ca 2022/07/23 ec-us0 / testes ene. Environment The Envirooment ig where o muteal’ interest 5 it is dhe one thing at of Ener 01) Deforestation 02) Woste 2 03) Water pollution 04) Contommation ‘ f 05) Ave Pollution 06) Green house Gag Emission Environment give ag more things. $ Fresh Air acds ¥e space FG Woter + What is Environmental .oScienee u -plnary field io which ecologists Work problems. ¥ > ow bea Credit = we ah meet where all have We are distiuc tioning the environment in mony woys “Eouironment Science is a broader 5 interdisci - \ creait us share oe | other «physical » chemical and biological Scientists || to study and seek Solutions to, environ mental Pe World Environ men + Day G5 june.)& Environment Sdence fs all of Specializations ] vn ol subjects. Subjects given betlow o Bi ology History Chemistry, Political science 7 Atmospheric science Engineering Oceanography oe Economics | Geology Ethics | Anibropology Archaedlogy Rcology. Sociology + Environment <= Natural / Physical Environment Human |) Envirodment i » There are 5 different . classes | im environment 01) Lith osphere o%) Atmosphere a: ol 02) Biosphere 05) Hydrosphere . 03) Cryosphere 4 * All those together , we con Say to thot Earth. bod g movve ) 4 Biosphere (68 9-oheuy>. 4 > +1 pe mO8 Phere | + Aten ts) absorb). carbon dioxide Chay chia se ss shell- air, lands Surface rocks goss f + 2 “astew”) Ate ond water — within ubich re ad cay Gio sphere amaouer \ OQutermost, part of the planets plants 18 of romeattr) We occurs add eas nat rien gto soik Sprcting 6/2 SN onstevetona fate f) 4 eres utr flood. wv ra relping We of es ae ae YES e 1 porLe @laciers Cryosphere _ : / osnow-coue Je Ricey eter, 00: thowee Chia eipiecewy Bote trai i ae ees / + Permafrost _ptmospbere ( T Tesemee er ng Earth — retained by the Earth's _Exospbere “10,000 K—m Thermos phere “Geacker a: Uesosphere wit eee Barth anne | lake a. i + Discontinuous layer of water Ot Or neor the Eorth's gur face:An thros phere C Human Envivonment) Port of the environment, that iS made or modified by human for use ip human _activitie weather ¢- + Usually weather if actually Ane i SLowhontesin change Of ‘the Atmosphere’ a ® Given place ot o gwen time: 4 Chootic, eoo-linear dynamic Systero AxO sar aD x npr waged Chaotic means 9 ft is sunny now. But with dn five wiouetes got to be Taine a Ye bb eo > Ba Climate 8- 1oo.aeee « Climate is the actually jong time eae oe weather. « Weother averaged over a long period of time. 1 Fairly stable ond predictable: « the gases s@ Keep | i ee F c 3 the beat of our atmosphere: \ Lin Some sun roy Ss absobe ito: the \ ves salt ‘ Sie gome Warm are going ott . that gases of the atmosphere. That part of , heat hel\p te maton othe warm :10f dhe earth ond Tt Support life. we con, Plant +: go oat) it in our atmosphere. That earth warm iS maintain by the green house gases ; = ae! a Necessary fo Keep? the “Bort elWarm df Epolugh do support life. 4 é at ree beRtIA Go | @ Green House Effect is needed . |® What §s Global _ Warming watural Greenhouse Effect Effect Less heat escapes into Space uman Enhanced Greenhouse we called — Alobal getting warmer . e Natural Greenhouse en Envicovhest® But s > talobal surmin piGice Ohorg ORR ecouke guy ig give us correct ond o period oF Reromattcsl(y) Ce smina or |) Human 40 theFlocdng- me | D cought Sami [Cailie —-b% | Forest fire - ewes — + Global warming (CD Garbage du ©d Deforestation @) Tndustvelizoser | ent @s) Vehicle — @s) Dory productives a cae oie ae @) Agreculture ——— T (Go the soil there iS 4 Tmpact (0. Forest Gives = @) Flooding G3) Drought : (ea) Glacier melting @s)_ Empacting 40 the 4 (0s) UndernourishedGlobal Dimming * Decrease in the amounts of goler radiation reaching the surfate of the Earth.) & * First recognized in 19505 Sombepioveall average drop lot the lausls energy reaching Earth is Opproximarely aa. ~ BBC Honiaon iiGons) discussed) thie Phenomena : ‘ i dimming reduces the amount of Sun's rays reahing the earths atmosphere Causing Adrop of ke mperature Around thie globe. + Global » Global dimming — Causes 8- ase s: sAerosolS ~ jmajyor cause.; 1 s Vapons p emittediy Croms tnd planes sflying. bishin the sky Ccontra’ Is) . . 