Tdeals and Factor Rings 7 4} non- empty subset ‘A’ of a Ting R” is an ideal of R if i) a-béA, where a,6 EA i) waar en, whee aen, FER Theovern St: Ontersechon of wo ideals of a ing R is an ideal of OR freef: get A, A, ase two ideals of & ving Then A,, A, axe sobrings of R- A,OA, is a svbting op fom xXER and a,b EC A,NAL =? a,b EA, and abe A, ded TER, &beEA, AA A, is 4 ideal oh RW a-bea, @; ar, va EnX,—-O det YER, a,bEA, and A, is an ideal of P ; as A-bEA, 5 Q%e xa En, —Q From 4° Aa@ a-b€ ANA, ay, 70 © A, OAL, FER, AE AMAZ © Scanned with CamScannerTheor’ - aon 3 ood PB aw two ideals of @ 2199 r ‘ wee Show het Ave isan ideal Of R', wt NEB (my Ben poh det NB are duo ideals of @ 110g p neces? condition: fet UB is an ideal of RP’ af possible Guppose that AB (0) OA nee Joan clement such that acn and. ad b® of 9 => 4 an elernent such thal bEB and bd det a,b € ave and nue 15 an ideal a-be hv => a-beEN (et) a-beB Suppose, a-béA, aéEAn then a- Ca-b) > bea This 45 a contradichon +0 lhe Choice of >. bE® then => b+@-b) €& > aeB det @a-b eB and This ig a contradiction 4o the choice of a fence, A is ideal = a-P eA ar,1mM EA Our atumphon is wrong ACB (or) BCA Scanned with CamScannerSufficient cond hon: - Svppose AGS and BoA and B is an ideal ACH then AUB =5 Then ave is also an ideal BEA then Aue xER RCA —@® fom @O 4 @ eq” s A=R Scanned with CamScanneray Theorem, St A field bas no prope’ f 'p! at ° on Wy ideals of a tield F self. ideals ie, the } and F Proof: det ‘yp’ be any no- Zero, no -unit ideal of Fr’. (de have +o prove that A=Fkr Scanned with CamScannerPi athe definition of icleal AcFr det aEen and g4o- ) now AEP 3 GEL Such that ac = a'an4: wo S64, BEPy aden Co from “he def. of ideal as,7a E® | ese aen, 1eER) fe et One clect| et Teeny RelA een A= F. = AEA gPrincipal ideal:— det *R’ be a commotetve Ring with cnity - The ideal fra: vERY of all muliplies ef ~@ i8 called the principal jdeal generated by “at. Ax~ =$raiverRy Scanned with CamScanner6 WEAYD OV find all the satvtion ‘ a) x ' : fa Sot Given og” is flae % leita Y a lez, fo, 1,23 undes modulo & 2 ii) Jorib \ aber, ard 172 at fo ‘aye, ani, 20, 124, ovary tonloining, elements > fiom 4” O flo): 0’ Ol >- 240 fi): Pei4a2 = 2 40 fQ)- 2-242 = 440 fti> iat+e2 eee oo Hi = Uae. Cai aa Sei gat -y- fae = t-14041 - 4i-¢O Blo d= — Coann? = C2442 bairy|qi -2-b 42 bad q-it2i a 3B+31 oO H@i) = @D?=(id+2 = qite ai te - -q~ 242 2-21 +0 CaiY = Cai to © (tar eid 1 sine = gC- 4542 - -2+21 #0 fCi42i2 Scanned with CamScannerCori) - (ayoi yr (a4 ais 8. 