercises
1 a Can you ex plain this word to m e? 3
b Can you e x plain m e this w o r d? I I
2 a I g ot angry wit h Mark. Afterwards, I apologised to him.
b I got angry wit h Mark. A ft erwar ds I apologised him. EH
3 a A m y w o n't be able to heLp you. There's no point in asking to her. EH
b A m y w o n't be able to help you. There's no point in asking her. EH
4 a I need so m e b o dy to ex plain m e w h a t I have to do.
b I need somebody to explain to me what I have to do. EH
5 a T h ey did n't understand th e syste m, so I e x plained it to t h e m ............. EH
b T h ey did n ’t understand th e syste m, so I e x plained it th e m. EH
6 a I like to sit on th e beach and Listen t o the sound o f th e sea. EH
b I like to sit on th e beach and listen t h e sound of th e sea. EH
7 a ! asked t h e m t o describe me e x actly w h a t happened. EH
b I asked t h e m t o describe to me e x actly w h a t happened. EH
8 a We'd b ett er p hone th e resta ura nt to reserve a table. EH
b We'd b ett er p hone to t h e resta ura nt to reserve a ta ble. EH
9 a It was a difficult question. I co uld n't a nsw er t o it. EH
b It was a difficult question. I co uld n't a nsw er it. EH
10 a I e x plained every b o d y th e reasons for m y decision.
b I explained to everybody the reasons for my decision. EH
11 a I than k ed every b o d y for all th e help t h ey had given me. ...EH
b I than k ed to every b o dy for all th e help t h ey had given me. EH
12 a My friend te x te d to me t o let me k now she was going to be late. EH
b My friend te x te d me to let me k now she was going t o be late. EH
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e s e ver bs + t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n:
- exptetn- l a u gh lis t e n lo o k p oint r e p ly sp e a k throw throw
1 I look stupid wit h this haircut. Every b o dy will Lough a t m e.

2 I d o n't un derstand this. Can you ex pUun it to m e?
3 Sue and Kevin had an arg u m e nt and n ow t h ey'r e refusing to . ....... each other.
4 Be careful wit h t h ose scissors! D o n ’t .... t h e m me!
5 I'm not sure w h ere w e are. I'll have t o t h e map.
6 Please me! I've g ot so m ethin g i m p ort an t to t ell you.
7 D o n't stones th e birds! It's cruel.
8 If yo u d o n't w a n t t h a t sandwich, ............... it the birds. T h ey'll e at it.
9 I tried to co n t act Tina, but she did n't m y e mails.
Pu t in t o or a t.
1 T h ey apologised to me for w h a t happened.
2 I glanced my w a tc h t o see w h a t ti m e it was.
3 Please d o n't sho ut me! Try to calm down.
4 I saw Sue as I was cyclin g alon g t h e road. I shouted her, but she did n't hear me.
5 D o n't listen w h a t he says. He d oesn't k now w h a t he's talking about.
6 W h a t's so f u n n y? W h a t are yo u laughing ?
7 Could I have a look yo ur maga zine, ple ase?
8 I'm lonely. I need so m e b o dy to talk .
9 Sh e was so angry she t h re w a book th e wall.
10 The w o m a n sitting o p posite me on t h e train kept staring me.
11 Can I speak .... yo u a m o m e n t? There's so m e thin g I w a n t to ask yo u.
-> A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 6 (page 323) 265

Unit
133 Verb + preposition 2 about/for/of/after
Verb + a b o u t
t a l k / rea d / k n o w A B O U T ... , t e l l so m e b o dy A B O U T ...

L W e t a l k e d a b o u t a lot of things at th e meeting.
h a v e a disc ussio n A B O U T so m ething, b ut discuss so m e thin g (no pre p osition)
W e had a disc ussio n a b o u t w h a t w e should do.
W e d iscusse d a lot of things at th e meeting. (n ot discussed a b o ut)
d o so m e thin g A B O U T so m e thin g = do so m ething to im prove a b a d situatio n
If yo u're worrie d a b o ut th e proble m, yo u should d o so m e thin g a b o u t it.
Verb + f o r
ask (so m e b o dy) F O R ...

I sent an e m ail t o th e co m p a ny as k in g t h e m f o r m ore inf or m a tio n a b o ut th e job.
but ‘I as k e d him t h e w a y t o 'Sh e as k e d m e m y n a m e' (no pre p osition)
a p p ly (T O a person, a co m p a ny etc.) F O R a jo b etc.
1 ) I think yo u'd be good at this job. W h y d o n ’t yo u a p p ly f o r it?
w a i t F O R ...
D o n't w a i t f o r me. I'll join yo u later.
I'm not going o ut yet. I'm w a it i n g f o r th e rain to stop.
s e a rc h (a person / a place / a bag etc.) F O R ...
O I've s e a rc h e d th e house f o r m y keys, but I still ca n't find th e m.
l e a v e (a place) F O R a n o th er place
I h ave n't seen her since she l e f t (h o m e) f o r th e office this morning.
(n ot left to th e office)
C a r e a b o u t, ca re f o r and t a k e ca r e o f
c a re A B O U T so m e b o dy / so m et hin g = think th at so m ebody / so m ethin g is im p orta nt

He's very selfish. He d oesn't ca re a b o u t o th er people.
W e say 'car e w h a t / w h e r e / h o w ...’ etc. (with o u t a b o ut):
You can do w h a t yo u like. I d o n't ca re w h a t yo u do.
ca re F O R so m e b o dy / so m ethin g
(1) = like so m ething (usu ally ne gative sentences)
0 I d o n ’t ca re f o r very hot weath er. (= I d o n't like ...)
(2) = loo k a ft e r so m ebo dy
Alan is 85 and lives alone. He needs so m e b o dy to ca re f o r him.
t a k e c a r e O F . . . = loo k after, keep safe, take resp o nsibility f o r
D o n't w orry a b o u t me. I can t a k e ca re o f myself.
I'll t a k e ca re o f th e travel arran ge m ents. You d o n ’t need to do anything.
Loo k f o r and l o o k a f t e r
lo o k F O R ... = search for, try to fin d

1 i I've lost m y keys. Can yo u help me to lo o k f o r t h e m ?
lo o k A F T ER ... = take care of, keep safe or in g o o d condition
Alan is 85 and lives alone. He needs so m e b o dy t o lo o k a f t e r him. (n ot look for)
You can b orrow this book, but yo u m ust pro mise t o l o o k a f t e r it.
Verbs + a b o u t / o f (t h i n k / h e a r etc.) - > U n i t T 3 4 O t h e r verbs + f o r -* U n i t 1 3 5B

Exercises
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le ave t h e sp ace e m p ty.
1 I'm not going o ut yet. I'm w aitin g ..for. th e rain to stop.
2 D o n't ask me m oney. I d o n't have any.
3 I've applied a jo b at th e factory. I d o n't k now if I'll get it.
4 I've applied three colleges. I hope one of t h e m acce pts me.
5 I've searched everyw h ere ... Joe, but I h av e n't been a ble t o find him.
6 I d o n't w a n t t o talk w h a t hap pened last night. Let's forget it.
7 I d o n't w a n t t o discuss w h a t hap pened last night. Let's forget it.
8 W e had an interesting discussion .......... t h e proble m, but we did n't reach a decision.
9 W e discussed t h e proble m, but we did n't reach a decision.
10 I sent her an e mail. N o w I'm w aitin g her to reply.
11 Ken and So nia are travellin g in Italy. T h ey're in Ro m e right now, and t o m orro w t h e y leave
............. Venice.
12 The roof of the house is in very bad con ditio n. I thin k w e o u g ht to do so m e thin g it.
13 W e w aite d St eve for half an hour, but he never ca me.
14 T o m orrow mornin g I have t o catch a plane. I'm leavin g my house th e airp ort at 7.30.
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n a f t e r c a re . If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le a ve t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 He's very selfish. He d o esn't care a b o u t o th er people.
2 Wh o's going to take care .. you wh e n yo u are old?
3 Sh e d o esn’t care t h e exam. She d oesn't care w h e t h e r she passes or fails.
4 ‘Do yo u like this c o a t?' ’ N o t really. I d o n't care t h e colour.'
5 D o n't w orry a b o ut th e shopping. I'll take care that.
6 He gave up his jo b to care .............. his eld erly father.
7 I w a n t t o have a good holiday. I d o n't care th e cost.
8 I w a n t to have a good holiday. I d o n't care h o w much it costs.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s w it h l o o k f o r or l o o k a f t e r . Use t h e c o rr e ct f o r m o f l o o k (l o o k s /
l o o k e d / l o o k i n g).
1 I Looked, -for m y keys, but I co uld n't find t h e m a nywh ere.
2 Kate is a job. I hope she finds one soon.
3 Who you wh e n yo u were ill?
4 I'm Liz. I need to ask her so m ethin g. H ave yo u seen her?
5 The car park was full, so w e had to so m e wh ere else to park.
6 A b a bysitter is so m e b o d y w h o ....... .. o t h er people's children.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s w it h t h e s e v er bs (in t h e c o rr e ct f o r m ) + a p re p ositio n:
a p p ly as k do le ave lo o k se a rc h talk w a it
1 Police are se a rc hin g -for th e man w h o escaped fro m prison.

2 Sarah w asn't ready. W e had t o her.
3 I thin k Ben likes his job, but he d oesn't it much.
4 W h e n I'd finished m y meal, I th e w a i t e r ....... t h e bill.
5 C a t hy is u n e m ploye d. She has several jobs, but she h asn't had a ny
luck.
6 If so m e thin g is wrong, w h y d o n't you so m e thin g it?
7 Hele n's car is very old, but it's in e x celle nt co ndition. She ..... itv e ryw e l
8 Diane is fro m Boston, but n o w she lives in Paris. She Boston Paris
w h e n she was 19.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercis e 3 6 (page 3 2 3) 267

Unit
134 Verb + preposition 3 about and of
h e a r A B O U T ... = be told a b o ut so m ething
Did yo u h e a r a b o u t th e fire at th e h otel ye st e r d a y?
h e a r O F ... = k now th at so m ebody / so m ethin g exists
'W h o is Tom H a r t?' 'I have no idea. I've never h e a r d o f him.' (n o t heard fro m him)
h e a r FR O M ... = be in co n tact with so m ebo dy
'H av e yo u h e a r d fr o m Ja n e re ce n tly?' 'Yes, she calle d me a f ew days ago.'
t h i n k A B O U T ... and t h i n k O F ...
W h e n yo u t h i n k A B O U T so m ething, you co nsid er it, yo u co nce n tra t e yo ur mind on it:

i I've t h o u g h t a b o u t w h a t yo u said and I've decided to ta k e yo u r advice.
‘W ill you tend me th e m o n e y?' T il t h i n k a b o u t it.'
W h e n yo u t h i n k O F so m ething, th e idea co m es t o yo ur mind:
It was m y idea. I t h o u g h t o f it first, (not t h o u g ht a b o ut it)
I felt e mbarrassed. I co uld n't t h i n k o f a nythin g t o say. (n ot thin k a b o ut a nyt hin g)
W e also use t h i n k o f wh e n w e ask or give an opinion:
‘W h a t did yo u t h i n k o f th e m o vie?' 'I did n't t h i n k much o f it.' ( - I did n't like it m uch)
The differe nce is so m eti m es very s m all and yo u can use o f or a b o u t:
W h e n I'm alone, I oft en t h i n k o f (or a b o u t) you.
You can say t h i n k o f or t h i n k a b o u t doing so m ethin g (for possible fut ure actions):
My sister is t h i n k i n g o f (or a b o u t) going to Canada. (= she is considering it)
d re a m A B O U T ... (whe n yo u are asleep)

I d r e a m t a b o u t you last night.
d r e a m O F or A B O U T being so m e thin g / doing so m e thin g = im agine
Do you d r e a m o f (or a b o u t) being rich and fa m o us?
I w o u l d n 't d r e a m O F doing so m e thin g = I w o uld n ever do it
'D o n't t ell a nyon e w h a t I said.' ‘ No, I w o u l d n 't d r e a m o f it.' (= I w o uld never do it)
c o m p l a i n (T O so m e b o dy) A B O U T ... = say th a t y o u are n o t satisfie d

O W e c o m p la i n e d t o t h e m an ag er of th e resta ura nt a b o u t the food.
c o m p l a i n O F a pain, an illness etc. - say th at y o u have a p ain etc.
W e called t h e d oct or because G e or g e was c o m p la i n i n g o f a pain in his sto m ach.
r e m in d so m e b o d y A B O U T ... = t e ll so m ebody n o t to fo rg e t
I'm glad y o u r e m in d e d me a b o u t th e m eeting. I'd co m ple t ely f org otte n a b o ut it.
r e m in d so m e b o dy O F . . . = cause so m ebo dy to re m e m b er
This house re m in d s me o f th e one I lived in wh e n I was a child.
Look at this photograp h of Richard. W h o does he re m in d yo u o f?
w a r n so m e b o dy A B O U T a person or thing which is bad, dangerous, unusual etc.

i I k new he was a strange person. I had been w a r n e d a b o u t him. (n ot warn e d of him)
Vic k y w a r n e d m e a b o ut the traffic. She said it wo uld be bad.
w a r n so m e b o dy A B O U T or O F a danger, so m et hin g bad which might happen la ter
Scie ntists have w a r n e d us a b o u t (or o f) th e eff ects of cli m a t e change.
Remind / warn somebody to ... -> Unit 55B

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using hear o r heard + a p re p ositio n (a bout/of/from ).
1 I've never h e&rci o-f Tom Hart. W h o is h e?
2 'Did yo u t h e accid e nt last nig h t?' ‘Yes, Vic k y t old me.'
3 Ja n e used to call me q uite often, b ut I h ave n't her for a long ti m e now.
4 a : H ave y o u a writ er called Willia m H u dso n?
b : No, i d o n't think so.W h a t sort of w rit e r is he?
5 Than ks for yo ur e mail. It was good to you.
6 ‘Do you w a n t to our h o lid a y?' ‘N o t now. Tell me later.'
7 I live in a small t o w n in t h e north of EngLand. You've pro ba bly never it.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using think about or think of. So m e t i m e s b ot h about a n d of are

p ossible. Use t h e c o rr e c t f o r m o f think (think/thinking/thought).
1 You look serious. W h a t are you t h wkin g a b o u t . ?
2 I need ti m e to make decisions. I like to things carefully.
3 That's a good idea. W h y did n't I t h a t?
4 a : I've finished reading th e book yo u lent me.
b : W h a t did y o u . ............ it? Did yo u thin k it was g o o d?
5 W e'r e ...... going o ut to e at this evening. Wo u l d yo u like to co m e?
6 I d o n't really w a n t t o go o ut wit h Tom tonig ht. I'll have to an excuse.
7 W h e n I was offered t h e job, I did n't acce pt i m m e d ia t e ly I w e n t a w a y and
it for a while. In the end I decided to take th e job.
8 I d o n't much this coffee. It's like water.
9 Katherin e is ho mesick. She's alw a ys ... her fa m ily back ho me.
10 a : Do yo u thin k I should a p ply t o do th e co urse?
b : I ca n't a ny reason w h y not.
P u t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n.
1 Did yo u hear a b o u t th e fire at th e h ot el y est e r d a y?
2 ‘I had a strange drea m last night.' 'Did y o u? W h a t did yo u drea m ....... ?'
3 O u r neighbours co m plain e d ...... us the noise we m ad e Last night.
4 Kevin was co m plainin g pains in his chest, so he w e n t to th e doctor.
5 I love this music. It re minds me a war m d ay in spring.
6 He Loves his job. He thinks . his work all th e ti m e, he drea ms it, he talks
it and I'm fed up wit h hearing it.
7 ‘W e'v e got no money. W h a t can we d o?' ‘D o n't worry. I'Ll thin k .............. so m ething.'
8 Jac kie warn e d me th e water. Sh e said it w asn't safe to drink.
9 W e warn e d our chiLdren t h e dangers of playing in t h e street.
< g g > C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h es e ver bs (in t h e c o rr e ct f o r m ) + a p re p ositio n:
c o m p la i n drea m hear re m in d re m in d thin k warn
1 It was m y idea. I . t h o u g h t o-f it first.

2 Ben is never satisfied. He's always so mething.
3 I ca n't make a decision ye t. I need ti m e to y o u r proposal.
4 Before yo u go into t h e house, ! m ust yo u t h e dog. He's bitten
people before, so be careful.
5 She's not a well - k n own singer. N o t m a ny people have her.
6 a : You w o u ld n't go a w ay wit h o u t tellin g me, wo uld y o u?
b : O f course not. I w o u l d n't . it.

7 I wo uld have f org o tt e n my a p p oin t m e n t if Ja n e h a d n't me it.
8 Do yo u see t h a t man over t h er e? Does he yo u ... a ny b o d y yo u k n ow?
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 6 (page 3 2 3) 269

Unit
135 Verb + preposition 4 of/for/from/on
Verb + o f
a cc u s e / s u s p e c t so m e b o dy O F ...
C Sue a cc u s e d me o f being selfish.
C So m e stu d e nts were s u s p e ct e d o f ch eatin g in t h e e xam.
a p p r o v e / d is a p p r o v e O F ...
His parents d o n't a p p r o v e o f w h a t he does, but t h e y ca n't stop him.
die O F or FR O M an illness etc.
O ‘W h a t did he die o f?' ‘A heart attack.'
c o n sist O F ...
O W e had an e n or m o us meal. It c o n sis t e d o f seven courses.
Verb + f o r
p a y (so m e b o dy) F O R ...

I did n't have enough m o n ey to p a y f o r th e meal, (n ot p ay th e m eal)
b ut p a y a bill / a fine / a fee / ta x / rent / a sum of m o n ey etc. (no pre p osition)
C I did n't have enough m o n ey to p a y t h e re nt.
t h a n k / f o r g iv e so m e b o dy F O R ...
I'll never f o r g iv e t h e m f o r w h a t t h ey did.
a p o lo g is e (T O so m e b o dy) F O R ...
W h e n I realised I was wrong, I a p o lo g is e d (t o t h e m) f o r my mistake.
b l a m e so m e b o dy / so m et hin g F O R ... , so m e b o dy is t o b l a m e F O R ...
Every b o dy b la m e d me f o r th e accident.
O Every b o dy said t h a t I was t o b la m e f o r t h e accident,
b l a m e (a proble m etc.) O N ...
The accid e nt w asn't my fault. D o n't b la m e it o n me.
Verb + fr o m
s u f f e r FR O M an illness etc.
G There's been an increase in t h e n u m b er of people s u ff e ri n g fr o m heart disease.
p r o t e c t so m e b o dy / so m et hin g FR O M
Sun block p r o t e c t s th e skin fr o m t h e sun.
Verb + o n
d e p e n d / r e ly O N ...
‘W h a t ti m e will you be h o m e?' 'I d o n't know. It d e p e n d s on t h e traffic.'
You can r e ly on Anna. She always keeps her promises.
You can use d e p e n d + w h e n / w h e r e / h o w etc. wit h or wit h o u t on:
A r e yo u going to buy it?' ‘It d e p e n d s h o w m u ch it is.' (or It depends o n h o w much)
liv e O N m on ey / foo d
Michael's salary is very low. It isn't enough to liv e on.
c o n g r a t u l a t e / c o m p li m e n t so m e b o dy O N ...
O I c o n g r a t u l a t e d her on doing so w ell in her exams.
O The m eal was really good. I c o m p li m e n t e d Mark o n his coo king skills.
J
c Verb + pre p ositio n + -ing U n it 62 O t h e r verbs + f o r - U n i t 133 O t h e r verbs + o n -> U n i t 1 3 6E

Exercises
Pu t in t h e c o rr e ct p re p ositio n. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le a ve t h e sp ace e m p ty.
1 So m e stu d ents were susp ected o f. ch eatin g in th e e xam.
2 Are yo u going t o apologise w h a t yo u did?
3 The a p art m e n t consists t hre e rooms, a kitchen and bathroo m.
4 I was accused lying, but I was tellin g th e truth.
5 W e finished our meal, paid ........ th e bill, and left th e restaurant.
6 The accid e nt was m y fault, so I had t o pay th e repairs.
7 So m e peopLe are dying hunger, while others e at t o o much.
8 i called Hele n to t han k her ....... the present she se nt me.
9 The g overn m e nt is popular. Most people approve w h a t t h ey'r e doing.
10 Do yo u bla m e th e g overn m e n t th e eco n o m ic situ a tio n?
11 W h e n so m e thin g goes wrong, yo u always bla me it o t h er people.
1 Sue said t h a t I was selfish.
Sue accused m e o f being s e l f is h .............................. .............................
2 The misu n d erstan ding was m y fault, so I apologised.
I apologised ............................... ............ ...............................................................
3 Ja n e wo n t h e to urn a m e n t, so I co n grat ulate d her.
I co n grat ulat e d
4 He has ene mies, and he has a bodyguard to protect him.
He has a bodyguard t o p r o t e c t .............. ........ ...........................
5 There are eleven players in a f o o t b all tea m.
A f o o t b all t e a m consists ............ ...................................................
6 Sa n dra eats o nly bread and eggs.
Sandra lives
7 You ca n't say t h a t y o ur proble ms are my fault.
You ca n't bla m e ........ ............ .....
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h es e ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + a p re p ositio n:
a cc u s e a p o l o g is e app rove co n g ratula te depend liv e pay suffer
1 His parents d o n't (Approve o f w h a t he does, but t h e y ca n't stop him.

2 W h e n you w e n t t o t h e t h e a tre wit h Paul, wh o ............... ... t h e tic k e ts?
3 It's not pleasant wh e n yo u a r e ................................ so m e thin g you did n't do.
4 W e hope to go t o th e beach t o m orrow, but it . the weather.
5 Things are cheap there. You can very little money.
6 You were rude t o Lisa. I thin k you should her.
7 Ale x back pain. H e spends to o m uch ti m e workin g at his desk.
8 W h e n I saw D a v i d ,! ........................................ him ........... passing his driving test.
Pu t in t h e c o rr e c t p re p ositio n. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary, le a ve t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 I'll never forgive t h e m f o r w h a t t h e y did.
2 T h ey wore war m clot h es to p ro t ect th e mselves th e cold.
.
3 You k now you can always rely me if yo u need any help.

4 So p hie d oesn't have enough m o n ey to pay her colle ge fees.
5 She's oft en u nwell. Sh e suffers ........ very bad headaches.
6 I d o n't k now w h e t h e r I’ll go o ut tonig ht. It depends h ow I feel.
7 She hasn't got a job. She depends her parents for money.
8 My usual breakfast consists fruit, cereal and coffee.
9 I co m pli m e n t e d h e r ........... her English, She spoke really well.
-» A d d i t i o n a l e x ercise 3 6 (p a g e 32 3) 271
Unit
136 Verb + preposition 5 in/into/with/to/on
Verb + in
b e li e v e IN ...
O Do you b e li e v e in G o d? (= Do yo u b elieve t h a t God e xists?)
O I b e li e v e in saying w h a t I think. (= I believe it is right to say w h a t I think)
but b e li e v e so m e thin g (= b elieve it is true), b e li e v e so m e b o dy (= believe t h e y are tellin g th e tru t h)
The story ca n't be true. I d o n't b e li e v e it. (n ot believe in it)
s p e cia lis e IN ...
0 H ele n is a lawyer. She s p e cia lis e s in co m p a ny law.
s u cc e e d IN ...
I hope yo u s u cc e e d in finding t h e jo b yo u want.
Verb + in t o
b re a k IN T O ...
O u r house was b ro k e n in t o a few days ago, but nothin g was stolen.
cr as h / d riv e / b u m p / ru n IN T O ...
O He lost controL of th e car and cr as h e d i n t o a wall.
d ivi d e / c u t / s p lit so m et hin g IN T O tw o or more parts
T he book is d ivi d e d i n t o three parts.
t r a n s l a t e a book etc. FR O M one Language IN T O a n o th er
She's a fa m o us writer. Her books have been t r a n s l a t e d in t o m a ny languages.
Verb + w i t h
c o lli d e W I T H ...
There was an accid e nt this morning. A bus c o lli d e d w i t h a car.
f ill so m ethin g W I T H ... (b u t f u ll o f ... - s e e U nit 131B)
Take this saucepan and f ill it w i t h water.
p ro vid e / s u p p ly so m e b o dy W I T H ...
The school p ro vi d es all its stu d ents w i t h books.
Verb + t o
h a p p e n T O ...
W h a t h a p p e n e d t o t h a t gold w a tc h yo u used t o h av e? (= wh ere is it n o w?)
i n vit e so m e b o d y T O a p arty / a we d din g etc.
T h ey o nly i n vit e d a f e w people t o th eir wedding.
p r e f e r one thing / person T O a n o t h er
0 I p r e f e r tea t o coffee.
Verb + on
c o n c e n t r a t e O N ...
I tried to c o n c e n t r a t e on my work, but I kept thin kin g a b o ut o th er things.
insist O N ...
I wa nt e d to go alone, but so m e friends of mine in sist e d on co min g wit h me.
sp e n d (m o n ey) O N ...
H o w much do you sp e n d on food each w e e k?
Verb + prep ositio n + - ing - U n it 62 O t h e r verbs + t o U n i t 132 O t h e r verbs + o n - > U n i t 1 3 5 D

Unit
Exercises 136
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h e s e ver bs (in t h e c o rr e ct f o r m ) + a p re p ositio n:
b elieve c o n c e n tr a t e divid e d riv e f ill happen insist- invit e succe e d
1 I w a nt e d to go alone, but m y frie n d s Insisted - 0VX. co min g wit h me.

2 I h ave n't seen Mike for ages. I w o n d er w h a t has ....... him.
3 W e'v e been t h e party, but u n fort u n a t ely we ca n't go.
4 It's a very large house. It's four a part m e nts.
5 ! d o n't ghosts. I thin k people imagine t h a t t h ey see the m.
6 Steve gave me an e m p ty bucket and told me t o ........ it water.
7 I was driving along wh e n the car in front stop ped suddenly. I co uld n't stop in ti m e and
the back of it.
8 D o n't try and do t w o things together. one thing at a time.
9 It w asn't easy, but in t h e end we finding a solution t o th e problem.
1 There was a collision b et we e n a bus and a car.
A bus collided wit h a. c a r .......... ............ .......
2 I d o n't mind big cities, but I prefer small towns.
I p r e f e r .................................................................. ..........................................................
3 I g ot all th e infor m atio n I needed fro m Jane,
ja n e provided me .... ............
4 This morning I bou ght a pair of shoes which cost £70.
This mornin g I s p e n t .................................... .................... .......................... -. ....................
5 There are ten districts in t h e city.
The cit y is divided . ..
Pu t in t h e c o rr e ct p re p ositio n. If t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y c o m p le t e , le a v e t h e sp ace e m p ty.

1 The school provides all its stu dents ...wi#). books.
2 A strange thing hap pened .......... me a f ew days ago.
3 Mark decided to give up sport to co nce ntra t e his studies,
4 Mo n ey should be used well. I d o n't believe wastin g it.
5 My present jo b isn't won d erful, but I prefer it w h a t I did before.
6 I hope yo u succeed g ettin g w h a t yo u wa nt.
7 As I was co min g out of th e room, I collided so m e b o dy wh o was co min g in.
8 There was an a wf ul noise as th e car crashed a tree.
9 Patrick is a photographer. He specialises sports p hotography.
10 Do yo u spend a lot of m o n ey clo th es?
11 I was ama z ed wh e n Jo e walk ed into th e room, I co uld n't believe ............ it.
12 So m e b o dy broke my car and stole th e radio.
13 I was q uite cold, but Tom insisted having th e win d o w open.
14 The t e ach er decided to split th e class four groups.
15 I filled th e tank, but u n fort u n a t ely I filled it ... the wron g kind of petrol.
16 So m e words are difficult to tra nslat e one language ................... another.
Use y ° ur o w n id eas t o c o m p le t e t h es e se n t e nces. Use a pre p ositio n.

1 I w a nt e d to go o ut alone, but my friend insisted on connmg wttH me
2 I spend a lot of m o n e y .............................. ............
3 I saw t h e accident. The car cr a s h e d ...............................................................................
4 Chris prefers bask etball ... ........ ......... ........
5 The restaurant we w e n t to specialises
6 Shakespeare's plays have been translate d . .
A d d iti o n a l e x ercise 3 6 (page 323) 273

Unit
137 Phrasal verbs 1 General points
W e often use verbs wit h t h e f ollo win g words:
in on up away by about over ro u n d or a ro u n d

out o ff down b ack thro u g h a lo n g forward
So you can say lo o k o u t / g e t on / t a k e o f f / ru n a w a y etc. These are p hrasal verbs.
W e oft en use o n / o f f / o u t etc. wit h verbs of m ove m e n t. For e x a m ple:
g e t on T he bus was full. W e co uld n't g e t on.

d riv e o f f A w o m a n g ot into th e car and d r o v e off.
c o m e b ack Sarah is leaving t o m o rro w and c o m in g b ac k on Saturday.
t u r n ro u n d W h e n I to uch e d him on th e shoulder, he t u r n e d ro u n d.
Bu t oft e n th e second word (o n / o ff / o u t etc.) gives a special m eanin g to th e verb. For e x a m ple:
b re a k d o w n Sorry I'm late. The car b ro k e d o w n . (= th e engine stop ped workin g)

lo o k o u t Lo o k o u t! There's a car co ming. (= be careful)
ta k e off It was my first flight, t was nervous as th e plane t o o k off. (= w e n t into t h e air)
g e t on H o w was th e e x a m? H o w did you g e t o n ? (= H o w did yo u d o?)
g et by My French isn't very good, but it's enough to g e t by. (= m anage)
For more phrasal verbs, see Units 138 - 145.
So m e ti m es a phrasal verb is f ollow e d by a prep ositio n. For e x a mple:
p hrasal verb prep ositio n

ru n a w a y fr o m W h y did yo u ru n a w a y fr o m m e?
k e e p up w it h You're walkin g t o o fast. I ca n't k ee p u p w i t h you.
lo o k up at W e lo o k e d up a t th e plane as it fle w a b ove us.
lo o k f o rw a r d to Are yo u l o o k in g f o r w a r d t o yo u r trip?
So m e ti m es a phrasal verb has an o bject. Usu ally t h ere are t w o possible positions for th e object.
So yo u can say:
I t u r n e d on t h e light, or I t u r n e d th e light on.

o b ject o bject
If th e o bject is a pronoun (it / t h e m / m e / h i m etc.), o nly one position is possible:
I t u r n e d it on. (n ot I turned on it)
_ f f ill in this f or m?
Can yo u
: f ill this for m in?
b ut T h ey gave me a for m and told me to f ill it in. (n o t fill in it)
_ _ , f t h r o w a w a y this box.
Don t I
I t h r o w this box a w a y .
b ut I w a n t t o keep this box, so d o n't t h r o w it a w a y , (n o t t h ro w a w a y it)
t a k e o f f m y shoes.
I'm going to
t a k e m y shoes off.
b ut These shoes are u nco m f orta ble. I'm going to t a k e t h e m o ff. (n ot ta k e off th e m)
^ _ f w a k e up th e baby.
Z
D o n t [ w a kL e th e baby
k k up.
b ut The baby is asleep. D o n ’t w a k e h e r up. {not wa k e up her)
274 Phrasal verbs 2 - 9 -* U n its 1 3 8 - 1 4 5 A m erica n English A ppen dix 7

Exercises
C o m p le t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a ver b fro m A (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + a w o r d fr o m B. You can use
a w o r d m ore t h a n o nce.
A fly get go B away by down on

loo k sit sp e a k out ro u n d up
1 The bus was full. W e co uld n't on .

2 I've been stan ding for th e last t w o hours. I'm going t o for a bit.
3 A cat tried to catch th e bird, but it ..................... j ust intim e.
4 W e were trap ped in the building. W e co uld n't .
5 I ca n't hear yo u very well. Can yo u ... a lit tl e?
6 ‘Do you speak G e r m a n?' ‘N o t very well, but I c a n '
7 Everyt hin g has got so e x pensive. Prices h a v e aLot.
8 I t h o u g h t there was so m e b o dy behind me, but w h e n I , t h ere was
n o b o dy there.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using a w o r d fr o m A an d a w o r d fr o m B. You can use a w o r d m ore

t h a n o nce.
A away b ac k forward in up B at throu g h to w it h
1 You're walkin g t o o fast. I ca n't keep wp wifcH . you,

2 My holidays are n early over. N e x t we e k I'll be work.
3 We went th e to p floor of th e building t o a d mire th e view.
4 The m e etin g t o m o rro w is going to be difficult. I'm not looking it.
5 T here was a bank rob bery last week. The robbers g o t ................ £ 5 0,0 0 0.
6 I love to Loo k.................................. t h e stars in th e sky at night.
7 I was sittin g in t h e kitchen wh e n a bird fle w th e open win d ow.
i g g ) C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using t h es e p hrasal ver bs + it / t h e m / m e :
-fill in get out giv e b ac k sw itch on ta k e off w a k e up
1 T h ey gave me a form and toLd me to ut m .

2 I'm going t o bed now. Can yo u .. at 6. 3 0?
3 I've got so m et hin g in my eye and I ca n't .............................................................................
4 I d o n't like it wh e n people b orrow things and d o n't ........ ....... .................
5 I w a n t t o use th e hair dryer. H o w do I .................................................. ?
6 My shoes are dirty. I'd b etter ........................ ...before going into t h e house.
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use a n o u n {t h is b o x e tc.) or a p ro n o u n

(i t / t h e m e tc.) + t h e w o r d in b rac k e ts (a w a y / u p e tc.).
1 D o n't t hro w this box . I w a n t t o keep it. (a w a y)
2 I d o n't w a n t this newspaper. You can t h ro w ay (a w ay)
3 I b orrowe d these books fro m t h e library. I have to take
to m orrow, (back)
4 W e can t u r n ................................................. N o b o d y is w a tchin g it. (off)
5 a : H o w did t h e vase g et brok en?
b: I'm a f r a i d 1 k n o c k e d ... w h ile I w a s cle a n in g , (o v e r)
6 Shh! My m o t h er is asleep. I d o n't w a n t t o wa k e .... (up)
7 It's cold today. You should put if yo u're going out. (on)
8 It was o nly a s m all fire. I was able to put easily, (out)
9 a : Is this h otel more e x pensive than wh e n we staye d here last y e a r?
b : Yes, t h e y'v e put . (up)
10 It's a bit dark in this roo m. Sh all I turn . ?(on)
-» A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 275

Unit
138 Phrasal verbs 2 in / out
C o m p are in and o ut:
in = into a room, a building, a car etc. o u t = o ut of a room, building, a car etc.

H o w did th e thieves g e t in? O He j ust stood up and w a l k e d o ut.
Here's a k e y so yo u can l e t y o u rs e l f in. o I had no key, so I was lo c k e d o u t.
Lisa walk e d up t o t h e edge of the pool o Sh e swa m up and d own th e pool, and
and d iv e d in. (= into th e w a t e r) then cli m b e d o ut.
I've g ot a n e w a p art m e nt. I'm m o vin g A n dy opened t h e win d o w and lo o k e d
in on Friday. o ut.
As soon as I g ot to th e airport, I ch ec k e d o (at a hotel) W h a t ti m e do w e have to
in. c h e c k o u t?
In th e sa m e w a y yo u can say go in, c o m e in, In th e sa m e w a y yo u can say go o u t, g e t o u t,

w a l k in, b r e a k in etc. m o v e o u t, l e t so m e b o dy o u t etc.
C o m p are in and into: C o m p are o u t and o u t of:

I'm m ovin g in ne xt week. o He walk e d o ut.
I'm m ovin g i n t o m y n e w f l a t on Frid ay o He walk e d o u t o f t h e ro o m .
O t h e r verbs + in
d ro p in = visit somebody fora short time without arranging to do this

I d ro p p e d in to see Chris on my w a y home.
j o i n in = take part in an activity that is already going on P LU G IN
T h ey were playin g cards, so I jo i n e d in.
plu g in an electrical m achine = connect it to the electricity supply
The fridge isn't working because you h ave n ’t plu g g e d it in.
f ill in a form, a q uestio n naire etc. = write the necessary information on a form
Please f ill in th e a p plicatio n form and send it to us by 28 February.
You can also say f ill o u t a form.
t a k e so m e b o d y in = deceive somebody
The man said he was a p olice m a n and I believed him. I was co m ple t ely t a k e n in.
O t h e r verbs + o u t
e a t o u t = eat at a restaurant, not at home

There w a s n't a nythin g to e at at ho me, so w e d ecided to e a t o u t.
d ro p o u t of college, university, a course, a race =stop before you have completely finished a
course/race etc.
G ary w e n t t o u niversity but d ro p p e d o u t after a year.
g e t o u t of so m e thin g t h a t yo u arranged t o do = avoid doing it
I pro mised I'd go to t h e wed ding. I d o n't w a n t to go, but I ca n't g e t o u t of it now.
c u t so m e thin g o u t (of a newsp a p er etc.)
There was a b ea utiful picture in t h e maga zine, so I c u t it o u t and kept it.
l e a v e s o m e t h i n g o u t = omit it, not include it
In th e se nte nce 'Sh e said t h a t she was ill', yo u can l e a v e o u t th e word ‘that'.
cr oss so m e thin g o u t / ru b so m e thin g o u t
So m e of t h e na m es on t h e list had been cr osse d o ut. cross out
276 ^Phrasal verbs 1 (General points) U n i t 137 More verbs + o u t - > U n i t 139
Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using a ver b in t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
1 Here's a key so t h a t yo u can ..Let .. yo urself in.
2 Liz d oesn't like cooking, so she o ut a Lot.
3 A m y isn't living in this a p art m e n t a ny more. She ........ o ut a f ew weeks ago.
4 If yo u're in o ur part of town, you should ... in and say hello.
5 Wh en I .. in at th e airport, I was told m y flight would be delayed.
6 There was an article in t h e paper t h a t I wa nt e d to keep, so I . it out.
7 I w a n t e d to iron so me clothes, but t h ere was n owh ere to t h e iron in.
8 I hate ................. inquestionnaires.
9 Steve was upset because he'd b e e n o u t of t h e tea m.
10 Be careful! The water's n ot very deep here, so d o n't in.
11 If you writ e in pencil and yo u make a mistake, yo u can it out.
12 Paul started doing a Spanish course, but he out aft er a f ew weeks.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es w it h in, in t o , o u t or o u t of.
1 I've got a new flat. I'm m o v i n g m 0 n Friday.
2 W e checked th e h o tel as soon as we arrived.
3 As soon as w e arrived at th e hotel, we checked .
4 The car stop ped and th e driver got .
5 Thieves broke th e house w hile w e were away.
6 W h y did Sarah drop colle g e? Did she fail her e x a ms?
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using a ver b + in or o u t (o f).

1 Lisa walked to the edge of t h e pool, d t v e d ur\ and swa m to the o t h er end.
2 N o t all th e runners finished t h e race. Three of th e m .......................
3 I w e n t to see Jo e and So p hie in t h eir new house. T hey last week.
4 I've told yo u everyt hin g yo u need to know. I d o n't thin k I've ..
anything.
5 So m e people in t h e crowd starte d singing. Then a few more people ......... ......
and soon every b o dy was singing.
6 W e go to restaurants a lot. W e like .
7 D o n't be by him. If I were you, I w o u ld n't believe a nyt hin g he says.
8 I to see Laura a f ew days ago. She was fine.
9 a : Can we m e e t t o m orr o w mornin g at 10?
b : Probably. I'm supposed to go to a n o t h er m eeting, but I think I can it,
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use t h e w o r d in b rac k e ts in t h e c o rr e ct f or m .

1 The fridge isn't working.
a :
b: That's because yo u h ave n't plugged i t in . (plug)
2 a W h a t do I have t o do wit h these f or ms?

:
b: and send t h e m t o this address, (fill)
3 a : I've made a mistake on this form.

b : T hat's all right. Ju st .............. and correct it. (cross)
4 a Did yo u believe th e story t h ey toLd y o u?

:
b : Yes, I'm afraid t h ey co m ple t ely . (take)
5 a : Have you been to t h at n ew club in Bridge Str e e t?

b ; W e wa n t e d t o go there a f ew nights ago, but th ey w o u ld n't ..........................
because w e w e re n't me mbers, (let)
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - Z5)

Unit
139 Phrasal verbs 3 out
out = n ot burning, n ot shining
go out Su d d e nly all th e lights in t h e building went out.
put out a fire / a cigarette / a Light W e manage d to put th e fire out.
turn out a light I turned t he lights out before Leaving.
blow out a candle W e d o n't need th e candle. You can blow it out.
work out
work out = do p hysical e x ercises

Rach el works out at t h e gym three ti m es a week.
work out = d evelo p, progress
G o o d Luck for t h e future. I hope everythin g works out w ell for you.
a : W h y d i d Ja m es Leave th e co m p a n y?
b : Things did n't work out. (= things did n't w o r k o ut w e l l )

work out (for m a t h e m a tical calculatio ns)
The t o t a l bill for three p eople is £ 8 4.6 0. T h at works out at £2 8.2 0 each.
work so m ethin g out = calcu la te , think a b o ut a pro ble m an d fin d the a nsw er
345 x 76? I need to do this on paper. I ca n't work it out in my head.
O t h e r verbs + out
carry out an order, an e x perim ent, a survey, an investigation, a plan etc.

D Soldiers are e x pected to carry out orders.
3 An investigation into th e accid e nt will be carried out as soon as possible,
fall out (with so m e b o dy) = sto p being frien ds
T h ey used t o be very good friends. I’m surprised to hear t h a t t h e y have fallen out.
David fell out with his fat h er and left ho me,
find out t h at / w h a t / w h e n ... etc., find out about so m e thin g = g e t inform atio n
O The p olice never found out wh o co m m itt e d t h e murder.
O I j ust found out t h a t it's Hele n's birth d ay today.
I checked a f e w we bsites t o find out a b o ut hotels in t h e to wn,
give/hand things out = give to each person
A t th e end of t h e lecture, th e speaker gave out infor m atio n sheets to the audience,
point so m e thin g out (to so m e b o dy) = d raw a tte n tio n to so m ething
As we drove through t h e city, our guide pointed out all the sights.
O I did n't realise I'd made a mistak e until so m e b o dy pointed it out to me.
run out (of so m ethin g)
W e ran out of p etrol on t h e m ot orway. (= w e used all our p etrol)
sort so m e thin g out = fin d a solu tio n to, p u tin ord er
L ) There are a f ew pro ble ms we need to sort out.
All these papers are mixed up. I'll have to sort t h e m out.
turn out to be ... , turn out good / nice e t c . , turn out t h a t ...
N o b o d y believed Paul at first, but he turned out to be right. (= it b eca m e clear in the end
t h a t he was right)
J The w e a t h e r w asn ’t so good in t h e morning, but it turned out nice Later.
I t h o u g ht t h ey k new each other, but it turned out t h a t t h e y ’d never met.
try o u t a machine, a syste m, a new idea etc. = test it to see if it is O K
The co m p a ny is trying out a new co m p u t er syste m at t h e m o m e nt.
278 PhrasaL verbs 1 (Gen eraL p oints) U n i t 137 More verbs + o u t -* U n i t 138
Exercises
Which words can go together? Choose from the List,
a candle a cigarette -a4ight a mess a mistake a new product an order
1 turn o ut ,{*r. ............................

2 p oint o ut .............................................. 5 put o u t ..........................................................
3 bLow o ut ........................................ 6 t r y o u t ........................................................
4 carry o ut ......................... 7 sort o u t .........................................................................
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s u si n g a v e r b + o u t .
1 The co m p a ny is tryin g o u t a new co m p u t er syste m at th e m o m e nt.
2 St eve is very fit. He does a lot of sport and reguLarly.
3 The road will be cLosed for t w o days ne xt w e e k while building work is .........
4 W e did n't m anage to discuss everythin g at the m eeting. W e of tim e.
5 You have t o th e proble m yourself. I ca n't do it for you.
6 I d o n't k now w h a t hap pened e x actly. I need to ...................................
7 T he new drug will be on a s m all group of patients.
8 I t h o u g h t th e t w o books were th e sa me until a friend of mine th e
difference.
9 T h ey got married a f ew ye ars ago, but it did n't and t h ey separated.
10 There was a p ow er cut and all th e lights ...............................
11 W e t h ou g ht she was A m erica n at first, but she t o be Swedish.
12 So m e ti m es it ch ea p er to e at in a resta ura nt than to coo k at ho me.
13 I h ave n't applied for th e jo b yet. I w a n t to m ore a b o ut th e co m p a ny first.
14 It too k t h e fire brigade t w o hours to th e fire.
F o r e a c h p ic t u r e , c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e u si n g a v e r b + o u t .
e a rlie r now
T h e y'v e .r w A . o u t o f The man wit h t h e beard is The w e a t h e r has

p e tro l leaflets.
SA L LY
Sa lly and Kim are T h ey've Lisa is tryin g to

........................ at the gym. h o w .............
Complete the sentences. Each time use a verb + out.

1 a : Wa s th e fire serious?
b: N o , w e w e r e a b l e t o P w.t ^ out ...........................
2 This recipe looks interesting.

a ;
b : Yes, l e t 's ..................................................................
3 a : H o w much m o n ey do I o we yo u e x actLy?
b : Ju s t a m o m e nt. I'll have to
4 a : W h a t hap pened a b o ut yo ur proble m wit h yo ur ban k?
b : It's O K now. I w e n t t o see t h e m and we
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 279

Unit I
140 Phrasal verbs 4 on/off (1)
On and off for lights, m achines etc.
W e say: the light is on / put the light on / Leave th e light on etc.

turn th e light on/off or switch th e light on/off
Shall I Leave th e lights on or turn t h e m off?

'Is the heating on?' ‘No, I switched it off.'
W e need so me boiling water, so I'll put the k ettle on.
Also put on so m e music / a C D etc.

I h ave n't listened to this CD yet. Shall I put it on? (= shaLl I play it)
On and off for eve nts etc.
go on = happen
W h a t's all t h a t noise? Wh a t's going on? (= w h a t ’s happening)
call so m ethin g off = ca ncel it

The open air co ncert had to be called off because of the weather.
put so m ethin g off, put off doing so m ethin g = d elay it

The we d din g has been put off until January.
W e ca n't put off making a decision. W e have to decide now.
On and off for cloth es etc.
put on clothes, glasses, make - up, a seat belt etc.

M y hands were cold, so I put my gloves on.
Also put on weig ht = g et h e avier

I've put on tw o kilogra ms in the last month.
try on clothes (to see if t h ey fit)

I tried on a jack e t in th e shop, but it did n't fit me very well.
take off clothes, glasses etc.

It was war m , so I took off m y jack et.
O ff = a w a y from a person or place
be off (t o a place)
T o m orrow I'm off to Paris / I'm off on holiday.
(= I'm going to Paris / I'm going on holiday)
walk off / run off / drive off / ride off / go off (si milar to walk away / run away etc.)
Zj Diane got on her bike and rode off.
O Mark left ho m e at the age of 18 and went off to Canada.
set off = start a jo u rn e y

W e set off very early to avoid the traffic. (= W e left early)
take off = le ave the grou n d (fo r pla n es)

A ft er a long d elay th e plane finally took off.
see so m e b o dy off = go with them to the airp ort / statio n to say goo d bye
Helen was going away. W e w e n t to the station wit h her to see her off.
Phrasal verbs 1 (G e n e ra l p oints) U n i t 137 More verbs + o n / o f f - U n i t 141

Exercises
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e nc es using p u t o n + t h e f o ll o w in g :
a CD t h e h e a ti n g th e k e ttle t h e l ig h t - t h e o ve n
1 It was getting dark, so I put- t h e li g h t on ....................

2 It was getting cold, so I ......................
3 I w a nt e d to bake a cake, so I ......................................................
4 I w a nt e d to make so me tea, so I ........
5 I w a nt e d to listen to some music, so I ...........
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Each ti m e use a ver b + o n or o ff.

