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PERMANENT LATIN AMERICA COMMITTEE
FOR CRIME PREVENTION - COPLAD
AGENDA ITEM 6
WORKSHOP 4 OF
THE 13th UNITED
NATIONS CONGRESS ON
CRIME PREVENTION
AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
DOHA - QATAR
APRIL 12 - 19, 2015
TEXT IN ENGLISH
TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL
COPLAD PUBLICATION
SAN JOSÉ - COSTA RICA
2015
GENERAL REPORT OF THE PERMANENT
LATIN AMERICA COMMITTEE FOR
CRIME PREVENTION
TEXT IN ENGLISH
TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL
ISBN: 978-85-86176-90-6
President
Ricardo LEWANDOWSKI, Brazil
Vice President
Eugenio Raúl ZAFFARONI, Argentina
Chancellor
Elías CARRANZA, Costa Rica
General Coordinator
Edmundo OLIVEIRA, Brazil
General Adjunct Coordinator
Oscar Arce CARVAJAL, Costa Rica
General Rapporteur
Douglas Durán CHAVARRIA, Costa Rica
General Adjunct Rapporteur
Marcela Gutiérres QUEVEDO, Colombia
Project Officer
Izabela Jatene de Souza, Brazil
General Secretary
Rosa Mavila Leon, Peru
General Adjunct Secretary
Myrna Villegas DIAZ, Chile
International Consultants
Eduardo VETERE, Austria
Peter HOMEL, Australia
GENERAL REPORT OF THE PERMANENT LATIN AMERICA
COMMITTEE FOR CRIME PREVENTION - COPLAD
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING URBAN
CRIME IN LATIN AMERICA
Valérie Lebaux
Estela-Maris Deon
Johannes De Hann
INDEX
TEXT IN ENGLISH.................................................................. 15
TEXT IN ENGLISH
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
URBAN CRIME IN LATIN AMERICA
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.......................................................................................... 21
PREFACE............................................................................................... 25
I- BACKGROUND.................................................................................... 29
II- INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 31
1. The situation of violence in Latin America......................................... 31
2. Criminal policy responses that have been adopted
in light of the problem of violence described...................................... 35
3. Effective Criminal Law and its consequences in the
prison universe...................................................................................... 37
4. Regarding the need for controlling the prison population
and the necessary respect for the capacity of penitentiary
centers: the quota system..................................................................... 42
5. Are there alternatives to heavy-handed approaches,
of just deserts and defective Criminal Law?...................................... 53
III- SOME POSITIVE EXPERIENCES WITH PREVENTION
DEPLOYED OR PROJECTED FOR LATIN AMERICA..................... 55
1. The ProPaz Program (Pará, Brazil).................................................... 55
A) Preventive actions developed by ProPaz.......................................... 56
B) Some conclusions regarding the ProPaz Program............................ 59
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
URBAN CRIME IN LATIN AMERICA
FOREWORD
No one can doubt that the most important Human Right is the right
to life, and that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of it. It is also obvious that
the most severe jus-humanist violation that states can commit is genocide or
whatever term one uses to describe any other mass lethal action of treacherous
homicides (against defenseless persons).
The statistical reality of our region reveals that in a large number of
our states the right to life is openly violated, as can be seen by comparing
official rates with those of other countries around the world, a comparison that
is not necessary to make with more developed countries, but even with many
that have low per capita incomes.
In some cities in the region the rates for violent death reach extremely
high levels that can only be compared with the results of large-scale armed
conflicts.
While to some degree these deaths are due to lethality of police
activities, it is not possible today to responsibly assess the extent of the
phenomenon of executions without trial. At any rate, without venturing an
opinion regarding situations in which the action of punitive power agencies
seems to overlap those of criminality, what is certain and proven is that, at
least by omission, there is clearly a severe failing in providing protection of
human life to the population.
To this we may add the permanent growth in the arrest rate, which
is mostly made up of temporary or non-convicted prisoners (preventive
custody). Prison overcrowding is not the result of a need to imprison people
for serious crime, given that at least half of arrests are for misdemeanors,
including without violence, against property or related to violations of laws
against small quantities of prohibited drugs.
This exaggerated imprisonment is in answer to demands by television
media groups concentrated in oligopolies or conglomerates that concentrate
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the lion’s share of networks and stations, engaged in a vindictive and repressive
campaign that incites lynching.
As the result of this preaching that weakens the legal conscience of
peoples, politicians feel threatened and pass laws that overturn all punitive
reasoning, openly violate elementary principals of legality, proportionality
and reserve.
