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Concept Notes
Week 5-6 GRADE 11- DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Topic: Approaches in Social Sciences
Learning Competencies: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories.
CONCEPT NOTES:
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
Structural Functionalism is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts
work together to promote solidarity and stability. Economy, religion, politics, education, and family are to be considered
groups as a major institution. Individual and group behavior, more often than not, serves a FUNCTION for the larger
society.
According to functionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain
a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole. Functionalists’ perspectives emphasize the interconnectedness of
society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts. Functionalists use the terms functional
and dysfunctional to describe the effects of social elements on society. It is functional if they contribute to social stability
and dysfunctional if they disrupt social stability. Some aspects of society can be both functional and dysfunctional. For
example, crime is dysfunctional because it is associated with physical violence, loss of property, and fear.
Robert Merton identified two types of functions, the manifest function, and latent
function. Manifest functions are consequences that are intended and commonly recognized. In
contrast, latent functions are consequences that are unintended and often hidden. For example, the
manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and skills to society’s youth. But public
elementary schools also serve as babysitters for employed parents, and colleges offer a place for
young adults to meet potential mates. The babysitting and mate-selection functions are not the
intended or commonly recognized functions of education; hence they are latent functions.
According to him, 5 situations are facing an actor. Conformity occurs when an individual has the
means and desire to achieve the cultural goals socialized into them. Innovation occurs when an
individual strives to attain the accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in a novel or
unaccepted method. Ritualism occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by
society but forfeits the achievement of the goals. Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society.
Rebellion is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution of other goals and means.

MARXISM
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical
development to understand class relations and social conflict, as well as a dialectical perspective to
view social transformation.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) that shows the basic struggle
between classes and recommends action against the 'specter' of capitalism Capital (1867). It shows
how the capitalist system is exploitative in that it "transfers the fruit of the work of the majority...to a
minority”. The book contains theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words,
"The history of all as yet existing society is the history of class struggles".
Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895) was a German social scientist, author, political theorist,
philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, together with Karl Marx. He wrote Das Kapital. He
organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value," which he later published as the
"fourth volume" of Capital. He wrote the Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
(1884), presents the evolution of humankind from primitive communism, to slavery, feudalism,
capitalism, and finally, industrial communism.
Marx and Engels examined the conflict generated by the increasing wealth of the capitalists
(Bourgeoisie) at the expense of the working class (Proletariat) who only sunk deeper into
poverty. Violence and repression could reinforce legal power if the peasantry resisted handing
over the surplus. They viewed social change as an evolutionary process marked by a revolution
in which new levels of social, political, and economic development were achieved through class struggle. A class is
defined in terms of the relationship of people's labor to the means of production. Each mode of production produced
characteristic class relationships involving a dominating and a subordinate class.

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 Historical materialism is a methodology used that focuses on human societies and their development through
history, arguing that history is the result of material conditions rather than ideals. It is principally a theory of history that
asserts that the material conditions of a society's mode of production, the union of a society's productive forces and
relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development. It is materialist as it does not
believe that history has been driven by an individual's consciousness or ideas but rather subscribes to the philosophical
monism that matter is the fundamental substance of nature and henceforth the driving force in all of world history.
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science and nature developed in Europe and based on the writings of
Marx and Engels. Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions in terms of class, labor, and
socioeconomic interactions. Marx supposed that these material conditions contained contradictions that seek resolution in
new forms of social organization. Dialectical materialism accepts the evolution of the natural world and the emergence of
new qualities of being at new stages of evolution. Change within a society is seen as the result of contradictions arising
between the forces of production and the relations of production. Such contradictions are seen to emerge as a struggle
between distinct social classes.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical
considerations and suggests to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and
normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others. This perspective relies on
the symbolic meaning that people develop and build upon in the process of social interaction.
The interpretation process that occurs between interactions helps create and recreate meaning.
It is the shared understanding and interpretations of meaning that affect the interaction between
individuals A theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people
impose on objects, events, and behaviors. Subjective meanings are given primacy because it is
believed that people behave based on what they believe and not just on what is objectively true.
It looks at individual and group meaning-making, focusing on human action instead of large-scale social structures.
Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead. He is the one who argued that
“people's selves are social products, but that these selves are also purposive and creative.” He argued
that people's selves are social products, but these selves are also purposive and creative and believed
that the true test of any theory is if it is "useful in solving complex social problems”. It is a social
theory of the self or a looking glass self. It studies meaning and communication and they tend to use
qualitative methods. It has been criticized for failing to take into account large-scale macro-social
structures and forces. For example, studies find that teenagers are well informed about the risks of
tobacco, but they also think that smoking is cool, they will be safe from harm, and smoking projects a
positive image to their peers. So, the symbolic meaning of smoking overrides the facts regarding
smoking and risk.