1 It was war m, so I o ff my jack et.
2 W h a t are all these people d oin g? W h a t's ?
3 The w e a t h e r was to o bad for t h e plane to ..................................... , so the flight was delayed.
4 I did n't w a n t t o be disturbed, so 1 ...................................... my phone.
5 Rachel got into her car and .. at high speed.
6 Tim has weig ht since I last saw him. He used to be q uite thin.
7 a : W h a t ti m e are yo u leaving t o m o rro w?
b : I'm n o t s u r e y e t , b u t I’d li k e t o as e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e .
8 D o n't until t o m orro w w h a t yo u can do today.
9 There was going to be a strike by bus drivers, but now t h ey have been offered more m o n ey and
th e strike has been ..............................
10 Are you cold? Shall I get yo u a sw e a t er to ................................ ?
11 W h e n I go away, I prefer to be alone at th e station or airport. I d o n't like it wh e n people co m e to
................... me .
Loo k a t t h e pict ures an d c o m p le t e t h e se n t e nces.
H er hands were cold, so The plane at 10.55.

she . p ut h er gloves on
MARIA
Maria ....... The m atch

but it was t o o big for her. because o f t h e weather.
Mark's parents w e n t t o th e airp ort t o He too k his sunglasses out of his pocket
a n d ......................................................
- A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 281

Unit
141 Phrasal verbs 5 on/off (2)
Verb + o n = co ntin u e doing so m ethin g
d riv e on / w a l k on / p l a y on = co n tin u e drivin g / w alkin g / playin g etc.

C Sh all w e stop a t this p etrol statio n or shall w e d riv e o n t o th e ne xt o n e?
g o o n = co n tin u e
C The p arty w e n t on until 4 o'clock in th e morning.
g o o n / c a r r y on doing so m e thin g = co ntin u e doing so m ething
W e ca n't g o o n spending m o n ey like this. W e 'll have nothing Left soon.
I d o n't w a n t t o c a r r y on working here. I'm going to Look for a n o t h e r job.
Also go o n w i t h / c a r r y on w i t h so m ethin g
D o n't let me disturb you. Please c a r r y o n w i t h w h a t yo u're doing.
k ee p o n doing so m e thin g = do it co n tin u o usly o r re p e a te d ly
He k ee ps on criticising me. I'm fed up wit h it!
G e t on
g e t o n = progress
O H o w are yo u g e t ti n g o n in yo u r n e w jo b? (= H o w is it g oin g?)
g e t o n (w i t h so m e b o d y) = have a g o o d relatio nship
0 Jo a n n e and Karen d o n't g e t on. T h ey're always arguing.
Richard g e ts on w e ll w i t h his neighbours. T h ey're all very friendly.
g e t o n w i t h so m e thin g = co n tin u e doing so m ething y o u have to do, usu ally a fte r an in terru p tio n
! m ust g e t o n w i t h m y work. I have a lot to do.
Verb + o f f
d o z e o f f / dro p o f f / n o d o f f = f a ll asleep
C The Lecture w a s n't very interesting. In fact I d o z e d o f f in th e mid dle of it.
fin is h so m e thin g o f f = do the last p art o f so m ethin g
a: H ave yo u finished painting th e kitch e n?
b : N early. I'll finish i t o f f to m orrow.
go o f f = e x plode
A bo m b w e n t o f f in th e cit y centre, but f ort u n a t ely n o b o dy was hurt.
Also an alar m can go o f f = ring
G Did yo u hear t h e alar m g o o f f?
p u t so m e b o d y o f f (doing so m e thin g) = cause so m eb o dy n o t to w a n t so m ethin g or to do so m ething
W e wa nt e d t o go to th e e x hibition, but we were p u t o f f by t h e long queue.
C W h a t p u t you o f f ap plyin g for t h e j o b? W a s t h e salary to o l o w?
rip so m e b o dy o f f = ch e a t so m eb o dy (in form al)
Did yo u really pay £ 2,0 0 0 for t h a t p aintin g? I thin k yo u were rip p e d off.
( = y o u paid t o o m uch)
s h o w o f f = try to im press p e o p le with y o u r a bility, y o u r k n owled g e etc.
O Look a t t h a t boy on th e bike riding wit h no hands. He's j ust s h o w i n g o ff.
t e l l so m e b o dy o f f = speak a n g rily to so m eb o dy because th ey did so m ethin g wrong
G Clare's m o t h er t o l d her o f f for we arin g d irty shoes in t h e house.
cG o o n / c a r r y o n / k e e p o n -¥ U n i t 5 3B
More verbs + o n / o f f U n it 140
Phrasal verbs 1 (G e n e r a l p oints) ^ U n i t 137
A m e rica n English -* A p p e n d i x 7
Unit
Exercises 141
C h a n g e t h e u n d erlin e d w or ds. Kee p t h e sa m e m e a nin g, b u t use a v er b + o n or o ff.
1 Did you hear t h e bo m b e x plo d e?
Did yo u hear th e b o m b ?
2 The m e etin g co ntinu e d longer t h a n I e x pected.
The m e etin g .... .... ............ longer th a n I e x pected.
3 W e did n't stop to rest. W e c o n tin u e d w al k in g.
W e did n't stop to rest. W e ................. ............
4 I fell asle e p w hile I was w a tchin g TV.
I ... w hile I was w a tchin g TV.
5 G a ry d oesn't w a n t to retire. He w a n ts t o co ntin u e working.
G ary d oesn't w a n t to retire. H e wa nts t o ........................... working.
6 The fire alar m rang in th e mid dle of th e night.
The fire alar m ..................................... in t h e mid dle of t h e night.
7 Martin phones m e co n tin u o usly. It's very annoying.
M a r t i n ................................................... It'svery annoying.
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a v er b + o n or o ff.

1 W e ca n't go on spending m o n ey like this. W e'll have nothing left soon.
2 I was stan ding by th e car w h e n su d d e nly t h e alar m ........................................ .
3 I'm not ready to go ho me yet. I have a f ew things t o ................................
4 'Sh a ll I stop t h e car h ere?' ‘ No, '
5 Bill paid t o o much for th e car he bought. I thin k he w a s ..........................................
6 'Is Em m a e njoyin g her course at u nive rsity?' ‘Yes, she's very well.'
7 I w as very tired at work to d ay. ! n e a r ly .......................................... at m y desk a couple of times.
8 Ben was by his boss for being late for work repeatedly.
9 I really like workin g wit h my colleagues. W e a l l ................. really w e ll together.
10 There was a very loud noise. It sounded like a b o m b .........................
11 I ........ making th e sa m e mistake. It's very frustrating.
12 I've j ust had a coff ee break, and n o w I m ust .... wit h m y work.
13 Pet er is always tryin g to impress people. He's a l w a y s ..........................................
14 W e decided not t o go to t h e co ncert. W e were by th e cost of tickets.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs {in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + o n or o f f. So m e ti m e s

y o u w ill n ee d o t h e r w o r d s as w e ll:
carry fi nis h - get get get go rip t e ll
1 a : How o re Ljo w g e ttin g on in yo u r n ew j o b?

b : Fine, thanks. It's going very well.
2 a : H ave yo u writt e n th e le tt er yo u had to w rit e?
b : I've starte d it. I'll i n t he morning.
3 a : W e to o k a ta xi to th e airport. It cost £40.

b : £4 0! N o r m ally it costs a b o u t £20. You ...................................................
4 a : W h y were you late for work this m ornin g?
b : I overslept. My alar m clock d i d n 't ....................................................
5 a : How in yo ur in t e rvie w? Do yo u thin k y o u'll g et th e j o b?
b : I hope so. The in terview was O K.
6 a : Did yo u stop playin g tennis wh e n it starte d t o rain?
b : No, w e . The rain w a s n't very heavy.
7 a : So m e children at th e ne xt ta ble in t h e resta ura nt were behaving very badly.
b : W h y did n't t h eir parents ............................................. ?
8 a : W h y does Paul w a n t t o leave his jo b?
b : He his boss.
-*• A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 283

Unit
142 Phrasal verbs 6 up/down
C o m p are u p and d o w n:
p u t so m ethin g up (on a w a ll etc.) t a k e so m ethin g d o w n (fro m a w a ll etc.)

1 I p u t a picture up on t h e wall. G I did n't like th e picture, so I t o o k
it d o w n.
pick so m e thin g up p u t so m e thin g d o w n
There was a le tt er on t h e floor. I stop ped writin g and p u t d o w n
[ pic k e d it up and looked at it. my pen.
s t a n d up sit d o w n / b e n d d o w n / lie d o w n
O Alan st o o d up and walk e d out. 1 b e n t d o w n to tie m y shoelace.
t u r n so m e thin g up t u r n so m ethin g d o w n
I ca n't hear th e TV. Can you O The oven is t o o hot. T u rn it d o w n
t u r n it up a bit? t o 150 degrees.
K n o c k d o w n , c u t d o w n etc.
k n oc k d o w n a building, b l o w so m e thin g d o w n , c u t so m e thin g d o w n etc.

So m e old houses were k n o c k e d d o w n t o make w a y for th e new shopping centre.
W h y did yo u c u t d o w n t h e tree in yo ur gard e n?
be k n oc k e d d o w n (by a car etc.)
A man was k n o c k e d d o w n by a car and taken to hospital.
b urn d o w n = be d estroye d by fire
C 1 T h ey were able to put o ut t h e fire before t h e house b u r n t d o w n.
D o w n = g ettin g less
s l o w d o w n = go m ore slo w ly
You're driving too fast. Sl o w d o w n .
c a l m (so m e b o dy) d o w n = b eco m e calm er, m ake so m ebo dy calm er
O C a l m d o w n . There's no point in g ettin g angry.
c u t d o w n (on so m ethin g) = eat, drink or do so m ething less ofte n
C I'm tryin g t o c u t d o w n on coffee, i drink t o o much of it.
O t h e r verbs + d o w n
b re a k d o w n = stop working (fo r m achines, cars, relatio nships e tc.)

The car b ro k e d o w n and I had to p hone for help.
T h eir marriage b ro k e d o w n aft er o nly a f ew months.
cl o s e d o w n / s h u t d o w n = sto p doing business
There used to be a shop at th e end of th e street; it clo s e d d o w n a f ew ye ars ago.
l e t so m e b o d y d o w n = disa p p oint them b ecause y o u d id n't do w h at th ey ho p ed
O You can always rely on Paul. H e'll never l e t yo u d o w n.
t u r n so m e b o dy / so m ethin g d o w n = refuse an a p p licatio n, an o ffe r e tc.
G I applied for several jobs, but I was t u r n e d d o w n for all of th e m.
G Rachel was offered th e job, but she decided to t u r n it d o w n.
w r i t e so m e thin g d o w n = w rite so m ething on p a p er because y o u m ay n e e d the inform atio n la te r
I ca n ’t re m e m b er Tim's address. ! w r o t e it d o w n, but I ca n't find it.
..... —- - - - -
284 ^Phrasal verbs 1 (General points) - U n i t 137 More verbs + u p U n its 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 ^

Exercises
For e ach pict ure, c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using a ver b + u p or d o w n . In m o st s e n t e nc es y o u w ill
n ee d o t h e r w o r d s as w e ll.
LK* ^
Ell®®} M L 1* ®
b efore now b efore now
1 There used to be a tree ne xt t o th e house, but we c u t I t (town

2 There used to be so m e shelves on t h e wall, b u t !
3 T he ceiling was so low, he co uld n't ... straight.
4 She co uld n't hear the radio very well, so she ... .
5 W h il e t h e y were waitin g for t h e bus, t h e y on th e ground.
6 A f ew trees .. in t h e stor m last week.
7 W e'v e g ot so m e new curtains, but w e h a v e n 't ........................................... yet.
8 Lisa dropped her keys, so she and . .... ..................
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nc es. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + down:
calm le t t a ke- turn turn w rite
1 I d o n't like this picture on th e wall. I'm going t o t a k e ct <±own

2 The music is t o o loud. Can yo u ............. ......................... ?
3 David was very angry. I tried to ...
4 Sarah gave me her phone nu mber. I on a piece of paper
5 I pro mised I wo uld help Anna. I d o n't w a n t to
6 I was offered th e job, but I decided I did n't w a n t it. So I .......
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a v e r b (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + down.

1 I stop ped writin g and p u t d own m y pen.
2 I was really angry, tt too k me a long ti m e to ........ .............................
3 The train as it a p proache d th e station.
4 Sarah applied t o st u d y m e dicine at university, but she ........
5 O u r car is very reliable. It has never ......................................
6 I need t o spend less m on ey. I'm going t o . on things I d o n't
really need.
7 I did n't play very well. I f elt t h a t I had th e o t h er players in t h e tea m.
8 The shop .. because it was losing money.
9 This is a very ugly building. M a ny people wo uld like it to ... .
10 I ca n't un derstand w hy you the ch ance of working abroad for
a year. It wo uld have been a great e x perience for you.
11 a : Did yo u see th e acci d e n t? W h a t hap pened e x actly?
8: A man by a car as he w as crossing t h e road.
12 Pet er g ot married wh e n he was 20, but u n f ort u n a t ely t h e marriage
a f ew years later.
-¥ A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5)
Unit
go up / c o m e u p / w a l k up {t o ...) = ap proach
A man c a m e up t o me in t h e street and asked me for money.
c a t c h up (w it h so m e b o dy), c a t c h so m e b o dy u p = m ove fa s te r than so m eb o dy in fro n t o f y o u so
th a t y o u reach them
I’m n ot ready t o go ye t. You go on and I'll c a t c h up w i t h yo u / I'll c a tc h yo u up.
k e e p up (w i t h so m e b o dy) = co n tin u e a t the sam e sp eed or le vel
O You're walkin g t o o fast. I ca n't k e e p up (w i t h yo u).
You're doing well. K e e p it up!
s e t u p an organisation, a co m pa ny, a business, a syste m, a we bsite etc. = sta rt it

The g overn m e n t has s e t up a co m m itt e e to investigate t h e proble m.
t a k e up a hobby, a sport, an a c tivit y etc. = start doing it
Laura t o o k up p h oto gra p hy a f ew years ago. She takes really good pictures.
fi x u p a m e etin g etc. = arra n g e it
W e'v e fi x e d up a m e etin g for ne xt Monday.
g r o w up = b eco m e an a d u lt
Ann was born in H o n g Kong but g r e w up in Australia.
b rin g up a child = raise, loo k a fte r a ch ild
H er parents died wh e n she was a child and she was b ro u g h t up by her grandparents.
cl e a n u p / cl e a r u p / t i d y up so m ethin g = m ake it clea n, tidy etc.

Look at this mess! Wh o's going t o t i d y u p? (or t i d y it up)
w a s h up = wash the p lates, dishes etc. a fte r a m eal
! hate w a s h i n g up. (o r I hate d oin g t h e w ashin g - u p .)
e n d u p so m ewh ere, e n d up doing so m ethin g etc.

Q There was a fight in t h e street and t hre e men e n d e d up in hospital. (= th at's w h a t
hap pened to these men in th e end)
I co uld n't find a h o tel and e n d e d up sleeping on a bench at th e station. (= t h at's w h a t
happened to me in th e end)
give up = stop tryin g, giv e so m e thin g up = stop doing it
D o n't giv e up. Keep trying!
O Sue g ot bored wit h her jo b and decided to giv e it up. (= stop doing it)
m a k e up so m ething, be m a d e up o f so m ethin g
Children un der 16 m a k e up half th e p op ulation of th e city. (= half th e p o p ulatio n are
children under 16)
Air is m a d e up m ainly o f nitrogen and o xygen. (= Air consists o f ...)
t a k e up space or ti m e = use sp ace or tim e
M o s t of the space in the room w as t a k e n up by a large table.
t u r n up / s h o w up = arrive, a p p ear
W e arranged to m e e t David last night, but he did n't t u r n up
use so m e thin g u p = use a ll o f it so th at nothin g is le ft
I'm going to make so m e soup. W e have a lot of veg eta bles and I w a n t to use t h e m up.
- 'v . v *
286 PhrasaL verbs 1 (G e n e r a l p oints) U n i t 137 More verbs + up U n its 1 4 2 , 1 4 4

Exercises
Loo k a t t h e pict ures a n d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use t h r e e w o r d s e ac h ti m e , inclu din g a ve r b
fro m Se ctio n A.
qj ^ ^Can you bell me ... ?
A man co m e up to me in th e stre et and Sue th e fro nt door

asked me t h e w a y to th e station. of t h e house and rang th e doorbell.
Tom was a long w a y behind th e o th er

runners, but he manage d to Tanya was running t o o fast for Paul. He
................................. t h e m. t o m co uld n't ...................................... her.
V""
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + up:
end end give g iv e grow make tak e take turn use wash
1 I co uld n't find a h otel and e n d e d, up sLeeping on a bench a t th e station.

2 I'm feeling very tired now. I've all my e n e rg y
3 A ft er dinner I ....... and put the dishes away.
4 People often ask children w h a t t h ey w a n t to be wh e n t h e y .....................................
5 W e invited Tom t o th e party, but he did n't ..................................
6 Two years ago Ja m es his studies to be a professional footballer.
7 a : Do yo u do a ny sp orts?
b : N o t at th e m o m e nt, but I'm thin king of ................................. tennis.

8 You d o n't have enough d et er min a tio n. You .... t o o easily.
9 Karen travelle d a lot for a f ew ye ars and in Canada, wh ere she still lives.
10 I do a lo t of gardening. I t . m ost of m y free tim e.
11 There are tw o universities in th e city, and s t u d e n ts......................................... 20 per ce nt of th e
p opulation.
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs + u p (w it h a n y o t h e r n e ce ssa ry w o r d s):
b rin g c a tc h fi x giv e go keep keep make set tid y
1 Sue got bored wit h her jo b and decided to give ib up ,

2 I'm not ready ye t. You go on and I'll c a tc h up with you.
3 The roo m is in a mess. I'd b e t t e r .........................................
4 W e e x pect t o go a w a y on h olid ay so m e ti m e in July, but w e h ave n't yet.
5 Ste p h e n is having proble ms at school. He ca n't th e rest of t h e class.
6 Alt ho u g h I in th e country, I have always preferred cities.
7 O u r t e a m starte d th e ga m e well, but we c o u l d n 't and inth e end we
lost.
8 I saw Mik e at th e party, so I him and said hello.
9 W h e n I was on holiday, I join e d a t o ur group. The group
t w o A mericans, t hre e Ger m ans, five Italians and myself.
10 Hele n has her own intern et we bsite. A friend of hers helped her to .
-* A d d i t i o n a l e x e rcises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 287

Unit
b rin g up a to pic etc. = in tro d uce it in a co nversatio n
C I d o n't w a n t t o hear a ny more a b o ut this m atter. Please d o n't b rin g it up again.
c o m e up = be in tro d uce d in a co nversatio n
So m e interestin g points c a m e up in our discussion yesterd ay.
c o m e u p w i t h an idea, a suggestion etc. = pro d uce an idea
Sarah is very creative. She's always co m in g up w i t h n e w ideas.
m a k e so m e thin g up = in ve n t so m ething th at is n o t true
W h a t Kevin told you a b o u t hi mself w as n't true. H e m a d e it all up.
c h e e r up = be hap pier, c h e e r so m e b o d y up = m ake so m eb o dy f e e l h a p pier

You look so sad! C h e e r up!
HeLen is depressed at th e m o m e nt. W h a t can we do to c h e e r h e r u p?
s a v e up for so m et hin g / t o do so m ethin g = save m on ey to b uy so m ething
Dan is s avin g up for a trip round t h e world.
cl e a r up = b eco m e b rig h t (fo r w e ath er)
tt was raining wh e n ! g ot up, but it cle a r e d up later.
b l o w up = e x plode, b l o w so m e thin g up = d estroy it with a bom b etc.

The engine ca u g ht fire and b l e w up.
The bridge was b l o w n up during th e war.
t e a r so m ethin g up = te a r it in to pieces
I did n't read th e Letter. I j ust t o r e it up and t hre w it away.
b e a t so m e b o dy up = hit so m eone re p e a te d ly so th a t th ey are b a dly h u rt
A friend of mine was attack e d and b e a t e n up a f ew days ago. He was badly hurt and had to
go to hospital.
b re a k up / s p lit u p (wit h so m e b o dy) - se p a ra te

I'm surprised to hear t h a t Sue and Paul have s p lit up. T h ey see m e d very ha p py together.
d o up a coat, a shoelace, b uttons etc. = faste n, tie etc.
It's q uite cold. D o up yo ur co a t before you go out.
d o up a building, a room etc. = re p air an d im prove it
The kitchen looks gre a t n o w t h a t it has been d o n e up.
lo o k so m e thin g up in a dictio nary, e ncyclo p a e dia etc.
If yo u d o n't k now th e m eaning of a word, yo u can lo o k it up in a dictionary.
p u t u p w i t h so m e thin g = to le ra te it
W e Live on a busy road, so w e have to p u t up w i t h a lot of noise fro m the traffic.
h o ld up a person, a plan etc. = d elay
D o n't w a it for me. I d o n't w a n t to h o ld yo u up.
Plans to build a n ew fact ory have been h e ld up because of th e co m p a ny's fina ncial
problems.
m i x up people / things, g e t people / things m i x e d up = yo u think one is th e o th er
The t w o brothers Look very similar. M a ny people mi x t h e m up. (o r ... g e t t h e m mi x e d up)
Phrasal verbs 1 (G e n e r a l p oints) - * U n i t 137 More verbs + u p - > U n its 1 4 2 - 1 4 3

288 A m e rica n English - A p p e n d i x 7
Exercises
( 2 2 ) W h ic h goes w it h w h ic h?
1 I'm going to t e a r up a a new ca m era 1

2 Ja n e ca m e up wit h b a lot of bad w e a t h e r 2
3 Paul is always making up c yo ur jack et 3
4 I t h i n k y o u should do up d an interestin g suggestion 4
5 I d o n't thin k yo u should bring up e excuses 5
6 I'm saving up for f the lett er 6
7 W e had t o put up wit h g t h a t subject 7
Loo k a t t h e pict ures an d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. You w ill n e e d t w o o r t h r e e w o r d s e ach ti m e .
( Sorry I’m La t e . j
this m orning
The w e a t h e r was horrible this morning, but A m y was late because she was
it's cle a re d , up now. ... int h e traffic.
fCome out for cl m e al wit h u s! J

v-------------------
T h ey bou ght an old house and ... Jo e was really depressed. W e too k him out
......................................... It's really nice now. for a m eal t o ....................................... .
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using a v e r b (in t h e c o rr e c t f o r m ) + up. So m e t i m e s y o u w ill nee d o t h e r

w o r d s as w e ll.
1 So m e interesting m atters caro e up in our discussion yesterd ay.
2 The ship and sank. The cause of t h e e x plosion was never discovered.
3 Two men have been arrested aft er a man was ...................... ........ outside a restaurant
last night. The injured man was taken t o hospital.
4 ‘Is Robert still going o ut wit h T i n a?' ‘No, t h ey'v e
5 My hands were so cold, I found it hard t o ... my shoelaces.
6 I wish it would stop raining! I hope i t .... . soon.
7 I w a n t e d to p hone Chris, but I dialled La ura ’s n u m b er by mistake. I g ot th eir p hone nu m bers
C o m p le t e th e se n te n c e s u sin g a verb + up. Y o u w i l l n e e d o t h e r w o r d s a s w e l l .

1 D o n't w a it for me. I d o n't w a n t t o h o ld you up .
2 I d o n't k now w h a t this word means. I'll have t o ............................
3 There's nothing w e can do a b o ut t h e proble m. W e 'll j ust have to -. .............. it.
4 ‘W a s t h a t story t r u e?' ‘No, I '
5 I thin k w e should f ollo w To m's suggestion. N o b o d y has ................. a b ett er plan.
6 I h ate this photo. I'm going to ..............................
7 I'm tryin g to spend less m o n ey a t t h e m o m e nt. I'm a trip to Australia.
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 {pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 289

Unit
145 Phrasal verbs 9 away/back
C o m p are a w a y and back:
a w a y - a w ay fro m ho m e b ac k = back ho m e
0 W e'r e g oin g a w a y on holid ay today. W e 'll be b ac k in three weeks.
a w a y = a w ay fro m a place, a person etc. b ac k = back to a place, a person etc.
C. T he w o m a n g ot into her car, starte d the a : I'm going o ut now.
engine and d r o v e a w a y . b : W h a t ti m e will yo u be b a c k?
1 I tried to ta k e a picture of t h e bird, but A ft er eatin g at a restaurant, w e w a l k e d

it f l e w a w a y . b ac k to our hotel.
I dropped th e tic k et and it b l e w a w a y in i've still got Jan e's keys. I f or got t o give
t h e wind. t h e m b ac k to her.
C j The police searched th e house and t o o k W h e n y o u'v e finished wit h t h a t book,
a w a y a co m puter. can yo u p u t it b ac k on t h e sh elf?
In t h e same w a y yo u can say: In th e sa m e w a y y o u can say:
w a l k a w a y , ru n a w a y , lo o k a w a y etc. go b ack, c o m e b ack, g e t back,
t a k e so m e thin g b ac k etc.
O t h e r verbs + a w a y
g e t a w a y = escape, le ave with d iffic u lty

C W e tried to catch th e thief, but she managed to g e t a w a y.
g e t a w a y w it h so m e thin g = do so m ethin g wrong w ith o u t being ca u g h t
o I parked in a no - parking zone, b ut I g o t a w a y w i t h it. I did n't have t o pay a fine.
k e e p a w a y (fr o m ...) = d o n't go n e ar
K e e p a w a y f r o m th e edge of t h e pool. You might fall in.
giv e so m e thin g a w a y = give it to so m ebody else b ecause y o u d o n't w a n t it a n y m ore
'Did yo u sell yo ur old co m p u t e r?' ‘No, I g a v e it a w a y . ’
p u t so m e thin g a w a y = p u t it in the p lace w here it is kept, usu ally out o f sig ht
W h e n th e children had finished playing wit h t h eir toys, t h ey p u t t h e m a w a y.
t h r o w so m e thin g a w a y = p u t it in the rubbish
I kept t h e letter, but I t h r e w a w a y t h e envelope.
O t h e r verbs + b ac k
w a v e b ack / s m il e b ac k / s h o u t b ac k / w r i t e b ac k / hit so m e b o dy b ac k
O ! wave d t o her and she w a v e d back.
ca ll / p h o n e / ri n g (so m e b o dy) b ac k = return a p h o n e ca ll
I ca n't talk t o you now. I'll c a ll yo u b ac k in ten minutes.
g e t b ac k t o so m e b o dy = re p ly to them by p hone etc.
I sent him an e mail, but he never g o t b ac k t o me.
l o o k b ac k (o n so m ethin g) = think a b o u t w h at h ap p en ed in the p ast
O M y first jo b was in a travel agency. I did n't like it very much at t h e ti m e but, l o o k in g b ac k
o n it, I learnt a lot and it was a very useful e x perience.
p a y b ac k m oney, p a y so m e b o dy b ac k
G If you b orrow m oney, yo u have to p a y it back.
O Thanks for lending m e th e money. I'll p a y you b ac k ne xt week.
Phrasal verbs 1 (G e n er al p oints) -> U n i t 137

)
Exercises
Loo k a t t h e pict ures a n d c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.
It was windy. ! dropped a Sue opened th e Letter, read it

She w ave d to him and he twenty - p o u n d n ote and it a n d ............................. in
wove *i back t h e envelope.
He tried to taLk t o her, but His shoes were worn out, so

she just . he ............................. .
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. Use a ve r b + a w a y or b ack.

1 I was a w a y all d ay yesterd ay. I got back very late.
I h ave n't seen our neighbours for a while. I thin k t h ey m ust
T m going out now.' ‘OK. W h a t ti m e will you .............. ?'
A man was tryin g to break into a car. W h e n he saw me, he
I smiled at him, but he did n't
If you ch e a t in th e e xam, you mig ht ............................... wit h it. But yo u might
get caught.
7 Be careful! That's an electric f e nce..................................... fro m it.
C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using a v er b in t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
1 The w o m a n g ot into her car, starte d t h e engine and d ro v e away.
2 Here's the m o n ey you n e e d................... me back wh e n yo u can.
3 D o n't ... t h a t box away. It could be useful.
4 Ja n e d oesn't do a nythin g at work. I d o n't k now h ow she ............ a w ay wit h it.
5 I'm going out now. I'l l ............................ back in a b o u t an hour.
6 You should thin k more a b o ut th e future; d o n't back all th e tim e.
7 G a ry is very generous. He wo n so me m o n ey in t h e lo tt ery and it all away.
8 I'll back t o you as soon as I have t h e infor m atio n you need.
C o m p le t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t h e ver b in b rac k e ts + a w a y or b ack.

1 a :Do yo u still have my k eys?
b : N o . D o n't yo u re m e m b er? I g<xve- them bode to you yesterd ay, (give)
2 a : Do yo u w a n t this maga z ine?
b : No, I've finished wit h it. You can (t hro w)

3 a : H o w are yo ur new je a n s? Do t h ey fit yo u O K?
b : N o , I'm going to ..... to t h e shop, (take)

4 a : Here's the m o n ey you asked me to lend you.
b: Thanks. I'l l .................................................... as soon as I can. (pay)

5 a :W h a t hap pened to all the books you used to h ave?
b : I did n't w a n t t h e m any more, so I ...... ........ ................ (give)
6 a : Did yo u phone Sara h?
b : She w as n't there, i left a message asking her to ... . (call)
A d d i t i o n a l e x ercises 37 - 41 (pages 3 2 3 - 2 5) 291

Appendix 1
Regular and irregular verbs
Re g u lar verbs
If a verb is regular, th e past si m ple and past participle end in -ed. For e x a mple:
in fin itiv e cle a n finish use p aint st o p ca rry

p a st sim p le
cl e a n e d finishe d use d p a in t e d st o p p e d ca rry
p a st p a rticip le f
For spelling rules, see A p p e n di x 6 .
For th e p ast sim ple (! cle a n e d / t h e y fin is h e d / she ca rrie d etc.), see U nit 5.
W e use th e p ast p articip le to make th e p erfect tenses and aLL t h e passive forms.
Pe rfe c t tenses (h av e / h as / h a d cleane d):
. I h a v e cl e a n e d t h e win d ows, [p re se n tp e rfe ct - see Units 7 - 8)
O T h ey w ere still working. T h ey h a d n't finis h e d , [p a st p e rfe ct - see U nit 15)
Passive (is clea n e d / w a s cle a n e d etc.):
O He w a s ca rrie d o ut of th e room, (p ast sim ple p assive)
see Units 4 2 - 4 4
3 This g ate h as j ust b e e n p ai n t e d , (prese nt p e rfe ct p assive)
Irre g u la r verbs
W h e n th e past sim ple and past participle do n o t end in - ed (for e x a m ple, I s a w / 1 h a v e se e n), the
verb is irre g ular.
W i t h so m e irregular verbs, all three forms (in finitive, p ast sim ple and p ast p a rticip le) are th e same.
For e x a mple, hit:
D o n't h it me. (in fin itive)
So m e b o d y h it me as I ca m e into the roo m, (p astsim p le)
Q I've never h it a ny b o d y in my life, (p ast p a rticip le - p rese n t p e rfe c t)
G eorg e was hit on th e head by a stone, (p ast p a rticip le - p assive)
W i t h o t h er irregular verbs, th e past simple is th e sa m e as t h e past participle (but diff ere nt fro m the
infinitive). For e x a mple, t e l l —> t o ld :
Can yo u t e l l me w h a t t o d o? (in fin itive)
She t o l d me to co m e back th e ne xt day. (p astsim p le)
Have yo u t o l d a ny b o d y a b o ut yo u r n e w j o b? (p ast p a rticip le - p re s e n t p e rfe c t)
I was t o l d t o co m e back t h e ne x t day. (p a st p a rticip le - p a ssiv e)
W i t h o th er irregular verbs, all three for ms are different. For e x a mple, w a k e - * w o k e / w o k e n :
O I'll w a k e yo u up. (in fin itive)
O I w o k e up in the mid dle of th e night, (p ast sim ple)
J The baby has w o k e n up. (p a s t p a rticip le - p re s e n t p e rfe c t)
O I was w o k e n up by a loud noise, (p ast p a rticip le - p assive)
The f ollowin g verbs can be regular or irregular:
b urn —$ burned or b urnt s m e ll —» s m elle d or s m elt

d r e a m —> d re a m e d or d r e a m t [dre m t]* s p e ll -> spelled or spelt
le a n leane d or le a n t [le nt]* spill —> spilled or spilt
le a rn —» learne d or le arnt sp o il —^ spoiled or sp oilt
p ro n u nciatio n
So yo u can say:
D I l e a n t o ut of th e win d ow, or I l e a n e d o ut of t h e win d ow.
Q The dinner has been sp oile d , or The dinner has been sp oilt.
In British English the irregular for m (b u r n t / l e a r n t etc.) is m ore usual. For A m erica n English, see
Appendi x 7.
292
A p pendix 1
List of irregular verbs
in fin itive p ast sim ple p a st p a rticip le in fin itive p a st sim p le p ast p a rticip le
be was / were been li g h t lit lit
beat beat beaten lose lost lost
b eco m e b eca m e b eco m e make made made
be gin began begun m ean meant m ea nt
bend bent bent m eet met m et
bet bet bet pay paid paid
b it e bit bitten put put put
blo w blew blown re a d read [red]* read [red]*
break broke broken rid e rode ridden
brin g brought brought ring rang rung
bro a dcast broadcast broadcast rise rose risen
b uild built b uilt ru n ran run
b u rst burst burst say said said
b uy bought bought see sa w seen
c a tc h cau ght cau ght se e k soug ht sought
choose chose chosen s e ll sold sold
co m e ca m e co m e sen d sent sent
cost cost cost set set set
cre e p crept crept sew sewe d sewn / sewed
cut cut cut sh a k e shook shaken
d eal dealt d ealt shin e shone shone
dig dug dug sh o o t shot shot
do did done sh ow showe d sh own / sh owe d
draw drew drawn shrin k shrank shrunk
drin k drank drunk sh u t shut shut
d rive drove driven sing sang sung
eat ate eat en sin k sank sunk
f a ll fell fallen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sl e e p slept slept
feel felt f elt slid e slid slid
fi g h t fou g ht fou g ht sp e a k spoke spoken
fin d found found sp e n d spent spent
fle e fled fled sp it spat spat
fly flew flown sp lit split split
f o r b id forbade forbid den sp rea d spread spread
forget forgot f orgott en sp rin g sprang sprung
f o r g iv e forgave forgiven st a n d stood stood
fre e z e froze frozen steal stole stolen
get got got / g ott en stic k stuck stuck
give gave given stin g stung stung
g° went gone stin k stank stunk
grow grew grown stri k e struck struck
hang hung hung swear swore sworn
have had had swee p swe pt swe pt
hear heard heard swi m swa m swu m
hid e hid hidden swin g swung swung
h it hit hit take too k taken
h old held held teach t au g h t ta u g ht
h urt hurt hurt tear tore torn
keep kept kept t e ll told told
k neel k nelt knelt t h in k t h ou g h t t h o u g ht
know k new known throw t hre w t hrown
la y laid laid u n d e rs t a n d understood u n derstood
le a d led led wake wok e wo k en
le a v e left left wear wore worn
le n d lent lent weep wept wept
le t let let win won wo n
lie lay lain w rit e wrot e writt e n
* pronunciation
Appendix 2
Present and past tenses
simple continuous
I do I am doing
present simple (—» Units 2 - 4) present continuous (—> Units 1, 3 - 4)
Ann often plays tennis. 'Wh e r e's A n n?' 'Sh e's playing tennis.'
I work in a bank, but I don't enjoy it Please d o n't disturb me now. I'm
much. working.
Do you like p arties? Hello. Are yo u enjoying t h e p arty?
It doesn't rain so m uch in su m mer. It isn't raining at th e m o m e nt.
present I have done I have been doing

perfect present perfect simple present perfect continuous
( - » Units 7 - 8,1 0 - 1 4) Units 9- 11)
Ann has played ten nis m a ny times. Ann is tired. She has been playing
tennis.
I've lost m y key. Have yo u seen it You're o ut of breath. Have you been
a nyw h er e? running?
H o w long have yo u and Sa m known H o w long have yo u been learning
each o t h er? English?
O a : Is it still raining? ft's still raining. It has been raining
b : N o , it has stopped. all day.
The house is dirty. I haven't cleaned it _ I haven't been feeling w ell recently.
for weeks. Perhaps I should go to t h e doctor.
I did I was doing

past simple (—> Units 5 - 6, 13 - 14) past continuous (—» U nit 6)
Ann played ten nis yest er d ay I saw Ann at th e sports centre

aftern o on. yesterd ay. She was playing tennis.
3 I lost my key a f ew days ago. C [ I dropped my key wh e n I was trying to
open th e door.
There was a film on T V Last night, but The televisio n was on, but we weren't
we didn't watch it. watching it.
W h a t did yo u do w h e n yo u finished O W h a t were yo u doing at this ti m e
work yest e r d a y? y e st e r d a y?
past I had done I had been doing

perfect past perfect (—» U n it 15) past perfect continuous (—» U n it 16)
O It w as n't her first ga m e of tennis. She Ann was tired yest er d ay evenin g
had played m a ny ti m es before. because she had been playing tennis
T h ey co uld n't get into t h e house in the afternoon.
because t h ey had lost t h e key.
The house was dirty because I hadn't Ja m e s decided to go to th e d octor
cleaned it for weeks. because he hadn't been feeling well.
For th e passive, see Units 42 - 4 4.
294
Appendix 3
The future
List o f fu tu re form s:
I'm leaving to m orrow. p rese n t contin uous —» Unit 19 A)

My train leaves at 9.30. p rese n t sim ple —> U nit 19B)
C J I'm going to leave to m orrow. (be) going to U nits 20, 23)
CD I'll leave t o m orrow. will - » U n its 21 - 23)
I'll be leaving to m orrow. fu tu re contin uous - > U nit 24)
I'll have left by this ti m e to m orrow. fu tu re p e rfe ct - » U n it 24)
I hope to see yo u before I leave to m orrow. p rese n t sim ple U nit 25)
Future actio ns
W e use t h e present co ntin u o us (I'm doing) for arrange m ents:

I'm Leaving to m orrow. I've g ot my plane tick et, (alre a d y planned and arranged)
'W h e n are t h ey getting m arrie d?' ‘O n 24 July.'
W e use t h e present si m ple (I leave / it leaves etc.) for ti m e ta bles, pro gra m m es e t c . :
My train leaves at 11.30. (accordin g t o th e ti m e t a ble)
O W h a t ti m e does th e film begin?
W e use (be) going to ... to say w h a t so m e b o dy has alrea dy decided t o do:
D I've decided n ot to st ay here a ny longer. I'm going to leave t o m orrow, [o r I'm leaving
t o m orro w.)
‘Your shoes are dirty.' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to clean t h e m.'
W e use w il l ('11) wh e n w e decide or agree to do so m et hin g a t t h e ti m e of speaking:
a : I d o n't w a n t you to stay here a ny longer.
b : OK. I'll leave t o m orrow. (B decides this at t h e ti m e of speaking)

T h at bag looks heavy. I'll help yo u wit h it.
I w on't tell a nyb o d y w h a t happened. I promise, (won't = will not)
Fu ture hap penings a n d situ atio ns
Most oft en we use will to talk a b o u t f ut ure happenings (‘so m e thin g will happen') or situations
(‘so m e thin g will be'):
O I d o n't t hin k Jo h n is ha p py at work. I thin k h e'll leave soon.
This ti m e ne xt ye ar I'll be in Ja p a n. Wh e r e will yo u be?
We use (be) going to w h e n th e sit u atio n n ow shows w h a t is going to happen in the fu tu re:
I ) Look at th ose black clouds. It's going to rain, (yo u can see th e clouds now)
Future co ntin u o us a n d fu tu re p e rfe ct
W ill be (d o)in g = will be in th e mid dle of (doing so m et hin g):

This ti m e ne x t w e e k I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on a beach or swim m ing in t h e sea.
W e also use will be -ing for fut ure actio ns (see U n it 2 4 C):
O W h a t ti m e will you be leaving t o m o rro w?
W e use will have (done) to say t h a t so m e thin g will alre a dy be co m ple t e before a ti m e in th e
future:
( ) I w o n't be here this ti m e to m orrow. I'll have alre a dy left.
W e use th e p rese n t (n o t will) aft er when/if/while/before etc. (see U nit 25):

I hope t o see yo u before I leave t o m orrow, (n o t before I will leave)
W hen you are in London again, co m e and see us. (n o t W h e n yo u will be)
O if w e don't hurry, w e'll be late.
295
Appendix 4
Modal verbs (can/could/will/would etc.)
This appendi x is a su m m ary of m o d al verbs. For more infor m atio n, see Units 21- 41.
C o m p are ca n / c o u ld etc. for actions:

ca n I ca n go o ut tonig ht. (= th ere is n othin g t o stop me)
C I c a n 't go o ut tonig ht.
co u ld I c o u ld go o ut to nig ht, but I'm not very keen.
I c o u l d n 't go o ut last night. (= I w a s n't able)
ca n or
m ay May | ^ ou1: t o n ig h t? (= do yo u allo w m e?)
w ill / w o n 't I think I'll g o o ut tonig ht.

I pro mise I w o n 't g o out.
wo uld I w o u l d go o ut tonig ht, but I have t o o much to do.
! pro mised I w o u l d n 't go out.
s h a ll S h a ll I go o u t t o n ig h t? (do yo u think it is a good id ea?)
s h o u ld or
ought to
o s h o u ld
ought to
g o o ut tonig ht. (= it wo uld be a good thin g t o do)
m ust I m u s t go o u t to nig ht. (= it is necessary)

G I m u s t n 't go o ut tonight. (= it is necessary t h a t I do n o t go out)
n e e d n't I n e e d n ’t g o o u t to nig ht. (= it is n ot necessary)
C o m p are c o u ld h a v e ... / w o u l d h a v e ... e t c . :
co u ld I co ul d h a v e g o n e o ut last night, but I decided to stay at home,

would I w o u l d h a v e g o n e o ut Last night, but I had t o o m uch to do.
sh o u ld or I s h o u ld
ought to
o | ought to
h a v e g o n e o ut last night. I'm sorry I didn't.
n e e d n't I n e e d n't h a v e g o n e o ut Last night. (= I w e n t out, but it was not necessary)
W e use w il l / w o u l d / m a y etc. t o say w h e t h e r s o m e t h i n g is p ossible, i m p ossible, pro b a ble,

c e rt ai n etc. C o m p are:
w ill o ‘W h a t ti m e w il l she be h ere?' ‘Sh e'll be here soon.'

would 0 She w o u l d be here now, but she's been delayed.
sh o u ld or Q Sh e < o u g h t t o | k0êre so o n - ( = * e x p ect she will be here soon)
ought to
m a y or m ay
m i g h t or o Sh e • m ig h t • be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible t h a t she is here)
co u ld c o u ld
m ust o Sh e m u st be here. I saw her co m e in.
c a n 't o She c a n 't possibly be here. I k now for cert ain t h a t she's a w a y on holiday.
C o m p are w o u l d h a v e ... I s h o u ld h a v e ... e t c . :
w ill She w i l l h a v e a rriv e d by now. (= before now)

wo uld She w o u l d h a v e a rriv e d earLier, but she was delayed.
sh o u ld or 0 , . . sh o ul d
I w o n d er wh ere she is. She - h a v e a rriv e d by now.
ought to ought to
m a y or m ay
m i g h t or She m ig h t h a v e arrive d . I'm not sure. (= it's possible t h a t she has arrived)
co u ld c o u ld
m ust She m u st h a v e a rriv e d by now. (= I'm sure - t here is no o th er possibility)
c a n 't Sh e c a n 't possibly h a v e a rriv e d yet. It's much to o early. (= it's im possible)
296
Appendix 5
Short forms (I'm / you've / didn't etc.)
In spoken English we usually say I'm / y o u 'v e / d i d n't etc. (sh ortform s or co n tractio ns) rat h er
than I a m / y o u h a v e / did n o t etc. W e also use these short forms in infor m al writin g (for
e x a mple, a lett er or message to a friend).
W h e n we writ e short forms, w e use an ap ostro p h e (') for th e missing le tt er(s):
I'm = I am yo u've = you have did n't = did not
List of short forms:

| '
'm = am I'm
's = is or has he's she's it's
're = are yo u're w e'r e t h ey're
'v e - have I've y o u'v e w e ’ve t h e y'v e
'11 = will I'll he'U she’ll y o u'll we'U t h e y'll
'd = wouLd or had I'd he'd she'd yo u'd we'd t h ey'd
's can be is or has:

0 She's ill. (= She is ill.)
She's gone away. (= She h as gone)
b ut l e t's = let us:
1 i Let's go now. (= Let us go)
'd can be w o u l d or had:
I'd see a d oct or if I were you. (= I w o u l d see)
I'd never seen her before. (= I ha d never seen)
W e use so m e of t h ese short forms (e s p e ci a lly's) aft er question words (w h o / w h a t etc.) and after
t h a t / t h e re / h e re :
w h o's w h a t's wh ere's h ow's t h at's there's here's w h o'll t h e re'll wh o'd
W h o 's t h a t w o m a n over t h er e? (= w h o is)
W h a t's h a p p e ne d? (= w h a t has)
Do yo u t hin k t h e r e 'U be m a ny people at th e p arty? (= th ere w ill)
W e also use short forms (es p ecia lly's) after a noun:
K a t h e ri n e's going o ut tonig ht. (= Kat herin e is)
M y b e st frie n d's j ust g ot married. (= My best friend has)
You ca n n ot use 'm / 's / 'r e / 'v e / '11 / 'd at th e end of a sente nce (because th e verb is stressed in this
position):
A r e you tir e d?' 'Yes, I a m .' (no£ Yes, I'm.)
Do yo u k now wh ere she is? (n o t Do you k now wh ere she's?)
N e g a tive short forms
is n't (= is not) d o n't ( = do not) h a v e n't (= have not)

a r e n't (= are not) d o e s n't (= does not) h a s n't (= has not)
w a s n 't (= was not) d i d n't (= did not) h a d n't (= had not)
w e r e n 't (= were not)
c a n't (= cannot) c o u l d n't (= could not) m u s t n't (= m ust not)

w o n 't (= will not) w o u l d n 't (= wo uld not) n e e d n't (= need not)
s h a n't (= shall not) s h o u ld n't (= should not) d a r e n't (= dare not)
N e g a tive short forms for is and a re can be:

he is n't / she is n't / it is n't or he's n o t / she's n o t / it's n o t
yo u a r e n't / w e a r e n 't / t h e y a r e n't or y o u'r e n o t / w e'r e n o t / t h e y'r e n o t
297
Appendix 6
Spelling
Nouns, verbs and a djectives can have th e f ollo win g endings:
noun + -s/ -es (plural) books ideas m a tch es
verb + -s/ - es (aft er h e / sh e / it) works enjoys w ash e s
verb + -ing w o r k in g e n joyin g w a s h in g
ver b + - ed worked e n joye d washed
a djective + - er (comparative) ch e a p er q uick er brig hter
a d j ective + - est (superlative) ch e a p est q uic k e st brig h test
a d j ective + - ly (adverb) ch e a p ly q uick ly b ri g h tly
W h e n w e use th ese endings, t h ere are so m e tim es changes in spelling. These changes are listed
below.
No u ns and verbs + -s/ ~es

The ending is - es w h e n the word ends in -s/ -ss/ -sh / -ch / - x:
bus / buses miss / misses w as h / w as h es
m a t c h / m a tc h e s se arch / se arch es b o x / bo x es
N o t e also:
p o t a t o / p o t a t o es to m ato / to m ato es
do / does go / goes
Wo r ds ending in -y (ba by, carry, e asy etc.)
If a word ends in a consonant* + y ( - by / - ry / - sy / - vy etc.)

y changes to ie before th e ending -s:
b a by / b a bies story / st ories co u n try / co u n tries secre tary / secret aries
h urry / hurries stu dy / stu dies a p ply / a p plies try / tries
y changes to i before t h e ending - ed:
hurry / hurrie d st u d y / stu die d a p ply / a p plie d try / trie d
y changes to i before th e endings - er and - est:
easy / e asier / e asiest h e avy / h e avier / h e aviest lucky / luc kier / luckiest
y changes to i before th e ending -ly:
e asy / e asily h e a vy / h e avily t e m p o ra ry / t e m p o ra rily
y does not change before -ing:

h u rryin g st u d yin g a p p lyin g tr yi n g
y does not change if th e word ends in a vowel* + y ( - ay / - ey / - oy / - uy):
p la y / p la ys / p la y e d m o n k e y / m o n k e ys e n j o y / e n j o ys / e n j o y e d b uy / b uys
An e x ce p tio n is: d a y / d a ily
N o t e also: p a y / p a id la y / l a i d s ay / s ai d
Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie)

If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before th e ending -ing:
die / d yin g lie / lyin g ti e / t y i n g
* a e i o u are vowel letters.