4 Global dimming iS caused by alte pollution Burning coal C meg ansr) oi) » wood , whether in cars, power Stations or cooking fires produces not only COs Ctheerociple green house gos ) put also tiny Oicborne particles of soot , ash 4 Sulphur compounds ae e Bie qq qa are other pollutions. | « Global dimming ~— Effects % More ac 8 Rain formation (60x [wo.) == SS -— s More cronic deaseates related 40 breathing difficul + Drought Conditions CHuu) Ales. + Distruction Of Agrecaltural productions and forested areas sare polluted and dirby Hes. | | | | ia re lect. 09 Bb evaporating = GdrFo. | calmer = oda a + @Gioval _warmmg _- _In{reage in dne atmospheric bemperaty, = ner particles reflect Oway gy © Aloha} Dinning > fines: olight , decreasing +he temperature. + ' wee Ts global dimming’ feas harmful to the environment fey, when compared with global warmma 2 ; ' y 1 F 1 bas { Global warming leads 40! increased ‘ralo Fall because evaporating oceans, where a9 global dimmag ' _— to less rafnfall due reduced evaportation. Global warming will lead to more Severe Weather, where a8 global dimming » lead s 40 calmer weathey "Since! energy) in the ) water cycle will “meas fouse, » storms - f ee ROx0 Joslos : 4 t ‘ i a 2 2 t +o > 4 wieCachon | Footprint | = S| «A meosure of the exclusive giobel amoust oe | Carbon Dioxde CcO:) and: ther G@NG@Ss!) emibted by. ‘a| COE OCS Or accumatated over tre full like eycle off | a product On, servicer aH Bt C02, A “Corbop Foot pdot gil’ the total | ) amount OF green) house gases Cin cluding | Corben dioxide and imethone)) » HHot ore Generated iby jour action Exctugiverage carbon foo print: : Per LOUSY ° for O person in the Wdited in N4ed Sta tes “a : d i's ve tons, and tS" One Of “the Highest rates im ; Pye wec'd Globally > the average caston footerint fi, closer to is 4 tons. To have tre best Chance of | | Joversies Q\ oi S815) global temperature Me evace | Meal carben footpriot plein ryearey neechewmto Ueimdrop | I yo seder at0ns by a0s0 | ; FT owes'99 Individual carbon footprints from je tons to J, tors does uit happeb Overnight 1 By small matciag F changes tO ou action s» Itke eating less meat , koking fewer connecting flights and fine “dvying out FelotwheS » we can start mating a big difference . |} for example 1 YE produce green i hosse gas emission te om > o, E e Burning gasoline when wedrive + Being ci) or gas for home heating n UGng_ Elle EME) generated from Coal » potural gos and o'} eq If Total 36:46 Cr/kg otal 3-70 o,)es More Carbon emittion Less Corben emivion | | z | |- i yuc\e - 68m M5 m6b WITS wb6b Recs esol Material 209). \ 6h, abe eee Reuse — Beer cand rh chad sGorr. UH shy) x Meat product emrttion yore (Or [also « Dairy |e Vegetable and Lrots), emithton ess COr capacity 4 | a | | bia | \ r | ae * Carbon footprint is depends On Activity on Acyl d gon, and’ person | yo per mC xX How +o reduce \four Carbon aa Print 2 b i a @rWosh Laundry cold. | 5 ont QS worm water Use mond2> odBcod Laundry itt, clean wsobv. da e0sy Gem Larm water a use moi P38 Energy 8m use ceed 95 | cold uater Shot worm cater m6d 0. omad Electricity nb ohn 8m Shr. 88% GH Gases emipte || a 625% atmosphere 98. Gn mer0d ated BOSas 7 6d 2a» Energy | amb 5. Energy WS —» GHA) |) ___@D Ue rechorgedble Batt vies Unpluged unused | devices - (demns — encray Biss? coon a = cing » Raycle product soncmo Bho mem if @s) Eat 3 less _ meat ond less diacy 7) = [ (os) Buy y_ seasonal énd Local - ae a = (c) use Eneray Efficient lightning . Power off then oe a = @ Use. public eescre [cycte: - = = | @ | 38622 moe 9.08 £50Dates 6s \298 A se one layer | $6 orptoters lush trom WAVE Mayall of! Suny ee = Rays Some are harmful ord Some jace ] none horm ful- 9 Re layer iS protect ug from harmful UV of . coming to the earth surface, _Ot%one hole = Ultrayfolet ———— = wo Rays. ie — ' cabal ee | BG) vnrarctse o2ene hele - couced by clortoe a and _bromire io the atmosphere 5 comoag from zi m= dloreftascocatbons = Ccecs) and halons. _|) The hole | returns at the ot self 40 form when Antarctic winter, Sun hight begins of the endDate every september 7 before (it) Reaches its largest enteot | diSappearing agave by md Summer» 2 Should folow o ~ "Cy The amount of paone overhead pattern. This 15 watch occured during the “easurementss, but bY the’ a, lreguior seasonal |Fiest 90 years of | BAS 990 6 clear deviations were observed: la) in every (1 rauceeSsee Spring y the OOn€) layer wag. [weaker tham}obetoree”, and vihy 198i, Je Wad aaa ed niveromonecle gk ratosphere WS prodressive | changing era | i t @ @@ wow orone get Depleted 2 3 BS ene ee ee . dD. | (0) Uv radiation hits mole cule : | k : ni : Keer O mn) ae (ox) Chlorine atom breaks away, i al @3) Chlorine gtom hits Ozone mole culeDate ] @) Chlorine atop takes fone oxygen atom to create chlorine monoxide Neaves; one molecule of oxygen. | L (@5) Ox¥ger atom hits | chlorine monoxide mole cule- CO NajcoMlo- Mec pmeata eae Oxygen molectle. Bctiornelattom ns mececemene _cepeatsS the depletion process. ozone