CST STUDIO SUITE™ 2006B Application Note RFID Simulation Overview Operating Principles Inductive Coupling Microwave Coupling Matching of RFID Tags cst wovcteon PyOverview Radio Frequency IDentification * Fundamental tool for Automatic Identification: authentication, ticketing, access control, supply management, parking, payment, vending, surveillance * Advantages: — Contains more information than e.g. Barcodes — Can be read/write — Contactless ID (in contrast to phone or bank cards) — May become cheap mass product (e.g. in supermarkets) cst . vases FRGeneral Principle Data 5 Typical characteristics of RFID: + Tag is a passive device, energy is transmitted from reader + Distance mm to 10m (typically ~20 cm) * Contains silicon chip, can be read only or read/write + Responds with modulated signal + Mostly printed (planar) structures cst =e Fl125/134 kHz 7.4 - 8.8 MHz Frequencies Animal identification, industrial applications, very robust, low data transmisstion (64 bit) Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) 13.56 MHz 868 - 928 MHz "Smart Labels" widely used for product/article ID Several applications 2.4 GHz Vehicle identification, electronic toll collection 5.8 GHz electronic toll collection in EuropeOperating Principles * Inductive Coupling (125 kHz — 15 MHz) — Very small dimensions compared to i — Coupling only through magnetic field — Tag typically a planar coil * Microwave Coupling (868 MHz — 5.8 GHz) — typically a regular antenna (e.g. planar folded dipole) — Matching network important to keep antenna small cst 5 vases FRInductive Coupling RFID tags are mostly planar coils with small dimensions compared to 1. [=> Hexahedral or tetrahedral F-Solver are typically most suited. Example for 13.56 MHz ‘with courtesy and permission of Legic Identsystems AG At 13.56 MHz Measurement: (7.15 + 398i) Q Simulation: (7.0 + 334i) Q Measurement — CST MWS simulation sL. Imaginary part... of impedance open. Curves are overlying each other, excellent agreement! cst vases FRMicrowave Coupling 900 MHz RFID Tag Antenna Simulation of the planar structure SSS ae | with a standard 50 Q port ‘wwnwalientechnology.comiproductsirfid_tags.php Mesh view cst vases FR8 900 MHz RFID Tag Antenna 502 S Parameter Magnitude in 2 Tine ne Non-resonant simulation, 3 min sim. time energy (1 a 05 i 15 Frequency / Ge Wrong resonance frequency, low coupling [> Antenna is poorly matched cst vases FRMatching Procedure © 0.0000 (0.003093, -3.0626-015) Ohm Parameter Smith Chart 0.8980 ( [1.548,][89.52)Jonm 15 @2000( 9.218, 329.2) hm Matching impedance: 1.55 Q 02 Lumped Capacitance for shifting the resonance frequency: Z_im = 89.512 EL = 15.8 nH 2 ey C= | 1.96 pF 08 4 Lo (or: Macros -> Calculate -> Calculate L-C-fres) . vases FR; Matching in CST oor 152 1.96 pF Simulation run in CST DESIGN STUDIO™: 5 sec. DESIGN STUDIO™ S-Parameters Magnitude 20 32 ee Frequency / He Resonance frequency correct (900 MHz), excellent matching (-30 dB) cst vases FRAlternative Approach Inclusion of lumped element in CST MWS simulation 1.52 1,96 pF| matched n DS matched unmstch I Every Ut o: 8 Frequency / Gh Excellent agreement between matching in Design Studio and matching in CST MWS CST DS approach is 7 times faster cst Resonant simulation, 11 20 min sim. time www est.com FAField Monitors With lumped element included in CST MWS all field monitors are available Current Density field bled (kR >> 1) Field (f=0.983) (1) Farfield Dipole field cst é o r fe " Dir. = 2.240 dBi www.cst.comTest under Realistic Surroundings RFID tag in front RFID tag in front of metal can of water bottles cstField Distortion by PEC-Cans S-Parameter Magnitude in dB Unsymmetric o sta fields 2 Bb ceeeeeeeedenseeeeeefeeben’ *™~ Second resonance " 4 i 0 05 15 Frequency / GHz cstSummary RFID is a general concept using different technical principals CST complete technology approach offers best solution for each case — Frequency Domain / CST EMS for coil type — Transient Simulator for microwave type Tags often contain lumped elements — Possible in both CST MWS or CST DS — CST DS typically more efficient cst