2 9142 {Ct zl 44g) 4 oi js 6.40 Hi = a iaya2 0 has no solotons ever 2,0). Ae Fine characterise of a ving K Find ‘the “chawicleristic of the Ring ' iy fz Wy Tx Characleriste of a Ring R; The characte si shcg o a defined 45 the — Srullest poshue integes sing R is th! such that nara Vo oaeR: iy xz ALZ iS @ coremviatve Ng + wero element = [0,0) dently ¢lement ~ G0) 4 no positive @ integer ‘rn’ such that P0,')=0 . Chaxacksushe of KZ 15 Leno- i ZL vdy Zz fo, 4 23 Ze = 171 ‘23 ¥24 = {0,0} 2,0, 2, (0, 32,01,0), G41, C423, 60,129, G,2),2,9 4 contune 12 Ordered pares” Zero Clerert ~ (0,0) ddentity elemerd = (1,10 Scanned with CamScannerNovo , ‘CD = OD #(,9) 2) = (2,2) +0, 09 301) =(3,3)+ ©,0) =(0©, 3) 4 = (4,49)= (1,0) # (0,07 50,0 = (5,59) = @,)+4+6,0) 60.D= (6,6)~ (0,2) 4040) 7uN= G@- (1,3) 4 Co,0) SCID= (8,8) = (2,0) 4 (0,0) 9D= (19= ©) 4(0,0) 1o(m) = (10,10) » (1, #0,0) wis (un) = (2,3) # Co,0) C11) = (2,12) = (0,09 . The Smallest positive inte gea is FO. The — charackuistic of 2x2, 12. Scanned with CamScannercomm v tat ve "Mg Q: Show that if R is a a they Ra - S¥a> 1E RY 15 an ide ay St det R be wring 4 A’ be ike clemen > AER Ket Ra be oa Ra=fra:re R3 tor TER) arz0 CRa “2 10 is the element of a a Rat 6 “7 Rais the subset of RR. set given ah, Ra CR Ra 'S said 4p be an ideal oF Rita selisfus she Fetlousing conditions * iy YER > x-yERa i> @ERa , YER ary, we ERG Scanned with CamScannera oe SS | be the — elements ef Ra = mY € Ra det MH % be the a Wr % ER pen Bai clemenb of R. ale Ha | persicl , xy = FA -3Z0 > (y-7%)Da => (%1-%)a €Ra ~~ x-Y €ERa 4% yYERa -7 x-Y ERq ——O) For ~ERa ard AER io y w= CW = 7, Car) . ~ 7 Ga) (2 R 35 cormenutetive) = Gra €Ra CC! 8%)? eRa) Jf RR 15 commutative “then. Tt = “2 — x= xT =? vx, LT aw i6 Ro Ra 6 om ided of & Scanned with CamScannerly Principal Ideal Ring :- with unity A commutative ring R ideal se principal ideal ving if every in R15 a principal “idlectl factor Ring (e) Quottent Ring: dei Ro be a ving and ‘A’ isan ideal © eh 2 nen R= : ‘ a {xta: XERJ w.r to inary watons of — addition ancl moHiplicaboo of couls defined by G@+ntb+ad = (aab+a (a+nd(b+A) = abt+a , for ath, beach foe no. ibis: xing (&,+,°) is callect factor zing (6) Quotient ving Note! fe atA= OFA Gy OER ©») OtA= A ey AeA a AtA = BA <> aRen 3. In KR identity element (@) wero element A addition iS OFA CD A £ identity element (6) unit element wy.to — mothpleation 15 14h. Scanned with CamScannerTheorem: SS st: Guppose A is a qpotient 7INg - Then yt is commutative dy Ris commutaliy. iw) 2 has unity element if R= has unity elemen, Prook: det Ris a quotient ing. A i> Ris) commutative = ab=ba, Va,ber ket atA, btA E g (at Ad (b+) = ab+A : = bat Crab = ba) = (b+ Grn) R55 commutative 5 uy R has unity ‘element , then J 1ER Pazat=a , WaeR atAe& then and IER a - such that det Rg hen H+AEG Consider Cat ay(it A) = aitA= ata (40) (atA- bathe ata (ot 0) C14 a) = Gra) (ara) -atA Ith is the unity element in RK. A Scanned with CamScanner4 ~ 20, 1,2, 24,5} 1s the ving ot in tegexs modulo ¢ and edeal a-fo, a4 % % Mer Fok the factor g. “= 6 fo, ,2,3,4,64 : n~ fo,3) N= ora = foro, 0+ 3) - fo,2% thay 2tA= § 240, 243} = 2,45) A Ar flto, 1434 " 3th = J 340, 343} = $3,045 = A 4ta= Faro, 4435 = fae