The o th er letters (b c d f g etc.) are consonant letters.
298
A p pendix 6
Wo r ds ending in -e (hope, dance, wid e etc.)
Verbs
If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing:
hope / hoping smile / smiling dance / dancing confuse / confusing
Exceptions are b e / b ein g
and verbs ending in - ee: see /seeing agree / agreeing
If a verb ends in -e, we add -d for th e past (of regular verbs):
hope / hoped smile / smiled dance / danced confuse / confused
Adjectives and adverbs

If an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for t h e co m p arative and superlative:
wi d e / wid e r / wi d e st la t e / la t e r / la t e st large / larger / larg est
If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before - ly in the adverb:
polite / politely e x tre m e / e x tre m ely a bsolute / absoluteLy
If an a djective ends in - le (si m ple, terrible etc.), th e a dverb en ding is - ply, - bly e t c . :
simple / simply t e rrib le / t e rrib ly re aso n a ble / re aso n a bly
J ) Doubling conson ants (st o p / st o p p in g / st o p p e d , w e t / w e t t e r / w e t t e s t etc.)

So m e ti m es a word ends in vowel + consonant. For e x a m ple:
st o p plan rub big wet thin prefer re gret
Before th e endings - ing / - ed / - er / - estJ we double the consonant at the end. So p —» pp, n —> nn etc.
For example:
stop P^ PP stop pin g stop p e d

plan n —> nn plannin g plan ned
rub b —> b b rubbing rubbed
big gg bigger biggest
wet t —^ t t w etter w ettest
thin n —> nn thin ner thin n est
If t h e word has more th a n one sylla ble (p re f er, b e gin etc.), w e dou ble th e co nson a nt at th e end
only if the final syllable is stressed:
preFER / preferring / preferred p erMIT / p er m ittin g / p er m itt e d
reGRET / regretting / regretted b eGIN / beginning
If th e final syllable is n ot stressed, w e do not double th e final consonant:
VISit / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed
H APp e n / happening / hap pened re MEM b e r / re m e m b erin g / re m e m b ere d
In British English, verbs ending in -I have -11- before -ing and - ed wh e th er th e final syllable is stressed
or not:
travel / travellin g / travelle d cancel / cancelling / cancelled
For A m erican spelling, see Appendix 7.
N ote that
we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (-rt, -Ip, - ng etc.):
st a rt / startin g / starte d help / helping / helped long / longer / longest
w e do not double th e final co nsonant if there are two vo w el letters before it (- oil, - eed etc.):
boil / boiling / boiled nee d / needing / needed e x plain / ex plaining / e x plained
ch e a p / ch ea p er / ch ea p est loud / Louder / Loudest q u ie t / q uieter / q uiet est
w e do not dou ble y or w at t h e end of words. (At th e end of words y and w are not consonants.)
stay / stayin g / staye d grow / growing n e w / n e w er / n e west
299
Appendix 7
A merican English
There are a f ew gra m m a tical differences b et we e n British English and A m erica n English:
Unit BRITISH A MERIC A N
7A -B T he p rese n t p e rfe ct or p ast sim ple can be The p rese n t p e rfe c t or p ast sim ple can be
and13A used for n e w or recent happenings. The used for n e w or rece nt happenings. The p ast
p rese n t p e rfe c t is more co m m o n: sim ple is more co m m o n:
I'v e l o s t my key. H a v e you se e n it? I lo st my key. Did yo u se e it?
(o r I l o s t my key. Did yo u se e it?) (or I've lost my key. H a v e you seen
n ?)
Sally isn't here. Sh e's g o n e out. Sally isn't here. She w e n t out.
The prese n t p e rfe ct or p ast sim ple can be The p rese n t p e rfe c t or p ast sim ple can be
used wit h j u s t, a lr e a d y and y e t. used wit h j u st, a lr e a d y and y e t.
The p rese n t p e rfe ct is more co m m o n: T he p ast sim ple is more co m m o n:
I'm not hungry. I've j u s t h a d lunch. I'm not hungry. I j u s t h a d lunch.
(o r I j u s t h a d lunch.) (o r I've j u s t h a d lunch )
a : W h a t ti m e is Mark leavin g? a : W h a t ti m e is Mark leavin g?
b : He's a lr e a d y le ft. b: He a lr e a d y le f t.
H a v e yo u fin is h e d yo u r work y e t ? Did yo u finish yo ur work y e t?
17C British speakers usually say: A m erica n speakers say:

h a v e a bath h a v e a shower t a k e a bath t a k e a shower
h a v e a break h a v e a holiday t a k e a break t a k e a vacatio n
21D W i l l or s h a ll can be used wit h I / we: S h a ll is unusual:

and 22D I w ill / s h a ll be late this evening. I w il l be late this evening.
S h a ll I ... ? and s h a ll w e ... ? are used to ask Sh o u l d I ... ? and sh o u ld w e ... ? are more
for a dvice e t c . : usual to ask for a dvice e t c . :
W h ic h w a y s h a ll w e g o? Wh ic h w a y s h o u ld w e g o?
28 British speakers use c a n 't to say t h e y believe A m erica n speakers use m u st n o t in this
so m ethin g is not probable: situation:
Sarah h asn't co n t act e d me. She c a n 't Sarah hasn't co nt act e d me. She m u st
have got my message. n o t have g o tt e n my message.
32 You can use n e e d n't or d o n 't n e e d to: N e e d n 't is unusual. The usual for m is d o n't
W e n e e d n't hurry. need to:
or W e d o n 't n e e d t o hurry. W e d o n't n e e d t o hurry.
34A -B A ft er insist, d e m a n d etc. yo u can use The su bju nctive is n or m ally used. Sh o u l d is
sh o uld: unusual aft er insist, d e m a n d e t c . :
I insisted t h a t he s h o u ld a p o lo gise. I insisted t h a t he a p olo gi z e.*
Ma ny people are d e m a n din g t h a t Ma ny p eo ple are d e m a n din g t h a t
so m ethin g s h o u ld be done a b o ut th e so m e thin g be d o n e a b o ut th e
proble m. proble m.
51B British speakers g e n erally use H a v e y o u ? / A m erica n speakers generally use Yo u h a v e? /

Is n 't s h e? e t c . : Sh e is n 't? e t c . :
a : Lisa isn't very w e l l today. a : Lisa is n 't v e r y w e l l t o d a y .
b: Is n't s h e? W h a t's wron g wit h her? b: Sh e is n 't? Wh a t's wro n g with h er?
70B A cc o m m o d a t i o n is usually uncounta ble: A c c o m m o d a t i o n can be co u nta ble:

There isn't enough a cc o m m o d a ti o n . There are n't enough a cco m m o d a tio n s.
* Ma ny verbs ending in -ise in British English (ap olo gise / org anise / sp ecialise etc.) are spelt wit h -ize
{apologi z e / organi z e / speciali z e etc.) in A m erican English.
300
A p pendix 7
U nit BRITISH A M ERIC A N

74 B to / in h o s p it a l (w it h o u t t h e): to / in t h e h o s pit al:
Three people were injured and taken G Three people were injured and taken
to h o s p it al. to t h e h o s p it al.
79C N o u ns like g o v e r n m e n t / t e a m / f a m ily etc. These nouns n or m ally take a singular verb in
can have a singular or plural verb: A m erica n English:
The t e a m is / are playin g well. O The t e a m is playin g well.
121B a t t h e w e e k e n d / a t w e e k e n d s: o n t h e w e e k e n d / on w e e k e n d s:
W i ll you be here a t t h e w e e k e n d ? W ill you be here o n t h e w e e k e n d ?
124D a t t h e front / a t th e back (of a group etc.): in t h e fro nt / in t h e back (of a group etc.):
Let's sit a t th e front (of th e cine m a). Let's sit in th e fro nt (of t h e m ovie
th ea ter).
131C d if f e r e n t fr o m or d if f e r e n t t o: d if f e r e n t fr o m or d if f e r e n t t h a n :
It was d if f e r e n t fr o m / t o w h a t I'd O It was d if f e r e n t f r o m / t h a n w h a t I'd
e x pected. e x pected.
137A British speakers use both ro u n d and aro u n d: A m erica n speakers use a ro u n d (n o t usually
O He turne d ro u n d, or ‘round'):
He turne d aro u n d . O He turned aro u n d .
137C British speakers use both f ill in and f ill o ut: A m erica n speakers use f ill o u t:
Can yo u f ill in this f o r m? or Can yo u f ill o u t this f or m?
Can yo u f ill o u t this f or m?
141B g e t o n = progress: A m erica n speakers do not use g e t o n in this

H o w are yo u g e t t i n g o n in yo u r new way.
jo b? A m erica n speakers use g e t a l o n g (wit h
g e t on (with so m e b o dy): so m e b o dy):
Richard g e ts o n w e ll wit h his new Richard g e ts a l o n g w ell wit h his new
neighbours. neighbors.
144D d o up a house e t c . : fi x up a house e t c . :

G T h at old house looks great n o w t h a t it O T h at old house looks great n o w t h a t it
has been d o n e up. has been fi x e d up.
Appendi x BRITISH A MERIC A N
1.3 The verbs in this section (b urn, s p e ll etc.) The verbs in this section are n or m ally regular
can be regular or irregular (b u rn e d or b urn t, (b urn e d , s p e ll e d etc.).
s p e ll e d or s p e l t etc.).
The past participle of g e t is g ot: The past participle of g e t is g o t t e n :
Your English has g o t m uch better. Your English has g o t t e n m uch better.
(= has b eco m e much b etter)
H a v e g o t is also an altern a tive t o h ave: H a v e g o t = have (as in British English):
I'v e g o t t w o brothers. (= I have t w o O i'v e g o t t w o brothers.
brothers.)
6.6 British spelling: A m erica n spelling:

tr a v e l —> trav ellin g / travelle d trav el — »travelin g / travele d
ca ncel —» ca ncellin g / ca ncelle d ca ncel —» ca ncelin g / ca ncele d
301
Additional exercises
These e xercises are divided into th e f ollo win g sections:
Present and past (U nits 1 - 6) Ex ercise 1

Present and past (U nits 1 - 14) Exercises 2 - 4
Present and past (U nits 1-17) Exercises 5 - 8
Past co ntin u o us and use d t o (U nits 6 , 1 8) Exercise 9
The future (U nits 19 - 25) Exercises 10 - 13
Past, present and future (U nits 1 - 25) Exercises 14- 15
Mo d al verbs (c a n / m u st / w o u ld etc.) (U nits 2 6 - 3 6) Exercises 16 - 18
if (co n ditio nal) (U nits 25, 3 8 - 4 0) Exercises 19-21
Passive (U nits 4 2 - 4 5) Exercises 22 - 24
Reported speech (U nits 47 - 4 8, 50) Exercise 25
- ing and t o . . . (U nits 5 3 - 6 6) Exercises 26 - 2 8
a / an and t h e (U nits 69 - 78) Exercise 29
Pronouns and d et er min ers (U nits 82 - 91) Exercise 30
A djectives and adverbs (U nits 9 8 - 1 0 8) Exercise 31
C o nju nctio ns (U nits 25, 38,112 - 118) Exercise 32
Prepositions (ti m e) (U nits 12,119 - 122) Exercise 33
Prepositions (position etc.) (U nits 123 - 128) Exercise 34
N o u n / a d jective + prep osition (U nits 129 - 131) Exercise 35
Verb + preposition (U nits 132 - 136) Exercise 36
Phrasal verbs (U nits 137 - 145) Exercises 37- 41
Present and past Units 1-6, Appendix 2
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m : p rese n t si m ple (I d o), p rese n t c o n ti n u o u s (I a m d o i n g), p ast

si m p le (I did) o r p ast co n ti n u o u s (I w a s d oin g).
1 W e can go o u t now. It i s n ’t rtxmmq (it / not / rain) a ny more.
2 Kat herin e w&s waik m q (w ait) for me w h e n I a rriv e d (I / a r riv e).
3 .. (I / get) hungry. Let's go and have so m e thin g to eat.
4 What (you / do) in y o ur spare ti m e? Do you have any h o b bies?
5 T he w e a t h e r was horrible wh e n ......................... .............. (w e / a r riv e). It was cold and
.................................. ... (it / rain) hard.
6 Louise usually . (ph on e) m e on Fridays, but
..................................... (she / not / p hone) last Friday.
7 a : W h e n I last saw y o u , ................................................... (yo u /thin k) of m ovin g to a n ew flat.
B: That's right, but in t h e end (I / decide) to stay wh ere I was.
8 Why .............................. (yo u / look) at me like t h a t? W h a t's th e m a t t e r?
9 It's usually dry here at this ti m e of th e y e ar..................................................(it / n ot / rain) much.
10 Sorry I'm Late. My phone (ring)t hre e ti m es while
(I / get) rea dy to go out.
11 Lisa was busy wh e n (w e / go) t o see her y e st e r d a y She had an e xam
t o d ay a n d (she / prepare) for it...............................................
(w e / not / w a n t) t o disturb her, so ... (we / n ot / stay) very long.
12 W h e n I first (t ell) Tom w h a t h a p p e n e d ,... ........................
(he / not / b elieve) m e ....... (he / thin k) t h a t .......................
(i / joke).
302
A d ditio nal e x ercises
Present and past Units 1-14, Appendix 2
1 Everythin g is going well. W e did n't have- / h ave n't had a ny proble ms so far.
( h ave n't had is co rre ct)
2 Lisa did n't go / h asn't gone t o work yesterday. She w a s n't feeling well.
3 Look! T h at man over th ere wears / is wearin g th e sa me sw e a t er as you.
4 I w e n t / have been to N e w Zealan d last year.
5 1did n't hear / h av e n't heard fro m less recently, i hope she's OK.
6 I w o n d er w h y la mes is / is being so nice to me today. He isn’t usualLy like th at.
7 Ja n e had a book open in fro nt of her, but she did n't read / w a sn't reading it.
8 I w asn't very busy. I did n't have / w a s n't having much to do.
9 It begins / It's beginning to get dark. ShaLL I turn on the lig h t?
10 A f t er finishing school, Ti m got / has got a jo b in a factory.
11 W h e n Su e heard th e news, she w as n't / hasn't been very pleased.
12 This is a nice restaurant, isn't it? Is this th e first ti m e yo u are / y o u'v e been h ere?
13 I need a n e w job. I'm doing / I've been doing th e sa m e jo b for t o o long.
14 A n n a has gone out.' ‘O h. has sh e? W h a t ti m e did she go / has she g o n e?'
15 'You look tired.' ‘Yes. I've played / I've been playing basketball /
16 W h e r e are you co ming / do yo u co m e fro m? Are yo u A m e rica n?
17 I'd like t o see Tina again. It's a long ti m e since I saw her / t h a t I did n't see her.
18 Ro b ert and Maria have been married since 20 years / for 20 ye ars.
C o m p l e t e e ach q u estio n using a s u it a b le verb.

1 a :I'm looking for Paul. H ave you se e n hi m?
b : Yes, he was here a m o m e n t ago.
2 a :W h y cUA you goto bed so early Last nig ht?

b : I was feeling very tired.
3 a : W h ere -. ............................................... ?
b : Just to th e shop at th e end of th e street. I'll be back in a f e w minutes.
4 a : TV e v e r y e v e n i n g ?
b: N o , o n l y if t h e r e 's s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l o n.
5 a : Your house is very beautiful. H o w long here?

b : N e a rly ten years.
6 a : H o w was yo u r h olid a y? a nice ti m e?

b : Yes, thanks. It was great.
7 a : Sarah rece n tly?

b : Yes, w e had lunch t o g e t h er a f e w days ago.
8 a : Can yo u describe t h e w o m a n yo u sa w? W h a t ..........

b : A red sw e a t er and black jeans.
9 a I'm sorry t o keep yo u waitin g.

: lon g?
b: N o , o nly a b o ut ten minutes.
10 a : H o w long yo u t o get to work in t h e m ornin g?

b : Usu ally a b o u t 45 minutes. It depends on th e traffic.
11 a : horse b ef ore? a
b : No, this is th e first ti m e. I'm a little nervous.
12 a : .... ... to th e Unite d St a t e s?

b : No, never, but I w e n t to Cana d a a f ew years ago.
303
A d ditional e x ercises
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e B's se n te nces.

1 a W h a t's th e n e w resta ura nt lik e? Is it g o o d?
:
b : I've no idea. I.ye n ever been there.
2 a : H o w w e ll do yo u k now Be n?
bV ery well. W e
: since w e were children.
3 a : Did you e njoy yo ur h olid ay?
b : Yes, it was really good. It's t h e best h olid ay .
4 a : Is David s t ill h e r e ?
b : No, I’m afraid he isn't. .. a b o ut ten min utes ago.
5 a : I li k e y o u r su it. I h a v e n 't s e e n it b e f o r e .
b: St's new. It's th e first ti m e . -. ...................
6 a : H o w did yo u cut yo u r k nee?
b : I slipped and fell wh e n ... tennis.

7 a : Do yo u ever go swi m m in g?
b : N o t these days. I h a v e n ' t ............. ......................................... a long time.

8 a : H o w oft en do yo u go t o t h e cin e m a?
b : Very rarely. It's nearly a y e ar ... ... t o th e cine ma.

9 a : I've b ought so m e n ew shoes. Do you liket h e m ?
b : Yes, t h ey're very nice. Wh ere .................... the m?
Present and past Units 1-17,110, Appendix 2
Pu t t h e ver b into t h e c o rr e c t f or m : p ast si m ple (I d id), p ast co n ti n u o u s (I w a s d oi n g), p ast

p e rf e c t (I h a d d o n e) or p ast p e r f e c t c o n ti n u o u s (I h a d b e e n d oi n g).
m SARAH
STATION
Yest er d ay afterno o n Sarah w e n t (go) to t h e station t o m e e t Paul. W h e n she

....................... (get) there, Paul (alre a d y / w ait)
for her. His train (arrive) early.
W h e n I got ho me, Ben (lie) on th e sofa. The T V was on, but

he . (n ot / w a tc h) it. H e ... (fall) asleep
and (snore) loudly. ! (turn) t h e TV
off and just th en he (wa k e) up.
304
Last n i g h t! ...... (j ust / go) to bed and .................. (read)

a book w h e n su d d e nly I (hear) a noise. I
(get) up to see w h a t it was, but I ............................ (n ot / see) a nything, so I
.............. (go) back t o bed.
B [chk kin| (W h e r e s mtj p a s s p o r t?) j AWPq rt
Lisa had to go t o N e w York last wee k, but she al m ost (miss) the
pLane. She (stand) in th e queue at th e check -in desk wh e n she
sud denly (realise) t h a t she (leave) her
passport at home. Fort u n a tely she lives near the airport, so she ... ... ... (have)
ti m e to take a taxi ho m e to g et it. She ... .... (get) back t o th e airport
j ust in ti m e for her flight.
D i d you h a v e Y e s , g r e a t .) f Come I m sorry,

c l good g a m e? . --------* h a v e ct d rin k . b u t ...
—
I (m e e t) Peter and Lucy yest er d ay as I ..................................

(wal k) through t h e park. T h ey . (be) to t h e sports ce ntre w h ere t h ey
(play) tennis. T h ey (go) to a cafe and
................................... (invite) me to join th e m, but I (arran ge)
t o m e e t a n o t h er friend and (n o t / have) time.
Ma k e se n t e n ce s fr o m t h e w o r d s in b rack ets. Pu t t h e v er b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m : p rese n t p e rf e ct

(I have done), p re se n t p e rf e c t co n ti n u o u s (I have been doing), p ast p e rf e ct (I had done) or p ast
p e rf e c t co n tin u o us (I had been doing).
1 A m a n d a is sitting on t h e ground. She's o ut of breath.
(she / run) Sh e h a s been ru n nin g,
2 Wh e re's m y bag? I left it un der this chair.
(so m e b o dy / ta k e / it) .................... ... .... ...
3 W e were all surprised wh e n Jess and Nick got married last year.
(t h ey / o nly / k now / each o t h er / a f ew wee ks)
4 It's still raining. I wish it wo uld stop.

(it / rain / all d ay) ... ...
5 Su d d e nly I wo k e up. I was confused and did n't k now wh ere I was.
(I / d rea m) ........................ .......................
305
A d ditional ex ercises
6 I w asn't hungry at lu nchti m e, so ! did n't have a nythin g to eat.

(I / have / a big breakfast) ....
7 Every y e ar Robert and Tina spend a f ew days at th e sa me h otel by th e sea.
(t h e y / go / th ere for years)
8 I've g ot a headache.
(1 / have / it / since I got up) ....................
9 N e x t m onth G ary is going t o run in a m arat ho n.
(he / train / very hard for it)
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
Sarah and Jo e are old friends. T h ey m e e t by chance at a train station.
sa r ah : Hello, Joe. (i) (I / not / see)

you for ages. H o w are y o u?
jo e: I'm fine. H o w a b o ut y o u?
( 2 ) .................................................................................. (yo u / look) good.
sa r a h : Thanks. You too.
SO, (3)........................................ (yo u / go) so m ew h ere or
(4) (yo u / m e et) so m e b o d y?
jo e : (5) .............................................. (t / go) to London for a business meeting,
sa r a h : O h. (6) (you / oft en / go) a w a y on business?
jo e: Q uit e often, yes. And y o u? W h e r e ( 7 )................................................. (yo u / g o)?
sa r a h : N o w h ere. (8) (I / m e et) a friend.
U n f o rt u n a t ely her train (9) ....................................... (be) d e l a y e d -
(10) (I / w ait) here for nearly an hour.
jo e: H o w are yo ur childre n?
sa r a h : T h e y ’re all fine, thanks. The yo u n g est (11) (just / start)
school.
jo e: H o w (12) (she / get) o n?
(13) ................ ......................... (she / like) it?
sa r a h : Yes, (14)..... (she / thin k) it's great.
jo e: (15) . (yo u / work) at the m o m e n t? The last ti m e I
(16) . ........... (speak) t o you, (17) .................................................
(yo u / work) in a travel agency.
sa r a h : T hat's right. U n f o rt u n a t e ly th e co m p a ny ( i s ) ... (go) out
of business a cou ple of m o nths aft er (19) (I / start) work
there, so (2 0 ) .... (I / lose) my job.
joe: And (21) ... ...................... (yo u / not / have) a job since t h e n?
sarah: N o t a p er m a n e nt job. (22 ) (I / have) a f ew t e m p o rary
jobs. By t h e way, (23 ) . (yo u / see) M a tt rec e n tly?
jo e: M a t t? He's in Canada.
sa r a h : Re ally? H o w long (24) ........ (he / be) in C a n a d a?
jo e: A b o ut a y e ar now. (25) (I / see) him a f ew days before
(26) ...... (h e / g o ). (27) ........................................ (he / be)
u n e m ploye d for m onths, so (28) (he / d ecide) t o try his
luck so m ew h ere else. (2 9 ) ... (he / really / look forward)
t o going.
sa r a h : So, w h a t (3 0 )......... ... (he / do) t h er e?
jo e: I have no idea. (31) (I / not / hear) fro m him since
(3 2)....... .......................... (he / leave). A nyway, I have to go and catch my train.
It was really nice t o see you again.
sa r a h : Y o u too. Bye. H ave a good trip.
jo e: Thanks. Bye.
306
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e m o st s u it a b le f or m .
1 W h o ................................... (invent) the bicycle?
2 ‘ D o y o u still have a h e a d a ch e?' 'N o, (i t / g o ). I'm O K now.'
3 I was t h e last to leave t h e office last night. Everyb o dy else . (go)
h o m e wh e n I .......................... (leave).
4 What .................................... (yo u /do)last w e e k e n d? ......................................
(yo u / go) a w a y?
5 I like yo ur car. H o w l o n g (yo u / have) it?
6 It's a sha m e th e trip was cancelle d. I (loo k) forward t o it.
7 j a n e is an e x perienced t e ac h e r and loves her job. (s h e / t e a c h)
f or 15 years.
8 .................. (I / buy) a new jac k e t last week, but ..................................
(I / not / we ar) it yet.
9 A f ew days ago ... (I / see) a man at a p arty wh ose face (be)
v ery familiar. A t first I co uld n't thin k w h e r e .............................................................. (I /see)
him before. Then su d d e nly (I / re m e m b er) w h o (i t / b e ).
10 (yo u / hear) of A gatha C hristie? (she / be)
a w rit e r w h o ..................... (die)in1976................................. (she / w rit e)
more than 70 d e t ective novels. ........................................ (yo u / read) a ny of t h e m ?
11 a : W h a t (this word / m e a n)?
b : I've no id e a......................... (I / never / see) it before. Look it up in the
dictionary.
12 a : . . (yo u / get) t o th e th e a tre in ti m e for t h e play last nig ht?
b : No, we were late. By th e ti m e we g ot there,
(it / alrea dy / start).
13 I w e n t t o Sarah's roo m and ... (k nock) on t he door, but t here
......................................... (be) no answer. Eit h er . (s h e / g o) out
or . . .... (she / not /w a n t) to see anyone.
14 Patrick asked m e h o w to use th e p h o t oco pier..................................... (h e / n e v e r /
use) it before, so (he / not / k now) w h a t t o do.
15 Lisa ................................. (go) for a swi m after work yesterday.
.... ... (she / need) so m e exercise because
(she / sit) in an office all d ay in front of a co m p uter.
Past continuous and used to U n it s 6 ,1 8
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e p ast co n tin u o us (w a s / w e r e - ing) or us e d t o ... . Use t h e ver b

in brack ets.
1 I h ave n't been to th e cine m a for ages now. W e u s e d to go a lot. (go)
2 Ann did n't see me w a ve to her. She W M Looking in th e o t h er direction, (look)
3 I a lot, but I d o n ’t use m y car very much these days, (drive)
4 I asked t h e taxi driver t o slow down. She . . t o o fast, (drive)
5 Rose m ary and Jo n a t h a n m e t for t h e first ti m e wh e n t h ey .................................... in t h e sa me
bank, (work)
6 W h e n I was a child, I ..................... a lot of bad dreams. (have)
7 I w o n d er w h a t Jo e is doing th ese days. He ... in Spain wh e n I last
heard fro m him. (live)
8 'W h e r e were you yest er d ay a ft e r n o o n?' 'I volley b all.' (play)
9 ‘Do yo u do a ny sp orts?' ‘N o t th ese days, but I volley b all,' (play)
10 Georg e looked very nice at t h e party. He a very sm art suit, (w ear)
307
Units 19-25, Appendix 3
W h a t do y o u s a y t o y o u r frie n d in t h e s e sit u a ti o n s? Use t h e w o r d s give n in b rac k e ts. Use t h e

p rese n t c o n ti n u o u s (I a m d oi n g), g oin g t o or w i l l (I'll).
1 You have m ad e all yo u r h olid ay arrange m ents. Your d estin ation is Ja m aica.
f r i e n d : H ave yo u decided w h ere to go for y o ur h olid ay y e t?
y o u: i >rYi gowg to Joumtxicci. ( I / g o)
2 You have m a d e an a p p oin t m e n t wit h t h e d e ntist for Friday morning.

f r i e n d : Sh all w e m e et on Friday m ornin g?
y o u: i ca n't on Frid ay..................................... ........................................... (I / go)
3 You and so m e friends are planning a h olid ay in Spain. You have decided to hire a car, but you
h ave n't arranged this yet.
f r i e n d : H o w do you plan to travel round Sp ain? By train?
y o u : No, (w e / hire)
4 Your friend has t w o yo u n g children. She wa n ts to go o ut t o m orro w evening. You offer to look
aft er the children.
f r i e n d : I w a n t t o go o u t t o m o rro w evening, but I d o n't have a babysitter.
y o u: That's no pro ble m ............... (I / look after)
5 You have alrea dy arranged to have lunch wit h Sue to m orrow.

f r i e n d : Are yo u free at lu nchti m e t o m o rro w?
y o u: No, (have lunch)
6 You are in a restaurant. You and yo u r friend are looking at th e menu. May b e yo ur friend has
d ecided w h a t to have. You ask her / him.
y o u: What ... ? (you / have)
f r i e n d : I d o n't know. I ca n't make up my mind.
7 You and a friend are reading, it's g ettin g a bit dark and yo u r friend is having trou ble reading.
You decide to turn on th e light.
f r i e n d : It's g ettin g a bit dark, isn't it? It's difficult to read.
y o u: Yes. ... (I /turn on)
8 You and a friend are reading. It's g ettin g a bit dark and yo u decide to turn on th e Light.
You stand up and walk towards th e light switch.
f r i e n d : W h a t are y o u d oin g?
y o u :
Pu t t h e verb in t o t h e m o st s u it a b le f or m . Use a p re se n t t e n s e (si m p le or c o n ti n u o u s), w i l l (I'll)

or s h a ll.
C onversation 1 (in the m ornin g)
je n n y : (1) A r e you dounq (yo u / do) a nythin g t o m o rro w evening, H e le n?
H e l e n : No, w h y?
j e n n y : Well, wo uld you Like t o go t o th e cin e m a? Stran g ers on a Pla n e is on. I w a n t t o see it, but I
d o n't w a n t t o go alone.
h e l e n : OK, (2) (I / co m e) wit h you. W h a t ti m e
(3) (we / m e e t)?
j e n n y : Well, t h e film (4) (start) at 8.45, so
(5) . .......... (I / m e et) yo u at a b o ut 8.3 0 outsid e t h e cin e ma, O K?
h e l e n : Fine. (6) (I / see) Tina later this evening.
(7) (t / ask) her if she wa n ts t o co m e t o o?
j e n n y : Yes, do th at, (a) (I / see) yo u t o m orro w then. Bye.
30 8
C o nversatio n 2 (la t e r the sam e d ay)

helen : Je n n y and I (9) (go) t o th e cin e m a t o m orro w night to see
Stran g ers on a Plan e. W h y d o n't yo u co m e t o o?
t in a : t'd love t o co me. W h a t ti m e (10) (th e film / st a r t)?
h e l e n : 8.45.
t in a : (11) (yo u / m e et) outsid e t h e cin e m a?

h e l e n : Yes, at 8.30. Is t h a t O K for y o u?
t in a : Yes, (12) (I / be) there at 8.30.
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e m ost s u it a b le f or m. So m e t i m e s t h e r e is m ore t h a n o n e p ossibility.
1 A has d ecid e d to learn a language.

a : I've decided to try and learn a foreign language.
b : H ave y o u? W h ic h language (1) are you qounq to iearn (yo u / le a rn)?
a : Spanish.
b : (2) ............................. .... .... (yo u / do) a co urse?
a : Yes, (3 )..... ........... (it / start) ne xt week.
b : T hat's great. I'm sure (4) (you / e njoy) it.
a : I hope so. But I thin k (5) (it / be) difficult
2 A w ants to k now a b o u t B's h olid ay plans.

a : I h e a r (1) .................... (y o u / g o) o n h o li d a y s o o n .
b: T h a t's ri g h t. (2) (w e / g o) t o F i n l a n d .
a : I h o p e (3) (y o u / h a v e ) a n ic e t i m e .
b: T h a n k s. (4) ......... ...................... ....(I / s e n d ) y o u a p o s t c a r d a n d
(5) (I / g e t) in t o u c h w i t h y o u w h e n
(6) (I / g e t) b ac k .
3 A invites B to a p arty.
a : (1) (I / h a v e ) a p a r t y n e x t S a t u r d a y . C a n y o u c o m e ?
b: O n S a t u r d a y ? I'm n o t sure. S o m e f ri e n d s o f m i n e (2) .................................................. (c o m e )
t o s t a y w i t h m e n e x t w e e k , b u t I t h i n k (3) (t h e y / l e a v e )
b y S a t u r d a y . B u t if (4) (t h e y / b e) s t ill h er e,
(5) .................... ( [ / n o t / b e) a b l e t o c o m e t o t h e p a r t y .
a : O K . W e l l , t e ll m e as s o o n a s (6) (y o u / k n o w ).
b: Ri g h t . (7) (I / c a ll) y o u d u ri n g t h e w e e k .
4 A a n d B are tw o secre t ag ents arran gin g a m eeting. They are talkin g on the phone.
a : W e l l , w h a t t i m e (i) (w e / m e e t )?
b: C o m e t o t h e c a f e b y t h e s t a t i o n a t 4 o'c l o c k .
(2) (I / w a i t ) for yo u
w h e n (3) (y o u / a r r iv e).
(4 ) (! / si t) b y t h e w i n d o w
a n d (5) (I / w e a r) a b r i g h t g r e e n s w e a t e r .
a : O K. (6) .... (A g e n t 3 0 7 / c o m e) t o o ?
b: N o , s h e c a n 't b e t h e r e ,
a : O h. ( 7 ) ................. (I / b rin g) t h e d o c u m e n t s ?
b: Yes. (8) . (I / e x p l a i n ) e v e r y t h i n g w h e n
(9 ) ........................................ (I / s e e) y o u . A n d d o n 't b e la t e ,
a : O K. (1 0)................... .................... (I / t r y) t o b e o n t i m e .
309
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f o r m . C h o o se fr o m t h e f o ll o w in g :
present continuous (I a m d oin g) w i l l ('11) / w o n 't
present simple (I d o) w il l be d oin g
g oin g t o (I'm g oin g t o d o) s h a ll
1 I feel a bit hungry. I thin k (I / have) so m e thin g t o eat.

2 W h y are yo u p uttin g on yo ur c o a t? ................................................. (you /go) so m e w h ere?
3 W h a t t i m e ............... (I / p hone) yo u t o n ig h t? A b o ut 7.30?
4 Look! T h at plane is flyin g t owards the airport. (i t / l a n d ).
5 W e m ust do so m ethin g soon, b e f o r e ................ .... (it / be) t o o late.
6 I'm sorry y o u'v e decided to leave th e co m p a ny.............. ........................... (I / miss) you
wh e n (y o u / g o ).
7 ... . (I / give) yo u m y p hone n u m b er? If ....
(I / give) yo u m y n u m b e r ,.................. ........ (you / call) m e?
8 Are you still wa tchin g t h a t p ro gra m m e? W h a t ti m e .............. (i t / e n d )?
9 (I / go) to a we d din g ne xt wee k e n d. A friend of mine
. (get) married.
10 I'm not ready yet. (I / t ell) yo u whe n
(I / be) ready. I pro mise (I / n ot / be) very long.
11 a : W h e r e are you goin g?
b : T o th e hairdresser's. (I / have) my hair cut.

12 She was very rude to me. I refuse to speak to her again until . .. .. ......
(she / a pologise).
13 I w o n d er w h ere (we / live) te n ye ars fro m n o w?
14 W h a t do yo u plan to do wh e n . (yo u / finish) yo u r course at
colle g e?
Past, present and future U n its 1 -2 5
U s e y o u r o w n i d e a s t o c o m p l e t e B's s e n t e n c e s .
1 a : H o w did t h e a c c i d e n t h a p p e n ?
b : I WM t o o f a s t a n d c o u l d n 't s t o p in t i m e .
2 a : Is t h a t a n e w c a m e r a ?
b : N o , I it a lo n g t i m e .
3 a : Is t h a t a n e w c o m p u t e r ?
b : Yes, I it a f e w w e e k s a g o.
4 a : I c a n ’t t a l k t o y o u r i g h t n o w . Y o u c a n s e e I'm v e r y b usy.
b : O K. I . ... b a c k in a b o u t h a l f a n h o u r.
5 a : T h is is a n ic e r e s t a u r a n t . D o y o u c o m e h e r e o f t e n ?
b : N o , it's t h e f irs t t i m e I h er e.
6 a : D o y o u d o a n y s p o r t?
b : N o , I ......... f o o t b a l l , b u t I g a v e i t u p .
7 a : I'm s o r r y I'm la t e .
b : T h a t's O K . I .. lo n g.
8 a : W h e n y o u w e n t t o t h e U S l a s t y e a r , w a s it y o u r f ir s t v i s i t ?
b : No, 1 ..... ............................... t h e r e t w i c e b e f o r e .
9 a : D o y o u h a v e a n y p la n s f o r t h e w e e k e n d ?
b : Yes, I . t o a p a r t y o n S a t u r d a y n ig h t.
10 a : D o y o u k n o w w h a t S t e v e 's d o i n g t h e s e d a y s?
b : No, I ................................................... h i m f o r a g es.
11 a : W i l l y o u s t ill b e h e r e b y t h e t i m e I g e t b a c k ?
b : N o , I ................................................. . by then.
310
Ro b e rt is t r a v e lli n g in N o r t h A m e rica . H e se n ds
an e m a il t o a frie n d in Wi n n i p e g (C a n a d a). Pu t
t h e ver b in t o t h e m o st s u it a b le f or m .
o r\ d CD
fa *'& ' —
V \/
Delete Junk Reply Reply All Forward Print To Do
Subject:
To:
Hi
(l) i ve j u s t a rriv e d (I / j u s t / a r r i v e ) in Min n e a p o lis. (2) ..
(I / t r a v e l) f o r m or e t h a n a m o n t h n o w, a n d (3) .. ......................(I / b e g in) to
t h in k a b o u t co m in g h o m e . Ev e r y t h i n g (4) (I / s e e) so f a r
(5) (b e ) re a lly in t e re stin g , a n d (6) (I / m e e t)
s o m e r e a lly kind p e o p le.
(7) .. (I / l e a v e ) K a n s a s C it y a w e e k a g o. (8) ...

(I / s t a y) t h e r e wit h E m ily, t h e a u n t o f a frie n d fro m co ll e g e . S h e w a s r e a lly h elpf ul a n d
h o s p it a b le a n d alt h o u g h (9) .... (I / p la n) to s t a y o n ly a c o u p le of
d a ys, (10) (I / e n d u p) st a yi n g m o r e t h a n a w e e k .
(11) (I / e n j o y) t h e j o u r n e y fro m K a n s a s C it y to h e r e.
(12) (I / t a k e) t h e G r e y h o u n d b us a n d (13) ( m e e t)
s o m e r e a lly i n t e r e stin g p e o ple - e v e r y b o d y w a s r e a lly frie n dly.
So n o w I'm h er e, a n d (14) (I / s t a y) h e r e f o r a f e w d a ys b e f ore

(15) (I / c o n ti n u e) up to C a n a d a . I'm n o t s u r e e x a c t ly w h e n
( 1 6 ) ................. (I / g e t) to Wi n n i p e g - it d e p e n d s w h a t h a p p e n s w h il e
(17) . (I / b e) h e r e . B u t ( i s ) (I / l e t) yo u
k n o w as so o n as (19) (I / k n o w) m yself.
(20) ............... (I / s t a y) wit h a fa m ily h ere - t h e y'r e frie n d s of so m e

p e o ple I k n o w a t h o m e. T o m orro w ( 2 1 ) (w e / visit) so m e p eo ple
t h e y k n o w w h o (22) (b u ild) a h o use in t h e m o u n t ain s. I t isn't
finishe d y e t, b ut (23) .... (it / b e) in terestin g to s e e w h a t it's like.
A n y w a y , t h a t's all f o r n ow. (24) (I / b e) int o uc h a g a in so o n.
Ro b e rt
Modal verbs (can/must/would etc.) U n its 2 6 -3 6 , A p p e n d ix 4
W h ic h a lt e r n a tiv e s are c o rr e c t? So m e t i m e s o n ly o n e a l t e r n a t iv e is c o rr e ct, and s o m e ti m e s t w o

o f t h e a lt e r n a tiv e s are possible.
1 ‘W h a t ti m e will you be h o m e t o n i g h t?’ T m not sure. I late.'
@ m a y be (B)m ig ht be C can be (b oth A an d B are co rrect)
2 I ca n't find t h e t h e a tre tickets. T h ey ... o u t of my pocket.
A m ust have fallen B should have fallen C h a d to fall
3 So m e b o d y ran in front of t h e car as I was driving. F ort u n a tely I .. j ust in time.
A could stop B could have stop ped C managed t o stop
4 W e'v e g ot ple nty of ti m e. W e yet.
A m ust n't leave B n e e d n't leave C d o n ’t need to leave
311
5 I ...... o ut but I did n't feel like it, so ! staye d at ho me.

A could go B could have gone C m ust have gone
6 I'm sorry I co m e t o yo ur p arty last wee k.
A co uld n't co m e B co uld n't have co m e C w a s n't able to co m e
7 ‘W h a t do yo u thin k of my t h e o ry?' T m not sure. You right.’
A could be B m ust be C mig ht be
8 I co uld n't w a it for you a ny longer. I ............................... , and so I we nt.
A m ust go B m ust have gone C had to go
9 'D o yo u k now wh ere Sarah is?’ 'No. I suppose she ...................... shopping.’
A should have gone B m ay have gone C could have gone
10 A t first t h ey did n't believe me w h e n I t old t h e m w h a t had happened, but in t h e end
I ............. t h e m t h a t I was tellin g t h e truth.
A was able to co nvince B m anage d to co nvince C could co nvince
11 I pro mised I’d call G a ry this evening. I ............................ .
A m ust n't f orget B n e e d n't forget C d o n't have t o forget
12 W h y did yo u leave w it h o u t m e? You form e.
A m ust have w ait e d B had to w a it C should have waite d
13 Lisa called me and suggested Lunch together.
A we have B w e should have C to have
14 You look nice in t h a t jack et, but you hardly ever w e ar it .................................. it more often.
A You'd b ett er w e a r B You should w e ar C You ought t o w e ar
15 Sh all I buy a car? W h a t's y o u r a d vice? W h a t ?
A will you do B wo uld yo u do C shall yo u do
C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 D o n't p hone t h e m now.
T h ey be Hctvmg lunch, (mig ht / have )
2 I've eat e n t o o much. N o w I feel sick.
I so much, (sh o uld n't / eat)
3 I w o n d er w h y To m did n't p hone me.
H e ............................................................................... (m ust / forget)
4 W h y did yo u go ho m e so e arly?
You h o m e so early, (n e e d n 't / g o)
5 Yo u've signed th e co ntract.
I t ........................................................................... now. (c a n't / change)
6 'W h a t's Linda d oin g?' T m n ot sure.'
She ....... TV. (m a y / w a tc h)
7 Laura was stan ding outsid e th e cine ma.
She for so m e bo dy, ( m u s t / w a i t)
8 He was in prison a t t h e ti m e t h a t t h e crime was co m m itte d.
He it. (co u ld n't / do)
.
9 W h y w e re n't you here e arlier?

You .................... ... ..... ... here earlier, (ou g ht / be)
10 W h y did n't you ask me to help y o u?
I you. (wo uld / help)
.
11 I'm surprised yo u w e r e n't told t h a t th e road was dangerous.

You ................................ ................... a b o u t it. (should / warn)
12 G ary was in a strange m ood yesterd ay.
H e ............................................. very well, (mig ht not / feel)
312
C o m p l e t e B's s e n t e n c e s using can/could/m ight/m ust/should/w ould + t h e ver b in brack ets. In

so m e s e n t e nc es y o u nee d t o use have: m ust have ... / should have ... e tc. In so m e s e n t e nc es
y o u n e e d t h e n e g a tiv e (can't/couldn't e tc.).
1 a: i'm h u n g r y .
b : But y o u'v e j ust had lunch. You c W t be hungry already, (be)
2 a : I h ave n't seen our neighbours for ages.
b : No. T h ey m u st H a v e gone away, (go)
3 a: W h a t's th e w e a t h e r like? Is i t raining?
b: N o t a t th e m o m e nt, but it .... Later, (rain)
4 a: Wh e re's Ju li a?
b : I'm not sure. Sh e ............................. ..................... out. (go)
5 a: I did n't see yo u at Michael's p arty last wee k.
b : N o J had to work t h a t night, so I . (go)
6 a: I thin k I saw yo u at Michael's p arty last week.
b: No, yo u ........................................... me.Idid n't go t o Michael's party, (see)
7 a: W h a t ti m e will w e get to Sue's ho use?
b : WelL, it takes a b o u t one and a half hours, so i f w e leave at 3 o'clock, we
.......................................................... th ere by 4.30. (get)
8 a: W h e n was th e last ti m e y o u saw Bill?
b: Years ago. I h i m i f I saw h i m now. (recognise)
9 a: Did yo u hear th e e x plosion?

b: W h a t e x plosion?
a: There was a loud e x plosion a b o u t an hour ago. You it. (hear)
10 a: W e w e r e n't sure which w a y to go. In th e end w e turne d right.
b: You w e n t t he wro n g way. You ..................................................... left, (turn)
if (conditional) U n its 25, 3 8 - 4 0

w
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m .
1 If you fou n d, a w a ll e t in th e street, w h a t wo uld yo u do wit h it?(y o u / f i n d )
2 I m ust hurry. My friend will be a n noye d if I’m n o t on time. (I / n o t / b e )
3 I did n't realise t h a t G a ry was in hospital. If I d .. k n o wn. he was in hospital, I wo uld have gone
to visit him. (I / k now)
4 If th e phone . ............. , can yo u a nswer it? (ring)
5 I ca n't decide w h a t t o do. W h a t wo uld yo u do i f ... .... in m y p ositio n?
(yo u / be)
6 a : W h a t shall w e do t o m o rr o w?
b : Well, if a nice day, we can go to the beach, (it / be)
7 a : Let's go t o t he beach.
b : No, it's t o o cold. I f ............ war m er, I w o u ld n't mind going, (it / be)
8 a : Did yo u go to t h e beach y e st e r d a y?
b : No, it was t o o cold. If war m er, w e mig ht have gone, (it / be)
9 If .... enough m o n ey t o go a nyw h ere in th e world, wh ere w o uld yo u g o?
(yo u / have)
10 I'm glad w e had a map. I'm sure w e wo uld have g ot lost if
one. (w e / not / have)
11 The accid e nt was y o u r fault. If .............................................. m ore carefully, it w o u ld n't
have happened, (yo u / drive)
12 a : W h y do yo u read n ewsp a p ers?
b : Well, i f ................................ ... newspapers, I w o u ld n't k now w h a t was hap pening
in t h e world. (I / n o t / r e a d )
313
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces.
1 Lisa is tired all th e time. She sh o uld n't go t o bed so late.
If Lisa d l d n t g o to bed so late, she w o u l d n't be tired all th e time.
2 It's g ettin g late. I d o n't thin k Sarah will co m e t o see us now.
I'd be surprised if Sarah ... .. to see us now.
3 I'm sorry I disturbed you. I did n't k now yo u were busy.
If you were busy, I ... .... ..... you.
.
4 I d o n't w a n t t h e m t o be upset, so I've decided n ot t o t ell t h e m w h a t happened.
upset if I t h e m w h a t happened.
5 The dog attack e d you, but o nly because yo u frightened it.
If y o u ................................................... th e dog, it ........................................................ you.
6 U n f o rt u n a t e ly I did n't have an u m brella and so i g ot very w e t in t h e rain.
I so w e t if ... an u m brella.
7 Martin failed his driving test. He was very nervous and t h at's w h y he failed.
If he so nervous, he ................... t h e test.
Use y o u r o w n id eas t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces.