The Three Basic Premises by Herbert Blumer (1969) set out three basic premises of the perspective:
1. "Humans act toward things based on the meanings they ascribe to those things." includes everything that a human
being may note in their world, including physical objects, actions, and concepts. Essentially, individuals behave
towards objects and others based on the personal meanings that the individuals have already given these items.
2. "The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the
society." arises out of, the social interaction that one has with other humans.
3. "These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with
the things he/she encounters." We naturally talk to ourselves to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation.
Importance of Meanings
Herbert Blumer (1969), one of Mead's students, coined the label of symbolic interactionism. Blumer, who did a great deal
to form this view, stated his three fundamental premises: (1) that humans behave against objects based on the significance
that objects have for them; (2) that the significance of things originates from social interaction; and (3) these definitions
depend on and are changed by, the interpretive mechanism of people communicating with each other. The emphasis is on
the sense that is described in terms of practice and its consequences (reflecting the influence of
pragmatism). The essence of a thing exists in the action that it produces. For instance, the
definition of "grass" is food for a cow, a shelter for a fox, and the like. In the case of symbols,
meaning always depends on the degree of consensual reaction between two or more individuals.
For example, the definition of the term husband depends on the consensual reactions of those
who use it. If the majority of those who use it agree, the meaning of the symbol is clear; if the
consensus is low, the meaning is ambiguous, and communication is problematic. Within a
culture, there is a consensus on the meanings of different words or symbols. In practice,
however, the meaning of things is highly variable. It depends on the process of interpreting and
negotiating the interactions.
WEBER CONCEPT OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
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 Weber's main emphasis on the nature of society was on the elements of gender, rank, and power. Unlike Marx,
Weber saw society as politically defined. Society, he claimed, was split between the owners and the staff. Status, on the
other hand, was focused on non-economic factors such as employment, parenthood, and faith. Status and class dictated the
strength of the individual or the control of ideas. Unlike Marx, Weber claimed that these theories formed the foundations
of civilization.
Weber's study of industrial life concentrated on the idea of rationalization. A logical culture is based on rationality
and productivity rather than ideology or practice. Capitalism is entirely rational to Weber. While this contributes to
productivity and meritbased performance, it may have adverse consequences when taken to excess. For certain industrial
cultures, this is seen as a consequence of standardized procedures and stringent architecture, leading to a mechanized
operating environment and an emphasis on delivering similar goods at all places (Retrieved July 5, 2020, from
https://www.oercommons.org).
More than that, symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach to understanding the relationship between
people and society. The fundamental notion of symbolic interactionism is that human behavior and expression can only be
interpreted by the exchanging of concrete speech or representations. In this view, people are depicted as behaving, rather
than thinking. The main principles of symbolic interactionism are:
• Human beings act toward things based on the meanings that things have for them
• These meanings arise out of social interaction
• Social action results from a fitting together of individual lines of action
DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

 Marxism- The theory of Karl Marx which says that society’s classes are the cause of struggle and that society should
have no classes
 Interactionism- Viewing society as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop views about the
world, and communicate with one another.
 Functionalism- Illustrates how a social institution can work at two different level-but fulfilling the needs of each
individual and meeting the needs of the whole society at the same time.
THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. FUNCTIONALISM APPROACH

STRENGTHS
1. The functionalist approach illustrates how a social
institution can work at two different level-but fulfilling
the needs of the whole society at the same time.
2. Functionalist show how each of the parts of society are
interrelated, each contributing to the well-being of
society.
3. It provides a very harmonious view of society and the
family.
4. This approach stresses the great importance of the
family, as it is basic building block of society
5. The family is seen as very important in passing on the
shared norms and values which are universal in society
WEAKNESSES
1. The functionalist approach is too optimistic.
2. This perspective tends to ignore the conflict and
exploitation stressed by Marxists.
3. By stressing the idea that the nuclear family is universal.
4. It does not consider the ways in which functions may be
performed by other institution.
5. Feminists are critical of this approach because it assumes
that gender roles are fixed, ignoring the changes that have
taken place.

