Sons ae Coal, Classification, Analysis reece a Ga Coke, hive oven, Otto Hoffmann's Oven) 25 Liquid Fuels Petroleum, Composition, "Processing, Refining, Cracking _ (Thermal and Catalyti thetic petrol, (Polymerization, Bergius process, Fischer Tropsch process, Refining of Gasoline, Knocking, Octane rating, Cetane rating, Non-petroleum fuels _ (Benzol, power alcohol) 26 Combustion 27 Analysis of flue gases — (Orsat’s apparatus) "Any source of heat energy is called a fuel. The term fuel to a combustible substance which on burning in oxygen produces a large amount of heat that can be economically for domestic and industrial purposes. Nature has given us unlimited stores of the substances which can be used as fuels-e.g. wood, charcoal, coal, kerosene ete, Combustion of these fuels is used as a source of heat and power, During combustion of these fuels, a chemical reaction involving breakage of bonds of reactants and formation of new bonds in the products takes place which is accompanied by a large amount of heat. Hence these fuels are termed as chemical fuels. It is now well established that combustion is not necessary fora fuel to produce heat, Nuclear energy is also used as a souree of heat. In case of nuclear fuels, energy is liberated by fission or fusion of nuclei. This energy is very much greater than in the case of chemical fuels. Fuels in the broad sense, include the) stored fuels that are available in the earth's crust i.e. fossil fuels or the fuels which are derived from fossil fuels. The term “fossil fuels” is used because these are derived from the fossilized remains of plants and animals. The energy available from these fuels can be considered to be a part of stored solar energy. The solar energy is trapped by the plants during the process of photosynthesis according f0 the following reaction: Sunlight SeCHGARTTe: H,O + zones} Chiorophyit Carbohydrates ‘ part of carbohydrate is used as food by plants and Converted into cellulose and other constituents of vegetable Sarnath ComSeanneCalorific value is defined as the total quantity’ of heat liberated when a is burnt completely. Units of Calorific Value: Units of calorific value for solid, liquid and gaseous fyele below. v Biv ‘ Units of Calorific Values ‘System Solid/Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels ccs Calories/gm_ Calories/em* | MKS k cal/kg. k cal/m? | BTU BTU/Ib. BTU/f? ‘The quantity of heat can be measured in the following units: | (@ Calorie: It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water through 1°C (from 15-16° C). Also 1 Calorie = 4.185 Joules = 4.185*107 ergs. (ii) Kilo Calorie: This respresents the unit of heat in MKS system. It is defined as the of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water through 1® C (fag 15°-16°-C) {| 1K cal = 1000 cal i (iii) British thermal unit: (B. Th. U or B.T.U.) It is defined as the amount of heat required | to raise the temperature of 1 pound (Ib) of water through 1° F (from 60° F to 61° F) 1B. Th. u = 252 Cal = 0.252 kcal 1,054.6 Joules = 1,054.6%107 ergs. 1 k cal = 3.968 B. Th. U Gv) Centigrade heat unit (C.H.U) It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the j temperature of 1 pound of water through 1° C. (from 15° to 16°C), »1k cal = 3.968 BTU = 2.2 CHU. of} gran GROSS AND NET CALORIFIC VALUE Gross Calorific Value: It is the total completely burnt in oxygen and the temperature (15° C or 60° F), Usually, all the fuels have sufficient amount of hydrogen. The hydrogen present duns combustion is converted into steam. AS"the products of combustion. ors aroled CHUM 2 amount of heat generated when a unit quantity of fel § Products of combustion are cooled down to the m0" i} Therefore gross calorific value is also called the higi The calorific value which is determined Bomb i i toss eapnneansiecy), y Bomb calorimeter gives the Gt i her calorific value.Fuels 99 calorific Value: It is defined as the net heat produced wi hen a unit quantity of fuel is and the products