depletion - | Reduced P2ene levels as a result ef o2one depletion meor less protection from the Sun's ays and more Exposu- =re to ‘UVB rodiation at the Earths surface. Studies hove Shown hot fn the Antarctic » the amount of UVB measured at the surface can double during the _ annual @2one hole, @) Effect Of Humon Health as Oaene \ayer) depletion, tocncasiesnl ty ciuleemenfemcmutayen® : Cmamne =n O>09m 6D Frat reaches the Eorlh's Sucface. (aboratory and epidemologica oehar mehr ODO5H,0> rd eeudies Wlemecetrote hot (vie dateea un Gn eae aTAmtEeN a55 S60 Liskin concer and plays a mejor role tn smokgnant [melanoma devolopment. acess stand Se Mime BENIN UNeen) LKposures Goa» FOCO) UY radiation hos been irked to the de volop) of catdracts, gwi 32 api i: é @2) A cloudhy of the eJe's lens. sa anol way ©3) S8klio Allments « 1@xX) Effect on plants | | ©) Change the DNA OF the plants OD Disturbed plant Ufe cipcies (3) Tmpact Frults, Gnd) Flowers ! GD Effects on Marine Pcogystems = ee Se ODPM CaID eH EE COSY S tema! (8) UM ‘Radiation has bee, found to cause fomage a 2008-4 ohh aol ac) cog developmental Stege of Fish, shina oe 1o phi Hise ond other marine ahimals CD Most severe effects Binxn aot ay We 00 tor Jo——| | reproductive capacity and | imipared po Ca WiEMectIl Jo lthe saiwholleyimarine efoail lchan au Q®. OA a6 Qr0.2 HanBA — 862 Samisen e 4 (a) Effect on, Bio geochemical — Cyctes ad 77, a oe ones) Is maroly offect +o terrestrial and = 2 Etaoin ecdteen teal cycles + From dhis mitigate oF Amplify ‘the atmospherid condenration®! OF these gases oe | B4GRG Dey), arhgnu , 920,65 | 5 : “a | CD .€f fect. on Materials Gz eo cou dl SS ereee 2 ; PV eB) Wy Wed dams. a669 0) 20-5 painters Synthetic polymers 5 ndturaly occurring b aod other materials of Comme rcia) loterest are adverselyoffected by Uv radiation. They) ore protected From (GV iby Special additug Fav. : - RA Baten Gow (as7@>) PROn Of 95620) HQ Ors i | s When increases in uy levels accejerite their [| Breaedoun > Iimiiting the’ length of timei for | | wie they are usetul( outdoors - @ tee do we PROTECT the Ozone fee Save energy 1 i 5 ino eee Kc CBRL IOS UE | ed Aftorestation Aa | @s) Fruits 9: vegetables compost _ 3) Brexee _Mspecall oy resnige nesors . Bice Use public transport Pies) Rede [em Reduce ray J@s) Reduce Privat< transports LF Ged Reduce form Pacicaging . Ba an Reducer Maloy ude | sage be CoMaitio ners oerosols 5 fasecticides and pestic re extinguishers + Avoid the consumption of gases dangours +o the Oton » | loyer, due) their content or manufacturiag process. Some ja SS ces SiBo Cle of tre most dangerous gases are Cec*s 4, Halogenated — yocarbon 4 Metps\ bromde and nitrour Oxide. + Minimize the use Of private transports, The best transport option iS urban, becycle or walling - Use t coeiyx Do not use cleontg product thot are” ioronmrent and +o us. Many clearing product Gp oe Soluenie se (and |Substants | corosive’s but ‘You can ; “he dangesous substances with non-toxic Product s cag as vinegar or bi carbonate | ty couse CEC 40 eScape Into the | atmosphere —Pallutont Ged i resent sip the wrong fo A substance Lin wrong Gmounts - + Nitroge ad pe © Cate |= Sulfur ‘Dioxide + Particulate Matter [Ar Pollution can be defined as an alteration of | [oir quality Wet con be choracterted by imeasurements | aia 1 lee ol > biological or physical pollutants tn || a i an oe Pollution is caused by the presence in the otmosphere | ar tose : = _of toxic gubstances , mainly Produced by human activities , Le es even though sometimes it can result from matural Phenomena aamy aets ager erS Soe | such oS \yolcanic_ervptions , dust etormsg -and | wildfires, vale depleting athe ‘ote! Ve ualityl Bm xsn0 5 RS | ee yon ane An thre po genic oWution sources are 5 ©) Combustion of Fossil fuels ¢ Whe coalrand Aor j electricity and road tronsport , producing Gir pollatents — like bitrogen ond Sulfur Ss, E a @D Emissions from industries ond factories 3 _torge amount Of Corbonmonoxide , hydrocarbon 5 chemicals organic (03) Agricultural activities $ i due to the use insecticides and fertilizer tot emit (@s) Waste production $ mostly becouse of methane generation | io \aodtits-i photosynthesis 19 mony Cases yi, Bron eNOS ChO SE No Air pollutton EFte cts On the Enviyonment & Pintinometiorsahes goulmoior impact: on =the UP TOceey evolution by pteventing gerious consequesces for the puri fcotton of the oir odtes Gonpome eee eee) fossils emsHting mixed Widh water steam au) then it made) cid rains » and other effects - in the atmosphere i Te! 1 °. Global warmieg 10 pollution wtp fact » the abundance of ‘carbon dioxide” 9 jeone of the couse of the greenhouse effect Human Heolth Aly pollution is needed a human wealth conditions, causing allergies cardiovascular diseases as well as WERHS 665 y-@4) Air Pollution Preveortion ee slneeatesetempeener Tere are way to prevent , control and eventoullly — seduced alc ipeNutlon. ee ia IS P = apie ~ 8613, ge end any ©» Renewable fuel and clean energy production. _ est basic golution for alr polution 1s 0 move Aossi| fuels ) replacing them with alternative eS —| | | | if | | Jenergies Nke solar, ind and geothermal a —newhs soon any ayijeabomn _@2) Eneray conser vati and eff _Preducing clean energy is Crucial But equally important to reduce our consumpti of energy by adopting responsible fabits ard devices: Sifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehictes and promoting shared mobility Cex: cargecting J public transi] _ could reduced oie pollution @D Green _beilding wines g “Gor planing to demolition 5 Green building aims to create “responsible and resource - ee Peeeiee to reduce their caibon footprintsooo losin pi aft ~ Water Died ~1. * Vitel for alll: w We depend on S48 good /Qually = ond quantity for drinking » Cultivating, 4S® In |ndrustry! and, growing crops. # Vitel) top. sustaining [the Inotura hisystems? on and urdey the earth's surface: Hydrological Cycte eon dengatibo>)— Koay ea a ee MS tate, ob E 3 me | B 3 Ba a == =—- Hg paTrangpirett sb Precipitation ae B6015 9% PL ssi pT Evaporation eee Sunkyht water 1053 frormplanis | eT: ' nates loss Fea soils, | @- Root absorb water from Hoe So?) @- Woter travels from root to! leaves @ — Water evaporates On the isurface of the leaves | Evapotranepirations- ——e bo Rranspiractlons- z E vepotranspiration iS tne tne mame given to the E tatal water loss to the atmosphere from a land surtace Be usually erpresed lo Unit oF depth a SRS oe OC erm ne waker vapor evaporating from heNsonlcwutal ecm acsee cre heres Aiquid twated on Iplost Surfaces together | with Wat tcanSpired Front plant Surfaces | Evo poration ~ transformation of \iquid ee water vapor te Vronspiration — Water vapor emission from Plant Surfaces @®B Evapotranspiration iS the combined process of water Surface evaporation » Soil moisture evaporation and plant ‘tEcanspi rato p1@ AO Ss voter . aa G)—Gtonding Water Coceans. lokes) Gi) Running later Crivers » Streams ) GI) Rein ond Water —- = . japour tn tre atmosphere = Patol process that aeie the by drological eye *Evopcration and Evepotranspiration 2 Preapitation | + Air movement Tocluding wind ood eather systey 3 Water —> flowing Water = 3 . i) Underground & I F i) Abece iarcund d => Underground water a pw J Group a waten steam, fed by qroun dete \ asscbog = Groundwater dischorge fo the seas) © = Unsaturoted gone (cofl parnicie [otr | wate 24 222) @ - Baturoted zone C 0% solid motinals | 50% Wlater) Goaedn Om),ae os ror : @ or absorb woemn store Saturated | = aee mall and Unsotrurated zone 20. ® saturated 2one eb voter wd6S gravity 268 | _ 55:89 petOe ds Nobondm Mod —CapiNary fringe a5 wosded Se EneiltrationGesonrs) SE Gietiols era he nddne cesourse + Panty and Cavailebility taken fer granted n “Saturated Sieger om a Ps —— one: Zou de - Contamoartion and “availabilty _ Gereus issue) + Move than | 95%> of available {rea water in the ground woter . Cozves0 42 ) ‘ es later that Satwrate s the tiny spaces between el iallimateriah (sandin gravely cit y clu) D)morn sheleveus a : "7 einen euicersy ox Ferle telcels iin oees| @e Tt con take econ | Goa) 1We cor ‘see and Louchit. Heavy water and Tso+*%pologues SiPOleuterisr TCDNE Aeretoe) | meluttond « Tritium — Oca ened (0d High heat capacity —@:) Colour — colourless a) @H Od ourless (5) Shopless sold [Niqusa | vapos { (a) Smetiness | yey ) bee lbey wWoter s Hydrogen — qq. = A proton 9 neutron Dao = heavy water Cdenser than HO) + \ proten 2 neutron bien Only tiny quantities id Ra dio active =~ half - ite | 4500 days. Hard water ond Soft water Hard voter > High mineral content Soft water => Low mera) content Pure water +4 Caldiun & magnesium a (Gis solved Hom =)Temporery Vs ermonent “Naidnes of watelr = Temporory Hardness Pewnoncdug meses 4 of Water of Water (e) Definition |» Temporary hatdness occurs = Permenent hardness due to the presence of calcitm| ig due to sulfates and 5 | by drogen carbonate and Chlorides of _magnesiu Bitalg oes iene dens cuit onatt|mcncmCOt cred (Gay leotsattoe | Carbonates and bicarbonate « Sulfates Or Gholides WATER of that Agent of calcium and magnesium. | of calcium and magnesium (@)_ [Removal | = Hardvess can be easily renee] + Hesdness | connot