1 I'd go o ut to nig ht i f ............................................. ..................................................
2 I'd have gone o ut last night if .............................................................................................
3 If you h a d n't re minded me, . .............. .......
4 If I had my ca m era, ... ......................
5 If yo u give m e th e ca mera, ......... .................. .............
6 W h o wo uld yo u phone if
7 W e w o u ld n't have been late if
8 If I'd been able to get a tick et, ...................... .........................................................
9 If I'd done b e tter at th e interview,
10 You w o u l d n't be hungry n o w if .
11 Cities wo uld be nicer places if .......................................................................................
12 If t h ere was no TV, . .. ..............................................................
Units 42-45
Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e m o st s u it a b le p assive f or m .
1 T h ere ’s so m e b o d y behind us. I thin k w e r e being - followed (w e / f o ll o w ).
2 A m yst ery is so m e thin g t h a t c a n ’t be e x p la in e d (c a n ’t / e x plain).
3 W e did n't play f o o t b all yest er d ay. The g a m e ................................ (ca ncel).
4 The T V (repair). It's working again now.
5 In th e mid dle of th e village th ere is a church which . (restore)
at th e m o m e nt. The work is al m ost finished.
6 The t o w e r is t h e old est part of th e church. ...... (it / believe) t o be
over 6 0 0 years old.
7 If I did n't do my jo b properly, (i / w ould / sack).
8 a :I left a newsp a p er on t h e desk last night and it isn't there now.
b : ... (it / mig ht / t hro w) away.

9 i learnt t o swim wh e n I was very y o u n g ............................ ... (I / t e ach) by my
mother.
10 After (arrest), I was tak en to th e police station.
11 ‘ (yo u / ever / a rre st)?' ‘No, never.'
12 Two p eo ple ....... (re p ort) t o . . .. (injure)
in an e x plosion at a fact ory in Bir min g h a m early this morning.
314
O Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e c t f or m , a ctiv e or passive.

1 This house is q uite old. It W M b u ilt (build) over 100 years ago.
2 My gran dfat her was a builder. He b u ilt (build) this house m a ny ye ars ago.
3 'Is yo u r car still for sale?' ‘ No, I (sell) it.'
4 a : Is th e house at th e end of th e stre et still for sale?
b : N o , it ............................. (sell).
5 So m e ti m es mistak es ... ............ (ma k e). It's inevitable.
6 ! w o u l d n't leave yo u r car unlocked. It. ............................................... (mig ht / steal).
7 My bag has disappeared. It ............................. (m ust / steal).
8 I ca n't find my hat. So m e b o d y (m ust / ta ke) it by mistake.
9 It's a serious proble m. I d o n't k n ow h o w it (can / solve).
10 W e did n't leave early enough. W e ..... ............ (should / leave) earlier.
11 N e a rly every ti m e I travel by plane, my flight ......................................... (delay).
12 A new bridge .............. ...... (build) across th e river. Wo r k starte d last ye ar
and th e bridge .. (e x pect) to open ne x t year.
Rea d t h e s e n e w s p a p e r re p orts a n d p u t t h e ver bs in t o t h e m o st s u it a b le f or m .
CD Castle Fire ROAD DELAYS f

Wi n t o n Castle (1) ,!NM dxuvcujecL (d a m a g e) Repair work starte d yest er d ay on t h e
in a fire last night. The fire, which Pa x h a m - Lo n g wort h road. The road
(2) ................................... (discover) at a b o ut (1) ................................................. (resurface)
9 o'clock, spread very quickly. N o b o d y and t h ere will be long delays. Drivers
(3) (injure), but tw o (2) ..................................... (ask) t o use
people had t o (4) .. an alt ern a tive route if possible. The work
(rescue) from an upstairs room. A n u m b er of (3) .... ............... (e x p ect) to
paintings ( 5 )......................................... ......... Last t w o weeks. N e x t Su n d ay th e road
..................... (believe / destroy). (4) .............................................. (close), and
It ( 6 ) .............................................................................. traffic (5) ................................... (divert).
(n ot / k now) h o w t h e fire started.
SHOP ROBBERY GD Accident |

In Pa x ha m yest er d ay a shop assistant A w o m a n (1) (take)
(1) ......................... (force)
tot ohospital
hand aft er her car collid e d wit h a
over £ 5 0 0 aft er (2) ...... lorry near N orst oc k yester day. She
(t hre a t e n) by a man wit h a knife. T he man (2) .................................. (allo w)
.
escaped in a car which ( 3 )................................ h o m e Later aft er tre a t m e n t. The road

(steal) earlier inth e day. (3) ............. (block)
The car (4) ................................................. for an hour aft er th e accid e nt, and traffic
(lat er / find) in a car park wh ere it (5) had to (4) (divert).
(a b a n d o n)b y the A police insp ector said afterwards: ‘The
thief. A man (6) ............................................. w o m a n was Lucky. She could (5) ...........
(arrest) in co n n ectio n wit h th e ro b b ery and ........................................ (k ill)'
( 7)
(still / q uestion) by th e police.
315
Reported speech U n it s 4 7 -4 8 , 5 0
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n c e s using re p o rt e d spe ech.
® ( C a n I speak t o Paul, p l e a s e ?) / ( Paul has gone out. I d o n ’t k now '

y y when he'll be back. Do you wa n t
i’ll try again l a t e r .) S W t ^ t 0 leave a message? _
A w o m a n phoned at lu nchti m e yest er d a y and asked ..vf s h e cowUi sp ea k to PojaL . | told

....................................................... a n d ..............................................................
.............................. -. I asked ............................................................................................
but she said Later. But she never did.
W e have no record of a Do you have any

reservation in your na me rooms free a n yw a y?
We'r e sorry, but

V
the h otel is full.
I w e n t to London recently, but m y visit did n't begin weLL. I had reserved a h ot el room, but
wh e n I got to th e h otel t h e y told ....................................................................................
.......................... W h e n I asked ..............................................................................
t h e y s a i d ......................... , but . . .
There was nothin g I could do. I just had to look for so m e wh ere else to stay.
liL ^ W h y are you visiting the co u ntry?

We'r e on h olid ay. ^
^ H o w long do you intend to s t a y ? ^ ~^y
Wh e re will you be
staying during yo ur visit?
A ft er g ettin g off t h e plane, we had t o q ueue for an hour t o get through im migratio n. Finally
it was our turn. The i m migratio n official asked us
, and w e t o l d .............................................. ...............................................
Then he w a n t e d to k now and
H e see m e d satisfied wit h our answers, check ed our passports and wishe d us a pleasant stay.
a I'll p h o n e yo u fro m t h e
D o n ’t co m e t o th e
air p ort w h e n I arrive.
airport. I'll ta k e t h e bus.
SUE
a : W h a t ti m e is Sue arriving this aft e rn o o n?

b : A b o ut three. Sh e said u s ............. ......
a : A re n't yo u going to m e e t her?

b : No, she s a i d She said
316
A f ew days ago a man phoned from a mark eting co m p a ny and starte d asking me questions.
He w a n t e d to k now . and a s k e d ....................................
. I d o n't like people phoning and asking q uestions like t h at,
so I told and I put th e phone down.
Louise and Sarah are in a resta ura nt waitin g for Paul.

l o u i s e : I w o n d er wh ere Paul is. He said .................. ..
s a r a h : Mayb e he's g ot Lost.
l o u i s e : I d o n ' t t h i n k s o . He s a i d . .. .
And i told 1
Five m in utes la te r
j o e : Is t h ere a nythin g to e a t?
j a n e : Y o u j ust said
j o e : Well, I a m now. I'd Love a banana.

j a n e : A b a n an a? But yo u said
You told
Units 53-66
1 H o w old were you wh e n you learnt to d r iv e ? (drive)
2 I d o n't mind w.oikmg home, but I'd rath er get a taxi, (walk, get)
3 I ca n't make a decision. I keep ... m y mind, (chan ge)
4 He had m ad e his decision and refused his mind, (change)
5 W h y did yo u change y o ur d ecisio n? W h a t m a d e you .... ..... yo ur m in d?
(chan ge)
6 it was a really good holiday. I really e njoye d by t h e sea again, (be)
7 Did I really t ell yo u I was u n ha p p y? I d o n't re m e m b er ... th at, (say)
8 ‘Re m e m b er Tom t o m orrow.'(O K, Iw o n't forget.' (call)
317
9 The w a t e r here is not very good. I'd avoid ... it if I were you. (drink)
10 I pretended interested in t h e co nversation, but really it was very
boring, (be)
11 I g ot up and looked o ut of th e win d o w ............................ w h a t the w e a t h e r was like, (see)
12 I have a friend w h o clai ms able t o speak five languages, (be)
13 I like caref ully a b o ut things before a
decision, (think, make)
14 I had a flat in th e ce ntre of t o w n but I did n't li k e ........................... there, soIdecided
.......................................... (live, m ove)
15 St eve used afootballer. H e had to stop ...
because of an injury, (be, play)
16 Aft er by th e police, th e man a d mitt e d
th e car, but denied ... at 100 miles an hour, (stop, steal, drive)
17 a : H o w do yo u make this m achin e ? (work)
b : I'm not sure. Try ... t h a t b utto n and see w h a t happens, (press)
Ma k e se n t e n c e s fr o m t h e w o r d s in brack ets.
1 I ca n't find th e tickets. (I / see m / lose / th e m)
I seem to h<xve l o s t t h e m .
2 I d o n't have far to go. (it / not / w ort h / tak e / a ta xi)

I t ’s n o t worth takmq a, tco a. ........... .................................................... ............. ...
3 I'm feeling a bit tired. (I / not / fa ncy / go / o ut)
4 Ti m isn't very reliable, (he / ten d / forget / things)
5 I've got a lot of luggage, (yo u / mind / help / m e?)
6 There's n o b o dy at ho me, (every b o d y / see m / go out)
7 W e d o n't like our a p art m e nt, (we / thin k / m ove)
8 The vase was very valu a ble. (I / afraid / to uch / it)
9 Ben never carries a lot of m o n ey wit h him. (he / afraid / robbed)
10 I w o u ld n't go to see th e film, (it / n ot / wort h / see)
11 I'm very tired aft er t h a t long walk. (I / not / used / wal k / so far)
12 Sue is on holiday. I received a postcard fro m her yester day, (she / see m / e njoy / herself)
13 Dan had lots of p hoto gra p hs he'd taken w hile on holiday, (he / insist /show / t h e m t o me)
14 I d o n't w a n t to do th e shopping. (I'd rath er / so m e b o dy else / do / it)
318
C o m p l e t e t h e seco n d s e n t e n c e so t h a t t h e m e a nin g is si m ila r t o t h e first.

1 I was surprised I passed th e e xam.
I did n't e x pect to. p ass t h e e xam ... ..
2 Did yo u m anage to solve th e p ro ble m?
D id y o u s u c c e e d s o lv i n g t h e pro ble m
3 I d o n't read newspapers a ny more.
I've given up
4 I'd prefer not to go o ut tonig ht.
I'd rath er ................................... ...................................................
5 He finds it difficult to sleep at night.
H e has trou ble . ... ...
6 Shall I p hone yo u this eve nin g?
Do yo u w a n t ....
7 N o b o d y saw me co m e in.
I ca m e in w i t h o u t ...................................................................................
8 T h ey said I was a cheat.
! was a cc u s e d .........................................................................................
9 It will be good to see t h e m again.
I'm looking forward ........ ..............
10 W h a t do you thin k I should d o?
W h a t do you advise m e ............
11 It's a pity I co uld n't go o ut wit h yo u last night.
I'd like ......................................................................................
12 I wish I'd taken yo ur advice.
I r e g r e t ...................................................................................................
a/an and the Units 69-76
Pu t in a / a n or t h e w h e r e n ecessary. Le av e t h e sp ace e m p t y if t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y c o m p le t e .
1 I d o n't usually like stayin g at ~ hotels, but last su m m er we spent t w o wee ks a t ^ very
nice h ot el by the sea.
2 If yo u go to live in foreign co u ntry, yo u should try and learn language.
3 H ele n i s ... eco n o mist. Sh e lives in Unite d Sta t es and works for .... invest m e n t
co m p a ny.
4 I love sport, e s p e cia lly t e n n is. I play t w o or t hree ti m es we e k if I can, but

i'm not very good player.
5 I w o n't be h o m e for dinner this evening. I'm m e etin g so me friends a f t e r work and
w e're going t o cine ma.
6 When u n e m ploy m e n t is high, it's difficult for people t o find work. It's
big proble m.
7 There was accid e nt as I was going ho m e last night. Two peo ple were taken t o
hospital. I thin k m ost accid e nts are caused by people driving t o o fast.
8 a : W h a t's na m e of h o tel w h ere yo u'r e st ayin g?

b : A m bassador. It's in Q u e e n Stre e t in city centre. It's near
station.
9 I have t w o brot h ers old er one is trainin g to b e pilot wit h British

Airways. yo u n g er one is still at ... school. W h e n he Leaves school, he wa n ts
to go t o u niversity to st u dy law.
319
r 1
Pronouns and determiners U n its 8 2 -9 1

L.______________________________ - J
P W h ic h a lt e r n a tiv e s are c o rr e c t? So m e t i m e s o n ly o n e a lt e r n a t iv e is co rr ect, and s o m e ti m e s t w o

a lt e r n a tiv e s are p ossible.
1 I d o n ’t re m e m b er a b o ut th e accident.
(^ a n y t h i n g Bs o m e t h i n g C nothing ( A isc o rre ct)
2 Chris and I have known for q uite a long time.
A us B each ot her C ourselves
3 ‘H o w often do th e buses ru n?' ‘ ..................... t w e n t y minutes.'
A All B Each C Every
4 I shoute d for help, but ca me.
A no b ody B no - one C a ny b o dy
5 Last night we w e n t o ut wit h so m e friends of .
A us B our C ours
6 It did n't take us a long ti m e to g et here. traffic.
A it w a s n ’t much B There w a s n ’t much C It w a s n't a lot
7 Can ! have milk in m y coffee, please?
A a little B any C so me
8 So m e ti m es I find it difficult to ........................
A co nce ntra t e B co nce n tra t e me C co nce n tra t e myself
9 T h e re ’s on at th e cin e m a t h a t I w a n t to see, so there's no point in going.
A so m et hin g B a nythin g C nothing
10 I drink w a t e r every day.
A much B a lot of C lots of
11 .. in th e ce ntre are open on Sun day.
A Most of shops B Most of th e shops C The m ost of th e shops
12 T here were a b o ut t w e n t y people in th e photo. I did n't recognise of the m.
A a ny B none C eith er
13 I've been waitin g for Sarah to phone.
A all mornin g B the w h ol e mornin g C all th e m ornin g
14 I ca n't afford to buy a nythin g in this shop. so e x pensive.
A All is B Everythin g is C All are
Adjectives and adverbs U n its 9 8 - 1 0 8
T h e r e are m is t a k e s in s o m e o f t h e s e s e n t e n c e s. C o r r e c t t h e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e n e c e ssa ry. W r i t e

' O K ' if t h e s e n t e n c e is a lr e a d y c o rr e c t .
1 T he building was t o t a l d estroye d in th e fire. t o t a l ly d e stro y e d .
2 I did n't like t h e book. It was such a stupid story. OK

3 The city is very polluted. It's th e more p ollute d place
I've ever been to.
4 I was disap pointing t h a t I did n't get t h e job. I was well -
qualified and t h e in t ervie w w e n t well.
5 It's war m today, but there's q uite a strong wind.
6 j o e works hardly, but he d oesn't get paid very much.
7 The co m p a ny's offices are in a m od ern Large building.
8 Dan is a very fast runner. I wish I could run as fast as him.
320
9 I missed th e three Last days of t h e course because I was ilL.

10 You d o n't Look happy. W h a t's th e m a t t e r?
11 The w e a t h er has been unusual cold for t h e ti m e of th e year.
12 The w a t e r in th e pooL was t o o dirty to swim in it.
13 I g ot i m p atie n t because w e had to w a it so long time.
14 Is this box big enough or do yo u need a bigger o n e?
15 This morning I g o t up more earLy th a n usual.
Conjunctions Units 25,38,112-118
1 I'Ll try t o be on time, but d o n't w orry i f / j w h e n - I’m Late. (if is co rrect)
2 D o n't t h ro w t h a t bag away. If / Wh e n you d o n't w a n t it, I'LL have it.
3 Please report t o rece ption if / wh e n you arrive at th e hotel.
4 W e'v e arranged t o go to th e beach t o m orrow, but w e w o n't go if / wh e n it's raining.
5 Tanya is in her final y e ar at school. She still d oesn't k now w h a t she's going to do if / wh e n
she leaves.
6 W h a t wo uld yo u do if / wh e n yo u lost yo ur k eys?
7 I hope I'll be able to co m e to th e party, but i ’ll let you k now if / unless I ca n't.
8 I d o n't w a n t to be disturbed, so d o n't phone me if / unless it's so m e thin g i m p ortant.
9 Please sign t h e co n tract if / unless yo u're hap py wit h th e conditions.
10 I like travellin g by ship as long as / unless th e sea is not rough.
11 You mig ht not re m e m b er th e na m e of t h e hotel, so writ e it d own if / in case you f orget it.
12 It's n ot cold now, but take yo u r co a t wit h yo u if / in case it gets cold later.
13 Take yo u r co at wit h yo u and th e n yo u can put it on if / in case it gets cold later.
14 T hey always have th e T V on, even if / if n o b o dy is wa tchin g it.
15 Even / Alt ho u g h I left ho m e early, I g ot t o work Late.
16 Despite / Alt ho u g h w e'v e k nown each o t h er a long tim e, w e're not p articularly close friends.
17 'W h e n did you leave sch o ol?' ‘As / W h e n I was 17.'
18 I thin k Ann will be very pleased as / wh e n she hears th e news.
Prepositions (time) Units 12,119-122
Pu t in o n e o f t h e f o ll o w in g : at on in during for since by until

1 Jac k has gone away. H e'll be back uo. a week.
2 W e'r e having a p arty . Saturday. Can yo u co m e?
3 I've g ot an in terview ne xt wee k, it's 9.30 T u esd ay morning.
4 Sue isn't usually here .... wee k ends. She goes away.
5 The train service is very good. The trains are nearly always . time.
6 It was a confusing situation. M a ny things were hap pening th e sa m e time,
7 I co uld n't d ecide w h e t h e r or not t o buy t h e sweater. t he end I decided not to.
8 The road is busy all th e time, even night.
9 I m e t a lot of nice peo ple ... my stay in N e w York.
10 I saw Hele n Friday, but I h ave n't seen her then.
11 Ro b ert has been doing th e sa m e jo b five years.
12 Lisa's birth day is t h e end of March, I'm not sure e x actly which d ay it is.
13 W e have so me friends stayin g wit h us t h e m o m e nt. T h ey're stayin g Friday.
14 If yo u're interested in a p plying for th e job, yo u r a p plicatio n m ust be received Friday.
15 I'm just going out. I w o n't be long - I'll be back .......... ten minutes.
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Prepositions (position and other uses) U n its 1 2 3 -1 2 8
Pu t in t h e missin g p re p ositio n.
1 I'd love to be able t o visit every co u n try th e world.
2 Jessica W h i t e is my favourite author. H ave yo u read a nythin g her?
3 'Is t h ere a bank near h ere?' ‘Yes, there's o n e . .. t h e end of this road.'
4 Tim is a w a y at th e m o m e nt. He's holiday.
5 W e li v e ............. th e co u ntry, a Long w a y fro m th e nearest town.
6 I've g ot a stain my jack et. I'll have to have it cleaned.
7 We went a p arty Lisa's house on Saturday.
8 Bosto n is ....... t h e east coast of th e Unit e d States.
9 Look at t h e Leaves t h a t tree. T h ey're a b ea utiful colour.
10 ‘H ave yo u ever been T o k yo?' 'N o, I've never been ........ Jap a n.'
11 Mo z art died Vie n n a in 1791 th e age of 35.
12 ‘Are yo u this p h o t o?' ‘Yes, th at's me, th e Left.'
13 We went ........ th e t h e a tre Last night, W e had seats th e front row,
.
14 ‘W h e r e ’s th e Light s w it c h?' ’It's the w all th e door,'
15 It was late wh e n w e arrived th e hotel.
16 I co uld n't d ecide w h a t to eat. There was n othin g .. . t h e menu t h a t I liked.
17 W e live a t o w e r block. O ur a p art m e n t is th e fift e e nt h floor.
18 A: W h a t did yo u thin k of th e fil m?
b : So m e parts were a bit stupid, but th e w h ol e I e njoye d it.
19 ‘W h e n you paid t h e resta ura nt bill, did yo u pay ca sh?' ‘No, I paid credit card.'
20 ‘H o w did yo u get here? Did yo u co m e th e b us?' ‘No, ........... car.'
21 A: I w o n d er w h a t's TV this evening. Do yo u have a n ewsp a p er?
b : Yes, t h e T V pro gra m m es are ... t h e back page.
22 H ele n works for a t eleco m m u nica tio ns co m pa ny. She works t h e cust o m er services
d e p art m e nt.
23 Anna spent t w o years workin g C hicago before returning ... Italy.
24 ‘Did you e njoy yo u r trip t h e b e ach?' ‘Yes, it was great.'
25 N e x t su m m er w e're going a trip t o Canada.
Noun/adjective + prepositions U n its 129-131
Pu t in t h e missin g p re p ositio n.
1 The plan has been changed, but n o b o dy see ms t o k now th e reason this.
2 D o n ’t ask me to decide. I'm not very good making decisions.
3 So m e people say t h a t Sue is unfriendly, but she's alw a ys very nice me.
4 W h a t do yo u thin k is t h e best solutio n t h e p ro ble m?
5 T here has been a big increase t h e price of oil recently.
6 He lives a rath er lon ely life. He d oesn't have much co n t act o th er people.
7 Paul is a keen photographer. He likes ta king pictures people.
8 Mich ael g ot married a w o m a n he m e t wh e n he was stu dyin g a t college.
9 He's very brave. He's not afraid anything.
10 I'm surprised th e a m o u n t of traffic to d ay. I did n't think it w o uld be so busy.
11 Than k yo u for lending me th e guidebook. It was f u l l ............... useful infor m ation.
12 I'm afraid I've had to change m y plans, so I ca n't m e e t yo u t o m orrow. I'm sorry th at.
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Verb + preposition U n it s 1 3 2 -1 3 6
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e w i t h a p re p ositio n w h e r e n ecessary. If no p re p ositio n is n ecessary,

Leave t h e sp ace e m p ty.
1 She works quite hard. You ca n't accuse her being lazy.
2 W h o's going to look ......... yo u r children w hile yo u'r e at w o r k?
3 The proble m is b eco min g serious. W e have to discuss it.
4 The proble m is b eco min g serious. W e have to do so m e thin g it.
5 I prefer this chair th e o t h er one. It's more co m fort a ble.
6 .
I need t o p h o n e ............. t h e office t o t ell t h e m I w o n't be at work today.
7 The river divides th e city t w o parts.
8 'W h a t do yo u think yo ur n ew boss?' ‘She's all right, I suppose.'
9 Can so m e b o dy please ex plain me w h a t I have to d o?
10 I said hello t o her, but she did n't a nswer ............ me.
11 'D o yo u Like stayin g at h o t e ls?' ‘It depends th e hotel /
12 'H ave you ever been t o Bo rla?' ‘ No, I've never heard it. W h e r e is it?'
13 You re mind me so m e b o d y I k new a long ti m e ago. You look j u st like her.
14 This is wo n d erf ul news! I ca n't b elieve it.
15 G e org e is not an idealist - he b elieves being practical.
16 W h a t's f u n n y? W h a t are yo u laughing ?
17 W h a t did you do wit h all th e m o n ey yo u ha d? W h a t did yo u spend it ?
18 If Ale x asks .. you ... money, d o n't give him any.
19 I a p o lo g is e d Sarah ............ keeping her w aitin g so long.
20 Lisa was very helpful. I than k ed her everythin g she'd done.
Phrasal verbs U n its 1 3 7 -1 4 5
A says s o m e t h in g and B re plies. W h ic h g oes w it h w h ic h?
/ - - - - - - A- -\ 1\ ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - V --------- yZ B
1 4 V e made a m istake on t h is form. a D o n't worry. I'll clear it up. 1 A .
2
2 I'm t o o war m wit h m y co at on. b N o proble m. I can fix it up.
3
3 This jack et looks nice. c Kate p ointed it out. 4
4 My phone n u m b er is 576920. d -That's O K. Cross it o ut af*d- 5
co frect it. 6
5 This roo m is in a mess. 7
e Yes, w h y d o n't yo u try it o n? 8 ......
6 W h a t's 45 euros in d ollars?
f O K, I w o n't bring it up. 9 .....
7 H o w did yo u find t h e mist a k e? 10
g Ju st a minute. I'll writ e it down. 11
8 I'm not sure w h e t h e r to acce p t th eir
o ff er or not. h W h y d o n't you ta k e it off t h e n?
9 I need a place to stay wh e n I'm in i You can look it up.

London.
j I thin k you should turn it down.
10 It's a subject he d oesn't like to talk
k Give m e a m o m e nt. I'Ll work it
a bout.
out.
11 I d o n't k now w h a t this word means.
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A d ditional ex ercises
O n ly o n e a lt e r n a tiv e is co rr ect. W h ic h is it?

1 N o b o d y believed Paul at first but he & to be right. (B is co rrect)
A ca m e o ut B t urne d o ut C work e d o u t D carried out
2 Here's so m e good news. It will ........

A turn yo u up B put yo u up C blow yo u up D ch eer yo u up
3 I w as a nnoye d wit h the w a y th e children were behaving, so I .

A told t h e m up B told t h e m o ff C told t h e m o ut D told t h e m over
4 The club co m m it t e e is of the president, th e secretary and seven o th er me mbers.

A set up B m a d e up C set o ut D made out
5 You were going t o a p ply for th e job, and then you decided not to. So w h a t ?
A put you off B put yo u o ut C turned you o ff D turne d you a w a y
6 I had no idea t h a t he was lying to me. I was co m ple t e ly .

A taken in B taken d own C taken off D taken over
7 H ele n starte d a course at college, but she aft er six m onths.

A w e n t out B fell out C turne d o ut D dropped out
8 You ca n't predict everythin g. O f t e n things d o n't as you e x pect.

A make o ut B break o ut C work o ut D get out
9 W h y are all these people h ere? W h a t's ?

A going o ff B g ettin g off C going on D g ettin g on
10 It's a very busy airport. There are planes or landing every f e w minutes.
A going up B ta king off C g ettin g up D driving off
11 The traffic was m ovin g slo wly because a bus had and was blocking t h e road.
A broken d own B falLen d own C fallen over D broken up
12 H o w are you in yo ur n e w jo b? Are you e njoying it?

A keeping on B going on C carrying on D g ettin g on
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use t w o w o r d s e ach ti m e.

1 Keep a w a y -from th e edge of th e pool. You mig ht fall in.
2 i did n't notice t h a t th e t w o pictures were differe nt until Tanya p ointe d it me.
3 I asked Dan if he had any suggestions abo ut w h a t w e should do, but he did n't co m e
anything.
4 I'm glad Sarah is co min g t o th e party. I'm really Looking seeing her again.
5 Things are changing all th e time. It's difficult to keep all these changes.
6 I d o n't w a n t t o run food for th e p a r t y Are yo u sure we have e no u g h?
7 D o n't let m e interru pt you. C arry ... yo u r work.
8 St eve was very ha p py in his jo b until he fell ............ . his boss. A ft er th at, it was
im possible for t h e m to work together, and St ev e decided to leave.
9 I've had enough of being trea te d like this. I'm not going to put it any more.
10 I did n't e njoy t h e trip very much at th e ti m e, but wh e n I look it now, I realise
.
it was a good e x perience and I'm glad I w e n t on it.

11 The we d din g was supposed to be a secret, so how did yo u find it?
Did Jess t ell y o u?
12 There is a very nice at m osp h ere in th e office wh ere I work. Every b o dy gets
every b o d y else.
324
C o m p l e t e e ach s e n t e n c e using a p hrasal ver b t h a t m e a ns t h e sa m e as t h e w o r d s in brack ets.

1 The f o o t b all m atch had to be c a l l e d o f f because of th e weather, (ca ncelle d)
2 The story Kate told w asn't true. She rviode I t wp . (inve nte d it)
3 A bo m b near th e station, but no - one was injured, (e x ploded)
4 Paul finally ne arly an hour late, (arrived)
5 Here's an a p plicatio n form. Can yo u and sign it, please? (co m ple t e it)
6 A nu m b er of buildings are going to be to make w a y for th e n ew road,
(d e m olish e d)
7 I'm having a f ew proble ms wit h m y co m p u ter which need to be as soon
as possible, (p u t right)
8 Be positive! You m ust never ! (stop trying)
9 I was very tired and in front of t h e television, (fell asleep)
10 A ft er eight ye ars together, t h e y'v e decided to . (se p arate)
11 T he noise is terrible. I ca n't a ny longer, (t olera t e it)
12 W e d o n't have a lot of money, but we have enough to . (m a n a g e)
13 I'm sorry I'm late. The m e etin g longer than I e x pected, (co ntin u e d)
14 W e need to make a decision t o d ay at t h e latest. W e ca n't a ny longer,
(d elay it)
C o m p l e t e t h e se n t e n ces. Use o n e w o r d e ach ti m e.

1 You're driving t o o fast. Please slow down.
2 It was o nly a s m all fire and I m anage d to it o ut wit h a bucket of water.
3 The house is e m p ty at th e m o m e n t, but Ithin k th e n e w t e n a n ts are in
ne xt week.
4 I've on weig ht. My clot h es d o n't fit a ny more.
5 Their house is really nice now. T h ey've it up really well.
6 I was talking t o th e w o m a n sittin g ne xt to me on t h e plane, and it out
t h a t she works for th e sa m e co m p a ny as my brother.
7 ‘ Do yo u k now w h a t h a p p e n e d?' ‘ N o t yet, but I'm going to o u t.’
8 There's no need to get angry. d own!
9 If yo u're going on a long walk, plan yo u r route caref ully before yo u off.
10 Sarah has just phoned t o say t h a t sh e'll be late. She's been up.
11 Yo u ’ve writt e n m y na m e wrong. It's Martin, not M a r i n - y o u o utthe T.
12 Three days at £45 a d ay - t h a t o ut a t £135.
13 W e had a really interesting discussion, but Ja n e did n't in. She j ust
listened.
14 Jo n a t h a n is p re t ty fit. He o ut in t h e gym every day.
15 C o m e and see us more often. You can in any ti m e you like.
16 W e are still discussing th e co ntract. There are still a cou ple of things to
out.
17 My alar m clock off in th e mid dle of th e night and
me up.
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Stu dy guide
This guide is to help you decide which units you need to study. The sentences in the guide are grouped
to gether (Present and past, Articles and nouns etc.) in the same w a y as th e units in th e Contents (pages iii -vi).
Each se nte nce can be co m plet e d using one or more of t h e altern atives (A, B, C etc.). There are b etwe e n tw o
and five altern a tives each time. IN S O M E SE N T E N C ES M O RE T H A N O N E ALTERN A TIVE IS PO SSIBLE.
If yo u d o n ’t k now or if yo u are n ot sure which alt ern atives are correct, then yo u proba bly need to stu dy the
u nit(s) in t h e list on t h e right. You will also find t h e correct se nte nce in this unit. (If t w o or three units are
listed, yo u will find th e correct sente nce in t h e first one.)
There is a key to this stu dy guide on page 372.
Pr e se n t and p ast
1.2 I d o n't un derstand this sentence. W h a t

A does mean this word B does this word mean C means this word
Ro b ert a w a y t w o or three ti m es a year.

A is going usually B is usually going C usually goes
How n o w? Be t t e r t h a n b ef ore?
A you are feeling B do yo u f eel C are yo u feeling
It was a boring wee k en d.

A I did n't B I d o n't do
Matt while we were having dinner.

A phoned B was phoning C has phoned
Pr e se n t p e r f e c t and p ast
Ja m es is on holiday. He
A is gone B has gone C has been
Everythin g is going well. W e

A did n't have B d o n't have C h ave n't had
Sarah has lost her passport again. It's th e second ti m e this ....... .
A has hap pened B happens C hap pened D is hap pening
You're o ut of b rea t h................................. ?

A Are yo u running B H ave yo u run C H ave yo u been running
Wh e re's th e book I gave y o u? W h a t ... wit h it?

A have you done B have yo u been doing C a r e yo u doing
1 each o t h er for a long ti m e?' ‘Yes, since w e were at school.'

A Do yo u k now B H ave yo u k nown C H ave you been k nowing
Sally has been working here ...........

A for six m onths B since six m o nt hs C six m onths ago
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St u d y guide
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE W H ICH IS RIGHT STUDY

UNIT
It's t w o years ............................ Joe.

A t h a t I d o n't see B t h a t I h ave n't seen C since I did n't see
D since I last saw
It raining for a while, b ut n ow it's raining again.

A stop ped B has stop ped C was stop ped
My m o t h er ............. in Italy.
A grew up B has grown up C had grown up
2.11 a lot of swe ets wh e n yo u were a child?

A H ave you eate n B Had yo u eat e n C Did yo u e a t
2.12 Jac k in N e w York for ten years. N o w he Lives in Los Angeles. 14,11
A Lived B has lived C has been living
2.13 The man sitting ne xt to me on th e plane was very nervous. H e ........................

before.
A hasn't flown B did n't fly C ha d n't flown D w asn't flying
2.14 Kat herin e was sittin g in an ar mch air resting. She was tired because
very hard.
A she was working B she's been workin g C she'd been working
2.15 a car wh e n yo u were living in Paris? 17,14

A Had yo u B We r e yo u having C H ave yo u had D Did you have
2.16 I ten nis a lot, but I d o n't play very m uch now.
A was playing B was used t o play C used to play
F u t u re
3.1 I'm tired. to bed now. Good nig ht.
A I go B I'm going
3.2 ........... t o m orrow, so we can go out so m ewh ere. 19, 21

A I'm n ot working B I d o n't work C l w o n't work
3.3 That bag looks h e a vy............. you wit h it.

A I'm helping B I help C I’ll help
3.4 I think t h e w e a t h e r ........................ be nice later. 23, 22

A will B shall C is going t o
3.5 A n n a is in hospital.' ‘Yes, I know. her this eve nin g.’ 23, 20
A I visit B I'm going t o visit C I'll visit
3.6 We'r e late. The film by th e ti m e we get to th e cine ma.

A will alrea dy start B will be alrea dy started C will alrea dy have started
3.7 D o n't w o r r y ............................. late tonight.

A if I'm B wh e n I'm C wh e n I'll be D if I'll be
327
St u d y guide
M F Y O U ARE NOT SURE W H ICH IS RIGHT STUDY

L
UNIT
M o d a ls
4.1 The fire spread through th e building very quickly, but f ort u n at ely every b o dy 26
A was able to escape B managed to escape C could escape
4.2 I'm so tired 1 ............................ for a week. 27

A can sleep B could sleep B could have slept
4.3 The story . be true, but 1d o n't think it is. 27,29

A might B can C could D m ay
4.4 W h y did yo u stay at a hotel wh e n yo u were in Paris? You .. 27

wit h Sarah.
A can stay B could stay C could have stayed
4.5 ‘I've lost one of my gloves.' ‘You it so m ewhere.' 28

A m ust drop B m ust have dropped C m ust be dropping
D m ust have been dropping
4.6 'W h y w asn't A m y at the m eetin g y est e r d a y?' ‘She .. .. a b o ut it.' 29

A might not k now B m ay n ot know C might not have known 1
D m ay not have k nown
4.7 W h a t was th e p ro ble m? W h y Leave e arly? 31

A had you to B did you have to C must you D you had to
4.8 W e'v e got ple nty of tim e. W e hurry. 32

A d o n't need to B m ustn't C n ee d n't
4.9 You missed a great party last night. You . W h y did n't y o u? 33
A must have co m e B should have co m e C ought to have co m e
D had to co m e
4.10 Ja n e wo n the Lottery. 1 ....................... a car wit h t h e m o n ey she'd won. 34

A suggested t h a t she buy B suggested t h a t she should buy
C suggested her to buy D suggested t h a t she bought
4.11 You're always at home. You out more often. 35

A should go B had b e tter go C had b etter to go
4.12 It’s late, it's ti m e ....... home. 35

A we go B w e must go C w e should go D we went E to go
4.13 ............... a little Longer, but 1really have to go now. 36

A I'd stay B I'll stay C 1can stay D I'd have staye d
If and w is h
5.1 I'm not going to bed yet. I'm not tired. If 1 to bed now, 38
1w o uld n't sleep.
A go B went C had gone D would go
5.2 if 1were rich, . ....................a lot. 39

A I'll travel B 1can travel C 1wo uld travel D 1travelle d
5.3 1wish 1 have to work to m orrow, but u nf ort u n a t ely 1 do. 39, 41
A d o n't B did n’t C w o ul d n't D w o n't
1
328
St u d y guide
We by a loud noise during th e night.

A wo k e up B a r e wo k en up C were wo k en up D were wa kin g up
A n e w su per mark et is going to ne xt year.

A build B be built C be building D building
There's so m e b o dy walkin g behind us. I think .

A we are f ollowin g B w e are being f ollowing
D w e are being followe d
'W h e r e ?' ‘In Chicago.'

A were yo u born B are you bo m C have you been born
D did yo u born
There was a fight at th e party, but n o b ody ....................

A was hurt B got hurt C hurt
ja n e to phone m e last night, but she didn't.

A supposed B i s supposed C was supposed
Wh e r e ? Wh ic h hairdresser did you go t o?

A did you cut yo u r hair B have you cut yo ur hair
C did you have cut yo ur hair D did you have yo ur hair cut
Re p o rt e d sp e ech
7.1 Paul left th e roo m suddenly. He said he
A had B has C have
Hi, Joe. ! did n't e x pect to see you. Sonia said you
in hospital.
A are B were C was D should be
Ann and left.

A said good bye to me B said me goo d bye C told me goodbye
Q u e s ti o n s and a u x ilia ry ver bs

‘W h a t ti m e ?' A t 8.30.'
A starts th e film B does start th e film C does the film start
‘Do you k now wh ere ?' ‘No, he did n't say.'

A Tom has gone B has Tom gone C has gone Tom
The police officer stopped us and asked us w h ere .

A were w e going B a r e we going C we are going D w e were going
St u d y guide
You ca n ’t stop me
A doing B do C to do
9.2 I m ust go now. I promised late.

A not being B not t o be C to not be D I w o ul d n't be
9.3 Do you w a nt
A me co ming
9.4 I k now I locked the door. I clearly re m e m b er

A locking B to lock C to have locked
9.5 She tried to be serious, but she co uld n't help

A laughing B to laugh C t h a t she laughed D laugh
9.6 Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes

A living B to live
9.7 it's not my favourite job, but I like

possible.
A cleaning B clean C to clean
9.8 I'm tired. I'd r a t h e r .... out this evening, if you d o n ’t mind,
A not going B not to go C d o n't go D not go
9.9 I'd rath er anyone w h a t I said.

A yo u d o n't tell B not yo u t ell C you did n't t ell D yo u w o ul d n't t ell
9.10 Are yo u looking forward ... . on h olid ay?

A g oin g B to go C to going D t h a t you go
9.11 W h e n Lisa ca m e to Britain, she had to get used

A driving B to driving C to drive
9.12 I'm thinking a house. Do yo u think that's a good idea?

A to buy B of to buy C of buying D about buying
9.13 I had no a place to stay. In fact it was surprisingly easy.

A difficulty t o find B difficulty finding C trou ble t o find
D trou ble finding
9.14 I phoned t h e restaurant ............................ a table.

A for reserve B to reserve C for reserving D for to reserve
9.15 Ja m es d oesn't speak very clearly.

A It is difficult to understand him. B He is difficult to understand.
C He is difficult to understand him.
330
St u d y guide
Sandra is
A nurse
Helen works six days

Ain B for Ca
There are millions of stars in

A space B a space C the space
Every day
A school B a school
............. a problem in m ost big cities.

A Crime is B The crime is C The crimes are
Wh e n inve nt e d?
A was telephone B were telephones C were the telephones
D was the telephone
10.10 Have you been to

A Canada or United States B the Canada or the United States
C Canada or the United States D the Canada or United States
O n our first day in Moscow, we visited .

A Kremlin B a Kremlin C the Kremlin
W h a t ti m e on T V?
A is the news B are the news C is news D is the new
It too k us quite a long ti m e to get here. It was

A three hour B a three - hours C a three - hour
10.1 4 This isn't my book. It's ......
A my sister B my sister's C fro m my sister D of my sister
E of my sister's
St u d y guide
[ I F Y O U A R E N O T S U R E W H I C H IS R I G H T STU D Y
U N IT
Pro n o u n s an d d e t e r m in e rs
11.1 W h a t ti m e shall we .. t o m orro w? 82
A meet B meet us C meet ourselves
11.2 i'm going to a wed ding on Saturday. . ...... is getting married. 83

A A friend of me B A friend of mine C O ne my friends
113 T hey live on a busy road..................... a lot of noise from th e traffic. 84

A It must be B It must have C There must have D There must be
11.4 He's lazy. He never does work. 85

A some B any C no
11.5 ‘W h a t wo uld yo u like to e a t?' ‘I d on't mind, 85

- w h a t e ve ryo u have.'
A So mething B Anything C Nothing
11.6 W e co uld n't buy anything because of the shops were open. 86
A all B no - one C none D nothing
11.7 W e w e n t shopping and spent money. 87

A a lot of B much C lots of D many
11.8 ........................ d o n't visit this part of th e town. 88

A The most tourists B Most of tourists C Most tourists
11.9 1 asked t w o people t h e w a y to the station, but of t h e m could 89

help me.
A none B either C both D neither
11.10 .......................... had a great ti m e at the party. 90

A Everybody B Alt C All of us D Everybody of us
11.11 The bus service is e xcellent. There's a bus ten minutes. 90, 91
A each B every C all
Re la tiv e cla uses

12.1 1d o n't like stories ... have unhappy endings. 92
A t hat B they C which D who
12.2 1did n't believe th e m at first, but in fact everythin g was true. 93
A they said B that they said C what they said
12.3 Wh a t's the na m e of the man ? 94

A you borrowed his car B which car you borrowed
C whose car you borrowed D his car you borrowed
12.4 Anna told me about her new job, a lot. 95

A that she's enjoying B which she's enjoying C she's enjoying
D she's enjoying it
12.5 Sarah co uld n't m eet us, was a shame. 96

A that Bit C what D which
12.6 George showed me so me pictures by his father. 97,92

A painting B painted C that were painted D th ey were painted
L. .J
332
St u d y guide
A d je ctiv e s a n d a d ver bs
13.1
13.2 Lisa was carrying a . bag.

A black small plastic B small and black plastic
D plastic small black
13.3 Maria's English is e xcellent. She speaks

A perfectly English B English perfectly C perfect English
D English perfect
13.4 He .............
A tried hard
13.5 I h ave n't seen her f o r .......................... ,I've forgotten w h a t she looks like.
A so long B so long time C a such long time D such a long time
13.6 W e d o n't h a v e ........... on holiday right now.

A money enough to go B enough money to go
C money enough for going D enough money for go
Sarah is doing O K at the m o m e nt. She has . .

A a quite good job B quite a good job C a pretty good job
The e xam was quite easy - ...

A more easy that B more easy than
13.9 The more electricity you use, .

A your bill will be higher B will be higher your bill
C the higheryour bill will be D higher your bill will be
Patrick is a fast runner. I ca n't run as fast as .

A he B h im C he can
13.11 The movie was really boring. I t 's ............... I've ever seen.
A most boring movie B the more boring movie C the movie more boring
D the most boring movie
Ben likes walkin g.................................

A Every morning he walks to work. B He walks to work every morning.
C He walks every morning to work. D He every morning walks to work.
13.13 Jo e never phones m e ........................

A Always I have to phone him. B I always have to phone him.
C I have always to phone him. D I have to phone always him.
13.14 Lucy ................... .. . She left last month.

A still doesn't work here B doesn't still work here
C no more works here D doesn't work here any more
13.15 she ca n't drive, she bought a car.

A Even B Even when C Even if D Even though
St u d y guide
The club is for me m bers onLy. You

A can't go in if B can go in only if
D can go in unless
W e wa tch e d TV all evening

A when B as C while
‘Wh a t's t h a t n oise?' ‘It sounds

A as B like C as if D as though
T h ey are very kind to me. T hey trea t me

A as I am B as if I would be C as if I am
I'll be in Singapore ne xt week. I hope to see some friends of mine

. there.
A while I'll be B while I'm C during my visit D during I'm
Jo e is a w a y at the m o m e nt. I d o n't k now e x actly wh e n he's co min g back, but I'm
sure he'll be back Monday.
A by B until
Pre p ositio ns
15.1 Bye! I'll see you .......................
A at Friday morning B on Friday morning C in Friday morning
D Friday morning
I'm going a w ay ..... th e end of January.

A at Bo n C in
W h e n we were in Italy, w e spent a f ew days

A at B to C in
O ur a p art m e nt is the second floor of the building,

A at B on C in D to
I saw Steve ..................... a conference on Saturday.

A at Bo n C in
W h e n did t h e y .............................. the h otel?

A arrive to B arrive at C arrive in D get to E get in
I'm going holiday next week. I'll be a w ay for tw o weeks.

A at Bo n C in
W e travelled 6.45 train, which arrived at 8.30.

A in the B on the C by the D by
‘Have you read anything Ernest H e m in g w ay?' ‘No, w h a t sort

of books did he w rit e?'
A of B from C by
33 4
St u d y guide
15.10
15.11
15.12 I'm not very good

A at B for C in
15.13 d o n't understand this sentence. Can you

A explain to me this word B explain me this word
C e x plain this word to me
15.14 If y o u ’re worrie d a b o ut th e problem, you should do so m ething

....................... it.
A for B about C against D with
‘W h o is To m H a r t?' *1 have no idea. I've never heard

A about B from C after D of
15.16 ’W h a t ti m e will yo u be h o m e?' ‘I d o n ’t know. It depends

the traffic.'
C from D on
I prefer tea coffee.

A to B than C against D from
Ph ra s al ver bs
16.1 These shoes are u nco mf orta ble. I'm going to
A take off B take the m off C take off them
T h ey were playin g cards, so I

A joined in B came in C got in D broke in
N o b o d y believed Paul at first, but he to be right.

A worked out B came out C found out D turned out
W e ca n't making a decision. W e have to decide now.

A put away B put over C put off D put out
‘H ave yo u finished painting th e k itch e n?' ‘Nearly. I'll ...............

t o m orrow.'
A finish it outB finish it over C finish it off
You can always rely on Paul. H e ’ll never .

A put you up B let you down C take you over D see you off
Children under 16 half th e p o p ulatio n o f t h e city.

A make up B put up C take up D bring up
I'm surprised t o hear t h a t Sue and Paul have ................................ T h ey see m ed

very hap py together.
A broken upB ended up C finished up D split up
I parked in a no - parking zone, but I it.