2. MARXISM APPROACH
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
1. It tends to create a system of true equality. 1. It tries to abolish religion.
2. It offers benefits to the society. 2. It negatively affects the educational system.
3. It helps with capitalism. 3. It does not value the concept of private ownership.
4. It reduces the tendency of debt. 4. It limits opportunities for entrepreneurs.
5. It protects the rights of unions. 5. It can lead to communism.

3. INTERACTIONISM APPROACH
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
1. Underscores the relationship between the meaning of 1. Symbols may be interpreted incorrectly or differently
symbols and a person’s behavior. In a way, certain among different groups of people.
behaviors may be predicted 2. . It can be difficult to quantify things in Symbolic
2. Gives insight into small-scale human interactions Interactionism because this theory deals with
3. Recognizes the perceptions of reality are variable and interpretations and is thus subjective by nature.
changing 3. Overestimates the power of individuals to create their
4. Sees humans as active, creative participants who construct own realities, ignoring the extent to which humans
their social world, not as passive, conforming objects of inhabit a world not of their own making (Goffman,
socialization (Blumer, 1969). 1974).
4. Neglects the emotional dimension of human conduct,
focusing strictly on logical behavior (Manis and Meltzer,
1978).
5. Not applicable to large-scale social structures (Manis and
Meltzer, 1978)

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Week 7-8 GRADE 11- DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Topic: Approaches in Social Sciences
Learning Competencies: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories.
CONCEPT NOTES:
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods that have their origin in the work and
theories of Sigmund Freud. The primary assumption of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious
thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories.
Psychoanalysis therapy aims to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e., make the
unconscious conscious. It is only having a cathartic (i.e., healing) experience can the person be
helped and "cured." Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a theory. Psychoanalysis is
commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
In psychoanalysis (therapy), Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he
would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood
memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the
psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic
forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often
involving 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years.
This approach assumes that the reduction of symptoms alone is relatively inconsequential as if the underlying
conflict is not resolved, more neurotic symptoms will simply be substituted. The analyst serves as a 'blank screen,'
disclosing very little about themselves so that the client can use the space in the relationship to work on their unconscious
without interference from outside.
The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as encouragement for the client to develop insights into their behavior
and the meanings of symptoms, including ink blots, parapraxes, free association, interpretation (including dream analysis),
resistance analysis, and transference analysis.

Freud’s Structure of Personality

According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he
proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego.
Conflicts among these three structures, and our efforts to find balance among what each of
them “desires,” determines how we behave and approach the world. What balance we strike in
any given situation determines how we will resolve the conflict between two overarching
behavioral tendencies: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives vs. our socialized
internal control over those drives.
The Id
The id, the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with the instant satisfaction of basic physical needs
and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously (outside of conscious thought). For example, if your id walked past a
stranger eating ice cream, it would most likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or care, that it is rude to take
something belonging to someone else; it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.
The Superego
The superego is concerned with social rules and morals—like what many people call their” conscience” or their
“moral compass.” It develops as a child learns what their culture considers right and wrong. If your superego walked past
the same stranger, it would not take their ice cream because it would know that that would be rude. However, if both your
id and your superego were involved, and your id was strong enough to override your superego’s concern, you would still
take the ice cream, but afterward you would most likely feel guilt and shame over your actions.
The Ego
In contrast to the instinctual id and the moral superego, the ego is the rational, pragmatic part of our personality.
It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious. It’s what Freud considered to be the “self,”
and its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality. So, if you walked past the
stranger with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate the conflict between your id (“I want that ice cream right
now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s ice cream”) and decide to go buy your ice cream. While this may
mean you have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate your id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of
the compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential
feelings of shame.the compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social situation
and potential feelings of shame.
Freud believed that the id, ego, and superego are in constant conflict and that adult personality and behavior are
rooted in the results of these internal struggles throughout childhood. He believed that a person who has a strong ego has a
healthy personality and that imbalances in this system can lead to neurosis (what we now think of as anxiety and
depression) and unhealthy behaviors.
Defense Mechanism