be Through when pbwoten oii) bopled| removed by boiling - Boris, | @a)__|Otrer «Coo be we water | Using “soter Sofpers | Removal softeners or using 1on- enchange | Methods columns 1 t Tae favth Water ft WES | / | 37-15 FRESH —Tte crops and G@lotiers (452) [fe 0 € tate (527) Ze Freshwater F jg easily == errata tear ee Sot tnet >— 7) Mater Fs ve Rivers V7; Uivieg thing Sth) _—— soil Nosshere ( 384), —wieter vaper(s)Water “Pollution ee (vcr nit, unkit fomuike intended use considered poluted « 7 — «= Occurs then a body nia cen Cmca enSels) 0. Heckey | due to the addition of large Amounts tof mote to the water: «Two types of water pollutants — Roint Souce and me | nonpoint souce ome | GD Port once —» harmfull gubstames are emitted 4 directly into a body of water i « reis @asy to monitor. emewhe who BuO>- a pollutants tndivectly || — (9x) Non Point Sourse — Delivers through environmental Charges - | STE CW to: scontealll. ACCoon tuk ca mojority Of contominants to gtreams and lakeg. | _@we cont see were it ts comming _ 4 ee | ss \ Bo sources =f 3 city street) waoseenoter acxentoen O1a0t ZI | 1 | | |Mayor Sources of Potution |» Drdustres Js Domestic ways LD Aqricalture @ Agriculture Agriculture has an impact On _wotets Pollution} Yue to a meant Se\Smaw “Terma the “8 OC chemicats erect as jRerkilteers | pesticiaesy , Gnareke = sherbseides g. Ete ge : eres) es ticideg eee: 5, OFF in the water ag well os lvestock EX CheMenity: manure, and methane CQreen hous: effet ) [ Gssarding) leawacuiuce 9 ponnian 's direditty sn the woter | Fertilizers ore Causing dys tcophication ., ag excess food and @Tnrd uct ries ete ‘se ane Garerbn 8 0~ te See UEC sein usducel fal se ioe hence containing | toxic chemi— Bees acd Tor | Golltrams. A teee omsame 6 the ibdustria| waste =e Se divctned| io Pike red Wilvater | anics then Canals > ivers and eveotualty Flows into in the sea. Another Source Of water pollution iS 4he burning of fossil fuels,| : b causfng ote pollution like acid rain which then Alows to streams, lakes > a9 d Other Streteneg of moter: @Radioackive waste DeenkB goxove al Generated = among others _ by power plonts and [en Som so 298295 7 Se sens oka ce les cece ee environment for housends of years. Wheo ahese Substances are celeaged actidentally or disposed fmeroperlYy ) they threaten yound water, Surface water ,0§ ell ne re sourceDate: Woter pollution Efteats eter 9 ! pbk tan oneal ee aie (> On the enyioron ment water pollution truly harms bodiversity ; chewteals con change the cofay ecosystems: The toxin , the amount of minerals ~ al of water and Increase Known oS NOR citer collutioin, definedpaby a Wee in the Hempcrature of water bodies, contribu tes to global Lae ming, and couses sertogy hazard +o water | ovganism. ©) On Human Wealth \later pollution have Utry negative effect on publi health, A lot of diseases resutt from drente mg On being ath contaminated water , such a9 diarnhea son Bre SarOos Pi ars eres : OlsinomEtyehsid! adiysesteny or isicn) inte ction aa Ty gones WHEE there ino available drmktng wate dhe main risk bs dehydration obvroucsly -z a@ How do ve MITIGATE water Pohutione water hy “Sarsing Of the top Obes THssng necessary- Ths betes Hee amount (ou Conserve noters es not Shortages and reduces need treatment- prevent cates of contamoated water that (os) Take great care not *° Fectdisers: This will prev meterial into nearby imtet | garbage in to civers > lakes (ex) Dont thou hater you Ste or oteans - Help cleanup any en in rivers and lates, make the Utter ond put beaches oF iS sofe to collect ston ace it a ecarby @5) use less @>) Reuse @)_ Recyclable @2)_ Ploot trees __@p Use te least (es) Don't we the toilets amount of detergent whee cashing Clots es A garbage (s)_ Tightening the reales tor @ Stoping the *Megal fishies __(e) Avoid using a garbage @)_ Reduced the Soil fi) Use environmentallyec Jignovationg 2 Am tree Ost =Grorbage cleaners in the water: ae =detect jwater pollution quality of woter 9 eceromic titer able to filter daby Mater ~book with filter poges: " | j= listen is Filkered Usmg Sun's ener gigable to filte 4b filter poges. — is Filkeved using 2022/05/01 () * Soil consist Several, layers | + a @op layers ich in Organic matter a iS best — fror growing Crops. * Underneath are layers of sol th RS 4 @ Plants needed + Nitrogen , Potasium 4 Phe Cupk) 5 magnesian, Calsium- ffl # Volcanic ssoil is very rich / minerals erruptions » Soil profile i +A Soil profile fs o vertital section 4threughh layers of Sol. vt ort 20n — > Ocganic horizon > Surface horizon —— 6ubsoi| horizon ——> Substratum horiaon — > Bebrock