A ca m e up wit h B g ot a w a y wit h C made off wit h D got on wit h
Key to Exercises
tn so me of th e exercises yo u have to use yo u r own ideas to writ e sentences. Ex a m ple answers are given in
th e Key. If possible, check yo ur answers wit h so m e b o dy w h o speaks English well.
U N IT 1 2.3 3.3
3 rises 2 It's always breaking down.
1.1
4 make 3 I'm always making the same
2 e
5 d o n’t eat mistake. / ... t h at mistake.
3 g
6 doesn't believe 4 You're always forgetting your glasses
4 a
7 translates
5 d
8 d o n’t tell U N IT 4
6 h
9 flows 4.1
7 b
8 c 2.4 2 I'm using / 1am using
2 Does your sister play tennis? 3 I need
1.2 4 does he want
3 Which newspaper do you read?
1 W h a t ’s / W h a t is he studying 5 is he looking
4 W h a t does your brother do?
Is he enjoying 6 believes
5 H ow often do you go to the cin e m a?
2 ‘s / is your new job going
6 Wh ere do your grandparents live? 7 I d o n’t re member / I do not
it’s getting / it is getting re me mber o r I can't re me mber
he isn't enjoying / h e’s not 2.5
8 I'm thinking / 1am thinking
enjoying 2 I promise 4 I apologise
9 1think ... You don't use
he's beginning / he is 3 I insist 5 I recom mend
10 consists
beginning
U N IT 3 4.2
1.3 2 W h a t are you doing?
3 I’m not listening / I am not 3.1
I'm thinking.
listening 3 is trying
3 W h o does this umbrella belong t o :
4 She's having / She ishaving 4 are th ey talking
4 The dinner smells good.
5 I’m not eating / I am not eating 5 OK
5 Is anybo dy sitting there?
6 H e ’s learning / He islearning 6 It's getting / It is getting
6 These gloves don't fit me.
7 They aren't speaking / They're not 7 OK
speaking / They are not speaking 8 I'm coming / 1am coming 4.3
8 I'm getting / 1am getting 9 are you getting 2 Do you believe
9 isn't working / 's not working / 10 He always gets 3 O K (I feel is also c o rre ct )
11 O K 4 It tastes
is not working
10 I'm looking / 1am looking 5 I think
3.2
3 Everybody's waiting / Everybody is 4.4
1.4
2 is changing waitin g 2 's being / is being
3 's getting / is getting 4 Are you listening 3 's / is
5 Do you listen 4 are you being
4 is rising
5 is starting 6 flows 5 Is he
7 's flowing / is flowing
U N IT 2 8 We usually grow ... we aren’t U N IT 5
growing / we're not growing / 5.1
2.1
we are not growing 2 She had
2 drink
9 it's improving / it is improving 3 She walked to work
3 opens
10 She's staying / She is staying ... 4 It took her (about) half an hour
4 causes
She always stays 5 She started work
5 live
11 I’m starting / 1am starting 6 She didn't have (any) lunch. /
6 take
12 I’m learning / 1am learning ... ... eat (any) lunch.
7 connects
's teaching / is teaching 7 She finished work
2.2 13 I finish ... I’m working / I am working 8 She was tired when she got home.
2 do the banks close 14 live ... do your parents live 9 She cooked
3 don't use 15 's lo o kin g / is looking ... 10 She didn't go
4 does Ricardo come She's staying / She is staying 11 She we nt to bed
5 do you do 16 does your brother do ... 12 She slept
6 takes ... does it take he isn't working / he's not working /
7 does this word mean he is not working
8 doesn't do 17 I usually enjoy ... I’m not enjoying /
I am not enjoying
336
Key t o Ex ercises
5.2 7.2 8.3

2 taught 2 been Ex a m ple answers:
3 sold 3 gone 2 I haven't travelled by bus this week.
4 fell ... hurt 4 gone 3 I haven't been to the cinema
5 threw ... caught 5 been recently.
6 spent ... b o u g h t ... cost
7.3
4 I h aven't read a book for ages.
5 I h aven't lost anything today.
5.3 2 Yes, I've just seen her. /
2 did you travel / did you go Yes, I have just seen her. or 8.4
3 did it take (you) Yes, I j ust saw her. 2 Have you played tennis before?
4 did you stay 3 He's already left. / He has No, this is the first ti me I've played
5 Was the weather already left, or He already left. tennis.
6 Did you go to / Did you see / 4 ! haven't read it yet. or 3 Have you ridden a horse before? /
Did you visit ! did n't read it yet. Have you been on a horse before?
5 No, she's already seen the film. / No, this is the first ti me I've ridden a
5.4
No, she has already seen ... or horse. / ... I've been on a horse.
3 didn't disturb 7 didn't cost
4 left 8 didn't have
No, she already saw ... 4 Have you been to Japan before?
6 Yes, th ey've just arrived. / No, this is the first ti me I've been to
5 didn't sleep 9 were
Yes, t h ey have just arrived, or Japan.
6 flew
Yes, t h ey just arrived.
U N IT 6 7 W e haven't told him yet. or U N IT 9
We didn't tell him yet. 9.1
6.1
7.4 2 She's been watching television. /
Example answers:
2 he's j ust gone out / he has just She has been watching television.
3 I was working.
gone out or he just we nt out 3 T hey've been playing tennis. /
4 I was in bed asleep.
3 I haven't finished yet or They have been playing tennis.
5 I was getting ready to go out.
6 I was watching TV at home. I did n't finish yet 4 H e's been running. / He has been
4 i've already done it / I have running.
6.2
already done it or I already did it 9.2
Example answers:
5 Have you found a place to live y e t? 2 Have you been waiting long?
2 was having a shower
or Did you find a place ... ? 3 Wh a t have you been doing?
3 were driving home
6 I haven't decided yet or 4 H ow long have you been working
4 was reading the paper
I didn't decide ye t th ere?
5 was watching it
7 she’s just come back / she has just 5 H ow long have you been selling
6.3 co me back or she just came back mobile phones?
1 did n't see ... was looking
9.3
2 m e t ... were going ... was going ... U N IT 8
2 've been waiting / have been waiting
had ... were waiting / waited 8.1 3 've been learning Spanish /
3 was cycling ... stepped ... 2 Have you ever been to California?
was going ... managed ... have been learning Spanish
3 Have you ever run (in) a marathon?
didn't hit 4 She's been working there /
4 Have you ever spoken to a famous
She has been working there
6.4 person?
5 T hey've been going there /
2 were you doing 5 Wh a t's the most beautiful place
They have been going there
3 Did you go yo u've ever visite d? / ... you have
4 ever visite d? 9.4
were you driving ... happened
5 2 I've been looking / I have been
took .,. wasn't looking 8.2
6 didn't know looking
3 haven't eaten
7 3 are you looking
saw ... was trying 4 1haven't played (it)
8 was walking ... heard ... was 4 She's been teaching / She has been
5 I've had / 1have had
teaching
following ... started 6 1 haven't read
9 wanted 5 I've been thinking / I have been
7 I've never been /1 haven’t been
10 dropped ... was doing ... did n't break thinking
8 it's happened / it has happened or
6 he's working / he is working
that's happened / that has happened
U N IT 7 7 She's been working / She has been
9 I've never tried / 1haven't tried or
working
7.1 I've never eaten /1 haven't eaten
2 Lisa has broken her leg. 10 's been / has been
3 The bus fare has gone up. 11 i've never seen / 1haven't seen
4 Her Engtish has improved.
5 Dan has grown a beard.
6 The letter has arrived.
7 The te mperature has fallen.
337
Key t o Ex ercises
U N I T 10 6 H ow long has Joe been working at 12.4

the airport? or 2 No, I haven't seen Laura / her for
10.1
How long has Joe worked ... about a month-
2 She's been travelling / She has been
7 H ow long have you been having 3 No, I haven't been to the cinema for
travelling
guitar lessons? a long time.
She's visited / She has visited
8 Have you always lived in Chicago? 4 No, I haven't eaten in a restaurant
3 He's won / He has won ...
for ages. / No, I haven't been to a
He's / He has been playing tennis 11.3
restaurant for ages.
4 T hey've / They have been making 3 's been / has been
6 No, it's about a month since I (last)
(films ...) 4 've been waiting / have been waiting
saw Laura / her. / No, it's been about
T hey've / They have made (five 5 ‘ve known / have known
a month since ...
films ...) 6 haven't played
7 No, it's a long ti me since I (last)
7 's been watching / has been watching
10.2 w en t to the cinema. / No, it's been a
8 haven't watched
2 Have you been waiting long? long ti me since ...
9 've had / have had
3 Have you caught any fish? 8 No, it’s ages since 1(last) ate in a
10 hasn’t been
4 H ow many people have you invited? restaurant. / No, it's been ages since
11 've been feeling / have been
5 H ow long have you been teaching? ... or
feeling o r 've felt / have felt
6 H ow many books have you writt e n? ... since I went to a restaurant.
12 's lived / has lived or
H ow long have you been writing
's been living / has been living
books? U N I T 13
13 h aven't been
7 How long have you been saving? 13.1
14 've always wanted / have always
How much money have you saved? 2 has gone
wanted
10.3 3 forgot
2 So mebody's broken / U N I T 12 4 went
So m e body has broken 5 had
12.1
3 Have you been working 6 has broken
2 since
4 Have you ever worked 13.2
3 for
5 has she gone 4 for 3 did Willia m Shakespeare write
6 He's appeared / He has appeared 4 OK
5 since
7 I haven't been waiting 5 OK
6 for
8 it ’s stopped / it has stopped 7 since 6 W h o invented
9 I've lost / I have l o s t ... Have you 7 were you born
8 since
seen 9 for 8 OK
10 t've been reading / 1have been 9 Albert Einstein was ... who
reading ... I haven't finished 12.2
developed
11 I've read / 1 have read 2 H o w long has Kate been learning
12 I've had / 1 have had Ja panese? 13.3
Wh e n did Kate start learning 3 I've forgotten / 1have forgotten
U N I T 11 Ja pa nese? 4 arrested
3 H ow long have you known Si mon? 5 it's improved / it has improved
11.1
Wh e n did you first meet Si m o n? / 6 I've finished / l have finished
3 have been married
Wh e n did you and Si mon first m e e t? (I'm finished is also co rrect )
4 OK
4 H o w long have Rebecca and David 7 I applied
5 It's been raining / It has been raining
been married? 8 It was
6 have you been living or
Wh e n did Rebecca and David get 9 There's been / There has been
have you lived
married? / Wh e n did Rebecca and 10 He broke or He's broken / He has
7 has been working
David marry? broken ... did that happen ... he fell
8 OK
9 I haven't drunk 12.3
U N I T 14
10 have you had 3 He has been ill since Sunday.
4 He has been ill for a few days. 14.1
11.2 3 OK
5 She got married a year ago.
2 H ow long have you been teaching 4 I bought
6 I've had a headache since I woke up.
English? or 5 Wh ere were you
7 She went to Italy three weeks ago.
How long have you taught ... 6 Lucy left school
8 I've been working in a hotel for six
3 H ow long have you known 7 OK
months, o r I’ve worked in a hotel
Katherine? 8 OK
for six months.
4 H ow long has your brother been in 9 OK
A ustralia? 10 Wh e n was this book published?
5 H ow long have you had t hat jac k et?
3 38
Key t o Ex ercises
14.2 15.4 17.2

2 The weather has been cold recently. 2 we nt 2 B
3 It was cold last week. 3 had gone 3 A or C
4 I didn't read a newspaper yesterd ay. 4 broke 4 A or C
5 I haven't read a newspaper today. 5 saw ... had broken ... stopped 5 A
6 Emily has earned a lot of money this 6 C
year. U N I T 16
17.3
7 She didn't earn so much last year. 16.1 3 he didn't have
8 Have you had a holiday rece ntly? 2 They'd been playing football. / 4 I have or I've got
14.3 T hey had been playing ... 5 OK
2 I got ... I was ... I we nt 3 I’d been looking forward to it. / 6 I didn't have
3 Have you seen ... I saw I had been looking forward ... 7 O K (or He hasn't got)
4 I didn't sleep 4 She'd been dreaming. / 8 Did you have
5 There were She had been dreaming. 9 OK
6 worked ... he gave 5 He'd been watchin g a film. /
17.4
7 She's lived / She has lived He had been watchin g ...
2 has a break
8 Did you go ... it was ... was 16.2 3 had a party
9 died ... I never met 2 I'd been waiting for 20 minutes 4 have a look
10 I’ve never met / 1have never met when I realised t h a t I was in the 5 's having / is having a nice time
11 I haven't seen wrong restaurant, or ... t h a t I had 6 had a chat
12 have you lived or have you been co me to the wrong restaurant. 7 Did you have trouble
living ... did you live ... did you Live 3 At the time the factory closed down, 8 had a baby
14.4 Sarah had been working there for 9 was having a shower
Ex a m ple answers: five years. 10 Did you have a good flight?
2 I haven't bought anything today. 4 The orchestra had been playing for
3 I didn't watch TV yesterday. about ten minutes when a man in U N I T 18
4 I w en t out with some friends the audience started shouting.
18.1
yesterday evening. 5 Ex a m ple answer:
2 used to have / ride
5 I haven't been to the cinema recently. I’d been walking along the road
3 used t o live
6 I've read a lot of books recently. for ab out ten minutes when a car
4 used to eat / like / love
suddenly stopped just behind me.
5 used to be
U N I T 15 16.3 6 used to take
15.1 3 he was walking 7 used to be
2 It had changed a lot. 4 She'd been running / She had been 8 did you use to go
3 She'd arranged to do something running
18.2
else. / She had arranged ... 5 They were eating
2 - 10
4 The film had already started. 6 They'd been eating / They had been
• She used to have lots of friends,
5 I hadn't seen him for five years. eating
but she doesn’t k now many people
6 She'd just had breakfast. / She had 7 He was looking
these days.
j ust had ... 8 was waiting ... she’d been waitin g /
• She used to be very lazy, but she
she had been waiting
15.2 works very hard these days.
9 I'd had / 1had had
2 I'd never heard it before. / • She did n’t use to like cheese, but she
10 W e ’d been travelling / We had been
I had never heard ... eats lots of cheese now.
travelling
3 He'd never played (tennis) before. / • She used to be a hotel receptionist,
He had never played ... but she works in a bookshop now.
U N I T 17
4 We'd never been there before. / • She used to play the piano, but she
W e had never been ... 17.1 hasn't played the piano for years. /
3 I don't have a ladder. / ... played it for years.
15.3
I haven't got a ladder. • She never used t o read / She didn't
1 we called
4 We did n’t have enough time. use to read newspapers, but she
2 there was ...
5 He didn't have a map. reads a newspaper every day now.
She'd gone / She had gone
6 She doesn't have any money. / She did n't use to drink tea, but she
3 He'd just co me back from /
She hasn't got any money. likes it now.
He had just co me back from ...
7 I don't have enough energy, / • She used to have a dog, but it died
He looked
I haven't got enough energy. t w o years ago.
4 got a phone call
8 They didn't have a camera. • She used to go to a lot of parties,
He was
but she hasn't been to a party for
He'd sent her / He had sent h e r ...
ages.
she'd never replied to the m /
she had never replied to the m
339
Key t o Ex ercises
18.3 20.2 2 2 .2
Ex a m ple answers: 2 I'm going to take it back to the shop. 2 w o n't
3 I used to be a vegetarian, but now I 3 I'm not going to accept it. 3 '11 / will
eat meat sometimes. 4 I'm going to phone her tonight. 4 w o n't
4 I used to watch TV a lot, but I don’t 5 I'm going to complain. 5 '11/ will
watch it much now. 6 w o n ’t
20.3
5 I used to hate getting up early, but
2 He's going to be late. 22.3
now it’s no problem.
3 The boat is going to sink. 2 It will Look
7 I didn’t use to drink coffee, but I drink
4 They're going to run out of petrol. 3 y o u ’ll li k e / yo u will like
it every day now.
4 You'll g e t / Y o u will get
8 I didn't use to like hot weather, but 2 0. 4
5 people will live
now I love it. 2 was going to buy
6 w e'll meet / we will meet
3 were going to play
7 she’ll co me / she wilt come
U N I T 19 4 was going to phone
8 it will be
5 was going to give up
19.1
6 were you going to say 2 2.4
2 H ow long are you going for?
2 Do you think it will rain?
3 Wh e n are you leaving?
U N I T 21 3 Wh e n do you think it will end?
4 Are you going alone?
21.1 4 H ow much do you think it will cost?
5 Are you travelling by car?
2 I'll turn / I'll switch / I'll put 5 Do you think t h ey'll get married? /
6 Wh ere are you staying?
3 I'll send ... th ey will get married?
19.2 6 W h a t time do you think yo u'll be
4 I'll do
2 I'm working late. / I'm working till back? / ... you will be back?
5 I'll show
9 o'clock. 7 W h a t do you think will happen?
6 I'll have
3 I'm going to the theatre. 7 I'll stay / I’ll wait 22.5
4 I'm meetin gjulia.
8 I'll pay / I’ll give Ex a m ple answers:
19.3 9 I'll try 2 I’ll be in bed.
Ex a m ple answers: 3 I’ll be at work.
21.2
2 I'm working t o m orrow morning. 4 I'll probably be at home.
2 I'll go to bed.
3 I'm not doing anything to m orrow 5 1don’t know where I'll be this time
3 I think I'll walk.
evening. next year.
4 I'll eat anything.
4 I'm playing football next Sunday.
5 I don't think I'll go swimming.
5 I'm going to a party this evening. U N IT 23
21.3
19.4 23 .1
3 i'll meet
3 We're having / We are having 2 I'll Lend
4 I’ll lend
4 finishes 3 I'll get
5 I'm having
5 I'm not going / 1am not going 4 I’m going to wash
6 I w o n't forget
... I'm staying / 1am staying 5 are you going to paint
7 does yo ur train leave
6 Are you doing 6 I'm going to buy
8 w o n't tell
7 We're going / We are going ... 7 I'll show
9 Are you doing
It starts 8 I'll have
10 Will you come
8 I'm leaving / I am leaving 9 I’ll call
9 we're meeting / we are meeting 21.4 10 He's going to have . . . he's going to do
10 does this train get 2 Shall I buy it?
23 .2
11 I'm going / I am going ... Are you 3 W h a t shall I give / buy / get Helen (for
2 I'm going to take ... I’ll join
coming her birth day)?
3 you'll find (’you're going to find' is
12 does it end 4 Wh ere shall we go (on holiday)?
p ossible)
13 I'm not using / I am not using 5 Shall we go by car or (shall we) walk?
4 I'm not going to apply or
14 's co ming / is coming ... / ... or (shall we go) on f oot?
I'm not applying
She’s travelling / She is travelling ... 6 W h a t time shall I co m e?
5 We're going to be Late.
arrives 6 it's going t o fall down
U N I T 22
7 I'll take ... I’ll pick ...
U N IT 20 22.1 Kate is going to take or
2 I'm going
2 0.1 Kate is taking
2 Wh a t are you going to we ar? 3 will get
3 Wh ere are you going to put it? 4 is coming
4 Wh o are you going to invite? 5 w e ’re going
6 It w o n't hurt
340
Key t o Ex ercises
U N IT 24 U N IT 26 27.4
3 couldn’t wear
24.1 26.1
4 couldn't have found
2 b is true 3 can
5 couldn't get
3 a a n d c are true 4 be able to
6 couldn't have been
4 b a n d d are true 5 been able to
7 couldn't have come / gone
5 c a n d d are true 6 can or will be able to
6 c is true 7 be able to
U N IT 28
24.2 26.2
28.1
2 W e'll have finished Ex a m ple answers:
2 must 6 can't
3 w e'll be playing 2 I used to be able to run fast. 3 can’t 7 must
4 I'll be working 3 I'd like to be able to play the piano. 4 must 8 must
5 the meeting will have ended 4 I've never been able to get up early.
5 must 9 can't
6 he'll have spent
26.3 28.2
7 yo u'll still be doing
2 could run
8 she'll have travelled 3 go
3 can wait 4 have taken / have stolen /
9 I'll be staying
4 couldn't eat have moved
10 Will you be seeing
5 can't hear 5 be
6 couldn't sleep
U N I T 25 6 have been
2 6.4 7 be looking
25.1
2 was able to finish it 8 have been
2 she goes
3 you know
3 were able to find it 9 have heard
4 was able to get away 10 be following
4 Will you b e ... I get
5 there are ... I'll call / 1will call 26.5 28.3
6 it's / it is 4 could n't 3 It must have been very expensive.
7 you see ... you w o n't recognise / 5 managed to 4 They must have gone away.
you will not recognise 6 could 5 I must have left it in the restaurant
8 I'll be / 1will be ... he gets 7 managed to last night.
9 you need ... It ' m / I am 8 could 6 It can't have been easy for her.
10 I'll wait / I will w a i t ... 9 managed to 7 He must have been waiting for
you're / you are 10 couldn't somebody.
8 She can't have understood w hat
25.2
U N I T 27 I said, or She couldn’t have
2 I'll give you my address when
27.1 understood what I said.
I find so mewhere to live, o r
2 We could have fish. 9 I must have forgotten to lock it.
... when I've found somewhere to
3 You could phone (her) now. 10 My neighbours must have been
live.
4 You could give her a book. having a party.
3 I'll co me straight back home after I
5 W e could hang it in the kitchen. 11 The driver ca n't have seen the red
do the shopping, or
light, or
... after I've done the shopping. 27.2
The driver couldn't have seen ...
4 Let's go home before it gets dark. 3 ! could kill him!
5 I w o n't speak to her until she 4 O K (could have is also p ossible)
U N IT 29
apologises, or 5 I could stay here all day
... until she has apologised. 29.1
6 it could be in the car
2 She might be busy.
25.3 (may / might are also p ossible)
3 She might be working.
2 you g o / y o u leave 7 OK
4 She might w a n t to be alone.
3 you decide or you've decided / 8 O K (could borrow is also p ossible)
5 She might have been ill yesterday.
you have decided 9 You could fall.
6 She might have gone home early.
4 you're in Hong Kong / you go to (may / might are also p ossible)
7 She might have had to go home
Hong Kong 27.3 early.
5 build the new road or 've built the 2 could have come / gone 8 She might have been working
new road / have built the new road 3 could apply yesterday.
25.4 4 could have been 9 She might not wa nt to see me.
2 if 5 could have got / taken 10 She might not be working today.
3 Wh en 6 could co me 11 She might not have been feeling
4 If well yesterday.
5 If You can use m ay inste a d o f mig ht in a ll
6 when these sentences.
7 if
8 if
341
Key t o Exercises
29.2 30.5 U N I T 32
2 be 2 I might as well go
32.1
3 have been 3 We might as well paint the
2 don't need to 6 needn't
4 be waiting bathroom.
3 must 7 m u s t ... mustn't
5 have arrived / have co me 4 We might as well watch it. /
4 mustn't 8 needn’t ... must
... watch the film.
29.3 5 don't need to
You can use m a y inste a d o f m ig h t in a ll
2 a She might be watching TV.
these sentences. 32.2
b She might have gone out.
2 needn't come
3 a it might be in the car.
U N I T 31 3 needn't walk
b You might have left it in the
4 needn't ask
restaurant. 31.1
5 needn't explain
4 a He might have gone to bed early, 3 We had to close
b He might not have heard the 4 She has to leave or She'll have to 32.3
doorbell, leave / She will have to leave 2 You needn't have walked home. You
c He might have been in the 5 do you have to be could have taken a taxi.
shower. 6 I have to go or I'll have to g o / 3 You needn't have stayed at a hotel.
You can use m ay inste a d o f mig ht in alt I will have to go You could have stayed with us.
these sentences. 7 Does he have to travel 4 She needn't have phoned me in the
8 do you have to go or will you have middle of the night. She could have
29.4
t o go waited until the morning.
3 might not have received it / might
9 did you have to wait 5 You needn't have shouted at me.
not have got it
10 had to do You could have been more patient.
4 couldn't have been an accident
6 You needn't have left wit h o u t saying
5 couldn't have tried 31.2
anything. You could have said
6 might not have been A merican 3 have to make
goodbye to me.
4 don't have to do
U N IT 30 5 had to ask 3 2.4
6 don't have to pay or w o n't have to 3 You needn't w o rry / Y o u don't need
30.1
pay / will not have to pay to worry / You don't have to worry
2 I might buy a Honda.
7 didn't have to go 4 You needn't w ait / You don't need to
3 He might come on Saturday.
8 has to make wait / You don't have to wait
4 I might hang it in the dining room.
9 will have to drive o r is going to 5 O K (You needn’t keep is also co rrect)
5 She might go to university.
have to drive 6 I didn't need to go / I didn't have to
You can use m ay inste a d o f mig ht in all
these sentences. 31.3 g°
7 OK
3 O K (have to is also correct)
30.2
4 He has t o work.
2 might wake U N I T 33
5 I had t o work late yesterday
3 might bite
evening. 33.1
4 might need
6 O K (have to is also correct) 2 You should look for another job.
5 might slip
7 She has had to wear glasses since 3 He shouldn't go to bed so late.
6 might break
she was very young. 4 You should take a photo.
You can use m ay inste a d o f mig ht in a ll
For the prese n t p e rfe ct (has had) 5 She shouldn't use her car so much.
these sentences.
with f o r a n d since, see Units 11-12. 6 He should put some pictures on the
30.3 walls.
31.4
2 might be able to meet
3 don't have to 33.2
3 might have to work
4 mustn't 2 I don't think you should go out. /
4 might have t o leave
5 don't have to I think you should stay at home.
5 might have to sell
6 mustn't 3 I think you should apply for it. /
6 might be able to fix
7 doesn't have to ... for the job.
You can use m ay instea d o f mig ht in a ll
8 mustn't 4 I don't think the govern ment should
these sentences.
9 mustn't increase taxes.
3 0. 4 10 don't have to 33.3
2 I might not go out this evening.
3 should come
3 We might not be able to get tickets
4 should do
for the game.
5 should have done
4 Sam might not be able t o go out
6 should have won
with us tonight.
7 should win
You can use m ay inste a d o f
8 should be
might in a ll these sentences.
9 should have turned
342
Key t o Ex ercises
3 3. 4 U N I T 35 3 6.4
3 W e should have reserved a table. 2 He promised he'd call. /
35.1
4 The shop should be open (now). / ... he would call.
2 You'd better put a plaster on it.
The shop should have 3 You promised you wo uld n't tell her.
3 We'd better reserve a table.
opened by now. or 4 They promised they'd w ait (for us). /
4 You'd better not go to work (this
it should ... ... th ey would wait.
morning).
5 She shouldn't be doing 50, /
5 I'd better pay my phone bill (soon). / 36.5
She shouldn't be driving so fast. /
I'd better pay it (soon). 2 wo uld n't tell
She should be driving more slowly.
6 I'd better not disturb him. 3 wouldn't speak
6 I should have written down her
4 wo uld n't let
address. / 1should have written her 35.2
address down, or 3 'd better 3 6.6
I should have writt en it down. 4 should 2 would shake
7 The driver in front shouldn't have 5 should 3 would always help
stopped with o ut warning. / ... 6 'd better 4 would share
shouldn't have stopped so suddenly. 7 should 5 would always forget
8 I should have been looking where I 8 should
was going. / 1shouldn't have been
U N I T 37
35.3
looking behind me. 1 b 'd / had 37.1
c close / shut 2 Can / Could I leave a message (for
U N IT 34 d hadn't her)? or
34.1 2 a did Can / Could you give her a message?
2 I should stay / 1stay / 1stayed b was done 3 Can / Could you tell me how to get to
the sta tio n? or
a tittle Longer c thought
3 th ey should visit / t hey visit / they ... the w ay to the station? or
3 5.4 ... where the station is?
visited the museum after lunch
2 It's ti me I had a holiday. 4 Can / Could 1try on these trousers?
4 we should pay / we pay / we paid
3 It's ti me the train left. or
the rent by Friday
4 It’s time I/ we had a party. Can / Could I try these (trousers) o n?
5 I should go / 1go / 1went away for
5 It's ti me some changes were made. / 5 Can I give / offer you a lift?
a few days
It's ti me the co m pany made some
37.2
34.2 changes.
3 Do you think you could check these
1 b OK 6 i t ’s ti me he tried something else,
forms (for m e)? / ... check them
c OK
U N IT 36 (for m e)?
d wrong
4 Do you mind if I leave work early?
2 a OK 36.1
5 Do you think you could turn the
b wrong Ex a m ple answers:
music d o wn? / ... turn it d own?
c OK 2 I wo uld n't like to be a teacher.
6 is it O K if I close the win d o w?
34.3 3 I'd love t o learn to fly a plane.
7 Do you think I could have a look at
2 should say 4 It would be nice to have a big garden.
yo ur paper? /... at yo ur newspaper?
3 should worry 5 I'd like to go to Mexico.
37.3
4 should leave 36.2
5 should ask
2 Can / Could / Would you show me?
2 'd enjoy / would enjoy
or Do you think you could show
6 should listen 3 'd have enjoyed / would have
m e? or ... do it for me?
3 4. 4 enjoyed
3 Wo uld you like to sit d own?
2 If it should rain 4 would you do
or Wo uld you like a seat?
3 If there should be any problems 5 'd have stopped / would have
or Can I offer you a seat?
4 If anyone should ask stopped
4 Can / Could / Would you slow d o wn?
5 Should there be any problems 6 would have been
or Do you think you could ... ?
6 Should anyone ask (where I’m going) 7 ‘d be / would be
5 Can / Could / May I/ we have the
8 'd have passed / would have passed
34.5 bill, please? or Do you thin k I/ we
9 would have
2 I should keep could have ... ?
3 I should phone 36.3 6 Would you like to borrow it?
4 I should get 2 e
3 b U N IT 38
4 f 38.1
5 a 2 b 5 b
6 d 3 a 6 a
4 b 7 b
343
Key t o Ex ercises
38.2 39.3 4 0.3

2 bought 2 I wish I had a computer. 2 I wish I'd applied / 1wish i had
3 asked 3 I wish Helen were / was here. applied for it. or ... for the job.
4 would lose 4 I wish it were n't / wasn’t (so) cold. 3 I wish I'd learned / 1wish I had
S 'd be / would be 5 I wish I didn't Live in a big city. Learned to play a musical
6 were ... stopped 6 I wish I could go to the party. instrument (when I was younger), or
7 gave . . . 'd have / would have 7 I wish I didn't have t o get up early I wish I could play ... / 1wish I was
tomorrow. able to play
38.3
8 I wish I k new something about cars. 4 I wish I hadn't painted it red.
2 If he did his driving test now, he'd
9 I wish I were feeling / was feeling or ... the gate red.
fail (it) / ... he would fail (it).
better. 5 I wish I'd brought / 1wish I had
3 if we stayed at a hotel, it would cost
brought my camera, or
too much. 3 9. 4
I wish I had my camera (with me)
4 If she left her job, she wo uld n't get Ex a m ple answers:
6 I wish they'd phoned / 1wish they
another one. 1 I wish I was at home.
had phoned me first (to say they
5 if we invited Ben (to the party), we'd 2 I wish I had a big garden.
were coming), or
have to invite his friends too. / 3 I wish I could tell jokes.
I wish I’d known / I wish I had known
... we would have to ... 4 I wish I was taller.
t hey were coming.
6 If I told him w ha t happened, he
wouldn't believe me. U N IT 40
U N I T 41
3 8. 4 40.1
41.1
Ex a m ple answers: 2 If h e’d missed / he had missed
2 hope 5 hope
2 I’d be very angry if so mebody broke (the train), he’d have missed / he
3 wish 6 wish ... hope
into my house. would have missed (his flight too).
4 wished
3 If you bought a car, it would cost 3 I'd have forgotten / 1would have
you a Lot to maintain it. forgotten (if) you hadn't reminded 41.2
4 I'd be surprised if the econo mic 4 I'd had / 1had had (your address), 2 I wish jane / she would come.
situation improved. I'd have sent / 1would have sent o r ... would hurry up.
5 Wo uld you mind if I did n't go out (you an email) 3 I wish so mebody would give me a
with you tonight? 5 we'd have enjoyed / we would have job.
enjoyed (it more if the weather) 4 I wish the / that baby would stop
U N IT 39 had been (better) crying.
6 It would have been (quicker if) I'd 5 I wish you would buy some new
39.1
3 I’d help / I would help walked / I had walked clothes, or I wish you
4 we lived 7 I were / 1was would get some new clothes.
8 I'd been / I had been 6 I wish you wo uld n't drive so fast.
5 we'd live / we would live
6 It would taste 4 0. 2 7 I wish you wo uld n't leave the door
7 were / was open (all the time).
2 If the road hadn't been icy, the
8 I wo uld n’t w ait .. I’d go / 1would go 8 I wish people wouldn't drop litter in
accident wo uld n’t have happened.
9 you didn't go the street.
3 If I'd known / If I had known that
10 there were n't ... there wo uld n't be Jo e had to get up early, I'd have 41.3
39.2 woken / 1would have woken him up. 2 OK
4 If I hadn't lost my phone (or If I'd 3 I wish I had more free time.
2 I'd buy it / 1would buy it if it
had my phone), I'd have called you / 4 I wish our flat was / were a bit bigger.
w ere n ’t / wasn’t so expensive.
3 W e ’d go out / We would go out I would have called you / 1would 5 OK
have been able to call you / 1could 6 OK
more often if we could afford it.
have called you 7 I wish everything wasn't / weren't so
4 If I did n't have to work late, I could
meet you to morrow, or 5 If Karen hadn't been wearing a seat expensive.
belt, she'd have been injured / she
... i'd m e et / I would m e e t ... 41.4
o r ... I'd be able to m e e t ...
would have been injured (in the
3 I knew
5 We could have Lunch outside if it crash), or ... she might / could have
4 I'd taken / 1had taken
been injured
weren't raining / wasn't raining. 5 I could come
6 If I wanted his advice, I'd ask for it / 6 If you'd had / If you had had
6 I w asn't / 1were n't
I would ask for it. breakfast, you wo uld n't be hungry
7 they'd hurry up / t h ey would
now.
hurry up
7 If I’d had / If I had had enough
8 we did n't have
money, I’d have got / 1would have
9 we could have stayed
got a taxi.
10 it wasn't / it weren't
11 he'd decide / he would decide
12 we hadn't gone
344
Key t o Exercises
U N IT 42 4 3. 3 4 4. 4
2 The co mp uter is being used at the 2 got stung
42.1
mo ment. 3 get used
2 is made
3 was damaged
3 I did n't realise t h a t our conversation 4 got stolen
was being recorded. 5 get paid
4 were invited
4 ... we found t hat the game had been 6 got stopped
5 are shown
cancelled. 7 get damaged
6 are held
5 A new ring road is being built round 8 get asked
7 was writt en ... was translated
the city.
8 were overtaken
6 A new hospital has been built near U N IT 45
9 is surrounded
the airport. 45.1
4 2.2
4 3. 4 2 The weather is e xpected to be good
2 Wh e n was television invented?
3 It's been stolen! / It has been stolen! tomorrow.
3 H ow are mountains forme d?
4 So me body has taken it. or 3 The thieves are believed to have got
4 Wh e n were antibiotics discovered?
... taken my umbrella. in through a win d ow in the roof.
5 W h a t is silver used for?
5 He's been promoted. / He has been 4 Many people are reported to be
4 2.3 promoted. homeless after the floods.
3 covers 6 It's being redecorated. / It is being 5 The prisoner is thought to have
4 is covered redecorated. escaped by climbing over a wall.
5 are locked 7 It's working again. / It is working 6 The man is alleged to have been
6 was sent ... arrived again. driving at 110 miles an hour.
7 sank ... was rescued It's been repaired. / It has been 7 The building is reported to have
8 died ... were brought up repaired. been badly damaged by the fire.
9 grew up 8 The furniture had been moved. 8 a The co mpany is said to be losing a
10 was stolen 9 He hasn't been seen since then. lot of money.
11 disappeared 10 I haven't seen her for ages. b The co m pany is believed to have
12 did Sue resign 11 Have you ever been mugged? lost a lot of money last year,
13 was Ben fired c The co mpany is e xpected to make
14 is owned U N IT 4 4 a loss this year.
15 called ... was injured . . 44.1 45.2
wasn't needed 2 I was asked some difficult questions 2 He is supposed to know a lot of
16 were these pictures taken ... at the interview. famous people.
Did you take 3 A my was given a present by her 3 He is supposed to be very rich.
17 'm n ot bothered / am not bothered colleagues when she retired. 4 He is supposed to have twelve
42.4 4 I w asn't told about the meeting. children.
2 All flights were cancelled because of 5 H ow much will you be paid f oryo u r 5 He is supposed to have been an
fog. work? actor when he was younger.
3 This road isn't used much. 6 I think Tom should have been
45.3
4 I was accused of stealing money. offered the job. 2 You’re / You are supposed to be my
5 How are languages learned / learnt? 7 Have you been shown wh a t to do?
friend.
6 We were warned not to go out 3 I’m / I am supposed to be on a diet.
4 4. 2
alone. 4 It was supposed to be a joke.
2 being invited
3 being given 5 O r maybe it ’s / i t is supposed to
U N IT 43 4 being knocked down be a flower.
43.1 5 being treated 6 You're / You are supposed to be
2 it can't be broken 6 being stuck working.
3 it can be eaten
4 4. 3 45.4
4 it can't be used
2 -6 2 're / are supposed to start
5 it can't be seen
• Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 3 was supposed to phone
6 it can be carried
1770. 4 aren't / ’re not / are not supposed
43 .2 • Galileo was born in 1564. to block
3 be made • Ma hat m a Gandhi was born in 1869. 5 was supposed to depart
4 be spent • Michaeljackson was born in 1958.
5 have been repaired Martin Luther King was born in 1929. U N IT 4 6
6 be carried • Elvis Presley was born in 1935. 46,1
7 be woken up • Willia m Shakespeare was born in 1 b
8 have been arrested 1564. 2 a
9 have been caused • Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452. 3 a
7 I was born in ... 4 b
345
Key t o Ex ercises
46.2 47.2 4 9.2