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 Most notably used by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is a tactic developed by
the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts
that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In some instances, defense mechanisms are thought to keep
inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the conscious mind.
Types of Defense Mechanism
1. Rationalization - justification of an unacceptable behavior
2. Intellectualization - reasoning to block emotional distress
3. Reaction formation - changing unwanted emotions or feelings
4. Acting Out – carrying out extreme behavior
5. Projection – transferring the drive or behavior that causes anxiety to others
6. Dissociation – separating of the memories one can’t deal with or doesn’t want
7. Compartmentalization – separating part of oneself from awareness of other parts
8. Displacement – transferring of negative emotion from one person or thing
9. Regression – seeking the safety of an earlier development stage
10. Sublimation – diverting intolerable impulse to a socially desirable one
11. Compensation – balancing apparent weakness by accentuating the strength
12. Repression – unconscious forgetting of unwanted thought or trauma
13. Suppression – conscious type of forgetting to escape from the problem
14. Splitting – seeing everything as bad with nothing in between
15. Using Humor – directing on funny aspects of a painful situation
Rational Choice
Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding
and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. The basic premise of rational choice theory is that aggregate
social behavior results from the behavior of individual actors, each of whom is making their individual decisions. The
theory also focuses on the determinants of individual choices (methodological individualism). The rational choice theory
then assumes that an individual has preferences among the available choice alternatives that allow them to state which
option they prefer. The rational choice fundamental assumption is that individual action is based on their conduct on the
logical process.
The premise of rational choice theory as a social science methodology is that the aggregate behavior in society
reflects the sum of the choices made by individuals. Everyone, in turn, makes their choice based on their preferences and
the constraints (or choice set) they face.
At the individual level, rational choice theory stipulates that the agent chooses the action (or outcome) they most
prefer. In the case where actions (or outcomes) can be evaluated in terms of costs and benefits, a rational individual
chooses the action (or outcome) that provides the maximum net benefit, i.e., the maximum benefit minus cost.
The theory applies to more general settings than those identified by costs and benefits. In general, rational
decision-making entails choosing among all available alternatives the alternative that the individual most prefer. The
"alternatives" can be a set of actions ("what to do?") or a set of objects ("what to choose/buy?"). In the case of actions,
what the individual cares about are the outcomes that result from each possible action. Actions, in this case, are only an
instrument for obtaining an outcome.

Rational Choice Theory and Exchange Theory

It has long been assumed that people are motivated by money. Then some sociologists theorized that people were
motivated by is what is best for them in all their actions and that their actions were shaped by their desire for more, rather
than less, of something good. This led to the development of rational choice theory.
The main assumption behind the rational choice theory is the idea that everything people do is fundamentally
rational. Rationality here means that a person is acting as if they were weighing the cost and benefits of possible actions
so that they can maximize their gain.
Rationality is a property of a series, or pattern of choice, not an individual choice. So basically, people act in self-
interest. They are driven by personal desires and motivated by personal goals. They calculated the costs and benefits of
every action and choose the one with the best outcome for themselves. And how do we calculate the value of these
actions? How do we know which anticipated outcomes will benefit us the most?
Well, we look at the social resource being exchanged. Like time, information, approval, and prestige to determine
the value of possible action. Through the individual rational actions if people, the rational choice theory assumes that you
can explain a complex phenomenon like social change and social institutions.
Let’s look at the three assumptions underlying rational choice theory.
1. First is the assumption of completeness, which means that every action can be ranked. If three possible actions can
take, completeness means that none of the options have equal value. A is preferable to B and B is preferable to C. And
that C is not then preferable to A because that would be circular and irrational according to our definition. This leads
to the second assumption.

