Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med.

| Volume 4, Issue 1 | January 2015 | 01–09

ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal

Research article

INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON GERMINATION AND

GROWTH OF ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT NOTHAPODYTES
NIMMONIANA J.GRAHAM UNDER SHADE NET CONDITIONS

Anita S Patil1*, Surendra R Patil2, Ankit S Kale3

1, 3
Lab no. 106, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati (M.S) India
2
College of Horticulture, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Agriculture University, Akola (M.S) India
*Corresponding Author: anitapatil@sgbau.ac.in; Mobile: +91-9881735354

Received: 20/11/2014; Revised: 31/12/2014; Accepted: 03/01/2015

ABSTRACT
Nothapodytes nimmoniana J. Graham is a tree species found in Western ghats of Maharashtra
(India). The plant is one of the most interesting sources of camptothecin (CPT), 9- methoxy
camptothecin and other derivatives used as anti-cancer metabolites. Due to overexploitation and low
seed germination, the tree currently becomes rare, endangered at present included in Red data books.
In the present study, the efforts to increase the seed germination were screened by presoaking them
for 24 hours in variable concentration growth regulators (Gibberelic acid 50, 100 and 150 ppm;
Potassium nitrate 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) and then compared with control (water soaked). The seeds
treated with Gibberelic acid in 150 ppm exhibited superior results in germination percentage, number
of days taken for initiation of seed germination and overall seedling growth of N. nimmoniana under
shade net conditions. In general pre-soaking treatments to the seeds with different growth regulator
and chemical solutions were found to be beneficial to improve the germination as compared to
control.

KEYWORDS: Nothapodytes nimmoniana J. Graham, Growth regulators, Seed germination,

Camptothecin

ABBREVATIONS: GA – Gibberellic acid; ppm – Part per million; ERI – Emergence rate index
BRI – Bartletts rate index; SVI – Seedling vigour index; KNO3- Pottasium nitrate

Cite this article:

Anita S Patil, Surendra R Patil, Ankit S Kale (2015), INFLUENCE OF GROWTH
REGULATORS ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT
NOTHAPODYTES NIMMONIANA J.GRAHAM UNDER SHADE NET CONDITIONS,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 4(1): 01–09