2 Sarah has her car serviced once a Ex a m ple answers: 3 W h o paid it? / W h o paid the bill?
year. 2 she w asn't co ming / she was going 4 W h a t happened?
3 It cost twelve pounds to have my so mewhere else / she couldn’t come 5 W h a t did she / Diane say?
suit cleaned. 3 th ey didn't like each other / 6 W h o does it / this book belong t o?
4 The last ti me I had my eyes tested th ey did n't get on with each other / 7 W h o Lives in t h a t house? / Wh o lives
was t wo years ago. t h ey couldn't stand each other there?
5 W e ’ve had some new cupboards 4 he did n't know anyone 8 W h a t did you fall over?
fitted in the kitchen. 5 she would be away / she was going 9 W h a t fell off the shelf?
6 We need to get this docu ment away 10 W h a t does it / this word m ean?
translated as soon as possible. 6 you were staying a t home 11 W h o did you borrow it fro m? /
7 he couldn't speak / he didn't speak ... borrow the money fro m?
4 6.3
any other Languages 12 W h a t are you worried ab out?
2 I had it cut.
8 he'd seen you / he saw you last
3 We had the m cleaned. 4 9.3
weekend
4 He had it built. 2 How is cheese m a d e?
5 I had the m delivered. 3 Wh e n was the co m p uter invented?
U N IT 48
4 W h y isn't Sue working t o d ay?
4 6.4
48.1 5 W h a t time are yo ur friends co ming?
2 have another key made
2 But you said you didn't like fish. 6 W h y was the trip cancelled?
3 you had your hair cut
3 But you said you couldn’t drive. 7 Wh ere was yo ur m other b o m?
4 Do you have a newspaper delivered
4 But you said she had a very well - 8 W h y didn't you co me to the party?
5 we're having / we are having
paid job. 9 H ow did the accident happen?
a garage built
5 But you said you did n't have any 10 W h y doesn’t this machine work?
6 Have you had the washing machine
brothers or sisters.
fixed / Did you have the washing 4 9. 4
6 But you said you'd / you had never
machine fixed 2 Don't you like him?
been to the United States.
7 have your ears pierced 3 Isn't it good?
7 But you said you were working
9 She had her credit cards stolen. 4 Have n't you got any? or
to m orrow evening.
10 We all had our bags searched. D on't you have any?
8 But you said she was a friend of
yours.
U N IT 4 7 U N I T 50
47.1 4 8. 2
50.1
2 Tell 7 tell
2 He said (that) his father wasn't very 2 c 6 c
3 Say 8 tell
well. 3 a 7 b
4 said 9 told
3 He said (that) Rachel and Mark were 4 b 8 a
5 told 10 said
getting married next month. 5 b
6 said
4 He said (that) his sister had had a
50.2
baby. 4 8.3
2 How far is it to the airport?
5 He said (that) he didn’t know what 2 her to slow down
3 I won d er how old Tom is.
Joe was doing. 3 her not to worry
4 Wh e n is Lisa going on holiday?
6 He said (that) he'd seen / he had 4 asked Tom to give me a hand
5 Could you tell me where the post
seen Helen at a party in June and or . .. t o help me
office is?
she'd seemed / she had seemed 5 asked me t o open my bag
6 I d on't k now wh e th er anyone was
fine, or He said (that) he saw 6 asked him to get (me) a paper
injured in the accident.
Helen ... and she seemed ... 7 told him to mind his own business
7 Do you know wh a t ti me you will
7 He said (that) he hadn't seen A my 8 asked her to marry him
arrive to m orrow?
recently. 9 told her not to wait (for me) if I was
8 He said (that) he wasn't enjoying his late 50.3
job very much. 2 He asked me where I'd been. /
9 He said (that) I could co me and stay U N IT 49 ... where I had been.
at his place if I was ever in London. 49.1 3 He asked me how Long I'd been back. /
10 He said (that) his car had been ... how long i had been back.
2 Were you born th ere?
stolen a few days ago. 3 Are you married? 4 He asked me w ha t I was doing now.
or ... his car was stolen a few days 4 H ow long have you been married? 5 He asked me w hy I'd co me back. /
ago. ... w hy I had come back, or
5 Have you got (any) chiLdren?
11 He said (that) he wante d to go on ... w hy I ca me back.
o r Do you have (any) children?
holiday, but (he) couldn't afford it. 6 H ow old are t h ey? 6 He asked me where I was Living.
12 He said (that) he'd tell / he would 7 He asked me if / whether I was glad
7 W h a t do you do?
tell Chris he'd seen / he had seen t o be back.
8 Wh a t does yo ur wife do?
me. or ... h e saw me. 8 He asked me if / whether I had any
plans to go a way again.
9 He asked me if / whether I could
346 help him find a job.
Key t o Ex ercises
U N I T 51 52.2 U N IT 54
2 It's (very) expensive, isn't it?
51.1 54.1
3 The course was great, wasn't it?
2 doesn't 2 to help him
4 You've had your hair cut, haven't
3 was 3 to carry her bag (for her)
yo u? or
4 will 4 t o meet at 8 o'clock
You had your hair cut, didn't yo u?
5 am ... isn't or 'm not ...is or 5 to tell him her name / to give him
r^ni .. . v_ai i l nr 5 She has a good voice, hasn't she? or hpr IImClm
L.ai ui La i i l ... Lai i wnri MCI 111p1
She's got / She has got a good
am ... can't or c a n 't ... is 6 not to tell anyone
voice, hasn't she? or She has a
6 should
good voice, doesn't she? 54.2
7 w o n ’t
6 It doesn't look very good, does it? 2 to get
8 do
7 This bridge isn't very safe, is it? or 3 to live
9 didn't
... doesn't look very safe, does it? 4 (how) to use
10 would ... could ... can't
5 to tell
52.3
51.2 6 say or to say
2 Joe, you couldn't give me a hand
3 Do yo u? 1don't.
(with this table), could yo u? 54.3
f* i
4 Didn't yo u? 1did.
3 Kate, you d o n't know where Sarah 2 to look
5 Have n't yo u? 1have. —
I it*
is, do yo u? or . . . you haven't seen 3 walking
6 Did yo u? 1didn't.
Sarah, have you? 4 waiting
51.3 4 Helen, you haven't got a bicycle 5 to finish
Ex a m ple answers: pump, have yo u? o r ...y o u don't 6 barking
3 So did 1. or have a bicycle pump, do yo u? 7 to call
Did yo u? W h a t did you w a tch? 5 Ann, you could n't take me to the 8 having
4 N eith er will 1. or station, could yo u? or 9 missing
Wo n't y o u? Wh ere will you be? ... you couldn't give me a lift to the 10 to be
5 So do 1. or station, could yo u? 5 4.4
Do yo u? W h a t sort of books do you 6 Robert, you haven't seen my keys, 2 Tom appears to be worried about
like? have yo u? something.
6 So would 1. or
3 You seem to know a lot of people.
Wo uld y o u? Wh ere would you like U N I T 53 4 My English seems to be getting
t o live?
53.1 better.
7 N eith er can 1. or
2 playing tennis 5 That car appears to have broken
Ca n't y o u? W h y n ot?
3 driving too fast down.
51.4 4 going swim ming 6 David tends to forget things.
2 I hope so. 5 breaking the DVD player 7 They claim to have solved the
3 I expect so. 6 waiting a few minutes problem.
4 I don't think so.
53.2 54.5
5 I'm afraid not.
2 making 2 w hat to do
6 I'm afraid so.
3 listening 3 how to ride
7 I suppose so.
4 applying 4 whether to go
8 I hope not.
5 reading 5 where to put
9 I think so.
6 living 6 how to use
7 using
U N I T 52
8 forgetting U N I T 55
52.1 9 paying 55.1
3 d o n'tyo u 10 being 2 or do you want me to lend you some
4 were you 11 trying 3 or would you like me to shut it
5 does she 12 losing 4 or would you like me to show you
6 isn't he
53.3 5 or do you w a n t me to repeat it
7 hasn't she
2 travelling 6 or do you w a n t me to wait
8 can't you
3 painting the kitchen 55.2
9 will th ey
4 turning the music down 2 to stay with them
10 aren't there
5 not interrupting 3 her to call joe.
11 shall we
12 is it 53.4 4 him to be careful
13 ar e n't! Ex a m ple answers : 5 her to give him a hand
14 would you 2 going out
15 hasn't she 3 sitting on the floor
16 should 1 4 having a picnic
17 had he 5 laughing
18 will you 6 breaking down
347
Key t o Exercises
55.3 U N I T 57 5 8. 4
2 I didn’t e x pect it to rain. 2 I would like / I'd like to have seen
57.1
3 Let him do w ha t he wants. the programme.
2 Try turning it the other way.
4 Tim's glasses make him look older. 3 ! would hate / I'd hate to have lost
3 Have you tried restarting it?
5 I want you to know the truth. my watch.
4 You could try rphoningo his office.
6 Sarah persuaded me to apply for the
j
4 I would love / I'd love to have met
5 Have you tried taking an aspirin?
job. yo ur parents.
7 My lawyer advised me not to say 57.2 5 I wouldn't like to have been alone.
anything to the police. 2 It needs painting. 6 I would prefer / I'd prefer to have
8 I was warned not to believe 3 It needs cutting. travelled by train.
everything he says. 4 They need tightening.
9 Having a car enables you to get 5 It needs emptying. U N I T 59
around more easily. 57.3 59.1
55.4 1 b knocking Ex a m ple a nsw ers:
2 to go c to put 2 I prefer basketball to football.
3 to do d asking 3 I prefer going to the cine ma to
4 cry e to reach watchin g DVDs at home.
5 to study f to concentrate 3 I prefer being very busy to having
6 booking or you to book 2 a to go nothing to do.
7 borrow b looking 5 I prefer to go to the cinema rather
8 to work c cleaning than watch DVDs at home.
9 think d cutting 6 I prefer to be very busy rather than
e You do n’t need to iron ... have nothing to do.
U N I T 56 It doesn't need ironing 59.2
3 a overhearing
56.1 3 prefer
b get o r to get
2 driving 9 causing 4 eat / stay
c smiling
3 to go 10 to do 5 I'd rather (wait) / I'd prefer to (wait)
4 raining 11 being d make or to make
6 to go
5 to win 12 to climb 7 I'd rather (think) /
U N IT 58
6 asking 13 to tell I'd prefer to (think)
7 asking 14 talking... to see 58.1 8 I'd prefer to stand.
8 to answer Ex a m ple answers: 9 go
2 I don’t mind playing cards. 11 I'd prefer to go for a swim rather
56.2
3 I don’t like being alone, or than play tennis.
2 He re me mbers going to Paris with
... to be alone. 12 I'd rather eat at home than go to a
his parents when he was eight.
4 I enjoy going to museums. restaurant.
3 He doesn't re me mber crying on his
5 I love cooking, o r I love to cook. 13 I'd prefer to think about it for a while
first day at school.
58.2 rather than decide now.
4 He can re me mber falling into the
2 She likes teaching biology. 14 I'd rather listen to some music than
river.
3 He likes taking pictures. watch TV.
5 He can't re me mber saying he
wanted to be a doctor, or o r He likes to take pictures. 59.3
He can't re me mber wanting to be 4 I didn't like working there. 2 (would you rather) I told her
a doctor. 5 She likes studying medicine. 3 would you rather I did it
6 He doesn't re me mber being bitten 6 He doesn't like being famous. 4 would you rather I phoned her
by a dog. 7 She doesn't like taking risks.
5 9.4
o r She doesn't like to take risks.
56.3 2 stayed / re mained / waited
8 I like to know things in advance.
1 b lending 3 stay
c to phone / to call 58.3 4 didn't
d to say 2 to sit 5 were
e leaving / putting 3 waiting 6 didn't
2 a saying 4 going or to go
b to say 5 to get
c wearing / having / taking / 6 being
putting on 7 to come / to go
3 a to become 8 living
b working 9 to talk
c rea din g / loo kin g at 10 to have / to know / to get / to hear /
4 a losing or to lose to be told
b to get / to feel
c crying or to cry
348
Key t o Ex ercises
U N IT 60 61.3 63.2
2 They soon got used to her. / 2 asking David
60.1
... to the / their new teacher. 3 in going out
2 applying for the job
3 She had to get used to living in a 4 phoning her /Lisa
3 re membering names
much smaller house. 5 complaining (about w hat happened)
4 winning the lottery
4 (e x a m ple answers) They'll have to get 6 keeping
5 being late
used to the weather. / ... to the food.
6 eating at home, we went to a 63.3
/ ... to speaking a foreign language.
restaurant 2 re membering people's names
7 having to queue or queuing 61.4 3 getting a job
8 playing very well 2 drink 4 getting a ticket for the game
3 eating 5 understanding him
60.2
4 having
2 by standing on a chair 6 3.4
5 have
3 by turning a key 2 reading
6 go
4 by borrowing too much money 3 packing / getting ready
7 be
5 by driving t oo Fast 4 watching
I
8 being
6 by putting some pictures on the 5 going / climbing / walking
9 live ... living
walls 6 getting / being
60.3 U N IT 62
2 paying / settling 63.5
62.1
3 going 2 we nt swim ming
2 doing
4 using 3 go skiing
3 coming / going
5 going 4 goes riding
4 spending / having
6 being / travelling / sitting 5 gone shopping
5 buying / having
7 asking / telling / consulting
6 seeing
8 doing / having
7 watching U N IT 64
9 turning / going 64.1
8 solving
10 taking 2 I opened the box to see what was
9 buying / having
6 0. 4 in it.
62.2
2 I'm looking forward to seeing her. / 3 I’m saving m o ney to go to Canada.
2 of causing
... seeing Kate. 4 I need a knife to chop these onions.
3 from walking (or stop people
3 I'm not Looking forward to going to 5 I'm wearing t wo sweaters to keep
walking)
the dentist (to morrow). warm.
4 for interrupting
4 She's looking forward to Leaving 6 I phoned the police to report the
5 of using
school (next summer). accident.
6 of doing
5 I'm looking forward to playing tennis 6 4.2
7 from escaping (o r prevent the
(to morrow). 2 to read
prisoner escaping)
8 on telling 3 to w a l k / t o go on foot
U N I T 61 4 to drink
9 to eating
61.1 10 for being 5 to put / to carry
1 Wh e n Jack started working in this 11 for inviting 6 to discuss / t o consider /
job, he wasn't used to driving two 12 of (not) wearing to talk about
hours to work every morning, but 7 to go / to travel
62.3
after some ti me he g o t used to it. 8 to talk / to speak
2 on taking Ann to the station
N o w it's no problem for him. He's 9 to wear / to put on
3 on getting married
used to driving t wo hours every 10 to celebrate
4 Sue for coming t o see her
morning. / He is used t o drivin g ... 11 to help / to assist
5 (to me) for not phoning earlier
2 She w asn ’t used to w orkin g nights
6 me of being selfish 6 4.3
and it took her a few months to get
2 for
used t o it. Now, after a year, it's
U N IT 63 3 to
OK for her. She's used to workin g
63.1 4 to
nights. / She is used to workin g ...
2 There's no point in working if you 5 for
61.2 6 to
don't need money.
2 No, I’m used to sleeping on the floor. 7 for
3 There's no point in trying to study if
3 I’m used to working long hours. 8 f o r ... to
you feel tired.
4 Yes, I'm not used to going to bed so
4 There's no point in hurrying if y o u ’ve
late.
got plenty of time.
34 9
Key t o Ex ercises
6 4. 4 U N IT 66 U N IT 68
2 so that I wo uld n't be cold.
66.1 68.1
3 so that he could co nt act me. /
3 I'm afraid of losing it. 2 A my was sitting in an armchair
... would be able to contact me.
4 I was afraid to tell her. reading a book.
4 so that nobody else would hear our
5 We were afraid of missing our train. 3 Sue opened the door carefully trying
conversation. / so t hat nobody else
6 We were afraid to took. not to make a noise.
could h e a r w o u l d be able to
7 I was afraid of dropping it. 4 Sarah went out saying she would be
h e a r ...
8 a I was afraid to eat it. back in an hour.
5 so that we can start th e meeting
b I was afraid of getting sick. 5 Lisa was in London for t wo years
on time. / so that we'll be able to
working in a bookshop.
start ... 66.2
6 Anna walked around the town
6 so t h at we wouldn't forget anything. 2 in starting
looking at the sights and taking
7 so that the car behind me could 3 to read
pictures.
overtake. / ... would be able to 4 in getting
overtake. 5 to know 68.2
6 in looking 2 I fell asleep watchin g TV.
U N I T 65 66.3
3 A friend of mine slipped and fell
getting off a bus.
65.1 2 sorry to hear
2 This machine is easy to use. 4 I got very w e t walking home in the
3 sorry for saying /
3 The win d ow was very difficult to rain.
sorry about saying / sorry I said
5 Laura had an accident driving to
open. 4 sorry to disturb
4 So m e words are impossible to work yesterday.
5 sorry for losing / sorry about losing /
translate. 6 Two people were overco me by
sorry I lost
5 A car is expensive to maintain. smoke trying to put out the fire.
6 6.4
6 That chair isn't safe to stand on. 6 8.3
1 b to leave
65.2 2 Having bought our tickets, we we nt
c from leaving
2 It’s an easy mistake to make. into the theatre.
2 a to solve
3 It’s a nice place to live, or b in solving
3 Having had Lunch, they continued
... a nice place to live in. their journey.
3 a of / about going
4 It was a good game to watch. 4 Having done the shopping, I went for
b to go
a cup of coffee.
65.3 c to go
2 It's careless of you t o make the same d to going 6 8. 4
mistake again and again. 4 a to buy 2 Thinking they might be h u n gry,...
3 It was nice of the m to invite me (to
b on buying 3 Being a ve g e t aria n,...
stay with the m). / It was nice of Dan c to buy 4 N o t knowing his email a d dress,...
and Je n ny to ... d of buying 5 Having travelled a l o t , ...
4 It's inconsiderate of the m to make 6 N ot being able to speak the local
U N I T 67 lan g ua g e,...
so much noise. / It's inconsiderate of
the neighbours to ... 67.1 7 Having spent nearly all our m o n e y,...
2 arrive
65.4 U N IT 69
3 take it / do it
2 I'm / 1am glad to hear or
4 it ring 69.1
I was glad to hear
5 him play o r him playing 3 W e we nt to a very nice restaurant ...
3 We were surprised to see
6 you lock i t / y o u do it 4 OK
4 Pleased to meet
7 her fall 5 I use a toothbrush ...
65.5 6 ... if there's a bank near here?
67.2
2 Paul was the Last (person) to arrive. 7 ... for an insurance co mpany
2 We saw David and Helen playing
3 Emily was the only student to pass 8 OK
tennis.
(the e xam). / ... the only one to pass 9 OK
3 We saw Clare eating in a restaurant. /
(the exam). 10 ... we stayed in a big hotel.
... having a meal in a restaurant.
4 I was the second customer / person 11 ... I hope we co me to a petrol
4 We heard Bill playing his guitar.
to co mplain (about the service). station soon.
5 We could smell the dinner burning.
5 Neil Armstrong was the first 12 ... I have a problem.
6 We saw Linda jogging / running.
person / man to walk on the moon. 13 ... It ’s a very interesting idea.
67.3 14 John has an interview for a job
65.6
3 tell 8 explode tomorrow.
2 're / are bound to be
4 crying 9 crawling 15 ... it's a good game.
3 's/is sure to forget
5 riding 10 slam 16 O K
4 's/is not likely to rain or
6 say 11 sleeping 17 jan e was wearing a beautiful
isn't likely to rain
7 run ... climb necklace.
5 's/is likely to be
350
Key t o Ex ercises
69.2 70.3 U N I T 72
3 a key 2 I’d like some information about
72.1
4 a coat places to see in the town.
1 ... and a magazine. The newspaper
5 sugar 3 Can you give me (some) advice
is in my bag, but I can't re me mber
6 a biscuit about which courses to do? / ...
where I put th e magazine.
7 electricity courses I can d o?
2 I saw an accident this morning. A
8 an interview 4 W h a t time is the news (on)?
car crashed into a tree. The driver
9 blood 5 It's a beautiful view, isn't it?
of th e car wasn't hurt, but th e car
10 a question 6 W h a t horrible / awful weather!
was badly damaged.
11 a mo ment
3 ... a blue one and a grey one. The
12 a decision U N I T 71
blue one belongs to my neighbours;
69.3 71.1 I don't k now who th e owner of th e
2 days 3 It's a vegetable.
grey one is.
3 meat 4 It's a game. / It's a board game.
4 My friends live in an old house in a
4 a queue 5 They're birds. small village. There is a beautiful
5 jokes 6 It's a (tall / high) building. garden behind t h e house. I would
6 friends 7 They're planets. like to have a garden like that.
7 people 8 It's a flower.
9 72.2
8 air They're rivers.
10 They're musical instruments. 1 a a
9 patience
b the
10 an umbrella 12 He was a writer / a poet / a
c the
11 languages playwright / a dramatist.
2 a a
12 space 13 He was a scientist / a physicist.
14 They were US presidents / b a
c the
U N I T 70 A merican presidents / presidents of
3 a a
the USA.
70.1 b the
15 She was an actress / a film actress /
2 a a paper c the
a film star / a movie star.
b paper 4 a an ... The
16 They were singers.
3 a Light b the
17 T hey were painters / artists.
b a light c the
4 a time 71.2 5 a the
b a wonderful time 2 He's a waiter. b a
5 a nice room 3 She's a journalist. c a
6 advice 4 He's a surgeon.
72.3
7 nice weather 5 He's a chef.
6 He's a plumber.
2 t h e dentist
8 bad luck
3 t h e door
9 job 7 She's a tour guide.
4 a mistake
10 journey 8 She's an interpreter.
5 th e bus station
11 total chaos
71.3 6 a problem
12 some bread 4
th e post office
a
r
7
13 doesn't
5 an 8 t h e floor
14 Your hair is ... it
6 - (You're always asking questions!) 9 t h e book
15 The damage
7 a 10 a job in a bank
70.2 8 So me 11 a small apart ment in th e city centre
2 information 9 - (Do you like staying in h otels?) 12 a supermarket at th e end of th e
3 chairs 10 - (I've got sore feet.) street
4 furniture 11 a
72.4
5 hair 12 some
Ex a m ple answers:
6 progress 13 a ... a
2 A bout once a month.
7 job 14 - (Those are nice shoes.)
3 O nce or twice a year,
8 work 15 some
4 SO kilometres an hour.
9 permission 16 You need a visa to visit some
5 A bout seven hours a night.
10 advice countries
6 Two or three times a week.
11 experience 17 Jane is a teacher. Her parents were
7 A bout t w o hours a day.
12 experiences teachers too.
8 A bout £20 a day.
18 He's a liar. He's always telling lies.
351
Key t o Exercises
U N I T 73 74.3 U N I T 76
1 c OK 76.1
73.1
d the university
2 a nice holiday ... th e best holiday 1 b the cheetah
2 a OK c the kangaroo (and the rabbit)
3 th e nearest shop ... th e end of this
b the hospital ... the hospital
street 2 a the swan
c OK b the penguin
4 a lovely day ... a cloud in th e sky
3 a OK
5 to th e in t e r n e t... th e same problem c the owl
b OK 3 a the wheel
6 th e most expensive hotel ... a
c the church
cheaper hotel b the laser
4 a OK
7 to travel in space ... go to th e moon c the telescope
b the prison 4 a the rupee
8 a s t a r ... a p l a n e t ... th e largest
c OK b the (Canadian) dollar
planet in th e solar system
74.4 c the ...
73.2
2 in bed 6 go to bed
2 watching TV 76.2
3 after work 7 The bed
3 th e radio 2 a
4 in the sea 8 at sea
4 The television 3 the
5 like home 9 work
5 had dinner 4 a
6 th e same time 5 the
U N I T 75
7 th e capital 6 the
8 for breakfast 75.1 7 a
9 th e ground ... th e sky Ex a m ple answers: 8 The
2- 5
73.3 76.3
• I like cats.
2 th e same thing • I don't like zoos. 2 the injured
3 Room 25 is on th e second floor. • I don't mind snow. 3 th e unemployed
4 The moon goes round th e earth • I'm not interested in boxing. 4 th e sick
every 27 days, or 5 the rich ... the poor
... goes round Earth ... 75.2
76.4
5 a very hot day ... th e hottest day of 3 spiders
2 a German Germans
th e year 4 meat
3 a Frenchman / Frenchwoman
6 We had lunch in a nice restaurant 5 the questions
the French
by th e sea. 6 the people
7 History 4 a Russian Russians
7 at th e cinema
8 lies 5 a Chinese the Chinese
8 eat a good breakfast
6 a Brazilian Brazilians
9 on th e wrong platform 9 The hotels
10 The water 7 an Englishman / Englishwoman
10 The next train ... fro m Pla tfo r m 3
the English
11 You'll find th e information you 11 the grass
8 ...
need at th e top of page 15. 12 patience
73.4 75.3 U N I T 77
2 the sea 5 breakfast 2 Apples
77.1
3 question 8 6 the gate 3 the apples
2 the
4 the cinema 7 Gat e 21 4 Wo m e n ... men
3 the ... the
5 tea
4 - (President Kennedy was
U N IT 74 6 The vegetables
assassinated in 1963.)
7 Life
74.1 5 the
8 holidays (= ‘holidays by the
2 to school 6 - (I'm looking for Professor Brown.)
general)
3 at home
9 education 77.2
4 to work
10 the people 3 OK
5 in hospital
11 people ... aggression 4 th e United States
6 at university
12 All the books 5 The south of England ... th e north
7 in bed
13 the rooms 6 OK
8 to prison
14 war 7 th e Channel
74.2 15 The First World Wa r 8 th e Middle East
2 school 16 films 9 OK
3 the school 17 the history of modern art 10 th e Swiss Alps
4 School 18 the marriage 11 The UK
5 ... get to and from school 19 Most people ... marriage ... 12 The Seychelles ... th e Indian Ocean
... The school isn't very far. family life ... society 13 O K
6 school 14 The river Volga ... th e Caspian Sea
352
Key t o Ex ercises
77.3 79.2 8 0.3
2 (in) South America 2 politics 5 physics 2 twenty - pound
3 th e Nile 3 economics 6 gymnastics 3 ten - pound
4 Sweden 4 athletics 7 electronics 4 15 - minute
5 th e United States 5 60 minutes
79.3
6 th e Rockies 6 two - hour
2 d o n't
7 th e Mediterranean 7 twelve - storey
3 want
8 Australia 8 five days
4 was
9 th e Pacific 9 Five -star
5 aren't
10 th e Indian Ocean 10 six years old
6 are
11 th e Thames 11 500 - year - old
7 wasn't
12 th e Danube 12 twelve - hour ... 24 - hour
8 does or do
13 Thailand
9 th ey are
14 t h e Panama Canal U N I T 81
10 Do
15 t h e Ama zon 81.1
11 is o r are
12 enjoy 3 yo ur friend's umbrella
U N I T 78 4 OK
/ S.4
78.1 5 Charles’s daughter
3 wearing black jeans.
2 Turner's in Carter Road 6 Helen and Dan's son
4 OK
3 t h e Crown (Ho tel) in Park Road 7 OK
5 ... very nice people.
4 St Peter’s in Market Street 8 last Monday's newspaper
6 Ten pounds isn’t ...
5 th e City Museum in George Street 9 OK
7 ... buy som e new pyjam as, or
6 Blackstone's (Books) in Forest Avenue 10 O K
... buy a new pair of pyjam as.
7 Mario's (Piz za) in George Street 11 Your children's friends
8 O K (The co m mittee hasn't is also
8 Victoria Park at th e end of Market 12 O ur neighbours' garden
correct)
Street 13 O K
9 There was a police o fficer /
14 David's hair
78.2 a p olice m an / a p olicewo m an ...
15 Katherine's party
2 The Eiffel Tower 10 W h a t are the police ...
16 O K
3 Buckingham Palace 11 These scissors a r e n 't ... A1 i 1
17 Mike s parents car
K. *
4 The Wh it e House 12 O K
18 O K
5 The Kremlin
19 O K (the government's econo mic
6 Broadway U N IT 80
policy is also co rrect)
7 T h e Acropolis
80.1
8 Gatwick Airport a \
3 a job interview
2 a boy s name
78.3 4 (your) holiday pictures
3 children's clothes
2 Central Park 5 milk chocolate
4 a girls' school
3 St Ja mes's Park 6 a factory inspector
D a bird's nest
4 The Imperial H o t e l ... Baker Street 7 a race horse
6 a wo men's magazine
5 Dublin Airport 8 a horse race
6 Liverpool University 9 running shoes 81.3
7 Harrison's 10 a university student 2 Last we e k’s storm caused a lot of
8 the Park Plaza 11 (your) exam results damage.
9 The Statue of Liberty ... N ew York 12 the living room carpet 3 The town's only cine ma has closed
Harbour 13 an oil co m pany scandal down.
10 the Science Museum 14 car factory workers 4 Britain's weather is very changeable
11 IBM ... British Telecom 15 a road improve ment scheme 5 The region's main industry is
12 The Classic 16 a N ew York de part ment store tourism.
13 the Great Wa ll 17 a five - day course
81.4
14 The Times 18 a two - part question
2 t w e n ty minutes' walk
15 Cambridge University Press 19 a thirty - year - old man
3 t w o weeks' holiday / fourteen days'
16 the College of Art
80.2 holiday / a fortnig ht’s holiday
2 seat belt 4 an / one hour's sleep
U N I T 79
3 credit card
79.1 4 weather forecast
3 shorts 5 newspaper editor
4 a means 6 shop win d ow
5 means 7 room number
6 some scissors or a pair of scissors 8 birthday party
7 a series 9 truck driver
8 series
9 species
353
Key t o Ex ercises
U N IT 82 83.2 84.3
2 his own opinions 2 There may be
82.1 3 her own business 3 there will be / there'll be or
2 hurt himself
4 our own words there are going to be
3 blame herself
5 its own private beach 4 There’s going to be / There is goinj
4 Put yourself
to be
5 enjoyed themselves 83.3
5 There used to be
6 burn yourself 2 yo ur own fault
6 there should be
7 express myself 3 her own ideas
7 there wouldn't be
4 yo ur own problems
82.2
5 his own decisions 8 4. 4
2 me
2 OK
3 myself 8 3. 4
3 t h ere will be an opportunity
4 us 2 makes her own (clothes)
4 OK
5 yourself 3 bake / make our own (bread)
5 There must have been a reason.
6 you 4 clean your own (shoes)
6 OK
7 ourselves 5 write their own (songs)
7 T here's sure to be a car park
8 them
83.5 somewhere.
9 themselves
2 my own 8 OK
82.3 3 myself 9 T here has been no change.
2 feel 4 himself 10 There used t o be a church here
3 dried myself 5 themselves 11 th ere would be so mebody ... but
4 concentrate 6 herself th ere wasn't anybody.
5 defend yourself 7 their own 12 O K
6 meeting 8 yourself
7 relax 9 our own U N I T 85
10 her own
8 2. 4 85.1
2 themselves 2 some
U N IT 84
3 each other 3 any
4 each other 84.1 4 a n y ... some
5 themselves 3 There's / There is 5 some
6 each other 4 there wasn't 6 s o m e ... any
7 ourselves 5 Is i t ... it’s / it is 7 any
8 each other 6 is there 8 any
9 introduced ourselves to each o th er 7 there was 9 some
8 It isn't / It ’s not 10 any
82.5
9 there isn't 11 some
2 He cuts it himself.
10 It was
3 No, I'll tell her myself. 85.2
11 There wasn't
4 Linda told me herself. / Linda herself 2 somebody / someone
12 Is there ... there's / there is
told me. / Linda did herself. 3 anybody / anyone
13 there was ... It was
5 W h y can't you phone him yourself? / 4 anything
14 It was
... do it yourself? 5 something
15 It's / It is ... There's / There is
6 somebody / someone ...
U N IT 83 8 4.2 anybody / anyone
2 T here's / T here is a lot of salt in the 7 something ... anybody / anyone
83.1
soup, or ... too much s a l t ... 8 Anybody / Anyone
2 We met a relative of yours.
3 There was nothing in th e box. or 9 anybody / anyone
3 Jason borrowed a book of mine.
There wasn't anything in the box. 10 anywhere
4 Lisa invited some friends of hers to
4 There's / There is a lot of violence in 11 somewhere
her flat.
the film. 12 anywhere
5 We had dinner with a neighbour of
5 There were a lot of people in the 13 anybody / anyone
ours.
shopping mall. 14 something
6 I went on holiday with two friends of
6 There is a lot to do in this town. 15 Anybody / Anyone
mine.
/ There is a lot happening in this 16 anything
7 Is that man a friend of yours?
town. 17 something
8 I met a friend of Jane's at the party.
9 It's always been an ambition of mine 18 anybody / anyone ... anything
(to travel round the world).
354
Key t o Ex ercises
85.3 87.3 89.2
2 Any day 2 little 5 few 2 either
3 Anything 3 many 6 little 3 both
4 anywhere 4 much 7 many 4 N eith er of
5 A ny job or Anything 5 n eith er d riv e r... both / both
87.4
6 A ny time th e / b oth o f th e cars
3 a f ew dollars
7 Anybody / Anyone 6 both / both of
4 OK
8 A ny newspaper o r Any one
5 a little time 89.3
6 OK 2 either of the m
U N IT 86
7 only a few words 3 both of the m
86.1 8 a few months 4 N eith er of us
3 no 8 No 5 neither of them
4 any 87.5
9 no
2 a little 6 a little 8 9. 4
5 None 10 any
3 a few 7 little 3 Both Jo e and Sam are on holiday.
6 none 11 none
4 few 8 a few 4 Neith er Jo e nor Sa m has (got) a car.
7 any 12 no
5 little 5 Brian neither watches TV nor reads
8 6 .2 newspapers.
2 Nobody / No - one. U N IT 88 6 The movie was both boring and
3 None. long.
88.1
4 Nowhere. 7 That man's name is either Richard or
3 -
5 None. Robert.
4 of
6 Nothing. 8 I have neither the ti me nor the
5 -
8 I wasn't talking to anybody / anyone. money to go on holiday.
6 -
9 I don't want any sugar. 9 We can leave either t o d ay or
7 of
10 I'm not going anywhere. tomorrow.
8 of
11 1didn't get any emails.
9 - (of is also correct) 89.5
12 I didn't pay anything.
10 - 2 either 5 any
86.3 3 any 6 either
88.2
2 nobody / no - one 4 none 7 neither
3 of my spare ti me
3 Nowhere
4 accidents
4 anything U N IT 90
5 of th e buildings
5 Nothin g. I couldn't find a nythin g ...
6 of her friends 90.1
6 Nothing
7 of the population 3 Everybody / Everyone
7 anywhere
8 birds 4 Everything
8 N obody / No - one said anythin g
9 of the players 5 all
8 6. 4 10 of her opinions 6 everybody / everyone
2 nobody 6 Anything 11 European countries 7 everything
3 anyone 7 anything 12 (of) my dinner 8 All
4 Anybody 8 any 9 everybody / everyone
8 8. 3
5 Nothing 9 No - one ... anyone 10 All
Ex a m ple a nswers :
11 everything / all
2 the time
U N I T 87 12 Everybody / Everyone
3 my friends
87.1 13 All
4 (of) the questions
3 a lot of salt 14 everything
5 the pictures / the photos /
4 OK the photographs 90.2
5 It cost a lot 6 (of) the money 2 The whole tea m played well.
6 OK 3 He ate the whole box (of
8 8. 4
7 many people or a lot of people chocolates).
2 All of them
8 Mike travels a lot 4 T hey searched the whole house.
3 none of us
9 OK 5 The whole fa mily play / plays tennis.
10 a lot of money 4 some of it
6 Ann /She worked the whole day.
5 none of the m
87.2 7 It rained the whole week.
6 N o n e o fit
2 He has (got) plenty of money. 8 Ann worked all day.
7 So m e of the m
3 There's plenty of room. 9 It rained all week.
8 all of it
4 ... she still has plenty to learn. 90.3
5 There is plenty to see. U N IT 89 2 every four hours
6 There are plenty of hotels. 3 every four years
89.1
2 Neither 4 Either 4 every five minutes
3 both 5 Neither 5 every six months
355
Key t o Ex ercises
9 0. 4 92.3 9 3. 4
2 every day 2 who / that runs away from home 3 - (that is also co rrect)
3 all day 3 that / which were hanging on the 4 what
4 The whole building wall 5 that
5 every time 4 that / which cannot be explained 6 w ha t
6 all the time 5 who / that stole my wallet 7 - (that is also c o rrect )
7 all my luggage 6 that / which gives you the meaning 8 w ha t
of words 9 - (that is also co rrect)
U N I T 91 7 who / that invented the telephone
91.1 8 that / which can support life U N IT 94
3 Each 6 every 9 2. 4 94.1
4 Every 7 each 3 the nearest shop th at / w hich sells 2 whose wife is an English teacher
5 Each 8 every 4 the driver w h o / th at caused 3 who owns a restaurant
5 O K (the person w h o too k is also 4 whose ambition is to climb Everest
91.2
co rrect) 5 who have just got married
3 Every 8 every
6 a world th at / w hich is changing 6 whose parents used to work in a
4 Each 9 each
7 O K (some things about me which circus
5 every 10 Every
6 every 11 each were is also correct) 94.2
7 each 12 each 8 the horse th at / w hich won 2 where I can get some water
3 (The) factory where I work
91.3
U N IT 93 4 the hotel where Sue is staying
2 Sonia and 1had ten pounds each. /
93.1 5 (the) park where I/ we play football
Sonia and 1each had ten pounds.
3 O K (the people w h o / th at we met is
3 Those postcards cost 80 pence 9 4.3
also co rrect)
each. / Those postcards are 2 where 6 where
4 The people w h o work in the office
80 pence each. 3 who 7 whose
5 O K (the people w h o / th at I work
4 We paid £150 each. / We each paid 4 whose 8 who m
with is also co rrect)
£150. 5 who m
6 O K (the money th at / w hich I gave
91.4 you is also correct) 9 4. 4
2 everyone 7 the money th at / w hich was on the Ex a m ple a nsw ers :
3 every one table 2 The reason I left my job was that the
4 Everyone 8 O K (the worst film th at / w hich salary was very low.
5 every one you've ever seen is also correct) 3 I'll never forget th e time I got stuck
9 the best thing th at / w hich has ever in a lift.
U N IT 92 happened to you 4 Do you re me mber the day we first
92.1 m e t?
93.2
2 A burglar is someone who breaks 5 The reason t hey don't have a car is
2 you're wearing or
into a house to steal things. that th ey don't need one.
that / which you're wearing
3 A custo mer is so meone who buys 6 2003 was the year A manda got
3 you're going to see o r
something from a shop. married.
t hat / which you're going to see
4 A shoplifter is someone wh o steals
4 I / we wanted to visit or U N I T 95
from a shop.
that / which I/ we wanted to visit
5 A coward is someone who is not 95.1
5 I / we invited to the party or
brave. 3 We often go to visit our
who / who m / that we invit e d ...
6 An atheist is someone who doesn't friends in Cambridge, which is not
6 you had to do or
believe in God. far from London.
that / which you had to do
7 A pessimist is someone w h o expects 4 I we nt to see the doctor, who told
7 I / we rented o r
the worst to happen. me I needed to change my diet.
that / which I/ we rented
8 A te nant is someone who pays rent 5 Steven, who / who m I've known for a
to live in a house or apart ment. 93.3 very Long time, is one of my closest
2 the wedding we were invited to friends.
92.2
3 the hotel you told me about 6 Lisa, whose job involves a Lot of
2 The waitress who / that served us
4 th e job I applied for travelling, is away from home a lot.
was impolite and impatient.
5 the concert you w en t to 7 The new stadium, which can hold
3 The building that / which was
6 so mebody you can rely on 9 0,0 0 0 people, will be finished next
destroyed in the fire has now been
7 the man you were with month.
rebuilt.
8 Alaska, where my brother lives, is
4 The people who / that were
the largest state in the USA.
arrested have now been released.
9 O ur teacher, whose name I have
5 The bus that / which goes to the
forgotten, was very kind.
airport runs every half hour.
356
Key t o Ex ercises
95.2 U N I T 97 U N IT 9 9
3 The strike at the factory, which
97.1 99.1
began ten days ago, is now over.
2 the man sitting next to me on the 2 an unusual gold ring
4 I've found the book I was Looking for
plane 3 a beautiful old house
this morning, or ... t h e book that /
3 The taxi taking us to the airport 4 black leather gloves
which I was looking for.
4 a path leading to the river 5 an old A merican film
5 My car, which I've had for 15 years,
5 A factory e mploying 5 00 people 6 a long thin face
has never broken down.
6 a brochure containing the 7 big black clouds
6 Few of the people who / that
information I needed 8 a lovely sunny day
applied for the job had the necessary
9 an ugly yellow dress
qualifications. 97.2
10 a long wide avenue
7 A my showed me a picture of her 2 the gate damaged in the storm
11 a lovely little restaurant
son, who is a police officer. 3 Most of the suggestions made a t the
12 a little old red car
meeting
95.3 13 a nice new green sweater
4 The paintings stolen from the
2 My office, which is on the second 14 a small black metal box
museum
floor, is very small. 15 a big fat black cat
5 the man arrested by the police
3 O K {The office th at / w hich I'm using 16 b ea utifullon g black hair
... is also co rrect) 97.3 17 an interesting old French painting
4 Mark's father, w h o used to be in the 3 living 18 an enormous red and yellow
army, now works for a TV company. 4 offering umbrella
5 O K (The doctor w h o e xamined me 5 called
99.2
... is also co rrect ) 6 blown
2 tastes / tasted awful
6 The sun, which is one of millions 7 sitting ... reading
3 feel fine
of stars in the universe, provides us 8 working ... studying
4 smell nice
with heat and light. 97.4 5 look wet
3 There's so mebody coming. 6 sounds / sounded interesting
U N IT 96 4 There were a Lot of people travelling.
99.3
96.1 5 There was nobody else staying there.
2 happy 6 properly
2 of which he's very proud 6 There was nothing writt en on it.
3 happily 7 good
3 with who m we w en t on holiday 7 There's a course beginning next
4 violent 8 slow
4 t o which only members of the fa mily Monday.
5 terrible
were invited
U N IT 98 9 9. 4
9 6.2
98.1 3 the last tw o days
2 most of which was useless
2 a exhausting 4 the first t wo weeks o f May
3 none of who m was suitable
b exhausted 5 the next few days
4 one of which she hardly ever uses
3 a depressing 6 the first three questions (in the
5 half of which he gave to his parents
b depressed exam)
6 both of who m are Lawyers
c depressed 7 the next t wo years
7 neither of which she replied to
4 a exciting 8 the last three days of our holiday
8 only a few of who m I knew
9 (the) sides of which were Lined with b exciting
c excited U N IT 100
trees
10 the aim of which is to save money 1 0 0.1
98.2
2 badly
96.3 2 interested
3 easily
2 jan e doesn't have a phone, which 3 exciting
4 patiently
makes it difficult to contact her. 4 embarrassing
5 une x pectedly
3 Alex has passed his exams, which is 5 embarrassed
6 regularly
good news. 6 amazed
7 perfectly ... slowly ... clearly
4 O ur flight was delayed, which meant 7 amazing
we had to wait three hours at the 8 amused 100.2
airport. 9 terrifying ... shocked 3 selfishly
5 Kate offered to Let me stay at her 10 bored ... boring 4 terribly
house, which was very kind of her. 11 boring ... interesting 5 sudden
6 The street I live in is very noisy at 6 colourfully
9 8.3
night, which makes it difficult to 7 colourful
2 bored 7 boring
sleep sometimes. 8 badly
3 confusing 8 exhausted
7 O ur car has broken down, which 9 badly
4 disgusting 9 excited
means we can't go away tomorrow. 10 safe
5 interested 10 amusing
6 annoyed 11 interesting
357
Key t o Exercises
100.3 U N I T 102 103.2

2 careful 2 too busy to talk
102.1
3 continuously 3 too late to go
4 so
4 happily 4 warm enough to sit
5 so
5 fluent 5 too shy to be
6 such a
6 specially 6 enough patience to be
7 so
7 co mplete 7 too far away to hear
8 such
8 perfectly 8 enough English to read
9 such a
9 nervous 103.3
10 such a
10 financially o r co mpletely 2 This coffee is too hot to drink.
11 so
100,4 12 so ... such 3 The piano was too heavy to move.
2 seriously ill 13 so 4 These apples aren't / are not ripe
3 absolutely enormous 14 such a enough to eat.
4 slightly damaged 15 such a 5 The situation is too co mplicated to
5 unusually quiet explain.
102.2
6 co m pletely changed 6 The wall was too high to climb over.
3 I was so tired (that) l couldn't keep
7 unnecessarily long 7 This sofa isn't / is not big enough
my eyes open.
8 badly planned for three people (to sit on).
4 We had such a good time on holiday
8 So me things are too small to see
(that) we didn't w a n t to come
U N I T 101 wit h o u t a microscope.
home.
101.1 5 She speaks English so well (that)
2 good U N I T 104
you would think it was her native
I
3 well language, or She speaks such good 104.1
4 good English (t h a t)... 2 quite hungry
5 well 3 Q uite good
6 w e l l ... good 4 quite often
7 well 5 quite noisy
6 I’ve got such a lot to do (that) I
8 good 6 quite surprised
don't know where to begin, or
9 well 7 quite late
I've got so much to do (that) .,.
8 quite old
101.2 7 The music was so loud (that) you
2 well - known could hear it from miles away. 104.2
3 well - kept 8 I had such a big breakfast (that) I 2 quite a good voice
4 well - written did n’t eat anything else for the rest 3 quite a long way
5 well - informed of the day. 4 a pretty cold wind
6 well - dressed 9 It was such horrible weather 5 quite a lot of traffic
7 well - paid (that) we spent the whole day 6 a pretty busy day
indoors.
101.3 104.3
10 I was so surprised (that) I
2 OK 5 OK Ex a m ple answers:
didn't know what to say.
3 OK 6 slowly 2 rather long
4 hard 102.3 3 rather disappointed
Ex a m ple answers: 4 rather strange
101.4
2 a She's so friendly. 5 rather i mpatient
2 hardly hear
b She's such a nice person.
3 hardly slept 104.4
3 a It's so lively.
4 hardly speak 3 more than a little ...
b It's such an exciting place.
5 hardly said 4 co m pletely
4 a It’s so exhausting.
6 hardly changed 5 more than a little ...
b It ’s such a difficult job,
7 hardly recognised 6 more than a little ...
5 a I haven't seen you for so long.
7 co m pletely
101.5 b I haven't seen you for such a long
2 hardly any time. 104.5
3 hardly anything 103.1 2 quite safe
4 hardly anybody / anyone 3U Nenough
I T 103money 3 quite impossible
5 hardly ever 4 enough milk 4 quite right
6 Hardly anybody / anyone 5 warm enough 5 quite different
7 hardly anywhere 6 enough room 6 quite unnecessary
8 hardly or hardly ever 7 well enough 7 quite sure
9 hardly any 8 enough time
10 hardly anything ... hardly 9 big enough
anywhere 10 enough cups
358
Key t o Ex ercises
U N I T 105 106.3 107.4

2 bigger and bigger 2 Your hair is the same colour as mine.
105.1
3 heavier and heavier 3 I arrived (at) the same time as you.
2 stronger
4 more and more nervous 4 My birthday is (on) the same day as
3 smaller
5 worse and worse Tom's, or
4 more expensive
6 more and more expensive My birthday is the same as Tom's.
5 war m er / hotter
7 better and better
6 more interesting / more exciting 107.5
8 more and more talkative
7 nearer / closer 2 than h i m / t h a n he does
8 more difficult / more 106.4 3 as me / as I do
co mplicated 2 the more I liked him or 4 than us / than we were
9 better the more I got to like him 5 than h e r / t h a n she is
10 worse 3 the more profit you (will) make or 6 as the m / as th ey have been
11 longer the higher your profit (will be) or
12 more quietly the bigger your profit (will be) U N I T 108
13 more often 4 the harder it is to concentrate 108.1
14 further / farther 5 the more impatient she became 2 It's the cheapest restaurant in the
IS happier / more cheerful town.
106.5
105.2 2 more 7 elder or older 3 It was the happiest day of my life.
3 more serious than 3 longer 8 slightly 4 She's the most intelligent student in
4 thinner 4 any 9 no the class.
5 bigger 5 the 10 less ... better 5 It ’s the most valuable painting in the
6 more interested 6 older gallery.
7 more important than 6 It's the busiest time of the year.
8 simpler / more simple U N I T 107 8 He's one of the richest men in the
9 more crowded than country.
107.1
10 more peaceful than 9 It's one of the biggest castles in
2 My salary isn't as high as yours.
11 more easily Europe.
3 You d on't know as much ab out cars
12 higher than 10 She's one of the best players in the
as me. or ... as I do.
team, (on the team is also possible)
105.3 4 We aren't as busy today as we were
11 It was one of the worst experiences
2 It takes longer by train than by car. yesterday, or .... as yesterday.
of my life.
3 I ran further / farther than Dan. 5 I don't feel as bad as I did earlier, or
12 It's one of the most famous
4 Joe did worse than Chris in the test. ... as I felt earlier.
universities in the world.
5 My friends arrived earlier than I 6 O ur neighbours haven't lived here as
expected. long as us. or ... as we have. 108.2
6 The buses run more often than the 7 I wasn't as nervous (before the 3 larger
trains, or The buses run more interview) as I usually am. 4 the smallest
frequently than ... or The buses or ... a s usual. 5 better
are more frequent than ... 6 the worst
107.2
7 We were busier than usual in the 7 the most popular
3 The station wasn't as far as I
office today. 8 ... the highest mountain in the
thought.
world ... It is higher than ...
4 The meal cost less than I expected.
U N I T 106 9 the tallest
5 I d on't go out as much as I used to.
10 more co mfortable
106.1 or ... as often as I used to.
11 the quickest
2 much bigger 6 Karen used to have longer hair.
12 quicker
3 much more interesting than 7 You d o n't know the m as well as me.
13 the most expensive
4 a bit cooler or ... as 1do.
14 The oldest or The eldest
5 far more complicated than 8 There aren't as many people a t this
6 a bit more slowly meeting as at the last one. 108.3
7 a lot easier 2 That's the funniest joke I’ve ever
107.3
8 slightly older heard.
2 as weLl as
3 This is the best coffee I've ever
106.2 3 as long as
tasted.
2 any sooner / any earlier 4 as soon as
4 She's the most generous person I've
3 no higher than / no more expensive 5 as often as
ever met.
than / no worse than 6 as q uietly as
5 That's the furthest / farthest I've
4 any further / farther 7 just as comfortable as
ever run.
5 no worse than 8 just as hard as
6 It’s the worst mistake I've ever
9 just as bad as
made, or It was the w o r s t ...
7 Wh o's the most famous person
you've ever m et?
359
Key t o Ex ercises
U N I T 10 9 110.2 111.2
2 Katherine is always very generous. 2 He hasn't gone yet.
109.1
3 I don't usually have to work 3 They haven’t finished {repairing the
3 Joe doesn’t like football very
on Saturdays. road) yet.
much.
4 Do you always watch TV in 4 They haven't woken up yet.
4 OK
the evenings? 5 Has she found a place to live ye t?
5 I ate my breakfast quickly and ...
5 ... he is also learningjapanese. 6 I haven't decided (wh at to do) yet.
6 ... a lot of people to the party?
6 a We were all on holiday in Spain, 7 It hasn't taken off yet.
7 OK
b We were all staying at the same
8 Did you go to bed late last 111.3
hotel.
night? 5 I do n’t want to go out yet.
c We all enjoyed ourselves.
9 OK 6 she doesn't work there any
7 a The new hotel is probably very
10 I met a friend of mine on my w ay more
expensive,
home. 7 I still have a lot of friends
b It probably costs a lot t o stay
there, or i've still g o t ...
109.2 there.
8 W e ’ve already met.
2 We won the game easily. 8 a I can probably help you.
9 Do you still live in the same place
3 I closed the door quietly. b I probably can’t help you.
10 have you already eaten
4 Tanya speaks German quite well.
110.3 11 He's not here yet.
5 Sam watches TV all the time.
2 I usually take 12 he still isn't here (he isn't here ye t is
6 Please don't ask that question again.
3 I am usually / i'm usually also possible)
7 Does Kevin play football every
4 were both born 13 are you already a me mber
wee kend?
5 She can also sing 14 I can still re me mber it very clearly
8 I borrowed some money from a
6 usually sleeps 15 These trousers don't fit me any
friend of mine.
7 I have never spoken / I've never more.
109.3 spoken 16 ‘Have you finished with the paper
2 I go to the supermarket every Friday. 8 You always have to wait y e t?' 'No, I'm still reading it.'
3 W h y did you come home so 9 I can only read or I can read only
late? 10 We were a l l ... we all fell U N I T 112
4 Sarah takes her children to 11 I always am 112.1
school every day. 12 I will probably be leaving / 2 even Lisa
5 I haven't been to the cinema I'll probably be leaving 3 not even A my
recently. 13 I probably w o n't be 4 even Lisa
6 Please write yo ur name at the top of 14 She is hardly ever / She's hardly ever 5 even Kate
the page. 15 We are still living / We're still living 6 not even Lisa
7 I remembered her name after a few 16 we would never have met /
minutes. 112.2
we'd never have met
8 We walked around the town 2 We even painted the floor.
17 always says ... she never does
all morning. 3 She's even met the prime minister.
9 I didn’t see you at the party U N I T 111 4 You could even hear it / You could
on Saturday night. even hear the noise from the next
111.1
10 We found some interesting books in street, or You could hear it / You
3 He doesn't write poems any
the library. could hear the noise even from the
more.
11 Laura left her umbrella in a next street.
4 He still wants to be a t e ach er
restaurant last night 6 I can't even re me mber her name.
5 He isn't / He's not interested in
12 They are building a new hotel 7 There isn't even a cinema.
politics any more.
opposite the park. 8 He didn't even tell his wife (where
6 H e ’s still single.
he was going).
7 He doesn’t go fishing any
U N I T 110 9 I d on't even know the people next
more.
door.
110.1 8 He doesn't have a beard any more.
3 I usually have ... or He hasn’t got ... 112.3
4 OK 10 -12 2 even older
5 Steve hardly ever gets angry. • He no longer writes poems. 3 even better
6 ... and I also we n t to the bank. • He is / He's no longer interested in 4 even more difficult
7 Jane always has to hurry ... politics. 5 even worse
8 I've never worked / i have never • He no longer goes fishing. 6 even less
worked ... • He no longer has a beard, or 112.4
9 O K (I never have enough time.) He's no longer got a beard. 2 if 6 Even
I'm always busy. / I am always
3 even if 7 even
busy.
4 even 8 even
5 even though 9 Even
36 0
Key t o Ex ercises
U N I T 113 U N I T 114 115.3

113.1 2 unless 7 provided
114.1
3 providing 8 Unless
2 Although I had never seen her before 2-5
4 as long as 9 unless
3 although it was quite cold • Take a map in case you get lost.
5 unless 10 as long as
4 although we don't tike the m very • Take an anorak in case it rains.
6 unless
much • Take a camera in case you want to
5 Although I didn't speak the Language take some pictures. 115.4
well • Take some wat er in case you're Ex a m ple answers:
6 Although the heating was on thirsty. / ... in case you are thirsty. 2 it's not too hot
7 although I'd met her twice before or ... you get thirsty. 3 there isn't too much traffic
8 although we've known each other a 4 it isn't raining
114.2
long time 5 I'm in a hurry
2 I'll say goodbye now in case I don't
6 you have something else to do
113.2 see you again (before you go).
7 you pay it back next week
2 a In spite of (or Despite) 3 Can you check the list in case we
8 you take risks
b Although forgot so mething?
3 a because or ... forgot anything?
U N I T 116
b although 4 You should back up your files in
4 a because of case there's a problem with your 116.1
b in spite of (or despite) computer. / ... there is a problem 2 1listened as she told me her story.
5 a although with your computer. 3 1burnt myself as 1was taking a hot
b because of dish out of the oven.
114.3 4 The crowd cheered as the t w o teams
Ex a m ple answers:
2 in case I forgot it. came onto the field.
6 a he had n't studied very hard
3 in case th ey were worried (about
b he had studied very hard 5 A dog ran o ut in front of the car as
me). we were driving along the road.
7 a 1was hungry
4 in case she didn't get the first one. /
b being hungry / my hunger / the 116.2
in case she hadn't g o t ... / in case she
fact (that) I was hungry 2 As t o d ay is a public holiday, many of
hadn't gotten ...
5 in case th ey ca me to London (one the shops are shut.
113.3
2 In spite of having very little money, day). 3 As 1did n't want to disturb anybody, 1
th ey are happy, or was very quiet.
114.4 4 As 1don't know w ha t to do, 1need
In spite of the fact (that) t h ey have
3 If 7 if some advice.
very Little money ...
4 if 8 in case
3 Although my foot was injured, 5 As none of us had a watch, we didn't
5 in case 9 in case k now w h a t time it was.
I managed t o walk home, or
6 if
! managed to walk home although 116.3
my ... U N I T 115 3 because
4 I enjoyed the film in spite of the silly 4 at the same time as
115.1
story. / ... in spite of the story being 5 at the same time as
2 You w o n't know w ha t to do unless
silly. / ... in spite of the fact (that) the 6 because
you listen carefully.
story was silly, or 7 because
3 I'll never speak to her again unless
In spite o f . . . , I enjoyed the film.
she apologises to me. o r 116.4
5 Despite living in th e same street,
Unless she apologises to me, I'l l ... 3 OK
we hardly ever see each other, or
4 He w o n't be able to understand you 4 when 1was in London
Despite the fact (that) we live in ...
unless you speak very slowly, or 5 Wh e n 1left school
or We hardly ever see each other
Unless you speak very slowly, he ... 6 OK
despite ...
5 The co mpany will have to close 7 when 1was a child
6 Even though I was only out for five
unless business improves soon, or
minutes, I got very wet in the rain. 116.5
Unless business improves soon, the Ex a m ple answers:
or I got very w et in the rain even
co m pany ...
though I was ... 1 I saw you as you were getting into
115.2 your car.
113.4
2 I’m not going (to the party) unless 2 It started to rain just as we started
2 It's very win dy though,
you go too. / playing tennis.
3 W e ate it though,
... unless you're going too. 3 As I didn't have enough money for a
4 I don't like her husband though.
3 The dog w o n't attack you unless you taxi, I had to walk home.
move suddenly. 4 j ust as I took the picture, so mebody
4 Ben w o n't speak to you unless you walked in front of the camera.
ask him something.
5 The doctor w o n't see you unless it's
an emergency.
361
Key t o Exercises
118.4 120.3
U N I T 117
2 as if I was / were Ex a m ple answers:
117.1
3 as if she was / were 3 until 1come back
3 like her mother
4 as if it was / were 4 by 5 o'clock
4 people Like him
5 by next Friday
5 OK
U N I T 119 6 until midnight
6 like most of his friends or
as most of his friends are 119.1 120.4
7 like talking to the wall 3 during 9 during 2 By the time I got to the station /
8 OK 4 for 10 for By the time I’d got to the station
9 OK 5 during 11 for 3 By the time I finished (my work) /
10 O K 6 for 12 for By the ti me I'd finished (my work)
11 like a bomb exploding 7 for 13 during 4 By the time the police arrived /
12 like a fish 8 for 14 for By the ti me the police had arrived
119.2 5 By the time we got to the top (of the
117.2
3 while 9 while mountain) / By the time w e ’d got to
2 like blocks of ice
4 Wh ile 10 during the top (of the mountain)
3 like a beginner
4 as a tour guide 5 During 11 while
6 while 12 during U N I T 121
5 like a theatre
6 as a birthday present 7 during 13 while 121.1
7 like winter 8 During 14 while 2 on
8 like a child 3 in
119.3
4 At or O n
117.3 Ex a m ple answers:
5 on orI last saw her Tuesday, (no
2 like 11 like 3 N o body came to see me while I was
pre p ositio n)
3 as 12 as in hospital.
6 in
4 like 13 as 4 Can you wait for me while I make a
quick phone call?
m
5 like 14 Like
8 at
6 as or like 15 as 5 Most of the students looked bored
9 on or There are usually a lot
7 like 16 As during the lesson.
of parties N ew Year's Eve. (no
8 as 17 like 6 I was asked a lot of questions during
pre p ositio n)
9 as 18 as or like the interview.
10 at
10 like or such as 7 Don't open the car door while the
11 in
car is moving.
12 at
U N I T 118 8 The lights suddenly w en t out while
13 on
we were watchin g TV.
118.1 14 in
9 It started to rain during the game.
2 You Look like you've seen a ghost. / 15 O n Saturday night or
10 It started to rain while we were
... like you saw a ghost. Saturday night (n o p re p ositio n)
walking home.
3 You sound as if you're having a good ... a t midnight
11 W h a t are you going to do while
time. 16 a t 5 o'clock in the morning
you're on holiday?
4 I feel like I've (just) run a marathon. / 17 on 7 Ja n uary ... in April
... like I (just) ran a marathon. 18 at home on Tuesday morning
U N I T 120
118.2 or at home Tuesday morning (no
120.1
2 It looks like it's going to rain. pre p ositio n) ... in the afternoon
2 I have to be at the airport by 8.30.
3 It sounds like they're having an 121.2
3 Let me know by Saturday whether
argument. 2 at night
you can come to the party.
4 It looks like there's been an accident. 3 in the evening
4 Please make sure that you're here by
5 It Looks Like we'LL have to walk. 4 on 21 July 1969
2 o'clock.
6 It sounds like you should see a 5 at the same time
5 If we leave now, we should arrive by
doctor. 6 in the 1920s
lunchtime.
118.3 7 in about 20 minutes
120.2
2 as if he meant what he said 8 at the mo ment
2 by
3 as if she's hurt her Le g / as if she hurt 9 in the Middle Ages
3 by
her Leg 10 in 11 seconds
4 until
4 as if he hadn't eaten for a week 11 on Saturdays or ...works
5 until .. by (now)
5 as if she was enjoying it Saturdays (no p re p ositio n)
6 by
6 as if I'm going t o be sick
7 until
7 as if she didn't want to come
8 by
8 as if I didn't exist
9 by
10 until
11 By
362 12 by
Key t o Ex ercises
121.3 123.2 125.2