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2. The second assumption is transitivity. This means that if we look at those three options since A is preferable to B is
preferable to C, then A is also preferable to C. It’s like in math. A is greater than B is greater than C, therefore, A is
greater than C.
3. The last assumption is called the independence of irrelevant alternatives. That’s just a big fancy way of saying that if
we suddenly have a fourth option, X, that it won’t change the order of how it ranked in the first three options. We
already have A is better than B is better than C. If X is better than C but worse than B, B isn’t suddenly going to be
preferable to A. A is still the best option.
These three assumptions result in a consistent, rankable set of possible actions. All right so now that we have an
idea of rational choice theory, let’s look at the exchange theory.
Exchange Theory is an application of rational choice theory to social interactions. It looks at society as a series of
interactions between individuals. And is often used to study family relationships, work relationships, partner selection,
parenting, many other interpersonal interactions.
These interactions are determined by weighing the rewards and punishments of every interaction. If the
interaction results in approval, it is more likely to be repeated. Because social approval is a reward. But are the interaction
results in a punishment, like social disapproval, it is less likely to be repeated. This may seem obvious to you, that, you’ll
do something to get a reward, while you’ll avoid something that will wind up in punishment.
But this is the basic principle behind the exchange theory. That the behavior of an individual in an interaction can
be figured out by comparing the rewards and the punishments. Rewards can be social approval, recognition, money, gifts,
or positive gestures, like a smile. While punishments consist of social disapproval, humiliation, or negative gestures, like a
frown.
There are quite a few assumptions that exchange theory depends on.
1. People seek to rationally maximize their profits. Which means they seek rewards and avoid punishments.
2. Assumed that interactions operate within the social norms. Assumes that people have access to the information they
need to make rational choices.
3. Assumed that most human fulfillment comes from other people
FEMINIST THEORY
The struggle for equality for both sexes existed since time immemorial. Every nation
has difficulties in terms of defining the structural problems that affect the view on how women
should be treated. As society progresses, women’s movement responded to the needs of the
time. People incorrectly believed that feminism is all about the pursuit of women’s rights and
their superiority over women. The goal of feminism is the equality of all sex
Feminism as a social theory
It must be clearly understood that as a social theory, there is a shift of perspective. With
the introduction of feminism, policies and perspective become inclusive as females become now
a social actor. It does not merely focus on marginalized women but rather equality in terms of
interaction. In the past, due to misrepresentation, women were classified under the marginalized and most vulnerable
group. However, because of the rigorous struggle for equality, women can already find their way to be represented in the
bureaucracy and acknowledge women’s role and contribution to nation-building.
Gender equality, the mantra of Feminism
Gender equality, being a fundamental human right, is necessary to achieve peace in all aspects of life. It is
believed that gender equality does not depict any social or political differences in terms of significance.
According to the Philippine Commission on Women, in the article Philippines drops 8 places in gender equality,
remains top in Asia, “The Philippines remains the top country in Asia in terms of closing the gender gap” as per Global
Gender Gap Report 2020 of the World Economic Forum.
INSTITUTIONALISM
Institutionalism is a new approach that focuses on the study of the institution and how it
poses an effect on the behavior of individuals and groups. It started the academic focus on
bureaucracy. It aims to explain the correlation between institutional policies and how it affects the
behavior of individuals and groups.
This approach gives primacy on institutions as a subject for social sciences.
Institutionalism is widely used in Political Science, a social science discipline. It applies multi-