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Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 4, Issue 1 | January 2015 | 01–09
INTRODUCTION:
Nothapodytes nimmonina Graham (family
Icacinaceae) also known as N. foetida (Wight,
Sleumer) or Mapia foetida (Miers) is a small
sub canopy tree distributed in Western Ghats
region of Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka,
Assam and Tamilnadu in India. Camptothecin
isoquinoline alkaloid is one of the most
promising anticancer drug of the twenty-first
century (Wall and Wani, 1966; Yan et al.,
2003; Lorence and Craig, 2004, Patil et al.,
2014) specifically used for treatment of
colorectal and ovarian cancer (Lilenbaum et al.,
2005) with the highest projected demand in
pharmaceutical industry.
Camptothecin was initially isolated from
the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata
(Niyssaceae) (Wall and Wani, 1968), later from
Merrilliodendron megacarpum (Gunasekera et
al., 1979); Ophiorrhiza mungos (Tafuret et al.,
1976) and O. pumila, Eravatamia heyneana
and Mostuea brunonia (Fulzele, 2003). N.
nimmoniana possesses highest concentration of
camptothecin 0.3% (w/w) was found out,
which was first isolated and chemically defined
by Prof. Govinadachari (Govindachari et al.,
1972; 1994). Recently, similar explorations in
India have led to identification of N.
nimmoniana Graham, earlier known as N.
foetida (Wight, sleumer) as an alternative
source of camptothecin. This plant is
distributed in the warmer regions like Indian
subcontinent in southern India, Srilanka, Parts
of eastern Indian Assam and the Himalayan
foothills in north India, Myanmar and Thailand
(Padmanabhan et al., 2006).
At present, worldwide market demand of
camptothecin is very high due to the absence of
synthetic derivatives. With an increasing global
demand for these alkaloids, there has been a
heavy dependence extraction of camptothecin
from existing population of N. nimmonina.
Due to such essentialities at last decade alone
over 20% population of this species has been
lost from the western ghats (Gowda et al.,
2002), due to which the species has been
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declared as endangered (Ciddi, 2000; Suhas,
2007).
Conservation efforts are much more
required for this plant, as their population is
becoming narrow due to habitat destruction and
overexploitation (Cragget et al., 1993). The tree
growth is slow and propagation is usually
achieved by seeds. The seeds are recalcitrant
due to high sensitivity of desiccation, freezing
and have a short shelf life. Until today, very
few tissue culture methods have been
developed for the propagation of this plant
(Thengane et al., 2001; Rai, 2002).
Seeds of N. nimmoniana are of large and
intermediate type. The orange-colored
receptacle of seeds turns black after drying.
The species can be easily recognized by its
strong foetid odour during blooming. The fruits
(drupes) obliquely ovoid more than 1 cm in
girth and 1.5 cm 2.5 cm length with attached
nut/ seeds.
It has been reported that the cryopreserved
zygotic embryo showed 87.67% germination
under the controlled conditions. Embryonic
axes with cotyledons, having moisture content
of 55.7% and presumed to be intermediate in
nature, lose their viability within a short period
after maturity. But still it is recognized as an
effective tool for long term preservation of such
plant species those produce recalcitrant /large
seeds (Engelmann et al., 1997).
Therefore, the major objectives of present
work to develop an easy and cost effective
method for seed propagation and germination
of this rare and endangered medicinal plant N.
nimmoniana J. Graham. from Western Ghats of
Maharashtra, India.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
a. Plant Collection and Identification:
The plant saplings and dried plant parts
(seeds, bark, leaves) were collected from
Chiplun part of Western Ghats, Maharashtra.
These saplings were then maintained in green
house. The plant was authenticated by Prof. S
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R Manik, Dept of Botany, SGBAU, cross-
checked with standard flora and stored in the
herbarium records at Department of
Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati
University, Amravati, India as Nothapodytes
nimmoniana (J. Graham) with an accession
number-BTSGBAU-07. The fruits and seeds
were manually collected by hand picking from
Chiplun of Western Ghats of Maharashtra
between December, 2012 and January, 2013.
The seeds are shed dried for a week and later
used for the experimentation.
b. Preparation of soil bed:
The soil bed was prepared in plastic tray
using autoclaved fine sand, autoclaved soil and
farm yard manure in the proportion of (2:2:1).
The soil bed was watered regularly to keep bed
moist for the germination of seeds.
Seed treatment:
This experiment was conducted under
shade net conditions. From the single tree,
uniformed sized, mature and healthy fruits of
N. nimmoniana were harvested. The seeds were
extracted and washed in water several times
and dried in shade for a day before sowing. The
seeds were dipped in distilled water and
allowed to settle at the bottom of the beaker for
a few minutes. The seeds floating on the
surface of the water were discarded and those,
which settled at the bottom, used for
experiment. Selected seeds were divided into 7
lots, each containing 45 seeds. The seed lots
were treated with different concentrations of
GA3 (50, 100 and 150 ppm), Potassium nitrate
(1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) and control (water soaked).
The seeds were soaked for 24 hours in 100 ml
of solutions. After imposing the treatments, the
seeds were made into 3 groups of 15 seeds
each.
P1+ (P1+P2) + (P1+P2+P3) +........ + (P1+P2+P3+.......Pn)
BRI = -------------------------------------------------------------------------
N (P1+P2+P3+.........+ Pn)
Where,
P1, P2 ...Pn = Germination percent at 1, 2 ...n weeks, respectively.
N = Total number of weeks in the test.
The experiment was carried out adopting
Complete Randomized Design with seven
treatments replicated thrice. 15 seeds were used
per treatment. The treated seeds of N.
nimmoniana were sown in the tray filled with
sterilized soil (Sand: Soil: Farm yard manner-
2:2:1) potting mixture. All the seeds were sown
at 10 cm row- to- row distance, 5 cm plant-to-
plant distance at 3 cm deep. Cultural operations
like regular watering, weeding and plant
protection measures were undertaken. For
control of damping of disease, drenching of
copper fungicide (Copper oxychloride 1.0%)
was done twice at 15-day intervals during the
early period of investigation. The emergence
rate index was calculated by the formula of
Evetts and Burnside (1972).
G1 G2 G3 Gn
ERI = ---- + ---- + ----- + -----
T1 T2 T3 Tn
Where,
G1 - Per cent of seed germinated at first count
T1,
G2 - Additional percent of seeds germinated at
second count T2,
G3 - Additional percent of seeds germinated at
third count T3,
Gn- Additional percent of seeds germinated at
final count Tn ,
T1 - Weeks from sowing to first count, T2-
Weeks from sowing to second count,
T3 - Weeks from sowing to third count, T n -
Weeks from sowing to last count
The Barlett’s rate index refers to earliness
of germination and was worked out by the
following formula (Barlett, 1937)