3 a 2 on my guitar 2 in a taxi
4 both 3 at the next petrol station 3 at th e cinema
5 b 4 in yo ur coffee 4 in prison
6 b 5 on t h at tree 5 at school
7 both 6 in the mountains 6 a t the sports centre
8 a 7 on the island 7 in hospital
9 b 8 at the win d ow 8 a t the airport
0 a 9 on the plane
123.3
10 in Tokyo
2 on
U N IT 122
3 at 125.3
122.1 4 on 2 at
2 on time 5 in 3 in
3 in time 6 on 4 at
4 on time 7 at 5 a t / i n a very co mfortable h o t e l...
5 in time 8 in a small village in the south - west i n A msterdam
6 on time 9 on 6 in
7 in time 10 in 7 on
8 in ti me 11 o n the wall in the kitchen 8 at
9 on time 12 at 9 in
122.2 10 at
2 1got home just in time. U N IT 124 11 in
3 1stopped him just in time. 124.1 12 a t ho me or b e h o m e (no
4 We got to the cinema just in ti me for 2 O n the second floor. p r e p o sitio n ) ... a t work
the beginning of the film. / ... just in 3 At / O n the corner. 13 in
time to see the beginning of the film. 4 In the corner. 14 in Birmingha m ... a t Birmingham
5 At the top of the stairs. University
122.3
6 In the back of the car.
2 at the end of the month U N IT 12 6
7 At the front.
3 at the end of the course
8 O n the left. 126.1
4 at the end of the race
9 In the back row. 3 at
5 at the end of the interview
10 O n a farm. 4 to
122.4 5 to
124.2
2 In the end she resigned (from her 6 into
2 on the right
job). 7 in
3 in the world
3 In the end 1gave up (trying to learn 8 to
4 on the way to work
German). 9 into
5 on the west coast
4 In the end we decided not to go (to 10 to
6 in the front row
the party), or 11 at
7 at the back of the class
In the end we didn't go (to the party). 12 to
6 on the back of this card
122.5 13 into
124.3 14 to
2 In 6 at
2 in 9 in 15 get h o m e (r?o p re p ositio n) ...
3 at ... at 7 in
3 in 10 on going t o bed
4 in 8 at
4 at 11 in 16 returned t o France ... two years in
5 in 9 in
5 in 12 on Brazil
U N IT 123 6 on 13 in 17 born in Chicago ... moved t o N e w
7 At 14 on ... on York ... lives in N ew York
123.1
8 in
2 O n his arm. or 126.2
O n the man's arm. Ex a m ple answers:
U N IT 125
3 At the traffic lights. 2-4
125.1
4 a O n the door. • I've been to Sweden once.
2 on a train
b In the door. • I've never been to th e United Stat e
3 at a conference
5 O n the watl. • I've been to Paris a few times.
4 in hospital / in the hospital
6 In Paris.
5 at the hairdresser's 126.3
7 a At the gate. -
6 on his bike 2 in
b O n the gate.
7 in N ew York 3 - (no preposition)
8 O n the beach.
8 at the Savoy Theatre 4 at
5 to
6 - (no preposition)
363
Key t o Ex ercises
126.4 128.3 129.3

2 I got on 2 travelling b y bus or 2 to
3 I got out of the car. / ... my car. travelling o n the bus or 3 in
4 I got off the train. travelling o n b u s e s 4 of
5 I got into the taxi, or I got3in taken
the w it h a very good camera 5 in or to
taxi, 4 this music is b y Beethoven 6 for
6 I got off the plane. 5 p a y c a s h or pay in cash 7 to or towards
6 a mistake b y one of our players 8 with
U N I T 127 9 in
128.4
127.1 10 to
Ex a m ple answers:
2 in cold weather 11 of
3-5
3 in pencil 12 for a rise in pay
* Ulysses is a novel by Ja m es Joyce.
4 in love 13 to
* Yesterd ay is a song by Paul
5 in capital letters 14 with
McCartney.
6 in the shade * G u ernica is a painting by Pablo
7 in my opinion U N I T 130
Picasso.
130.1
127.2 128.5
2 That was nice of him.
2 on strike 2 by
3 That was generous of her.
3 on a tour 3 with
4 That wasn't very nice of them.
4 on TV 4 by
5 That's very kind of you.
5 on purpose 5 by
6 T hat isn't very polite of him.
6 on a diet 6 b y c a r ... in your car
7 That's a bit childish of them.
7 on business 7 b y the bed w i t h a lamp and a clock
8 on holiday o n it 130.2
9 on the phone 2 kind to
10 on the whole 128.6
3 angry with
2 The price has gone up by ten pence.
127.3 4 excited about
3 Helen won by t wo votes.
2 on 5 impressed by / impressed with
4 t missed her / Kate by five minutes.
3 on 6 bored with (bored by is also
4 at p ossible )
U N I T 129
5 in 7 amazed at / amazed by
129.1 8 careless of
6 on
2 to the problem
7 in 130.3
3 with her brother
8 on 2 of
4 in the cost of living
9 at 3 to
S to your question
10 at 4 with
6 for a new road
11 on 5 with (by o r in are also p ossible)
7 in o r to working at home
12 In my opinion ... on television 6 to
8 in the number of people without
13 on 7 at / by
jobs
14 on 8 with
9 for shoes like these any more
15 on 9 about
10 between your job and mine
16 at 10 about
17 on 129.2 11 for
18 in 2 invitation to 12 about / by / at
3 contact with 13 to
U N I T 128 4 key to (key for is also p ossible ) 14 of
5 cause of 15 by / with
128.1
6 reply to 16 about
2 by mistake
7 connection between 17 at / by
3 by hand
8 photographs of 18 about
4 by credit card
9 reason for 19 w ith us fo r making
5 by canal
10 damage to 20 sorry fo r / a b o u t ... angry with
128.2
2 on
3 by
4 by c a r ... on my bike
5 in
6 on
7 by
364
Key to Ex ercises
U N I T 131 132.2 U N IT 134

3 speak to
131.1 134.1
4 point (the m) at
2 similar to 2 hear about
5 look at
3 afraid of 3 heard from
6 listen to
4 interested in 4 heard of
7 throw (stones) at
5 responsible for 5 hear from
8 throw (it) to
6 proud of 6 hear about
9 reply to
7 different from / different to 7 heard of
(different than is also p ossible) 132.3
134.2
8 capable of 2 at
2 think about
3 at
131.2 3 think of
4 to
2 of furniture 4 think of
5 to
3 on sport 5 thinking of / about
4 of time
6 at
6 think of
7 at
5 at tennis 7 thought about
8 to
6 t o a Russian / to a Russian man / 8 think (much) of
9 at
to a Russian guy 9 thinking about / of
10 at
7 of him / of Robert 10 think of
11 to
8 from yours / to yours or from your
134.3
problem / to your problem
U N IT 133 2 about
131.3 3 t o us a b o u t
133.1
2 for 4 of
2 for
3 of 5 of
3 for
4 of 6 about ... a b o u t ... about
4 to
5 in about
5 for
6 of or about 6 about
7 of
7 o f ... of 8 about
7 - (n o pre p ositio n)
8 on 9 about / of
8 about
9 of
9 - (no pre p ositio n) 134.4
10 with 2 co mplaining about
10 for
11 of 11 for 3 think about
12 in
12 about 4 warn (you) about
13 of
13 for 5 heard of
14 of
14 for 6 dream of
15 at 7 reminded (me) about
16 of 133.2
8 remind (you) of
17 on 2 of
18 of 3 about
U N IT 135
4 for
131.4 135.1
5 of
Ex a m ple answ ers: 2 for
6 for
2 I'm hopeless at telling jokes. 3 of
7 about
3 i'm not very good at maths. 8 - (n o pre p ositio n) 4 of
4 I’m pretty good at remembering 5 - (n o pre p ositio n)
names. 133.3
6 for
5 I'm good at sport. 2 looking for 7 of
3 looked after
8 for
U N IT 132 4 looking for
9 of
5 look for
132.1 10 for
6 looks after
2 a 11 on
3 b 133.4
135.2
4 b 2 wait for
2 for the misunderstanding
5 a 3 talk about
3 her /Jane on winning the tourna ment
6 a 4 asked (the waiter) for
4 him from his enemies
7 b 5 applied for
5 of eleven players
8 a 6 do (something) about
6 on bread and eggs
9 b 7 Looks after or has looked after
7 me for your problems / your
10 b 8 left (Boston) for
problems on me
11 a
12 b
365
Key t o Ex ercises
135.3 U N I T 137 138.3

2 paid for 2 dropped out
137.1
3 accused of 3 moved in
2 sit down
4 depends on 4 left out
3 flew away
5 live on 5 joined in
4 get out
6 apologise to 6 eating out or to eat out
5 speak up
7 suffers from 7 taken in
6 get by
8 congratulated (him) on 8 dropped in
7 gone up
9 get out of
135.4 8 looked round
2 from 138.4
137.2
3 on 2 Fill the m in or Fill the m out
2 back at
4 - (no pre p ositio n) 3 cross it out
3 up to
5 from 4 took me in
4 forward to
6 depends how (n o p re p o sitio n) or 5 let us in
5 away with
depends on how
6 up at
7 on U N I T 139
7 in through
8 of 139.1
9 on 137.3
2 a mistake
2 wake me up
3 a candle
U N I T 136 3 get it out
4 an order
4 give the m back
136.1 5 a cigarette / a candle
5 switch it on
2 happened to 6 a new product
6 take the m off
3 invited to 7 a mess
4 divided into 137.4
139.2
5 believe in 3 I have to take t h e m back
2 works out
6 fill (it) with 4 We can turn t h e t e l e v i s i o n o f f
3 carried out
7 drove into or We can turn o f f t h e t e l e v i s i o n
4 ran out
8 Concentrate on 5 I knocked i t o v e r
5 sort o ut / work out
9 succeeded in 6 I don’t want to wake h e r up
6 find out
136.2 7 (e x a m ple answ er) You should put
7 tried out
y o u r c o a t o n or
2 I prefer small towns to big cities 8 pointed out
3 Jane provided me with all the You should put on y o u r c o a t
9 w or k o u t
information I needed 8 1was able to put i t o u t
10 went out
4 This morning t spent £70 on a pair of 9 (e x a m ple a nsw er) th ey've put t h e
11 turned out
shoes p r ic e(s) u p or
12 works out / turns out
5 The city is divided into ten districts th ey've put u p t h e p ric e(s)
13 find out
10 Shall I turn t h e li g h t(s) o n ? or
136.3 14 put out
Shall I turn o n t h e l i g h t(s)?
2 to 139.3
3 on U N I T 138 2 giving out / handing out
4 in 3 turned out nice / fine / sunny
138.1
5 to 4 working out
2 eats
6 in 5 fallen out
3 moved
7 with 6 work out how to use the camera /
4 drop
8 into her new camera
5 checked
9 in
6 cut 139.4
10 on
7 plug 2 try it out
11 - (no pre p ositio n)
8 fillin g / t o fill 3 work it out
12 into
9 left 4 sorted it out / worked it out
13 on
10 dive
14 into
11 rub /cross U N I T 14 0
15 with
12 dropped 140.1
16 fro m (one language) int o another
138.2 2 put the heating on
136.4 3 put the oven on
2 into
Ex a m ple answers: 4 put th e kettle on
3 in
2 on petrol 5 put a CD on
4 out
3 into a wall
5 into
4 to volleyball
6 out of
5 in seafood
6 into many languages
366
Key t o Ex ercises
140.2 U N IT 142 U N IT 1 4 4
2 going on
142.1 144.1
3 take off
2 took the m down 2 d
4 switched off / turned off
3 stand up 3 e
5 drove off / went off
4 turned it up 4 c
6 put on
5 put th eir bags down 5 g
7 set off / be off
6 were blown down / fell down 6 a
8 put off
7 put the m up 7 b
9 called off
8 bent down (and) picked them up
10 put on 144.2
11 see (me) off 142.2 2 held up
2 turn it down 3 did it up
140.3
3 calm him down 4 cheer him up
2 took off
4 wrot e it down
3 tried on a / t h e hat or 144.3
5 let her down
tried a / the hat on 2 blew up
6 turned it down
4 was called off 3 beaten up
5 see him off 142.3 4 broken up / split up
6 put the m on 2 calm down 5 do up
3 slowed down 6 clears up / will clear up
U N I T 141 4 was turned down 7 mixed up
141.1 5 broken down
14 4.4
6 cut down
2 w en t on / carried on 2 look it up
7 let down
3 walked on / carried on or 3 put up with
8 (has) closed down
carried on walking 4 made it up
9 be knocked down {o r be pulled
4 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off 5 come up with
down or be torn down)
5 go on / carry on / keep on 6 tear it up
10 turned down
6 w en t off 7 saving up for
11 was knocked down
7 keeps on phoning me
12 broke down U N IT 1 4 5
141.2
2 w en t off 145.1
U N IT 1 4 3
3 finish off 2 blew away
143.1
4 drive on / carry on 3 put it back
2 we nt up to / walked up to
5 ripped off 4 walked away
3 catch up with
6 getting on 5 threw it back (to her)
4 keep up with
7 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off 6 threw the m away
8 told off 143.2
145.2
9 get on 2 used up
2 be away / have gone away
10 going off 3 washed up 3 be back
11 keep on 4 grow up
4 ran away
12 get on 5 turn up / show up
5 smile back
13 showing off 6 gave up
6 get away
14 put off 7 taking up
7 Keep a way / Keep back
8 give up
141.3 145.3
9 ended up
2 finish it off 2 Pay
10 takes up
3 were ripped off 3 throw
11 make up
4 go off 4 gets
5 did you get on 143.3
5 be
6 carried on (ptaying) / went on 3 tidy it up / tidy up
6 look
(playing) 4 fixed it up
7 gave
7 tell the m off 5 keep up with
8 get
8 doesn't get on (well) with 6 was brought up
7 keep it up 145.4
8 w en t up to 2 throw it away
9 was made up of 3 take the m back
10 set it up / fix it up 4 pay you back / pay it back
5 gave the m away
6 call back / call me back
367
Key to Additional exercises (see page 302)
1 5 26 he went
3 I'm getting / I am getting 1 got ... was already waiting ... had 27 He'd been
4 do you do arrived 28 he decided / he'd decided
5 we arrived ... it was raining 2 was lying ... wasn't watchin g ... 29 He was really looking forward
6 phones ... she didn't phone 'd fallen / had fallen ... was snoring 30 is he doing
7 you were thinking ... I decided ... turned ... woke 31 I haven't heard
8 are you looking 3 'd j ust gone / had just gone ... was 32 he left
9 It doesn't rain reading ... heard ... g o t ... didn't see
10 rang ... I was getting ... went 8
11 we w e n t ... she was preparing ... 4 missed ... was standing ... realised 1 invented
We didn’t want ... we didn't stay . . . ’d left / had l e f t ... had ... got 2 it's gone / it has gone
12 told ... he didn't believe ... 5 m e t ... was walking . . . 'd been / had 3 had gone ... left
Re t h o u g h t ... t was joking been . . . 'd been playin g / h a d been 4 did you do ... Did you go
playing ... were going ... invited ... 5 have you had
2 'd arranged / had arranged ... didn't 6 was looking or ’d been looking /
2 did n't go have had been Looking
3 is wearing 7 Sh e ’s been teaching / She has been
4 went 6 teaching
5 haven't heard 2 So mebody has taken it. 8 I b o u g h t... I haven’t worn or
6 is being 3 They'd only known / They had only I didn't wear
7 wasn’t reading known each other (for) a few 9 I saw ... was ... I'd seen / 1had seen
8 didn’t have weeks. ... I remembered ... it was
9 It ’s beginning 4 It ’s been raining / It has been raining 10 Have you heard ... She was ...
10 got all day. or It's rained / It has rained died ... She wrote ... Have you read
11 wasn't all day. 11 does this word mean ... I’ve never
12 you've been 5 I’d been dreaming. / 1had been seen
13 I've been doing dreaming. 12 Did you get ... it had already started
14 did she go 6 I'd had / 1had had a big breakfast. 13 knocked ... was ... she'd gone / she
15 I've been playing 7 They've been going / They have had gone ... she didn't want
16 do you come been going there for years. 14 H e ’d never used / He had never used
17 since I saw her 8 I've had it / I have had it since I got ... he didn't know
18 for 20 years up. 15 w en t ... She needed or She’d
9 He's been training / He has been needed / She had needed ... she'd
3 training very hard for it. been sitting / she had been sitting
3 are you going
4 Do you watch 7 9
5 have you lived / have you been 1 I haven't seen 3 used to drive
living / have you been 2 You look / You're looking 4 was driving
6 Did you have 3 are you going 5 were working
7 Have you seen 4 are you meeting 6 used to have
8 was she wearing 5 I'm going 7 was living
9 Have you been waiting / Have you 6 Do you often go 8 was playing
been here 7 are you going 9 used to play
10 does it take 8 I’m meeting 10 was wearing
11 Have you ridden / Have you ridden 9 has been
on / Have you been on 10 I've been waiting 10
12 Have you (ever) been 11 has just started / just started 2 I'm going to the dentist.
12 is she getting 3 No, w e ’re going to hire a car.
4 13 Does she like 4 I'll look after the children.
2 've known each other / have known 14 she thinks 5 I'm having lunch with Sue.
each other or ’ve been friends / 15 Are you working 6 Wh a t are you going to have? / W h a t
have been friends 16 spoke are you having?
3 I’ve ever had / I've ever been on / 17 you were working 7 I'll turn on the light.
I've had for ages (etc.) 18 we nt 8 I'm going to turn on the light.
4 He went / He w en t home / He went 19 I started / I'd started
out / He left 20 I lost
5 I've worn it 21 you haven't had
6 I was playing 22 I've had
7 been swim ming for 23 have you seen
8 since I've been / since I (last) went 24 has he been
9 did you buy / did you get 25 (sa w
36 8
Key t o A d ditio nal e x ercises
11 14 11 should have been warned

2 I’ll come 2 I've had /1 have had 12 might not have been f e elin g / mig h t
3 shall we meet 3 1 bought or 1got not have felt
4 starts 4 I'll co me / 1will come or I'll be /
5 I'll meet 1will be 18
6 I'm seeing 5 I've been / 1have been or 3 could rain / might rain
7 Shall I ask I’ve eaten / 1have eaten 4 might have gone / could have gone
8 I'll see 6 1used to play 5 couldn't go
9 are going 7 1haven't been waiting or 6 couldn't have seen / ca n't have seen
10 does the film start 1h aven't been here 7 should get
11 Are you meeting 8 I'd been / 1had been or 1was 8 wo uld n't recognise / might not
12 I'll be 9 I'm going /1 am going recognise
10 I h aven't seen or I haven't 9 must have heard
12 heard from 10 should have turned
1 (2) Are you going to do / Are you 11 I'll have gone / f will have gone or
doing I'll have left / 1will have left 19
(3) it starts 4 rings
(4) yo u'll e n jo y / y o u're going to 15 5 you were
enjoy 2 I’ve been travelling 6 it's / it is
(5) it will be / it's going to be 3 I'm beginning 7 it was / it were
2 (1) you're going 4 I've seen 8 it had been
(2) We're going 5 has been 9 you had
(3) you have 6 I've met 10 we hadn't had
(4) I'll send 7 I left 11 you'd driven / you had driven or
(5) I’ll get 8 I stayed or I was staying you'd been driving / you had been
(6) 1get 9 I'd planned or I was planning driving
3 (1) I’m having / I'm going to have 10 I ended up 12 I did n't read
(2) are coming 11 I enjoyed
(3) t h e y ’ll have left 12 I took 20
(4) they're 13 met 2 ca me
(5) I w o n't be / 1will not be 14 I'm staying or I'm going to stay I'd known / I had known ...
(6) you know or I'll be staying o r I'll stay wo uld n't have disturbed ...
(7) I'll call 15 I continue T h ey’d be / They would be ...
4 (1) shall we meet 16 i'll get told
(2) I'll be waiting 17 I'm hadn't frightened ...
(3) you arrive 18 I'll let wo uld n't have attacked
(4) I'll be sitting 19 1know wo uld n't have got / wo uld n't have
(5) I'll be wearing 20 I'm staying gotten ...
(6) Is Agent 307 coming / Is Agent 21 we're going to visit or we're I'd had / 1had had
307 going to come / Will Agent visiting hadn't been / hadn't got / hadn't
307 be coming 22 are building or have been building gotten ...
(7) Shall 1bring 23 it will be wo uld n't have failed or would
(8) I'll explain / I'm going to 24 I'll be have passed / 'd have passed
explain
(9) 1see 16 21
(10) I'll try 2 A 9 B or C Ex a m ple answers:
3 C 10 A or B 1 I wasn't feeling so tired
13 4 B or C 11 A 2 I hadn't had so much to do
1 I’ll have 5 B 12 C 3 I would have forgotten jane's
2 Are you going 6 A or C 13 A or B birthday
3 shall I phone 7 A or C 14 B or C 4 I'd take a picture of you
4 It's going t o land 8 C 5 I'll take a picture of you
5 it’s / it is 6 you were in trouble
6 I’ll miss / I'm going to miss ... 17 7 you hadn't taken so long to get
you go / yo u've gone 2 shouldn't have eaten ready
7 Shall I give ... I give ... 3 must have forgotten 8 I would have gone to the concert
will you call 4 needn’t have gone 9 I might have got the job
8 does it end 5 can't be changed 10 you'd eaten lunch
9 I’m going ... is getting 6 may be watching 11 there was less traffic
10 I’ll tell ... I'm ... I w o n't be 7 must have been waiting 12 people would go out more
11 I'm going to have / I'm having 8 could n't have done
12 she apologises 9 ought t o have been
13 w e'll be living / we'll live 10 would have helped
14 you fin ish / yo u've finished
369
Key to A d ditio nal e x ercises
22 2 I had reserved a hotel room, but 27

3 was cancelled when I got to the hotel th ey told 3 I don't fancy going out.
4 has been repaired me (t h a t) t h e y had no record of a 4 He tends to forget things.
5 is being restored reservatio n in m y name. 5 Wo uld you mind helping m e? /
6 It's believed / It is believed Wh e n I asked (th e m) if / w h eth er Do you mind helping m e?
7 I’d be sacked /1 would be sacked t h e y had a n y roo ms free a nyw ay, 6 Everybody seems t o have gone out.
8 It might have been thrown t h ey said (th a t) t h e y were sorry, 7 W e 'r e / W e are thinking of moving.
9 1was taught but th e h o tel w as full. 8 I was afraid to touch it.
10 being arrested / having been 3 The immigration official asked us 9 He's / He is afraid of being
arrested o r 1was arrested w h y w e were visitin g th e co u n try, robbed.
11 Have you ever been arrested and we told him (th at) we w ere on 10 It's / It is not worth seeing.
12 are reported ... have been injured holid ay. 11 I'm not used to walking so far.
Then he wanted to know h ow long 12 She seems to be enjoying herself.
23 w e inten d ed to sta y and w h ere we 13 He insisted on showing the m to me.
3 ‘ve sold / have sold or sold w o uld be stayin g during our visit. 14 I'd rather so mebody else did it.
4 's been sold / has been sold or v 4 She said (t h a t) she'd phone (us)
sold fro m th e airp ort w h en she arrived 28
5 are made or She said (th a t) sh e'll phone (us) 3 I've given up reading newspapers.
6 might be stolen fro m th e airp ort w h en she arrives. 4 I'd rather not go out tonight /
7 must have been stolen No, she said n ot to co m e to th e .,. stay at home tonight.
8 must have taken airport. 5 He has trouble sleeping at night.
9 can be solved She said (th a t) she'd ta k e th e bus 6 Do you w a n t me to phone
10 should have Left or She said (th a t) sh e'll ta k e th e you this evening?
11 is delayed bus. 7 I came in wit h o ut anybody / anyone
12 is being b u il t ... is expected 5 He wanted to know w h a t my jo b seeing me / ... with o u t being seen,
w as and asked (m e) how much I 8 I was accused of being a cheat /
24 earned, o r ... of cheating.
C astle Fire He wanted to know w h a t m y jo b is 9 I'm looking forward to seeing the m
2 was discovered and asked (m e) h o w much I earn. again,
3 was injured ... so I told him to mind his own 10 W h a t do you advise me to do?
4 be rescued business and I put the phone down. 11 I'd like to have gone out with
5 are believed to have been destroyed 6 He said (th a t) he'd be a t th e you last night.
6 is not known resta ura n t at 7.30. 12 I regret not taking your advice /
Shop rob b ery He said (th a t) he knew w h ere th e ,,. that I didn't take yo ur advice.
1 was forced resta ura n t was. And I told him
2 being threatened to phone me if th ere w as any 29
3 had been stolen proble m. 2 a foreign country ... the language
4 was later found 7 You just said (th a t) yo u w e re n't 3 an e c o n o m ist... in the United States
5 had been abandoned hungry ... for an invest ment co mpany
6 has been arrested / was arrested But you said (th a t) yo u did n't tike 4 I Love sport, especially tennis ...
7 is still being questioned bananas. You told me n ot to buy tw o or three times a wee k ...
Road d elays any not a very good player
1 is being resurfaced 5 for d i n n e r... after work ... to the
2 are asked / are being asked / have 26 cinema
been asked 3 changing 6 Wh e n une m ploym ent is ... for
3 is expected 4 t o change people to find work .... a big problem
4 will be closed / is going t o be closed 5 change 7 an a cci d e n t ... going home ... taken
5 will be diverted / is going to be 6 being to hospital / taken to the hospital ...
diverted 7 saying I think most accidents ... by people
A cci d e n t 8 to call driving
1 was taken 9 drinking 8 the name of the h o t e l ... The
2 was allowed 10 to be A m b assa d or... in Q ueen Street in
3 was blocked 11 to see the city centre ... near the station
4 be diverted 12 to be 9 The older one ... a pilot with British
5 have been killed 13 to think ... making Airways ... The younger one ... at
14 living ... to move school ... he leaves sc h o o l... go to
25 15 to be ... playing university ... study law
1 I told her (t h a t) Paul had gone out 16 being stopped ... stealing
and I did n't know when he'd be driving
back. 17 work ... pressing
! asked (her) if / w h eth er she
w a n te d to leave a message, but
she said (th a t) she'd try again later.
370
Key t o A d ditio nal e x ercises
30 34 37
2 B 1 in 2 h 7 c
3 C 2 by 3 e 8 j
4 A or B 3 at 4 g 9 b
5 C 4 on 5 a 10 f
6 B 5 in 6 k 11 i
7 A or C 6 on
8 A 7 t o a party a t Lisa's house 38
9 C 8 on 2 D 8 C
10 B or C 9 on 3 B 9 C
11 B 10 to ... to 4 B 10 B
12 A 11 in Vienna ... a t the age of 35 5 A 11 A
13 A or B 12 in this photo ... o n the left 6 A 12 D
14 B 13 t o the theatre ... in the front row 7 D
14 o n the wall ... b y the door / n e x t t o
31 the door / b e si d e the door 39
3 It's the most polluted place ... 15 at 2 out to 8 out with
4 I was disappointed t h a t ... 16 on 3 up with 9 up with
5 OK 17 in a tower block ... o n the fifteenth 4 forward to 10 back on
6 Jo e works hard, but ... floor 5 up with 11 out about
7 ... in a large modern building. 18 on 6 out of 12 on with
8 O K (as fast as he can is also c o rre ct ) 19 by 7 on with
9 I missed the last three days ... 20 o n the bus . . . b y car
10 OK 21 on ... on 40
11 The weather has been unusually cold 22 in 3 w en t off
23 in Chicago . . . t o Italy 4 turned up / showed up
12 The w at er in the pool was too 24 to 5 fill it in / fill it out
dirty to swim in. 25 on 6 knocked down / pulled down / torn
13 ... to w ait such a long time, or down
.... to w ait so long. 35 7 sorted out
14 O K 1 for 7 of 8 give up
15 ... I got up earlier than usual. 2 at 8 to 9 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off
3 to 9 of 10 split up / break up
32 4 to 10 at / by 11 put up with it
2 If 11 in case 5 in 11 of 12 get b y / liv e on
3 when 12 in case 6 with 12 about 13 w en t on
4 if 13 if 14 put it off
5 when 14 even if 36
6 if 15 Although 1 of 41
7 if 16 Although 2 after 2 put
8 unless 17 Wh e n 3 - (no preposition) 3 moving
9 if 18 when 4 about 4 put
10 as Long as 5 to 5 done
6 - (no preposition) 6 t urn e d / t urns
33 7 into 7 find
2 on 8 of (ab out is also p ossible) 8 Calm
3 a t 9.30 on Tuesday morning 9 to 9 set
4 at / on 10 - (no preposition) 10 held
5 on 11 on 11 left / 've left / have left or
6 at 12 of missed / 've missed / have missed
7 In 13 of 12 works
8 at 14 - (no preposition) 13 join
9 during 15 in 14 works
10 on Friday ... since then 16 at (about is also p ossible) 15 d r o p / c a ll
11 for 17 on 16 sort / work
12 at 18 If Alex asks you for m oney 17 w e n t off ... w o k e me up
13 a t the m o ment ... u n til Friday 19 I apologised t o Sarah f o r keeping ...
14 by 20 I thanked her f o r everything
15 in
371
Key to Stu dy Guide
Pr e s e n t a n d p ast 6.6 C R e l a t iv e cla us es
1.1 A 6.7 D 12.1 A, C
1.2 B 12.2 A, B
1.3 C Re p o rt e d sp e ech 12.3 C
1.4 B, C 7.1 A 12.4 B
1.5 C 7.2 B 12.5 D
1.6 A 7.3 A 12.6 B, C
Pr e s e n t p e r f e c t a n d p ast Q u e s ti o n s an d a u x ili a ry v er bs A d j e c tiv e s a n d a d v e r b s

2.1 B 8.1 C 13.1 B
2.2 C 8.2 A 13.2 C
2.3 A 8.3 D 13.3 B, C
2.4 C 8.4 A 13.4 A
2.5 A 8.5 B 13.5 A, D
2.6 B 13.6 B
2.7 A - ing an d t o ... 13.7 B, C
2.8 D 9.1 A 13.8 C
2.9 A 9.2 B, D 13.9 C
2.10 A 9.3 B 13.10 B, C
2.11 C 9.4 A 13.11 D
2.12 A 9.5 A 13.12 A, B
2.13 C 9.6 A 13.13 B
2.14 C 9.7 C 13.14 D
2.15 D 9.8 D 13.15 D
2.16 C 9.9 C
9.10 C C o n j u n cti o n s a n d p re p o sitio n s
Future 9.11 B 14.1 A, D
3.1 B 9.12 C,D 14.2 C
3.2 A 9.13 B, D 14.3 B, C
3.3 C 9.14 B 14.4 B, D
3.4 A, C 9.15 A, B 14.5 B
3.5 B 9.16 A 14.6 C,D
3.6 C 9.17 A 14.7 B, C
3.7 A 9.18 B, C 14.8 A
M o d a ls A r t ic l e s a n d n o u ns Pr e p o sitio n s
4.1 A, B 10.1 B 15.1 B, D
4.2 B 10.2 A 15.2 A
4.3 A, C, D 10.3 B, C 15.3 C
4.4 C 10.4 B 15.4 B
4.5 B 10.5 C 15.5 A
4.6 C,D 10.6 A 15.6 B, D
4.7 B 10.7 A 15.7 B
4.8 A, C 10.8 A 15.8 B
4.9 B, C 10.9 D 15.9 C
4.10 A, B, D 10.10 C 15.10 c
4.11 A 10.11 C 15.11 c
4.12 D, E 10.12 A 15.12 A
4.13 A 10.13 C 15.13 c
10.14 B 15.14 B
If a n d wis h 15.15 D
5.1 B Pr o n o u n s a n d d e t e r m i n e rs 15.16 D
5.2 C 11.1 A 15.17 A
5.3 B 11.2 B
5.4 D 11.3 D Ph r a s a l ve r bs
5.5 A 11.4 B 16.1 B
11.5 B 16.2 A
Passive 11.6 C 16.3 D
6.1 C 11.7 A, C 16.4 C
6.2 B 11.8 C 16.5 C
6.3 D 11.9 D 16.6 B
6.4 A 11.10 A, C 16.7 A
6.5 A, B 11.11 B 16.8 A, D
16.9 B
372
Index
The numbers in the index are unit A m e r ic a n E n g lis h Appendix 7 a t t i t u d e (to / to w ard s) 129D
numbers, not page numbers. a n see a a u x ili a r y v e r b s (see also m o d a l v e r b s)
a n g r y (a b o u t / with / for) 130B in questions 49A -B
a / a n 69 - 72
a n n o y e d (a b o u t / with / for) 130B in short answers etc. 51
a / an and the 72, 73B
answ er in question tags 52
a tittle / a f e w 87D
an answ er to so m ething 129D a v o i d (+ - ing) 53, 56A
a / an with q uite and p re tty 104B
to a nsw er a question (no preposition) a w a r e (o f) 131B
such a / an 102
132B a w a y (verb + a w a y ) 137,145
a b l e (b e a b le to) 26
a n y 69C, 85 - 86
about b ack
a ny and so m e 85
adjective + a b o u t 1 3 0 , 131B in / at / on the back 124D
a n y body / a nyo n e / anything / anyw h ere
verb + a b o u t 133 - 134 verb + back 145
85 - 86
a c c u s e (o f) 62B, 135A b a d (a t) 131C
n o t... a n y 86
a c t i v e and passive 42 b a g g a g e (uncountable noun) 70B
a n y and no 86D
a d j e c t i v e s 98- 101 b e c a u s e (o f) 113B- C
a ny (o f) 88
adjectives + t o ... 65 - 66 b e d (in b e d / to b e d) 74C, 124A, 126A
a ny and eith er 8 9 D
the + adjective 76B b e e n to 8A, 126A
a n y + co mparatives 106B
adjectives ending in -ing and - ed 98 been to and gone to 7 C
a ny m ore / a n y lo n g er 111B
order of adjectives 99 b efore
a p o l o g is e (t o so m eb o dy fo r) 6 2,1 3 2 A,
adjectives after verbs 99C b efore + present simple 25A
135B
adjectives and adverbs 100-101 b efore + -ing 60 B
a p o s t r o p h e (in short forms)
comparatives 105 - 107 b e g i n (+ - ing or t o ...) 56C
Appendix 5
superlatives 108 b e g i n n i n g (a t the b eginnin g) 122B
a p o s t r o p h e s (’s) 81
adjectives + preposition 130-131 b e i n g (he is and he is b ein g) 4E
a p p e a r (+ t o ...) 54C
a d m i t (+ - ing) 53, 56A b e li e v e (in) 136A
a p p l y (fo r) 133B
a d v a n t a g e (o f / in / to) 60A, 129B b e li e v e d (it is b e lie v e d ...) 45A
a p p r o v e (o f + - ing) 62A, 135A
adverbs b e t t e r 105C
a r e n 't I? (question tag) 52D
adjectives and adverbs 100-101 h a d b e tte r 35A -B
a r r a n g e (+ t o ...) 54A, 56A
co mparatives 105B b e t w e e n (noun + b etw e e n) 129E
a r r i v e (in / at) 126B
position of adverbs with the verb b l a m e 135B
a r t i c l e s (a / a n / th e) 69 - 78
(always, also etc.) 110 b ored
a / an 69 - 72
a d v ic e (uncountable noun) 70B b ore d and boring 98
a / an and the 72, 73B
a d v is e (+ t o ... and - ing) 55C b ore d with 130C
the 72- 78
a f f o r d (+ to ...) 54A, 56A b o r n (I was b o m ...) 4 4 C
sch ool / the sch o ol etc. 74
a f r a i d (o f) 131A b o t h (o f) 89
children / the children etc. 75
I'm a fraid so / not 51D b o t h ... a n d 89C
the with names 77- 78
afraid to do and afraid o f doing 66A both and a ll 89D
as 107,116- 118
after position of both 110D
as soon as 25A -B
a ft e r + present simple / present perfect b o t h e r (+ -ing or t o ...) 56C
a s ... as (in co mparative sentences) 107
25A-8 b o t t o m (a t the b o tto m ) 124C
as long as 115 B
a ft e r + -ing 60B, 68C b o u n d (b o u n d to do) 65E
as (= at the same time as) 116A
lo o k a f t e r 133D b r e a d (uncountable) 70B
as and when 116
a g o 12B brea k
as (= because) 116B
a g r e e (+ t o ,..) 54A, 56A break into 136B
as and lik e 117
a ll 88, 90 b re a k d o w n 137A,142D
as i f / as though 118
a ll and a ll the 75B, 8 8B break up 144D
a s h a m e d (o f) 131A
a ll (o f) 88 b u s y (b usy doing so m ethin g) 63D
ask
a ll and both 89D b y 1 2 0 ,128
ask in passive sentences 44A
all, every and w h ole 90 by after the passive 42B, 128C
ask (so m e b o dy) to do so m ething 48D,
position of a ll 110D by ( + - in g ) 6 0B
55A
a ll e g e d (it is a lle g e d ...) 45A by m yself / y o u rs e lf etc. 83D
ask h o w / w h at + t o ... 54D
a l l o w ( + to ... and - ing) 55C, 66D by (th e tim e) 120
ask so m eb o dy (no preposition) 132B
a l r e a d y 111D by and u n til 120B
ask (so m e b o dy) f o r 133B
alre a d y with the present perfect 7D by ch a nce / by p ost etc. 128A
a s t o n is h e d (a t / b y) 130C
position of a lre a d y 110 by car / by bus etc. 128B
at
a ls o (position of also) 110 a p la y b y Sha k esp eare etc. 128C
a t (time) 121
a l t h o u g h 113 adjective + by 130C
a t the en d and in the en d 122B
alw a ys
a t (position) 123- 5
I alw ays do and I'm always doing 3B
a t the ag e o f ... 127D
position of alw ays 110
adjectives + a t 130C, 131C
amazed
verbs + a t 132
am a z ed + to ... 6 5 C
a m a z ed at / b y 130C
373
Index
can 26 I wish I co uld 41C e n o u g h 103

can I / you ... ? 37 co uld I / y o u ... ? 37 e n v i o u s (o f) 131A
can and other modal verbs co uld and other modal verbs e v e n 112
Appendix 4 Appendix 4 position of even 110
c a n 't (ca n n o t) 26, 28 co u n ta b le and u n co u n ta b le nouns eve n if / when 112 D
ca n't help 57C 69 - 70 eve n th o u g h 112D.113E
c a p a b l e (o f) 131B c r a s h (in to) 136B e v e r (with the present perfect) 8A
c a r e (care a b o u t, care for, take care o f) c r i t i c a l (o f) 131A e v e r y 90
133C c r o w d e d (w it h) 131C every and a ll 90
carry everyb o dy / everyo n e / everythin g 90A - C
d a m a g e (uncountable noun) 70B
carry on 53B, 141A every and e ach 91
da m age to 129D
c a rry o u t 139C everyo n e and every one 91D
d a r e 54B
c a s e (in case) 114 e x c i t e d (a b o u t) 130B
d ecid e
c a u s a t i v e h a v e (h ave so m ething done) e x c l a m a t i o n s (W h a t .. .!) 7 1A-B
d ecid e + to... 54, 56A
46 e x c u s e (fo r) 62 B
d ecid e against + -ing 62A
c a u s e (o f) 129B e x p ect
d e li g h t e d (w ith) 130B
certain I e x p ect so / 1d o n't e x p ect so 51D
demand
certain (+ t o ...) 6 5E e x p ect + t o ... 55A
d e m an d + should 34 A -B
certain of / ab o ut 131B e x p e c t e d (it is e x p ecte d th a t) 45A
a d e m an d f o r 129A
c h e q u e (b y ch e q u e) 128A e x p e r i e n c e (countable or uncountable
d e n y (+ - ing) 53, 56A
c h u r c h (c h u rc h / t h e c h u rc h ) 74B noun) 70A
d e p e n d (o n) 135D
c l a i m (+ t o ...) 54C e x p l a i n 54D, 132A
d e p e n d e n t (o n) 131C
cla u ses
d e p r e ss e d (and depressing) 98 f a i l (+ to...) 54A, 56A, 66D
when and / /"clauses 25
d e s e r v e (+ t o . . . ) 54A, 56A f a i r l y 104
/ / clauses 38 - 40
d e s p i t e 113 f a m o u s (for) 131C
-ing clauses 68, 97
did (in past simple questions and f a n c y (+ -ing) 53A, 56A
relative clauses 92 - 96
negatives) 5C far
c o lli d e (w it h) 136C
di e (o f) 135A far / fu rth er / farth er 105C
c o m p a r a t i v e s 105 - 107
d i f f e r e n c e (b e tw e e n) 129E f a r + co mparative 106A
co mparatives with even 112C
d i f f e r e n t (fro m / to) 131C f a s t i 01B
c o m p l a i n (t o so m ebody a b o u t / o f...)
d i f f i c u l t y (h ave d iffic u lty + - ing) 63C f e d u p (w ith) 60A, 130C
134D
d i r e c t s p e e c h and reported speech feel
c o m p o u n d n o u n s (a tennis ball, a
47 - 48, 50B h ow do y o u f e e l and h o w are y o u fe elin g
hea d ach e etc.) 80
d is a p p o i n t e d 4D
c o n c e n t r a t e (o n) 136E
disa p p ointe d + to... 65C f e e l lik e 62A
c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s (/ / sentences)
disap p ointe d and disap p ointin g 98 f e e l + adjective 99C, 100B
if I d o... 25C
disap p ointe d with 130B f e w 69C, 87
if I do and if I did 38
d isc u ss (no preposition) 133A f e w and a f e w 87C - D
i f I knew, if I w ere etc. 39
d iv i d e (in to) 136B f e w (o f) 88
if I h ad known, i f I ha d b een etc. 40
d o / d o e s (in present simple questions f i n is h
unless 115 A
and negatives) 2C finish + -ing 53
as lo ng as 115B
d o u p 144D finish o ff 141C
providin g / provid e d 115B
d o w n (verb + d own) 137,142 f ir s t
c o n g r a t u l a t e (o n) 6 2B, 135D
drea m it's the first tim e I'v e ... 8 D
c o n n e c t i o n (with / b e tw e e n) 129E
drea m o f + -ing 62A, 66D the first / last / n e x t + t o ... 65 D
c o n s c i o u s (o f) 131B
drea m a b o u t / o f 134C the first tw o days 99 D
c o n s i d e r ( + -ing) 53, 56A
d u ri n g 119 f o n d (o f) 131A
c o n s is t (o f) 135A
for
c o n t a c t (w ith / b e tw e e n) 129E e a c h (o f) 91
f o r with the present perfect 8B, 9B,
c o n t i n u e (+ t o ... or -ing) 56C each o th er 82C
11-12
c o n t i n u o u s t e n s e s see p r e s e n t - ed c l a u s e s 97
f o r and since 12A
co n tin u o us, p ast co n tin u o u s e i t h e r (o f) 89
f o r and t o ... (purpose) 64C, 103C
verbs not used in continuous n o t ... eith er 51C
f o r and during 119
tenses 4A, 6E, 10D, 16E, 17A eith er... or 8 9 C
noun + f o r 129A
c o n t r a c t i o n s (short forms) eith er and a ny 8 9 D
adjective + f o r 130D, 131C
Appendix 5 e l d e r 106E
verb + f o r 1 3 3 , 135B
c o r n e r (in / at / on the co m er) 124E e l d e s t 108C
f o r g e t (+ to . ..) 54, 56A
c o u l d 26, 27, 29C e n c o u r a g e (+ t o ...) 55B
f o r g iv e (f o r) 135 B
co uld and was a b le to 26D end
f r i g h t e n e d (o f) 131A
co uld (d o) and co uld have (d o n e) 27 in the en d and a t the end 122B
fro m
co uld n't have (d o n e) 27E, 28B a t the e nd (position) 124C
adjective + fro m 131C
co uld in / / sentences 38C, 39E, 40D e n d u p 143E
verb + fro m 135C
e n j o y (+ -ing) 53A, 54A, 56A, 58A
374
Index
f r o n t (in / at / on the fro n t) 124D had in