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 disciplinary approaches such as rational choice theory, feminism, and behaviorism in interpreting and predicting social
phenomena.
The evolution of institutions is affected by how civilization behaves. It could be referenced back to the earliest
civilization that has been recorded. For example, the idea of Constitutionalism can be traced back when subjects of every
city-state began to question authorities which have been evolving through their experiences. The type of democracy began
to change when there was already the awareness that one must participate in the conduct of government.
It only proves that institutions are directly affected by the ideology developed in a certain population. Ideology
influences institutions. A country falls into a cycle of conflicts and struggles under various circumstances. Such struggles
affect the economic and political environment, which leads to inefficiency in addressing the needs of the people and
neglecting fundamental principles which directed in the promotion of peace and stability.
Hermeneutical Phenomenology
In hermeneutical phenomenology, we are trapped in a world that is already full of meaning- with its other people,
its histories and cultures, and its events. To bring light and reflect upon the lived meaning of this basic experience is the
purpose of hermeneutical phenomenology.
HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY is a qualitative research methodology that arose out of and
remains closely tied to phenomenological philosophy, a strand of continent philosophy.
Phenomenology refers to a person’s perception of the meaning of an event, as opposed to the event as exist
externally to (outside of) that person.
HERMENEUTICS - In the study of literary texts, scholars frequently adhere to a set of rules or a specific system
on which to base their interpretation. The specific rules used to interpret and understand a text are known collectively as
hermeneutics.
In ancient Greek mythology, the god Hermes served to interpret messages from the other gods. Like Hermes'
name, the term hermeneutics comes from the Greek word for 'interpreter'. Aristotle first noted the concept of utilizing a
system to interpret texts in early writings.
Hermeneutics has different ways of recognizing how interpretations maybe done. The table below summarizes
this hermeneutic system.
T
w
n
isa
h
ld
prto N
SO
fyH
e ER
P
b
c
u
Y
Hermeneutics is a process of interpretation. It is a
translational, back-and-forth process between knower and
known; between the self and the phenomena one is trying to
understand. The more one knows of the external object
(often a text of some sort), the more one can know of the
self. The more one is able to fit the situated perspective of
self – as the “I” who is interpreting the world in the hereand-
now- into a contextualized historical perspective, the more
one can envision the situated context of the writer of a text
from the past. This iterative process is known as the
hermeneutic circle, named for Hermes, the mythological
messenger/interpreter of the Gods.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Hermeneutical
Phenomenology
Strengths
 It direct attention to the internal world of
human experience
 Recognizes the power of individual interpretation
 Looks into the value of textual meaning and dialogues
 Reflection tries to move between the internal and external worlds
Weaknesses
 Vagueness of the method, too much use of abstraction to explain things or phenomena
 Lacks clarity or sacrifices clarity to achieve a good grasp of some important topics
 The external world of nature can be discussed with great precision but the risk minimizing or even
overlooking the importance of the human world, even to the point of denying that there is an internal
world of self-consciousness.
 Heavy reliance or dependency on a hermeneutical circle.

HERMENEUTIC ANALYSIS
Hermeneutic Analysis is a name for various methods of analysis, which are based on interpreting. The strategy
forms an opposite to those research strategies, which stress objectivity and independence of interpretations in the
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formations in formation of knowledge. You can combine hermeneutic analysis with other methods of analysis that aim to
interpret and understand meanings. A combination of the rules of hermeneutics and phenomenology forms
phenomenological hermeneutic analysis. Hermeneutic analysis also forms the basis of various discipline-specific methods
of analysis and close readings methods.
HERMENEUTIC RESEARCH
Hermeneutic research enables you to make interpretations and gain an in depth understanding of the researched
phenomenon. Hermeneutic research emphasizes subjective interpretations in the research of meanings of texts, art,
culture, social phenomena and thinking. Thus, the strategy forms an opposite to those research strategies, which stress
objectivity and independence from interpretations in the formation of knowledge. You can use a variety of approaches and
methods of analysis, as well as discipline-specific methods, to interpret phenomena but you need to bear in mind that
hermeneutic research is a qualitative research strategy.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Phenomenological analysis is based on discussions and reflections of direct sense perception and experiences of
the researched phenomenon. A starting point of the strategy is your ability to approach a project without a priori
assumptions, definitions or theoretical frameworks. A key aspect of this method of analysis is phenomenological
reduction. Phenomenological analysis is a broad and loose name for various types of analysis based on the
phenomenological orientation of the Philosophy of science. These orientations lay emphasis on experiences,
interpretations and bodily sensations. You can combine phenomenological analysis with other modes of analysis. A
combination of the rules of phenomenological analysis and hermeneutics is known as phenomenological hermeneutic
analysis. Phenomenological research enables you to explore experiences and sensory perception (different to abstract
perceptions) of researched phenomenon, and the formation of understanding based on these experiences and perceptions.
Your research strategy is based, therefore, on either your own or other people’s experiences and sensory perceptions.
Hermeneutical Phenomenology is a qualitative type of research. In most cases, social sciences employ this type of
research analysis to interpret and understand certain phenomenon. During the pre-activity, you were asked to solicit the
definition of the word poverty among your classmates and peers, after gathering the data, you might have noticed that
there is a difference on how respondents define the word poverty. With the help of hermeneutics which enables you to
make interpretations and gain an in-depth understanding of the researched phenomenon and phenomenology that is based
on discussions and reflections of direct sense perception and experiences of the researched phenomenon, you will be able
to come up with better understanding about certain concept. Same with social sciences, hermeneutical phenomenology is
best suited for researches in social sciences because it allows you to have a better grip and understanding about different
phenomenon concerning different concepts in social sciences.