fa,ry> ita Bt = f5+0, 543} = es 9} - OFA Facto: ring “6 - See fora, i+, avay . Prime Ideal: . rime ee ideal A’ of. & commutative A, prime ideal of R woth ving R's & proper shat a,beER ard | aben => 460 CO bEA f a . Ty I: + Mogieml Skee maximal ideal of a commutative ving R ‘Is a propery ideal of R' such that wheneves. °B is an ‘ ideal of R and ACBECR 4then BEA (e&) B=R Scanned with CamScannerTheoven; commosertve 710g wir, Sto det 'R be @ idea! of R. unity oe dormmain iff ten © 6 OD integ?@ A ideal of R- A is a prime comroviative, TING (Orth i | a = et R 15 ( “oni i tot onitg then 7 isabo & comm ve %n, with vnily : ee condition :- Soppose that BZ is an ade inteqal dor, then Ris a commutative ving wort nity A ond has mo weno divisors det abe A then abt+ar oth (aeng aA 048) G@+n(b+a) = ora (/ abrom 4=0 (0) b=) => Ath=o48 (ob) bHA morn! = aen (H ben aben=> Gen (0 ber Ais a prime | ideal. Stficient condition: - te a ie a prime ideal - Windeve Ry ja ja: 7 commotat ve 110g with onelig ® is enough a prove that R Ro has * nd 2e10 » divisors, A Suppose EB a,bek shen ata, btA ER n Scanned with CamScannerP (at A (b+) = o+ A => ab+h = 4 > abean Co at Ane nes gen} = AEA (on bern (~~ A is prime ideal) —> atfAm o+An Cn bth =O+A. - hos no zero divisors gz . 7 t domain. Hence 7; is an inte ye Scanned with CamScannerqe orem: gi det R be a commutative ring with poity and jet A) be ap ideal of R. Then Es 1s a field jee AX ig ‘ppeoimal - foet R 5 a ~~ commotertive ving with unity and A is an ideal: 2 The = Factor ding Re fxrn sweet isa com mutative ting with Unity elemest - teto element of B - o+a=A where 0€8 is the zero element in R. Unity element’ of & = |+A ahere 4 1S the vnity element iy R. fils we heave ath=A <> aean Necessar y con dition: that & is afield. Suppose a rm . We prove that A is a maximal ideal. dts B be an ideal of R co that ACB and Ax6. Scanned with CamScannerEE Ee We prove shat B=R ie, ve® Since BOA and 7x8 there exsls element be & sch that bdA- Bern Ben 2 ie ron wero element of a dian element c+A Such that (e+ Crad = ign | the multiplicative identi-ty of as + Since bEB Wwe hay, bees Since 14a = (b+4) (eta) = beta We have I~ be € pce l= (le be) tbe eg S-R. Hence A is a maximal ‘ideal. Sufficient condition:— Suppose that 9 is a maximal ideal yj ek: We prove ~that £ ‘is a Field. Te piove that £ is a field we Me Show that every non zero element 1k has multiplicative inverse « det xt+h © Rip and AHA EA. Then wie If <> is the principal ideal of R then +A iS also 1 an, ideal of & xt ND Roxmrdg Now we have Accxsy ent Scanned with CamScanner| re maximal ideal => 4h -R= <4> wy 3A 2€A and KER euch Ther A+ xa =4 ay Ata Catxe)+a (Ca+ad+ Crat a) = A+ Cra 4A) = xt +A = (14h) +A) for non xeso element Uth EZ R/p FZ xth ER such that (a+a)Ca+A)= dta- A ‘Hence each non xero element of -. is inveati ble KR is a field. A Scanned with CamScanner