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The vigour index was calculated by
multiplying percent germination by seedling
length in cm. Vigour index = Percent
germination × (root length (cm) + shoot length
(cm).
RESULTS:
1. Germination of seeds under shade net
conditions
a. Germination percentage (%)
In general pre-soaking treatments to the
seeds with different growth regulator and
chemical solutions were found beneficial to
improve the germination percentage compared
to control shade net conditions (Table 1).
Treatment GA3 150 ppm recorded higher
germination (67.33 %) at the end of sixth week
after sowing. This treatment was found
significantly superior to rest of the treatments,
whereas least germination was found in control
(33.00%).
b. Days to initiate germination:
The seeds treated with GA3 required 11.66
to 13.00 days and KNO3 16.00 to 18.16 days
for initiation of germination as compared to
control (35.50 days). The GA3 150 ppm treated
seeds of N. nimmoniana germinate 23.84 days
earlier than control under shade net conditions.
c. Emergence rate index (ERI) and Bartlett's
rate index (BRI)
Treatment GA3 150 ppm recorded the
highest ERI (67.711) and BRI (0.619) over rest
of the treatments. It has been seen that all
concentrations of GA3 and KNO3 increases the
ERI and BRI values under shade net conditions
over control compared to lower concentrations.

Table 1: Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on germination percentage and earliness of
germination in Nothapodytes nimmoniana seeds under shade net conditions

Germination after Days taken for ERI Bartlett’s Rate

Treatments 6 weeks (%) germination Index (BRI)

GA3 50 ppm 60.16 (50.97) 13.00 51.490 0.593

GA3 100 ppm 62.99 (55.61) 12.00 58.468 0.601
GA3 150 ppm 67.33 (59.44) 11.66 67.711 0.619
KNO3 1.0 % 53.49 (47.00) 18.16 42.474 0.586
KNO3 1.5 % 53.49 (47.00) 16.16 43.703 0.588
KNO3 2.0 % 57.33 (49.24) 16.00 45.684 0.588
Control 33.00 (30.78) 35.50 35.194 0.488
S.E.(m) + 1.19 0.35 2.04 0.0072
CD at 5 % 3.55 1.12 5.65 0.0260

2. Growth of N. nimmoniana seedlings under b. Seedling Vigour Index (SVI)

shade net conditions:
a. Shoot and root length of N. nimmoniana
seedling (cm)
The results interpreted in Table 2, revealed
that, various seed treatments under shade net
conditions increased the shoot and root length
of N. nimmoniana seedlings. Soaking of seeds
in GA3 150 ppm increased shoot (5.33 cm) and
root (6.11 cm) length significantly over control.
GA3 150 ppm recorded maximum SVI
(705.19) as compared to other treatments. The
fluctuation in SVI is (517.42 to 705.19) in GA3
and (266.88 to 317.61) in KNO3. Higher values
of SVI indicate the good seedling growth.
c. Fresh and Dry weight of seedling
Seeds pre-soaked in GA3 150 ppm
increased the fresh (96.25 mg) and dry (14.68