f u ll (o f) 131B h ad done (past perfect) 15 / rt(time) 121
f urio us (a b o u t / with / for) 130B h ad b een doing (past perfect in tim e and on tim e 122A
f u rn it ur e (uncountable noun) 70B continuous) 16 in the e n d and a t the en d 122 B
f u r t h e r 105C h a d (past of h ave) 17 in (position) 123 - 126
f u t ure 19- 25, Appendix 3 if I'd known / / wish I'd known 4 0 in / o f after a superlative 108D
present tenses for the future 19 had b e t t e r 35A -B in (other uses) 127A, 129C
going to 20 h air (countable or uncountable noun) adjective + in 131C
w ill 21- 22 70A verb + in 136A, 137,138
w ill and shall 21D, 22D h a lf (of) 88 in and in to 138A
w ill and going to 23 hap p e n (t o) 136D in case 114
w ill be doing (future continuous) 24 h a p p y (h a p py a b o u t / with) 130B increase (in) 129C
w ill h ave done (future perfect) 24 hard 101B- C in finitive (to be, to p la y etc.) 54 - 59,
future with when , if etc. 2 5 , 114A, h ar d ly 101C- D 64 - 67
115C, 119 B h a te passive infinitive (to be d o n e) 43A -B
h ate doing / to do 58 infinitive in reported speech 48D
g e nero us (+ preposition) 130A
w o uld h ate 58B- C verbs + infinitive 54 - 59
g e o gra p hical names with and wit h o u t
have / has 17 continuous infinitive (to be doing) 54C
the 71
h ave done (present perfect) 7-14 perfect infinitive (to h ave d one) 54C,
g eru n d see -ing
h ave been -ing (present perfect 58C
get
continuous) 9-10 infinitive after a question word 54D
get in the passive 4 4 D
h ave and have g o t 17 verbs + object + infinitive 55
g e t so m ething done 46C
h ave brea kfast / h ave a bath etc. 17C verbs + infinitive or -ing 55 - 58
g e t so m eone to do so m ething 55 B
I ’m having, w e're havin g e tc. 17C fo - infinitive and to + -ing 60C
g e t used to 61
h ave to (and m ust) 31 infinitive for purpose (I w e n t o ut to p ost
g et + adjective 99C
h ave g o t to 31D a le tt e r) 64
g et to (a place) 126B
h ave so m ething done 46 adjectives + infinitive 65 - 66
g e t in / o u t / o n / off 126D, 138A
havin g (d o n e) 53D, 68C in fi nitive wit h o u t to
g et b y 137A
h ear after m ake and le t 55D
g et o u t o f 138C
with the present simple or can 4C see / hear so m ebody do 67
g et on 137A, 141B
h e ar so m eone do / doing 6 7 in f or m a tio n (uncountable noun) 70B
g et a w a y (w ith) 145B
h e ar of / ab out / fro m 134A -ing [being, playin g etc.) 53, 55 - 63
g et back to 145C
help being (d o n e) (passive) 4 4B
give
help + t o ... 55A verbs + -ing 53, 55 - 59
give in passive sentences 4 4 A
ca n't h elp 57C having (d o n e) 53D, 68C
give up 5 3B, 143E
h o m e 74C, 125A, 126C verbs + -ing or to ... 55 - 58
give o u t 139C
hope prepositions + -ing 60, 66
g iv e a w a y 145B
hope + present simple 22B to + -ing and fo - infinitive 60C
gla d (+ t o ...) 65C
hope and wish 41A used to + -ing 61
go I hope so / 1hope n o t 51D verbs + preposition + -ing 62, 66D
go swim ming / shopping etc. 63 E
hope + to ... 54A, 56A expressions + -ing 63
go on h olid ay / on a trip etc. 127C
h ospit al (h ospital / the h osp ital) 74B, go swim ming / go shopping etc. 63 E
g o o n 53B, H O B, 141A
125A see / h ear so m eb o dy doing 67
go on doing and go on to do 56B
A merican English Appendix 7 -ing clauses 68, 97
go o ut 139A
h o w a b o u t (+ - ing) 60A insist
go o f f 140D, 141C
h o w lon g ... ? (+ present perfect) 11-12 insist + sh o uld 34A -B
g oing t o 20, Appendix 3
h o w Long is it since ... ? 12C insist on 62A, 136E
going to and w ill 23
in spite o f 60A, 113
w as / were going to 20D if 25, 38 - 40
inst ea d o f (+ -ing) 60A
g on e t o and been to 7 C i f I d o... 25C
inte n d (+ t o ... or -ing) 56C
good i f I do and i f I did 38
int e re st e d (in) 6 0 A, 131C
g o o d a t 60A, 131C i f I knew, if I were etc. 39
in tereste d in doing and in tereste d to do
go o d o f so m eone to do so m ething, (b e) i f I had known , i f I had been etc. 40
66B
g o o d to so m eone 130A if a nd when 25D
in tereste d and interestin g 98
g o o d a nd w ell 101A if + sh o uld 34E
in t o 126D
it's no g oo d (+ - ing) 63A i f a n y 85C
verb + into 136B
g o t (h ave g o t) 17A, 31D even if 112D
in and in to 138A
g o t t e n (American English) if a nd in case 114B
invit a tio n (t o) 129D
Appendix 7 as if 118
invite
g uess (I guess so) 51D if (= w h eth er) 50
invite + t o ... 55B
i ma gin e (+ -ing) 53, 56A
in vite so m e b o dy to so m ethin g 13 6 D
i m presse d (with / b y) 130C
375
Index
irreg ular verbs 5B, Appendix 1 make negative questions 49D

it and there 84 m ake so m ebody do so m ething 5 5 D no, none and any 86
it's no good / it's no use (+ -ing) 63A m ake up 143E, 144A negative short forms
it's tim e ... 35C manage (+ t o ...) 26D, 54A, 56A Appendix 5.3
it's w orth (+ - ing) 63 B m any (and m uch) 69C, 87 n eith er (of) 89
m any (o f) 88 n eith er am I, n eith er do I etc. 51C
je alo us (o f) 131A
m arried (t o) 131C n eith er... n or 89C
ju st
m ay 29 - 30 n eith er and none 89D
j u st with the present perfect 7 0
m ay as welt 30D n ever
ju st in case 114A
m ay I... 7 37B- C n ever with the present perfect 8A
ju st as 116A
m ay and other modal verbs position of n ever 110
ju st in tim e 122 A
Appendix 4 news (uncountable noun) 70B, 79B
keen (o n) 131C mean (adjective - m ean o f so m eone to nice (nice o f so m eone to do so m ething /
keep do so m ething / be mean to so m eo n e ) be nice to so m eone) 6 5B,1 3 0 A
keep on 53, 56A, 141A 65B no
keep up (w it h ...) 143A m eans (noun) 79B no and none (o f) 86A, 88
keep a w ay (f r o m ...) 145B mig ht 29 - 30 no and any 86
kind (kind o f so m eone to do so m ething / m ig ht in / / sentences 30B, 38C, 40D no body / no - one / nothing / nowhere 8 6B
be kind to so m eo n e) 6 5 6 ,1 3 0 a m ig ht as welt 30D no with co mparatives 106B
k now (h o w / w h at etc. + t o ...) 54D m ig ht and other modal verbs no lo n g er 111B
Appendix 4 none
late and la t e ly 101B
mind (+ - ing) S3, 56A, 58A -B none (o f) and no 86A, 88
laugh (a t) 132C
do y o u m ind i f ... ? 37C none and n eith er 89D
learn (h o w) (+ t o ...) 54, 56A
mine / yours etc. (a frie n d o f m ine / yours) nor
leave
83A n o ra m /, n or do I etc. 51C
le ave f o r 133B
m o d al verbs (will, can, must etc.) 21- 22, n eith er... n or 8 9 C
le ave so m ething o ut 138C
26-37, Appendix 4 nouns
less 107A
more countable and uncountable 69 - 70
Let
m ore in comparatives 105 singular and plural 6 9, 7 1, 7 9
le t so m eb o dy do so m ething 55D
n o t... a n y m o re 111B noun +- noun (compound nouns) 80
le t d o w n 142D
m ost
like (verb) of
m ost + noun 75A
lik e doing / to do 58 o f a n d's 81
m ost (o f) 88
w o uld like 37E, 55A, 58B- C alt o f / none o f / m ost o f etc. 88, 96B
m ost in superlatives 108
like (preposition / conjunction) b oth o f / n eith er o f / eith er o f 89, 9 6B
much (and m a ny) 69C, 87
lik e and as 117 a frie n d o f mine / yours etc. 83A
m uch (o f) 88
lik e and as i f 118 of / in after a superlative 108D
m uch + co mparative 106A
lik ely (+ t o ...) 65E, 84B noun + o f 129B
m ust
listen (t o) 132A adjective + o f 130A, 131A -B
must and ca n't 28
lit tle 69C, 87 verb + o f 1 3 4 , 135A
m ust and have to 31
little and a little 87C- D o ff (verb + o ff) 137,140- 141
m ustn't 31C, 32A
little (o f) 88 o ffer
m ust and should 33 A
a little + co m parative 106A o ffer in passive sentences 44A
must and other modal verbs
live (o n) 135D o ffe r + to ... 54A, 56A
Appendix 4
long on
m yself / yo urself etc. (reflexive
as long as 115 B on (ti m e) 121
pronouns) 82
no lo n g er / n o t ... a n y lo n g er 111B on tim e and in tim e 122A
by m yself / by y o u rs e lf etc. 83 D
loo k on (position) 123-125
y o u loo k and y o u're looking 4D names with and wit h o u t the 77- 78 on a bus / o n a train etc. 125E
look fo rw a rd to 60C, 62A, 137B n a tio n ality words with the 76C on (other uses) 127B- C
took + adjective 99C, 100B need adjective + on 131C
look as i f 118 n ee d to do and n ee d doing 57B verb + on 135D, 136E, 137 140-141
look a t 132C a n e e d f o r 129 A one a n oth er 82C
look fo r / a ft e r 133 D n ee d n't 32 o nly (position of o nly) 110
lo o k u p 144D n e e d n't h ave (d o n e) and did n't n e e d to ought t o 33D
lo t (a lo t / lo ts) 87A -B (d o) 32 D o u g h t and other modal verbs
q uite a lo t 104B n e e d n't and other modal verbs Appendix 4
a lo t + co mparative 106A Appendix 4 out
love A merican English Appendix 7 o u t o f 126D
love doing / to do 58 negative verb + out 137- 139
w o uld love 58B- C present simple 2C o ut an d o u t o f 138A
b e / fall in love with 127A past simple 5C own
Luck (u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n) 708 m y own house / y o u r own car 8 3B - C
luggage (uncountable noun) 70B on m y own / on y o u r own e tc. 83 D
376
Index
p a p e r (countable and uncountable) 70A verb + in / out 138 - 139 p r e s e n t p e r f e c t (simple) (I h ave d one)
p a r t ic i p l e c l a u s e s (-ing and -ed clauses) verb + on / o ff 140-141 7- 8
68, 97 verb + up / down 142 - 144 present perfect with this m orning
p a s s iv e 42 - 44 verb + a way / back 145 to d ay e tc. 8C, 14B
passive and active 42A p l a n (+ t o ...) 54A, 56A present perfect simple and continuous
by after the passive 42B p lease d 10-11
simple tenses 42C p le ase d + t o ... 65C present perfect with h ow long, f o r and
to be d o n e / cle a n e d etc. (infinitive) ple ase d with 130B since 11-12
43 A -B p l e n t y (o f) 87A present perfect and past simple 12-14
perfect tenses 43C p l u r a l and singular 6 9,7 1,7 9 present perfect and past perfect 15B
continuous tenses 43D th ey / th e m / th eir used for so m ebody / present perfect after when 25B
being (d o n e) 4 4B n o b o dy etc. 85E, 86C, 90C present perfect passive 43C
g e t 44D spelling of plural nouns present perfect after a superlative
it is said th at 45 A Appendix 6 108E
p a s t (see also p a s t c o n t i n u o u s , p a s t p oin t A merican English Appendix 7
p e r f e c t and p a s t s i m p l e ) th e re ’s no p oin t in + -ing 63A p r e s e n t p e r f e c t c o n t i n u o u s (I have
past after / / and wish 38 - 40 p oin t (so m ethin g) a t 132C been d oin g) 9-10
past after I'd ra th er 59D p o in t o u t 139C present perfect continuous and present
past after it's tim e 35C p o lic e (plural) 79C continuous 9C
past after as if 118D p o li t e present perfect continuous and simple
present and past tenses p o lite o f so m eone to do so m ethin g / be 10-11
Appendix 2 p o lite to so m eone 130A p r e s e n t p e r f e c t c o n t i n u o u s a n d p ast
p a s t c o n t i n u o u s (I was d oing) 6 p o s t p o n e (+ -ing) 53, 56A perfect continuous 16C
past continuous and past simple 6C - D p r e f e r 59 p r e s e n t s i m p l e (I do)
past continuous and used to 18E w o uld p re fe r 55A, 58B- C, 59B present simple and present continuous
past continuous passive 43D p re fer (on e thing) to (a n o th er) 59A, 3-4
p a s t p e r f e c t (simple) (lh a d d o n e) 15 60C, 136D present simple for the future 19B
past perfect and present perfect 158 p r e p o s i t i o n s 121-136 present simple after when and i f 25,
past perfect and past simple 15C f o r and since 12A Appendix 3
past perfect after i f 40 in questions 49C present simple passive 42C
past perfect passive 43C prepositions + -ing 60, 66 p r e t e n d (+ t o ...) 54C
p a s t p e r f e c t c o n t i n u o u s (I had been verbs + prepositions + -ing 62, 66D p r e t t y (p re tty good, p re tty ofte n etc.)
d oin g) 16 prepositions in relative clauses 93C, 104
p a s t s i m p l e (I did) 5 96A p r e v e n t (fro m ) 6 2B, 66D
past simple and past continuous 6C - D in / o f after a superlative 108D p ris o n (prison / the priso n) 74B, 125A
past simple and present perfect 12-14 lik e and as 117 p r o b a b ly
past simple and past perfect 15C f o r and during 119 p ro b a bly + w ill 228
past simple passive 42C b y 120,128 position of p ro b a b ly 110
pay by and u n til 120B p r o b l e m (h ave a pro ble m + - ing) 63C
p a y in passive sentences 44A at / on / in (time) 121-122 p r o g r e ss (uncountable noun) 70B
p a y (so m e b o dy) f o r so m ething 135B on tim e and in tim e 122A p r o g r e s s iv e tenses see c o n t i n u o u s
p a y b a c k 145C a t the e n d and in the en d 122B p r o m is e
p e o p l e 79D at / on / in (position) 123-125 pro mise (+ will / w o uld) 36B
p e r f e c t see p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , p a s t to / at / in / into 126 pro mise + t o ... 54A, 56A
p erfect in / at / on (other uses) 127 p r o t e c t (fro m ) 135C
perfect infinitive (to have d o n e) by car / by bus etc. 1288 p r o u d (o f) 131A
43B (passive), 54C, 58C noun + preposition 129 p r o v i d e (w ith) 136C
p e r s u a d e (+ t o ...) 55B adjectives + preposition 130-31 p r o v i d e d / p r o v i d i n g 115 B
phone verbs + preposition 132- 136 p urp ose
on the p h on e 127B phrasal verb + preposition 137B t o ... for purpose 64
p h on e so m eb o dy (n o preposition) 132B p r e s e n t see p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s , on purp ose 127B
p h on e back 145C p r e s e n t si m p l e , p r e s e n t p e r f e c t put
p h oto gra p h present tenses for the future 19, p u t o u t 139A
in a p h oto gra p h 124A Appendix 3 p u t o f f 53B, 1 4 0 , 141C
a p h oto gra p h o f so m eone 129B present and past tenses p u to n 140
p h r a s a l v e r b s (b re a k d o w n / g et on etc.) Appendix 2 p u t up / down 142 A
137-145 p r e s e n t c o n t i n u o u s (la m doing) 1 p u t up with 144D
phrasal verbs: General points 137 present continuous and present simple p u t a w ay 145B
phrasal verbs + preposition (r u n a w a y 3-4
fro m etc.) 137B a m / is / are being 4E
position of object (turn the lig h t on / present continuous for the future 19,
turn it on etc.) 137C 20B, Appendix 3
present continuous passive 43D
377
Index
q u e s t i o n s 49 - 50 s e a (sea / the se a) 74D so rry

present simple questions 2C, 49B s e a rc h (f o r) 133B sorry + to ... 65C
past simple questions 5C, 49B see sorry to do and sorry fo r / a b o u t doing
negative questions 49D with the present simple or can 4C 66C
e mbedded questions (D o y o u know see so m eone do / doing 67 sorry a b o u t / for 130D
w h at... ?) 50A see o f f 1400 f e e l sorry f o r 130D
reported questions SOB see m sound
question tags 52 see m + to... 54C soun d + adjective 99C
q u i t e 104 see m + adjective 99C soun d as if 118
- self (m yself / yo urself etc.) 82, 83D s p a c e (sp ace and a sp ace) 73B
rath er
s e r i e s 79B s p e a k (t o) 132A
w o uld ra th er 59C
s h a ll and w ill 22D s p e c i e s 79B
I'd ra th e ry o u did so m ethin g 59D
sh all I / w e? 21D s p e lli n g Appendix 6
rath er co ld / ra th er nice etc. 104
Let's ..., sh all w e? 52D s p e n d (sp en d m o n ey) 63 D, 136E
r e a s o n (f o r) 12 9 A
sh all and other modal verbs s p i t e (in spite o f) 113
r e c o m m e n d 34A -B
Appendix 4 s t a r t (start + t o ... or -ing) 56C
r e f l e x iv e p r o n o u n s (m yself,y o u rself
A merican English Appendix 7 s t a t e v e r b s (like, know, b elon g etc.) 4A,
etc.) 82
shock ed 6E, 10D, 16E, 17A
by m yself / yo urself etc. 83D
sh ock e d and shocking 98 s t i l l 111
r e f u s e (+ t o ...) 54A, 56A
shock ed a t / b y 130C still a n dye t 111C
r e g r e t (+ -ing and t o ...) 53D, 56B
s h o r t (o f) 131B sto p
re g u la r a n d irre g u la r ver b s
s h o r t f o r m s (I'm, yo u've, did n't etc.) stop + -ing 53, 56A
Appendix 1
Appendix 5 sto p so m eone (fro m ) + -ing 53C, 62 B,
r e l a t i o n s h i p (w ith / b e tw e e n) 129E
s h o u l d 33 - 34 66D
r e l a t i v e c l a u s e s 92 - 96
sh o uld and h ad b e tte r 35B s t u p i d (stu pid o f so m eone to do
relative clauses as object 93
sh o uld and other modal verbs so m ethin g) 65B, 130A
prepositions in relative clauses 93C
Appendix 4 s u b j u n c t i v e 34B
two types of relative clause 95
s h o u t (a t / to) 132D A merican English Appendix 7
r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s 92 - 96
show s u c c e e d (in + - ing) 62A, 66D, 136A
who 92 - 96
show in passive sentences 44A such
which 92 - 93, 95 - 96
sh o w so m eone h o w / w h at + t o ... 54D such and so 102
t h a t 92 - 94
show o f f 141C such as 117A
th at and w h at 92D
show up 143E s u f f e r (fro m ) 135C
whose 9 4 A, 95 B
s i m il a r (to) 131C su g g est
who m 94B, 95B, 96A -B
s i m p l e p a s t see p a s t s i m p l e suggest + sh o uld 34A - C, 55B
w here 94C, 95 B
s i m p l e p r e s e n t see p r e s e n t s i m p l e su g gest + -ing 53, 54A, 56A
o f who m / o f which 96B
si n c e s u p e r l a t i v e (lo n g est / b est etc.) 108
r e ly (o n) 135D
with present perfect 8B, 9B, 11-12 s u p p o s e (I suppose so / not) 51D
re m e m ber
since and f o r 12A s u p p o s e d (H e is sup posed t o ...) 45B
re m e m b er + t o ... and -ing 56B
how long is it sin c e ... ? 12C sure
re m e m b er h o w / w h at + t o ... 54D
since (= because) 116B sure + t o ... 65E, 8 4B
re m in d
s i n g u l a r and plural 6 9,7 1,7 9 sure of / a b o u t 131B
re m in d + t o ... 55B
th ey / th e m / th eir used for so m ebody / s u r p ris e d
re m in d of / a b o u t 134E
no b o dy etc. 85E, 86C, 90C surprised + t o ... 6 5 C
r e p o r t e d s p e e c h 47 - 48
s l i g h t l y (+ co mparative) 106A surprised and surprising 98
reported questions SOB
s m e ll surprised at / b y 130C
r e s p o n s i b l e (fo r) 131C
with the present simple and can 4C s u s p e c t (o f) 62B, 135A
ris e (in) 129C
sm ell so m ething (b urn)in g 67D s u s p ici o u s (o f) 131A
ris k (+ - ing) 53, 56A
sm elt + adjective 99C
r o o m (countable or uncountable noun) t a g s (question tags) 52
so
70A tak e
so am I, so do I etc. 51C
ta ke care o f 133C
's (a p o s t r o p h e s) 81, Appendix 5.1 I think so, I ho p e so etc. 51D
ta ke so m eb o dy in 138B
s a i d (it is said th a t) 45A sof h at(p urp ose) 64D
t a k e o ff 140
s a m e (th e sa m e as) 73A, 107C so and such 102
ta k e d o w n 142 A
s a t is f i e d so + adjective + th at 102B
ta ke up 143
satisfie d and satisfyin g 98 so long as 115B
talk
sa tisfie d with 13 0 B s o l u t i o n (to) 129D
talk to so m eb o dy 132A
say s o m e 69(1,71, 85
talk a b o u t so m ething 62A, 133A
say and tell 48C so m e with countable nouns 71
taste
s a y( + t o ...) 48D so m e and a ny 85
with the present simple or can 4C
sc a r e d (o f) 131A so m ebody / so m eone / so m ethin g /
taste + adjective 99C
s c e n e r y (uncountable noun) 70B so m ew here 85
s c h o o l (sch o ol / the sch o ol) 74A some (o f) 88
s o o n (as soon as) 25A -B
378
Index
teach t o 126 w a s / w e re 5 D
te ach in passive sentences 44A to + -ing 60C was / were -ing (past continuous) 6
te ach so m ebody h ow to do so m ething noun + to 129D was / were going to 20D
54D adjective + to 130A, 131C was / were a b le to 26D
te ach + to... 55B verb + to 1 3 2, 136D was and were in if sentences 39C
t e l e p h o n e see p h o n e t o o and enough 103 w a s t e (w aste tim e + - ing) 63D
t e ll t o p (a t the to p) 124C w e a t h e r (uncountable noun) 70B
t e ll in passive sentences 44A t r a n s l a t e (fro m / in to) 136B w e l l 101A
t e ll and say 48C t r a v e l (uncountable noun) 70B w e r e (used with l / he / she / it) 39C, 118D
t e ll so m eone to do so m ethin g 48D, 55B t r o u b l e (h ave tro u ble doing so m ethin g) what
t e ll so m eone w h at to do 54D 63C w h at in questions 49
t e ll o f f 141C try w h at... f o r? 64C
t e m p o r a l c l a u s e s (when clauses) 25 try + to ... or -ing 57A W h a t ...! (e xcla mations) 71A-B
t e n d (+ t o ...) 54C try o u t 139C w h at and th at (relative clauses) 92D,
t h a n 105,107 try on 140C 93D
t h a n k (f o r) 62B, 132B, 135B turn w h at and which (relative clauses) 96C
that turn out 139 when
said t h a t 47B turn o n / o ff 137C, 140A when + present simple / present perfect
in relative clauses 92 - 94 turn up 142A, 143E 25
t h e 72- 78 turn down 142 when and if 25D
the and a / an 72, 73B t w o - w o r d v e r b s see p h r a s a l v e r b s when + -ing 6 8B
the sea, the sky etc. 73 B t y p i c a l (o f) 131B even when 112D
the cine m a, the th e atre etc. 73C when and as 116
u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s 69 - 70
sch o ol / the sch o ol 74 w h e r e (in relative clauses) 94C, 95C
u n d e r s t a n d (h o w / w h at + t o ...) 54D
children / the childre n 75 w h e t h e r 50
u n i v e r s i t y (u niversity / the u niversity)
th e + adjective (th e y o u n g etc.) 76B w h ic h
74 B
the + nationality words (the French which in questions 49
u n l e s s 115A
etc.) 76C which in relative clauses 92 - 93, 95 - 96
u n t il (or till)
f / 7ewith geographical names 77 all / none / so m e o f which 96B
u n til + present simple / present perfect
th e with streets, buildings etc. 78 w h ile
25A -B
th e... th e... (with co mparatives) 106D while + present simple / present perfect
u n til and by 120B
th e + superlative (th e old est etc.) 108B 25A
u p (verb + up) 137,142 - 144
t h e r e (and it) 84 w hile + -ing 6 8B
u p s e t (a b o u t) 130B
th ere's no p oin t i n ... 63 A w hile and during 119B
u se (it's no use + -ing) 63A
there will / m ust / sh ould etc. 8 4B who
us e d
there is + -ing or - ed 97D who in questions 49
used to do 18
t h e y / t h e m / t h e i r (used for so m ebody / who in relative clauses 92 - 96
b e / g et used to 61
anyb o dy / n o b o dy / everyb o dy) who and whose in relative clauses 94A
I a m used to doing and I used to do 18 F,
85E, 86C, 90C who and who m in relative clauses 94B
61D
thin k w h o l e 9 0D - E
u s u a ll y (position of usu ally) 110
I think and I'm thin king 4B on the w h ole 127B
I think so, I d o n't think so 51D v e r b s see also p r e s e n t , p a s t , f u t u r e , whom
think o f + -ing 54A, 62 A, 66D p a s s iv e etc. in questions 49C
think a b o u t and think o f 134B verbs not used in continuous tenses in relative clauses 94B, 9 6 A -B
t h o u g h 113 E 4A, 6E.1 0 D, 16E, 17A all / none / so m e o f who m 9 6B
a5 though 118 list of irregular verbs w h o s e (in relative clauses) 94A, 95C
even though 112D, 113E Appendix 1.4 why
t h r e a t e n (+ t o ...) 54A, 56A present and past tenses w hy isn't / did n't (etc.) ... ? 49D
thro w Appendix 2 w hy in relative clauses 94E
thro w to / at 132D verbs + -ing and verbs + t o ... w i l l 21 - 22
t h ro w a w a y 137C, 145B (infinitive) 53 - 59 w ill y o u ? 21C- D, 37A
t i l l see u n t il verbs + preposition 62,132 - 136 w ill and sh all 21D, 22D
tim e phrasal verbs [break down / g e t on etc.) wilt and going to 23
it's the first tim e I'v e ... 8 D 137- 145 w ill be doing (future continuous) 24
it's tim e ... 35C w ill h ave done (future perfect) 24
w a i t (f o r) 133B
countable or uncountable noun 70A w ill in if and when sentences 2 5 , 115C
w a n t (+ t o ...) 55A, 66D
on tim e and in tim e 122A w ill and w o uld 36B, Appendix 4
w arn
t ir e d w ill in the passive 43A
warn so m eone (n o t) to do so m ething
tire d and tiring 98 D o n 't ... . w illy o u ? 52D
55B
tire d o f 130C w ill and other future forms
warn so m eone of / a b o u t so m ething
t o + i n f i n i t i v e (to b e / t o do etc.) see Appendix 3
134F
in fin itiv e will and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
379
Index
wish 41
I wish I k new etc. 39,41
I wish I'd known etc. 40C, 41
wish and ho p e 41A
w is h ... w o uld 41D
w it h
noun + with 129E
adjective + with 130B- C, 131C
verb + with 136C
w it h o u t (+ -ing) 60B
w o n't (= w ill n ot) 21-22
w or d or der
have so m ething done 46
questions 49
negative questions 49D
e mbedded questions (D o y o u know
w h a t ... ?) 50A
reported questions 50B
order of adjectives 99
verb and object together 109A
place and time 109B
position of adverbs with the verb (also,
alw ays etc.) 110
word order with phrasal verbs (tu rn o n
the lig h t , turn it on etc.) 137C
work
uncountable noun 70B, 74C
w o rk o u t 139B
w o rrie d (a b o u t) 130B
w orse 105C
w o rst 108 A
w o r t h (it's w orth + - ing) 63 B
w o ul d 36
w o uld and w ill 36B
w o uld y o u ... ? 37A
w o uld y o u lik e? I'd like 37E
w o uld in / / sentences 38 - 40
wish... w o uld 41D
w o uld lik e / love / h ate / prefer + t o ... 55A,
58B- C
w o uld p re fe r 58B, 59B
w o uld ra th er 59C - D
w o uld and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
w rit e
write to 132B
w rite d o w n 142D
yet
y e t and st/7/ 111C
y e t + present perfect 7D
380
Grammar words
This a list of words used in t h e e x pla natio ns in this book.
active and passive

M a ny verbs can be active or passive. For e x a m ple, b uild:
M y g ra n d fath er b u ilt this house, (active)
This house was b u ilt by m y gran dfath er, (passive)
T he active sente nce begins wit h M y g ra n d fa th er (t h e subject). This sente nce tells us so m et hin g
a b o ut m y gra n d fat h er and w h a t he did (he b uilt this house).
T he passive se nte nce begins w it h This house (th e su bject). This sente nce tells us so m e thin g a b o ut
t h e house (it was built by my gran dfather).
Passive f or ms are be + past participle. C o m pare:

active passive
I ca n't re p air it. It c a n 't b e r e p a i r e d .
So m e b o dy stole m y w alle t. M y w a lle t w a s s t o l e n .
H ave th ey cle a n e d the ro o m ? H as the roo m b e e n c l e a n e d ?
Se e Units 42 - 4 4.
adjective
An a djective is a word t h a t tells us a b o ut so m e b o d y or so m ething. N ice, tall, hungry, foreig n and in terestin g
are all adjectives.
A djectives go before a noun:

a n i c e d ay f o r e i g n lan g uages
or aft er so m e verbs (be, g et, seem , look, taste etc.)
sh e's t a l l this looks i n t e r e s t i n g
See Units 98 - 101, 65, 76 and 130 - 131.
adverb
Adverbs oft e n end in -ly, for e x a mple:
slo w ly re a lly fo rtu n a te ly
These - ly adverbs oft en t ell us h o w so m e b o d y d oes so m ething:

q u ie tly c a re fu lly sa fe ly
O t h e r adverbs do n ot end in -ly. M a ny o f th ese adverbs t e ll us wh ere, wh e n or h o w often so m ethin g

happens. H e re ,y e ste rd a y and alw ays are all adverbs.
So m e adverbs (for e x a m ple very, re a lly and a b so lu tely) are used wit h a djectives:
v e r y sorry r e a l l y n ice a b s o l u t e l y enorm ous
Se e Units 100,101 and 110.
1
apostrophe
W e use an a p ostro p h e (') instead of t h e missing le tt er(s) in a short form;
I'm ( = la m ) y o u 'v e (= y o u h a v e) d id n't (= did n o t)
W e also use an a p ostro p h e + s (-'s) t o sh o w possession:

Rach el's car m y sister's friends th e c a t's tail
See U nit 81 and A p pendi x 5,
article
A / an and the are articles. Articles are a ty p e of d eter miner.
See Units 71 - 78.
auxiliary verb
W e use a u xiliary verbs to g e t h er wit h o t h er verbs:
we a r e going the p la n e h a s la n d e d I c a n ' t h elp d o y o u know
In th ese e x a mples, going, landed, help and k now are th e main verbs. Are, has, can and do are au xiliary verbs.
See Units 51 - 52.
clause
A clause is a w h ole sente nce or a part of a sentence. There is always a verb in a clause. Ex a m ples of clauses:
I'm tire d, (one clause, one sente nce)
I'm tire d an d I w a n t to go ho m e, (t w o clauses, o ne sente nce)
I was tire d when I g ot ho m e, (t w o clauses, one se nte nce)
Alth o u g h I was tired, I w e n t out, which w asn't a good id ea. (three clauses, o ne sente nce)
So m e clauses begin wit h a p articiple (talkin g / stan din g / injure d / stolen etc.):
Who w ere those p e o p le stan din g outside yo ur o ffic e?
Se e Units 68 and 92 - 97.
comparative and superlative

A djectives and adverbs have co m p ara tive and su p erlative forms.
T he co m p ara tive for m is - er or m ore ...:

old - » o ld er im p orta n t - > m ore im p orta n t
T he su p erlative for m is - est or m o st... :

old —* old est im p orta n t —* m ost im p orta n t
Se e Units 105 - 108.
conjunction
A co nj u nctio n is a word t h a t joins clauses. For e x a mple, in t h e f ollo win g sentences b u t and i f are conju nctions:
We w ere hu ngry, b u t th ere was nothin g to eat.
I f she g ets the jo b , s h e'll be re a lly happy.
O t h e r co nju nctions are and, so, or, when, b eca use, alth o u g h and that.
See Units 25, 3 8 - 4 0 and 113 - 120.
2
contraction see short form
I a m w o r k in g present co ntinu o us
I w a s w o r k in g past co ntinu o us
I h a v e b e e n w o r k in g present p erfect co ntin u o us
I h a d b e e n w o r k in g past p erfect co ntin u o us
I w ill b e w o r k i n g co ntin u o us infinitive (= future co ntin u o us)
I m ig ht b e w o r k i n g co ntin u o us infinitive
I m ig ht h a v e b e e n w o r k i n g p erfect co ntin u o us infinitive
I p re te n d e d t o b e w o r k i n g to + co ntin u o us infinitive
Se e Units 1, 3 - 4, 6 , 9 - 1 2,1 6,1 9, 24 and 54.
countable and uncountable see noun
determiner
These words are d eter miners:
a, an, th e (articles)
my, yo ur, his, her, its, our, th eir (possess!ves)
W e use a d e t er min er wit h a noun:

t h e a ir p o r t y o u r n ew c a r m y b est f r i e n d
T he f oll o win g words are d et er min ers t o o (used wit h a noun), but t h e y can also be pronouns
(used w it h o u t a noun):
this, that, these, those
som e, any, no, a ll
m any, m uch, fe w , little
both, eith er, neither, each
For e x a mple:
I lik e t h i s j a c k e t (d e ter min er)
I lik e t h i s , (pronou n)
Se e Units 71 - 78 and 85 - 91.
direct speech and reported speech

W h e n we use direct speech, we use th e words o f th e speaker. For e x a mple:
Pa u l w e n t hom e early. H e said I' m n o t f e e l i n g g o o d . '
W h e n we use reported (or in direct) speech, we change I'm n o t to he w asn't:

Pa u l w e n t hom e early. H e said h e w a s n 't f e e l i n g g o o d .
Se e Units 47 - 4 8.
future
To talk a b o ut th e future, w e use present tenses (/ leave, I'm le avin g etc.), w ill or (b e) g oin g to.
Se e Units 19 - 25 and Ap pendi x 3.
3
infinitive
The infinitive for m of a verb is t h e for m w it h o u t a ny extra ending (th e f or m yo u will find wh e n yo u look
in a dictio n ary). So m e ti m es this is called 't h e base form'. So understand, d ance and stay are infinitive forms:
H e d o esn't u n d e r s t a n d .
Let's d a n c e .
We c a n't s t a y here.
T he infinitive is oft e n used wit h to:

It's h ard t o u n d e r s t a n d .
I'm n o t goin g t o d a n c e .
We d o n't w a n t t o s t a y here.
irregular verb see regular and irregular verbs
modal verb
T he followin g are m o d al verbs:
can co u ld w ill w o uld sh all sh o uld m ay m ig ht m ust o u g ht
These verbs are f ollowe d by t h e infinitive (can see, sh o uld go, m ust work etc.).
See Units 21 - 41.
negative
The ne gative for m is verb + n ot: I'm n o t, he d i d n o t ( d i d n ’t ), th ey c a n n o t ( c a n 't ) etc.
noun
A noun is a word for so m e b o dy or so m ething. In th e se nte nce
M y f r i e n d p lays t e n n i s m ost w e e k e n d s ,
frien d, tennis and weekends are nouns.
A noun can be co u n ta ble (frie n d / b an a n a / w ee k e n d) or u nco u nt a ble (te n n is / w a te r / e le ctricity).
A co u n t a ble noun can be singular (frie n d / b an a n a / w ee k e n d) or plural (frien ds / b an an as / w ee k en ds).
See Units 69 - 71.
object see subject and object
participle see present participle and past participle
p a s s iv e see active and passive
past see tense
4
past participle
T he past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed (cleaned \ danced[ p laye d etc.).
IrreguLar verbs have diff ere nt endings, for e x a m ple lost, broken, done.
W e use th e past p articiple for p erfect for ms (h ave c le a n e d h a d done etc.) and passive f or ms (is clea n e d' was
broken etc.).
See also Units 7, 42, 97 and Appendi x 1
perfect
Perf ect verb for ms are h ave + past p a r ticip le . For e xample:
she h a s g o n e present perfect
she h a d g o n e past p erfect
she m ust h a v e g o n e p erfect infinitive
she w ill h a v e g o n e p erfect infinitive (= future perfect)
she w o uld lik e t o h a v e g o n e to + p erfect infinitive
Perfect for ms can also be c o n ti n u o u s: I h ave been w aitin g / 1h a d been w aitin g / 1 m ust have been w aitin g etc.
Se e Units 7- 16, 24, 27 - 29, 33, 36, 40, 43, 45, 53 - 5 4 and 58.
phrasal verb
A phrasal verb is a verb + in / o ut / on / off / u p / d ow n / aw ay / b ack etc. These words are so m e ti m es
calle d particles (a ty p e of adverb). For e x a mple:
g e t on take o ff co m e back break down keep up
So m e ti m e s phrasal verbs are used for m ov e m e n t and direction:

C o a w a y an d d o n't c o m e b a c k !
I t o o k m y shoes o f f
Bu t oft en t h ey have a special meaning. For e x a mple:

M y b ro th er a n d I d o n't g e t o n very w ell. (= w e d o n't have a good relatio nship)
There are a f e w pro ble m s I n ee d to s o r t o u t . (= I need to solve)
So m e ti m es t h ere is a preposition after a phrasal verb:

I d o n't g e t on w i t h m y brother.
Here, g e t on is a phrasal verb and with is a preposition.
See Units 137 - 145.
plural see singular and plural
preposition
So m e e x a m ples of prepositions:
at, in, on, to, of, for, with, by, fro m , during
Prepositions are usually f ollow e d by a noun or pronoun:

I d o n't lik e going o ut a t n i g h t .
They live i n a s m a l l v i l l a g e .
W h at's the nam e o f t h i s s t r e e t ?
This is f o r y o u .
So m e ti m e s (for e x a m ple, in q uestions), t here is a preposition at th e end of a sentence:

W h a t are y o u loo king f o r ?
Se e Units 121 - 136.
5
p rese n t see tense
present participle
The present p articiple ends in -ing (going, dancing, thin king etc.).
W e use th e present participle for contin uo us for ms of t h e verb (I'm going, th ey w ere d ancing etc.).
W e also use participles in sentences like:

Jo e h urt his knee p l a y i n g fo o tb all.
See Units 68 and 97.
pronoun
These words are pronouns:
I/ m e,yo u, he / him, she / her, we / us, they / the m , it (personal pronouns)
m ine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs (possessive pronouns)
m yself / yo urself / th e m selves etc. (refle xive pronouns)
O t h e r pronouns include:
so m eo n e / n o b o dy / everythin g etc.
this / that / th ese / th ose
See Units 82 - 91. See also r e l a t iv e p ro n o u n s and d e t e r m i n e rs.
question tag
A q uestion ta g is a ‘mini - question' t h a t w e so m eti m es put on th e end of a sentence:
You h ave n ’t seen Kate, h a v e y o u ?
There was a lo t o f traffic, w a s n ’t t h e r e ?
See also U n it 52.
regular and irregular verbs

The past sim ple and past participle of regular verbs are th e sa m e and end in -ed. For e x a mple:
I w o r k e d (past sim ple)
I have w o r k e d (past participle used wit h h ave)
Tom p a i n t e d the room, (past sim ple)
The roo m w ill be p a i n t e d , (past participle used in th e passive)
The past sim ple and past participle of irregular verbs are so m e ti m es th e sa m e and so m e ti m es different.
But t h e y do n o t end in -ed. For e x a mple:
I l o s t (p ast sim ple)
I h ave l o s t (past participle wit h h ave)
So m e b o dy s t o l e m y phone, (past simple)
M y p h o ne was s t o l e n , (past p articiple used in th e passive)
Se e Appendi x 1.
6
relative clause
A relative clause gives in for m a tio n a b o ut so m e thin g or so m e body. Relative clauses often begin
wit h relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, th a t):
An a rch ite ct is a p erson who designs b uildin gs.
G race works f o r a co m p any th a t m akes furn iture.
See Units 92 - 96.
relative pronoun see relative clause
sentence
A sente nce has one or m ore clauses.
M y p hone rang, (one cla use)
M y p hone rang, so I a nsw ere d it. (t w o clauses)
If m y p hone rings, can you a nsw er it form e, p le a se? (t w o clauses)
A sente nce begins wit h a ca pit al le tt er (A, B, C etc.) and ends wit h a f ull stop (.).
short form (or contraction)

In spoken English, w e usually say I'm / y o u 'v e / d id n't etc. These are short forms or co ntractio ns.
The full forms are I am / y o u have / did not.
W h e n w e writ e sh ort forms, w e use an ap ostro p h e (') for th e missing letters.
See Appendi x 5.
singular and plural

A singular for m is used for one person or thing. For e x a mple: flo w er, school, child.
A plural for m is used for more th a n one person or thing. For e x a mple: flo w ers, schools, children.
Verbs so m eti m es have diff ere nt forms for singular and plural. For e x a m ple:
Wh ere d o es sh e liv e ? (singular)
Wh ere d o t h e y liv e ? (plural)
See Units 71 and 79.
subject and object

fn th e f ollowin g sentences, Tom is t h e subject:
Tom is eatin g an a p p le,
Tom sa w H elen.
Tom p lays fo o tb all.
A ft er th e subject, t h ere is a verb (is eating, saw, p lays) and an o bject (an apple, H elen, fo o tb a ll).
The o bject is w h a t he's eating, w h o he saw, w h a t he plays.
The subject n or m ally goes before th e verb (Tom is e a tin g), and th e o bject goes aft er th e verb
(e a tin g an a p p le). In questions, t h e verb usually goes before th e su bject - see U n it 49 A.
So m e verbs (for e x a m ple give, show, b uy) can have t w o objects. For e x a mple:
H ele n b o u g ht h er m oth er a p rese n t.
H er m oth er is th e indirect o bject (= th e receiver) and a p rese n t is th e direct o bject (w h a t Hele n bought).
See Units 42, 4 4 A, 4 6B, 49, 55, 93, 9 4B, 9 5B and 137C.
7
subjunctive
T he su bjunctive has th e sa m e for m as th e infinitive: do, be, eat, p la y etc. You can use th e
su bj unctive aft er insist, reco m m end, su g gest etc. You can also use should:
I insisted th at he apologise.
I insisted th at he sh o uld a p olo gise.
See U nit 34.
superlative see comparative
syllable
A sylla ble is a part of a word. For e x a mple, t h e word re m e m b er has t hree syllables: re - m e m -b er.
tense
A tense is a verb for m t h a t shows tim e. English verbs have t w o main tenses, present and past.
Prese nt and past tenses can be sim ple or continuous, For e x a mple:
present past
I w alk (prese nt sim ple) I w alk e d (p ast sim ple)
I am w alkin g (present co ntinu o us) I was w alkin g (p ast co ntinu o us)
All of t h ese can also be p erfect (with h ave):

I have w alk e d (present p erfect simple) I h a d w alk e d (past perfect sim ple)
I h ave been walkin g (present p erfect co ntin u o us) I h a d been w alkin g (past p erfect co ntinu o us)
See Units 1- 18 and A p p endi x Z.
uncountable see noun
verb
A verb is a word for an actio n (go, eat, w ork), a ha p pening (rain, fin d, d ie) or a sta t e (be, know, w a n t).
In th e se nte nce
Tom is h u n gry a n d wants so m ething to eat.
is, wants and e a t are all verbs.
Verbs have fo ur or five diff ere nt forms. For e x a mple:
infinitive (or base for m) + 5 + ing (present participle) past sim ple past p articiple
work works working w ork ed w ork ed

b uy buys buying b o u g ht b o u g ht
eat eats eatin g a te eate n
word order
Wo r d order is t h e w a y words go t o g e t h er in a sentence. For e x a mple, w e say:
a m odern b uildin g (n o t a b uildin g m od ern)
I d o n't k now where she is. (n o t I d o n't k now w here is she)
Sh e alw ays walks to work, (n o t Sh e walks alw ays)
Se e Units 49 - 5 0, 99, 109 - 110 and 137.

8

English Grammar in Use 4th Edition

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Ca m b r id g e

www.hasanboy.uz dan olindi

C A MBRID GE U N IV ERSI T Y PRESS

Cambridge University Press

www.ca m brid ge.org

Fourth Edition © Cambridge University Press 201 2

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory e xception

English Gra m m ar in Use first published 1985

Printed in China by Golden C u p Printing C o. Ltd

ISBN 978- 0-521-18906- 4 Edition with answers

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

Contents Telegram channel: @uzteachers

Prese n t p e rfe ct an d p ast

IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N IT S Y O U N EE D T O STU DY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326.

Q uestions an d au x iliary verbs

IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N ITS Y O U N EE D T O STUDY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326

Rela tive clauses

102 So and such

105 C o m p arison 1 (c h e a p e r, m o r e e x p e n siv e etc.)

109 Wo r d order 1: verb + object; place and ti m e

111 St ill, y e t and a lr e a d y A n y m o r e / a n y l o n g e r / no l o n g e r

IF Y O U ARE N O T SURE W H I C H U N IT S Y O U N EE D T O STU D Y, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA GE 326.

Ap pendi x 1 Regular and irregular verbs 292

A d ditio n al exercises 302

Key t o Exercises 336

IF Y O U ARE N O T S U R E W H I C H U N I T S Y O U N EE D T O STU DY, U SE T H E S T U D Y G U I D E O N PA CE 326.

Q What is the difference b et we e n I did and I h ave d on e?

The book is n ot suitable for ele m e n t a ry learners.

It is suggested t h a t yo u work in this way:

An online version of English Gra m m ar in Use is also availa ble.

Sarah is in her car. She is on her w a y to work.

This means: she is driving now, at th e ti m e of speaking.

A m / is / are + -ing is th e prese n t continuous:

So m e ti m es the actio n is not hap pening at t h e ti m e of speaking. For e x a mple:

St ev e is talkin g to a friend on th e phone. He says:

I'm reading a really good book at t he m o m ent.

Steve is not reading th e book at th e ti m e of speaking.

W e use t h e p rese n t co n ti n u o u s w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t ch a n g es h a p p e n in g aro u n d n ow, e s p e cia lly

get ch a n g e b eco m e i n cre a se rise f a ll grow im prove b e gin start

Is yo u r English g e t ti n g b e t t e r? (n o t Does yo ur English get b etter)

1 Please d o n't make so much noise. a It's g etting late. 1 .£

2 a : Hi, Nicola. H o w ... (yo ur n ew jo b / go)

b : Yes, but . . . his work right now. (he / not / enjoy)

Pu t t h e ver b in t o t h e c o rr e ct f or m , p ositive (I'm d oin g e tc.) or n e g a tiv e (I'm n o t d o i n g e tc.).

start get incre ase ch a n g e rise

1 The p op ulation of th e world & marexLsmq very fast.

Ale x is a bus driver, but n ow he is in bed asleep.

b ut He d riv e s a bus. (H e is a bus driver.)

D riv e(s) / w o r k(s) / d o(e s) etc. is th e prese nt sim ple:

l / we / you / t hey d riv e / w o r k / d o etc.

he / she / it d riv e s / w o r k s / d o e s etc.

For spelling (-5 or - es), see A p pendi x 6 .

W e use d o / d o es t o mak e q uestions and n e g ative sentences:

C I co m e fro m Canada. W h e r e d o yo u c o m e fro m?

In t h e f o ll o w in g e x a m ples, d o is also t h e m ain ver b (d o y o u d o / d o e s n't d o e tc.):

W e use th e present simple to say h o w often w e do things:

So m e ti m es we do things by sayin g so m ething. For e x a mple, wh e n you pro mise t o do so m ething,

In t h e sa me w a y w e say: I a p o lo g is e ... / 1 a d vis e ... / I i n s i s t ... / 1 a g re e ... / I re f u s e ... etc.

1 Tanya sp eu ks G er m a n very well.

Use t h e f o ll o w i n g ver bs t o c o m p l e t e t h e se n t e nces. So m e t i m e s y o u nee d t h e n e g a tive :

b e li e v e eat flo w ^go- - grow- make rise t e ll tra n sla te

1 The earth goes round t h e sun. 7 An interpreter translates from one

You ask Lisa q u estio ns a b o u t h e rse lf an d h er f a m ily. W r i t e t h e q u estio ns.

I a p o lo g is e I in sist I p ro m is e I reco m m en d 4 su g g est