of combustion are allowed to escape, practice when the fuel is burt, the water vapour, formed due to in the fuel, are not condensed and escape along with hot combustion Bases. Hence, jount than gross calorific value is available. Th t calorific value, Fee eovn as lower Calorific Value, (LCV) LCV = HCV-Latent heat of water vapours formed. lerefore, this is called net Since I part by weight of hydrogen gives nine parts by weight of water i.e. H; +40, 41,0 “ LCV = HCV — Weight of hydrogen x 9 x Jatent heat of steam = HCV - Weight of hydrogen x 9 x 587 (+. Latent heat of steam = 587 cal/g) DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE AL. Determination of Calorific Value of Solid and Non volatile of solids and non fe Liquid Fuels: The calorific value Volatile liquid fuels is determined by bomb calorimeter. Principle: A known amount of the fuel is bumt in excess of oxygen and the: heat liberated is ansferred to a known amount of water. The ca Alorific value of the fuel is then determined by applying ‘he principle of calorimatery i.e, Heat gained = Heat lost Construction: A simple sketch of bomb calorimeter is shown in Fig. 2.1. It consists of the following pants, © oxygen inlet valve. A small ting is fitted to one of the electrodes which act as a Support for slica crucible, i) The bomb is pla calorimeter j Gi) The coy ina } OF fused silica which gontains the fuel. The erucible side the ohe of the electrodes. |‘Seanne wth CamScanetCondensed steam, Fig. 2.2 Boy's gas calorimeter Working: Burning of fuel and circulation of water are continued for about 15 mi itll Warming up period. When the calorimeter gets warmed, the rate of flow is so adj the water leaves the Spparatus nearly at atmospheric Pressure. Heat produced by bi "scous fuels is transferred to Water in the copper coil and the steam formed inside the ‘uring combustion gets condensed to water which is collected. The following readings the conditions become steady: fee... © Volume of gas burnt at a given temperature and pressure in time t. This volu converted into STP, MIRIPEN Of water passed through the’ il in the aan Gi) Temperature of incoming and outgoing water. BODVEIeH of water condensed during this time, Caleulations: Let Volume of the gas bumt-at STP in a certain time t = Weight of water passed through the coil in time t Weight of water condensed during this time Temperature of incoming water i. ‘Temperature of outgoing wa ‘Scanned wth CamScanetFuels 105 ing the calorific value is given as: for calculating Dulong's formula in 096+ 4 0004-9) 2.2405] 100 3 where C, HO and $ are the percentages of carbon, Gross calorific Value (HCV) = K cal/kg, hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur res 9x: Net Calorifie Value (LCV) = [novo | K cal/kg [HCV-.09H 587] k cal/kg, SOLVED NUMERICALS BASED ON py FUELS Pectively TERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF Example 2.1: The following data were obtained in a bomb calorimeter experiment, Weight of Coal burnt = 0.994 g Weight of water in calorimeter = 2592 g Weight of bomb, calorimeter ete = 3049 8 Rise in temperature: of water = 2 732°C Mean specific heat of the apparatus = 0.098 Find the gross calorific valu: le of the fuel. If the fuel contains 8% hydrogen, calorific value. (Latent heat of condensation of steam = calculate its lower = 587 cal/g) Solution: Weight of the fuel, x = 0.994 g Weight of water, W = 2592 8 Weight of apparatus = 3940 g Mean specific heat of apparatus = 0.098 * Water equivalent of apparatus, w = 3940%0.098 = 386.12 Rise in temperature of eater = 2.732°C W +w)(t. ~ 1) *. Gross calorific value = eee) = (2592+386.12)(2.732) 099 HCV-0.09 Hx587 cal/gm 8185.3-0.09%8%587 cal/gm - = 8185.3-422.64 cal/gm = 7762.6 calle! Pple 22; ed coal was teste A sample of coal contains 92% C, 5% H, and 3% a Sees as i i sul ‘Score Value in the bomb calorimeter, the following re: Weight of the coal burnt = 0.95 g i Weight of water taken = 700 g =8185.3cal/ g Net Calorific Value