Age TO DiCsubsoil Cc foe PoOee os R —— 3 geavock (a eg) ———____ Onueathered Parent The Gaodetone —————> <____— Fossiliterous Schist Marble (noo- Fotioted) 2 : i : Ny Metamorphic] ¢ a a gl . hemi rc Presiral Rock (uty anrpeense Cauani ign ill Organic matter Orgenics mixed wit mtoeral mother, Ub Mixture sand, aH or clay Hj Sea od. Parent tock matertal ' ' wv Rock Cycle Limestone Cocganic) Sedimentary Rock change by Heat andr ee | Gostrasis)Whe soil forming factors @x 28 mony > a Ae Parent waterial Topo arophy ~ Organisms y eee Jt [ottne of The Soil Erosion a Proce sse5 TGR efston. is io grodusl process) ta aC shen | 1 Thana the impact of water oF wind detaches and removes cougieg © the ‘soil to deteriorate. Boil particless geil erosion 19 the displacement of be Upper (own of Soil 5 st is form of soi] degradation. = Goil sé removed by the adtion oFow water tands wind | CNatural process ) roe ‘i _ Tt becomes a problemS wher buman activity causes ik to ocetr much Fast + Sidamak Classification of $0i\ Ero sion: Onsite Soil Erosion ~ €rosion by water offsite Soil Erosion - Erosion by windaltcatiorty > 86nna acidity c a & © ® 1 p € 3 © Boil Degradation ( ums) +60?! deqrodation is the physical » chemicals and biological decline “in goil quality. | ' 1 matter , decline fo soil “Pt con be ithe loss organic changes io fertilhty, and structural condition » adverse Jinit acid it or alkalioit and tbe effects of toxic Chemicals, Pollutants or excessive flooding. e axed 5 Agriculture / pastural / Todustrial or Ubon purpose Cause of Soil Erosion $1) Row Fall, andi) Flooding Higbes: intensity of Tarnstonms 1g the mato cause ef soil) erosions Pountypes [of soll erosion! are jeouse 4 by rofall 3 o RF erosion © Sheet erosion oO aGung deroSiopani@Selash jencisremn > which Is then washed Tre raindrop disperse steams and the soil naar away into the nearby rives- Regions site very héou and frequent rail fall face @ large amount a 4 an Of soil loss. The + flowing water daring Floods | a\so erodes) a slot of ‘soil by treating “Potholes: » rock cut bas?ns » etc: Soil Compaction —. 6» soghm FOPy | 0) Agriculture The formiog eroSion- The The trees Soil ground, oe to Bow new ‘seeds the spring Most of during winters Ms0 > ‘the t9TE: Nand Mak?ng oO ipartictes!) sare | L@s) Gro zing (av The qraziog the vegetation fro They dhe up the soil {bis loosens 66d on L@a) Logging and dumber logging A \arge out the The cascpy rain fall. The erosion, 8 leaf” also Mroing leave the Sof| mo Mom — wad natura} eloded Phy ats dh >i 1d animals of the tree activittes pocticea | are the major cause; of 4 activities A dnd the land ia | of dhe crops py agricultural disturb 4 cleared most Hare Since geasoin!, the lanai! \ieS- fallow dann the soil. isi eroded | daring Wink, Ere >a g of tractors make pathway for water « FD) a ‘feed pode) he 10g hase ae! Ont eae lands Their , ae booves eburn m6 a Plaots — by © the a also out poll avd makes | Pt more prone 40 erosion, Qdser al soil Mioing e@ amBo am smd mo ZS of trees! are Cut PES cainy Trees hold the protects log 9%g - the soi!) firm Soil from process. peote cts Arot lost during sn: ee Litter disturb the to erosion. also re prone poab Bi Prone= 3 gegmedae : yulneroble- > t—(5) Construction t } far J ' The construction of roads ard building s exposes) he goi\ to erosion, The forests aod grass - elands are Cleared for constructian purposes > which exposes (he? oil making 1 vulwcrable ito / erosion. (oc) Rivers and Streams The lowing rivers. and streams)! carry away dhe goil particles jeading 40 o V-shaped erosion activity. L_©%) Heavy Winds During dry weather or in the sem? - ark regions 5 e -) Peg BOR the minute. Soi] porticies ave carried Guay by the samane wind +o faraway lands-, This degrades the soil and results ¢n deser ti fication Boh m6 mem Semi -ar%d regions — aba nBm Broae ©) Loss of Arable Land Comme gon regyy Sot] eroston removes ithe top Fertile layer @ sgofl this) layer ig '/rich io the iegsential Dutrlents by the planta and fhe soils The! degraded : not support crop production apd leads to (eu aem productivity 109 ik L—@D Clogging of waterway Be &bo qwe So ab eoharere mee The agricultural Soil contains pesticides > ‘Secticltes 3 > Fert: lizers , ond Sevara| Other's Chermndalgis thie pottuteg the water bodies here the goil flows | The sediments accumulate in the water sand «ratse water levels resulting rin flooding. 