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mg) weight of N. nimmoniana seedlings OBSERVATION:

considerably over rest of the treatments and
control. Further, it is also found that the higher
concentrations of growth regulators and
chemicals increased the fresh and dry weight of
N. nimmoniana seedlings than lower
concentrations.
It has been observed during the
experimentation that the seeds started swelling
during pre-germination protocol. A little
plumule was seen after approximately 25th day,
which further take another 5-6 days for
cotyledons to establish properly as shown in
Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Table 2: Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on growth of N. nimmoniana seedling under
shade net conditions
Shoot length Root length No. of Fresh Dry weight of Seedling
Treatments of of seedling leaves weight of seedling (mg) our Index
seedling (cm) (cm) seedling (SVI)
(mg)
GA3 50 ppm 3.82 4.52 7.76 50.85 9.80 517.42
GA3 100 ppm 3.96 4.71 8.91 78.25 12.80 633.77
GA3 150 ppm 5.33 6.11 9.83 96.25 14.68 705.19
KNO3 1.0 % 2.85 3.34 5.89 43.05 6.50 266.88
KNO3 1.5 % 2.95 3.48 6.07 46.25 6.70 283.71
KNO3 2.0 % 3.14 3.75 6.29 50.95 7.25 317.61
Control 2.15 2.57 4.88 20.50 2.95 150.90
S.E.(m) + 0.68 0.95 0.62 4.75 1.49 25.51
CD at 5 % 1.31 2.51 1.40 13.16 4.14 73.25

Figure 1: N. nimmoniana dried seeds and preparation of germination bed in plastic tray

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Figure 2: Small Sapling, sapling germinated in pots and well grown sapling of N. nimmoniana
in nursery

DISCUSSION:

N. nimmoniana can be propagated from
seeds, but the seeds remain dormant for a long
time after sowing, germinate poorly and early
seedling is also slower as compared to plants
derived from tissue culture (Vasil et al.,1986).
Therefore, efficient vegetative propagation is
essential for conservation of this plant, which
can have many advantages over seedling
production. The plant regeneration with
indirect somatic embryogenesis, adventitious
shoots from immature zygotic embryos and
seedling explant sources of N. nimmoniana
have been reported previously (Thengane et al.,
2001; Fulzele et al., 2003). According to Chen
and Park (1973), GA3 acts directly on embryo
relieving them from dormancy through
promoting protein synthesis and elongation of
coleoptile and leaves and also helps in the
production of ethylene. This ethylene invokes
the synthesis of hydrolases, especially -
amylose, which favors the seed germination
(Stewart and Freebairn, 1969).
GA3 and KNO3 treatment to the seeds of N.
nimmoniana reduces the days required for
initiation of seed germination. Similar findings
were reported by Jadhav (2003) in Rangpur
lime, Kherdekar (2003) in Kagzi lime
(Yogananda et al., 2007) in bell pepper.
Concentrations of GA3 and KNO3 increases
the ERI and BRI values of N. nimmoniana.
These results are in agreement with the findings
of Tendolkar (1978), who obtained early
germination of cracked sapota seeds by pre-
soaking in 200 ppm GA3. Somappa (1979)
obtained higher ERI in case of rose wood seeds
with GA3 + ethrel each at 100 ppm. Seeds
soaked in GA3 increases shoot and root length,
which has close proximity with the results
obtained by Chaudhari and Chakrawar (1981)

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with GA3 40 ppm in N. nimmoniana. Under
shade net conditions, Yogananda et al. (2007)
observed higher root length with GA3 200 ppm
in bell pepper. GA3 might have promoted more
root formation through root cell elongation and
more nutrient uptake as suggested by
Shanmugavelu (1970).
GA3 varies the SVI which is correlated with
seedling growth. The results obtained are also
in congruence with the findings of Tendolkar
(1978) who recorded more SVI when seeds of
sapota treated with GA3 400 ppm. Similarly,
Yoganandaet al. (2007) got higher SVI (1174)
in bell pepper when seeds treated with GA3 200
ppm. Higher seedling vigour index in GA3
treated seeds might be due to the cumulative
effect of higher shoot length, root length and
germination percentage, which were greatly
influenced by gibberellic acid in Rangpur lime
under shade net conditions.
Fresh and dry weight of plant germinated
depends on concentration of GA3 on seed
treatment. Similar findings were observed by
Gurav (2004) in Rangpur lime seedlings with
GA3 80 ppm. Tendolkar (1978) in sapota
seedling with GA3 400 ppm, Yogananda et
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Conflict of Interest: None Declared