PERFORMANCE TASKS
These are the following task you need to comply.
Deadline: Task 1&2 = March 28, 2022
Task 3&4= April 04, 2022

TASK 1 – MIND MAPPING

DIRECTIONS: Create a mind map on what are the ideas of Structural Functionalism and Karl Marx, what they
believe in, and how do they impact society today? Write in a long bond paper.

TASK 2: POSTER MAKING

DIRECTIONS: You are task to create a poster about the topic “Psychoanalysis and Rational Choice as Major
Social Science Ideas”. Use 1 sheet of bond paper for your poster. You are free to utilize any kind of coloring material.

TASK 3: MAPPING MY COMMUNITY

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to draw a map of your town (a neighborhood in the case of larger communities).
Include the houses, major public buildings (e.g., parks, post office city hall, schools, places of worship), public services
(e.g. hospitals, fire department, police station), and any other places that are important to the community (e.g., grocery
stores, cemetery, cinemas gas stations).
1. When the maps are complete, analyze the map from a social science perspective applying the feminist and
institutionalism approach.
2. Identify which among the buildings, public services, and other important places promotes the approaches
discussed in this module and analyze each. For example, SEMINARY (an institution that is exclusively for
males) or LYING – IN CLINICS (exclusively for female)

Make a summary of the analysis in a long-sized bond paper. Use also a long bond paper for the map.

TASK 4: POSITION PAPER

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 DIRECTIONS: Your task is to write a position paper on the following thesis statement. Apply a multi-
disciplinary approach in resolving such issues. Do this in a long-sized bond paper in a minimum of 2 pages.
Thesis statement:
Inequality in our Penal Law on Adultery and Concubinage

Your guide;
1. What is the issue?
2. Why is it an issue?
3. Cite relevant policies and laws associated with such social problems.
4. How did the Government of the Philippines address them?
5. Give a concrete basis of such inequality.
6. How will you resolve such a social problem?

Name: Score: ________

Section: Date: ________
GRADE 11- DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
ACTIVITY SHEET (WEEK 5&6)

ACTIVITY 1: Direction: Write M if the statement is Marxism approach, I for Interactionism approach and F for
Functionalism approach before the number.
1. It provides a very harmonious view of society and the family
2. The political and economic theories and later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and
practice of communism
3. It shows how each of the parts of society are interrelated, each contributing to the well-being of society.
4. Symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction.
5. Replacing private ownership with cooperative ownership.
6. We are thinking beings who act according to how we interpret situations
7. This approach stresses the great importance of the family, as it is basic building block of society.
8. A political and economic way of organizing a society.
9. Subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events and behaviour.
10. Society’s classes are the cause of struggle and that society should have no classes.

ACTIVITY 2: DIRECTIONS: Your task is to carefully distinguish the importance of basic concepts and principles
of the following major social sciences theories (Structural – Functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism)
by sharing your personal experiences in the following institutions: Family, Church, School, Government, and Media.
INSTITUTION PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

Family

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 Church

School

Government

Media

ACTIVITY 3: DIRECTIONS: Your task is to list down social functions, dysfunctions, manifest and latent functions
that you observe in your community by using the T-chart. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
SOCIAL FUNCTION DYSFUNCTION

MANIFEST LATENT

ACTIVITY SHEET (WEEK 7&8)

ACTIVITY 1: Answer the following questions:
How would you expect each person to behave in the following situations?
a. In a lesson at school
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
b. Inside the church
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
c. In a party/gathering
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2: DIRECTIONS: Your task is to distinguish carefully the significance of Psychoanalysis and Rational Choice as major
social ideas. Based on your understanding of the text above and your answer in Practice Task 1, give at least five for both social ideas.

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ACTIVITY 3: DIRECTIONS: Your task is to examine the relevance of Institutionalism and Feminist Theory as applied in social
issues. Then, complete the table by supplying what is being asked. Issue number 1 is done for you.
ISSUE POTENTIAL QUESTION RELEVANT
APPROACH
Balik- Probinsya Program Ex. What is the effect of the Balik- Probinsya INSTITUTIONALISM
program concerning the rising cases in the
provinces?

Anti – Terror Bill

ABS – CBN franchise renewal

Adultery and Concubinage in Penal

law

Prostitution
Human Trafficking

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