4 7 @3) Air Povution ra 2 The dust particles merge ,the air, wesultmg in oi pollution : Some of 4toxts substances Such as pesticides asks @DQstan and. petroleum can be extremely hazardous uben hoe Qonaled, The dust plumes from the arid and sem? on * Contour bunding . = = Food Production s Process of Generating refined » Processed | ‘or rely -made Products for fepsunpit fon animals! : | ! : : * Tocorperation of NuteitT¥ous +he good Funckionieg and growth. or mtnimfzation x Elimination 5 good Functioning Or Survival 1g) the | foodie cat sabere + Gome substances may be USed durt | Storoge tras port mem ebm ede" 2H whom pesticides » preservatives 9 andi co Lary » drugs, | aod substances chemicals are + Some times used Production of food! products: TI compounds necessary for Of Content inhibiting Growth] g Production » ign io packaging = iesho) ts iw 4 Bmpatement of the DNA damage whieh Pests insects can have adverse. __9n agricultural production and ma neete patural environment Ged our Itfe styl oy ese prcuiens os Waraging Go| no __gporasittern lwestoce™ Or bEIng a nuisan hae rder-to shamans a sk itee B3A_ 1°" whe eo Ext Rodents wild tte > Grasshopper 5 ® ee Tosects ee abeetle birds Pesticides : «A substance Or mixture of sMay be 0, Chemical aubstarces: blologtcalmedel or becteria.) » antimicrobial , dtetnte chant | = Pestictdes ave been a5 1 bear f by Mreductng i llosses «fam lathe ouseenen from ithe weeds, diseases can _morkedly veduce the “produce.«© Pesticides increase food production by allous crops to be more healthy - + With more than ofe ef the) world?s crops getting fost every year due to pests, it 1S, essential, to use an effective product. \ 1 eResticides have been linked) | @omtcancersiy wimsAlR=bRiCuIE AS? Aisease sADHD and even birth detects «Pesticides also hore +the potential to harm ;the nervous Sk system , the reproductive syste 1 and the eridectnemmeteten Control Measures a > Less than 1% of the world’s fnsects are considered pests. The other 72 7le -Playsa pivotal role Yo our food chain and many are adi spensable: Chemical Pesticides « ‘@i"st generation arsenic / hydrogen Cyanide pesticides - highiy toxic Compounds Abuodoned - too inffective Or 00 toxic 4 + 'econdie generation? »Pesticides=. | Synthetic Organic compounds| Orgonochlorine 5 DDT DDT ——» + brood’ spectrum + Ensoluble + Persistent =ToexpenSive 2 eas to useSaher a jews wosisrefte oawe “store oNaue ce2h000tpdl Aaa aod tyvatcgeepranaeico ost Uethen Ae bomes + aed Gardeyg einr 8 @ Gucgt guccest: a8 9 pesticides Ord broad daesinidhe 2k nubed’s ita kes “lard other coetiee led ty Khe ' development of resistance by many Fasect pest Species a © DDT ts very ipsolwble- iso water aod very PetSisteng is nthe: se virdénedt wonakling _°t @!\4 Bre hiy SapaRucemaiaaa 3 sont is considered) a possible Maina "Carcinogen Natural Pesticides Sr « Natural Pesticides are pesticides . that are made by organisms usualy for ther Own defence or are d fron a; Gatyral dourde oaguoh? tds ova ™emel ovesplonaas ev ge | Cloves ‘(ada d) ” 4 Eucalyptus Orange Cionomon 3 bay ‘leaves , baking soda heem leaves Cayenne pepper @) Neem Oil & This is one Of the best all purpose natural insecticides , billing aquash bugs above beneath the Soil. of the neem tree , @ tropical Asian’ species” 5 whch is widely available in Garden cuery4bing from Cabbage Worms and ground) ‘to nematodes and grubs | Neem ol isa poiSonoug extract | centers._ Footing agent fs as use ful as Sea NCSeeoter or hormone 00 og__ powder. A single __ application to the stem: When | you plant ‘the cutting: will stim te root growth in aimost every _— : Plants grow po RABE Oe seek) ripen ead f\o2ar Chiorophyll | production : + Defers pests , such as slugs and voles _ G0) Orenge 8 Onell oft ithe “fe beatin: was: fto_xakel soransciaPesbesieS deter pests. Oronge peels are high In nftrogen Magnesfuin » Sulfars your leoty_ @s5) Cloves 9 eo Ot a Cloves are affective at repelling some types of sects. An essential oil made from Cloves tepelc _ mosquitoes’ andi a denivative of the Of\ ‘is used % Several commercially available pesticides made to _ control @° number of household and garden pestgorganism Ss — oe Bevecits of pesticide A 0) pesticides The major advantoge of pesticides 15 that they Caw save formers. By protecting Crops rom Insects ard other pests « However 4 bellow ate Some jother primar bene sits of 14 J art « Srna a * Contro Ilmg and land disease Vectors , ‘Bon a * controling human / livestock disease vectors and pulsance | organiamg: f * Controting, organisms hart harm | other human pent aren notomicty vacttvittes ond Atracture L SABRE Wl aMetods, gotupeste qontrol) Tagnicuteline =Growing Bunflowers Ground the crop = Crop rotation b y — Changing crops within a Ibe!) mbs20 cre omnte- = Dntroduction of natural €nemies — Fencto Matin sound. ‘3) - Building water ponds around the beds ditional Pest Control Practices — (1), Biological Methods Tr and around their fields farmers habitats and develop micro +'climates lreguired for 39.0 9064 Zarek 6 rr the vertebrates , yeptiles » birds and Mammals that | en 3eed sain 2eeniShowe prey on Crop pests. Mako ecNip eeeS eee a. eokta control» Pliesoi cuch Datuk is | _capclty to move force. [ Amount of work _cmed by 0 force J Energy. _ => Light _eneray > Kinetic energy a | energy | = Chemical energy j=? Mechanical energy i: Eo ieee en) Objectenergy ; energy is the! energy, in the nudeus or | atom. Atoms are tiny units that make UP all matter in the universe ‘olds the mucleus together + and nergy iS what ig a huge amount — of energy in an ms dense nucleus. results from coal combu - Ceo eee eee -stions Sulfur dioxide (80, which contributes to acid rain aod respfratory filnesses Nitrogen Oxtdes (NO,) | which contribute +0 smog and Fespiratory fllnesses. Particulates , which contribute —t0 Smog and haze 5» and | respiratory all and lung disease - Coal is cheap stwidely available rowed the! world and relatively Simple +o transport and Store. Coal $$ O, mejor source of energy fm the production of lelectrical: | Power usfo9 Steam generations @ on @y generals Oi a \quid | that ig made up of organic molecules «| How ever » fo the world’s energy) sector oil, or more— specfffeally 5 Crude oil is the liquid! Foss?! “fuel that is extracted: from the igrotnde:(©) Natural — des Reateraly es is cose. senceaus Source “(hace form Nero ete ea wlearee's. areuctodee Natural gos | containg ae an, Aleheden t ehcompousdsa® sine langcshs compere td ete et Re siriethahelias pit nicompo tod) Gaith. sone _catbeo socton aaa A bydroge> — atoms Cena)! ; Forever! resenvestexis’ (acta my asco) Qater » Soudt Arabha Advantages & a a, SE es om Abundant ROOMS See source of energy | Rargpuccstaecure | allready lo place: © Notural gasi €an be OCOStY transported o Notvra\ gas produced sess overall, pollution, | Dis advonta.ges _ BAN) Gasmnis) opinion ieee amen cee Binccra asic % watural ages lean! ban diareult 4, hardess @5) Wind eneray Ee Wind energy or wiod Power iS mostly the use OF wind turbioes to generate electricity « ted power ig q ean ie wocatal em alr ciicwict! amme sailing © milling grain > wind Surting © Pumping water an, land suring @«) Atr e with compressed air energy 5 the electricity produced) by other power Sources 5 Such oS wind ‘turbines 1S overt 5 Fi ; coord oe Pressurized compressed air jand)ec our homes — ) Geo penal Geothermal Earths the renewable on) Pe bectta im Ave es) as Fenewable on a buman eg Ce nergy period ot > Qroun > bus resource that can. and Clectricity - newdes S of | Biomass eo icaien cosmonal (as harvest residues crops aod Organic waste from ee pic sese ia cons ee Pees) enagy. Gaoaealy i everah_ ie . De iS @ clean core. totthin the earth. Source such water and geo thermal ie 9 from the sun. inside the earth . Sole er heat Geothermal energy from Wind energy From plants from “Hydro ower flowing water. — Zan be cceplenished in a Sources that limesBias 2020 We 483 wind energy 3- y SNUrbT nes MO Ae C Ampeuela Aithen spence wind Form Operatlonal Since Rebruary ota. = Wind energy in Srilonko supplies wGtle Of the power} Wind energy targets ~ Sr lana Yeav Wind Capacity Addition (aw) Curhulative wind i u addition (mw Qors = 129-5 2016 = 1329.5 9019 100.0 224°5 2018 Ss 2296 2019 - 224.5 2020 ad.0 , 264° I— Bio mass ~ sources - Forestry crops aod! residues —Agqricaltaral- Crops and‘ residues = = gewage — MonScfpal Solid waste — _Anfmal residues * ‘ Gs) — Tndustrial cessdueswaste waters fs i eee petlosE opera toe. om bow mst \of odours - 4 Underground construct e? Preqiutced co Eee + De- studaing energy 3 fadiant light 2 BaessaGes songs Power to generate + and Soler architectore: = Green Ssland — Project ioitiated “th January Wal —> Prout dtng Solar home systems — 198 _bousehol schools re NWiekeEMMeertagMmSeVuEtensr * __@ policy that allows an electricity Custo: use renewable energy sOurces within bis : to Generate electr*cfty aod uttifse St wlthin | his premises sand to export it to the nationale TE excess power ig being generated » to be rece when needed -| oe | — Electricity company Put Ltd Cece) offer net ~ metering | bo Sri looka Custom . Geothermal Energy ~ Generating — wy Thermal enersy generated and Stored in the Earth- Non - renewable Energy a Energy Sources Cannot be replenished tr a short period OF Lime + Come out of the ground as, - \fquids > Crude ot] - Gases > wWatural Gases = Soltds > Coal ‘