They also weaken the Independence of judicial powers, by promoting
for electoral reasons and with the approval of television the impeachment
of some judges with the objective of frightening the rest. The category
of responsible and prudent judges is being destroyed, and replaced by
bureaucratic, indolent and repressive judges.
The death penalty has not disappeared from the region, but has been
replaced by police lethality, prisons where mortality and morbidity are several
times higher than for life outside, as well as by irrational sentences that go far
beyond the life expectancy of any person.
In this phenomenon of police lethality and victimization by means
of unpunished homicides and imprisonment, the statistics indicate markedly
racist trends in some countries: the majority of those killed and those
imprisoned have similar ethnic characteristics, pointing to a clear overlap in
relation to the overall population.
The violent deaths do not equally affect all segments of populations,
but are concentrated among those with lower incomes, meaning that as a rule
victimization is seen in the younger and more disadvantaged brackets in terms
of income distribution;
The massive violations of the right to life cannot be limited to
genocides and crimes against humanity along the lines of the worst abuses
committed during the last century, because today they do not take on the same
form. The violations of the right to life are less visible, because they occur
over the course of time in the form of a continuous dripping, whose lethal
results added together in relative short periods begin to reveal rates similar to
those that in other times and places horrified the world.
The lower visibility comes from the fact that network television
hides a large share of the deaths and normalizes the violence that cannot
be hidden, with which it desensitizes the population, a state of affairs that
is only brought out into the open when violence reaches aberrant levels that
can no longer be hidden.
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23
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PREFACE
refers to experiences that are considered successful and that can perhaps be
replicated in other countries. It ends with a series of recommendations.
The situation of criminality in the region is severe, albeit with
differences between countries. Using homicide rates per one hundred thousand
inhabitants as an indicator, one may observe that those Latin America and the
Caribbean are the highest among all the regions in the world. From the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2013 one may see that in
2012 there were twenty-three countries around the world with rates of twenty
or more homicides for every one hundred thousand inhabitants, eighteen of
which were found in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNODC - Global
Study on Homicide).
Parallel to this crime scenario, we are also witnessing a growing
use of criminal justice and of imprisonment, with rapidly growing rates of
persons in preventive custody and under sentence. All of the countries in
the region have notably raised their incarceration rates over the last twenty
years, doubling, tripling and in some cases quadrupling them, and generating
horrible situations due to prison overcrowding, with extremely serious human
rights violations.
This Dantean situation confirms the criterion that the solution to crime
cannot consist solely of more criminal justice and more severe sentences. It
is essential to also act upon the factors give rise to criminality; and regarding
those factors, criminological research over the last few decades has repeatedly
verified that there is a direct correlation between criminality and unequal
income distribution, as well as between inequality and the deterioration of
a large number of other social variables, which for their part, are involved
in raising crime rates. It is thus not surprising that Latin America and the
Caribbean, the region in the world with the greatest inequality (World Bank,
CEPAL) is also the region of the world having the highest rates of intentional
homicides and other crimes.
We owe special recognition for the work performed by Doctors
Edmundo Oliveira and Douglas Durán Chavarria, the first for his international
political vision and capacity for organization, which he has placed at the
services of the countries of this region and of the United Nations, and the
second for his excellent work as a researcher at Rapporteur of the COPLAD’s
activities, a position at which in a short time he collected, analyzed and
systematized information on criminality and on the functioning of criminal
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Elías Carranza
Director of the United Nations Latin American
Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the
Treatment of Offenders - ILANUD
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I- BACKGROUND
1
Minutes No. 01 / 2013-ILANUD
2
Hereinafter, “the Committee”.
3
As resolved at the Bellagio Forum, in the year 2011.
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4
Whose contents can be accessed at the site of the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime (http://unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ_session22/ECN152013_
CRP1_eV1380049.pdf).
5
Hereinafter, the Guide.
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II- INTRODUCTION
6
Steven MALBY, in HARRENDORF, HEISKANEN and MALBY: International
Statistics on Crime and Justice, HEUNI / UNODC, Helsinki, 2010, p. 7.
7
Vienna, 2014.
8
Found on page 23 of the study cited.
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Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this
map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. Dotted line represents
approximately the line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India
and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed
upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the
Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between
the Governments of Argentina and the United kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the falkland Islands (Malvinas).
Source: UNODC homicide Statistics (2013).
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PAÍS/TERRITORIO TASA
Honduras 90,4
Venezuela (Rep. Bolivariana de) 53,7
Virin Islands, USA 52,6
Belize 44,7
El Salvador 41,2
Guatemala 39,9
Jamaica 39,3
Swazilandia 33,8
Saint Kitts and Nevis 33,6
Sud África 31,0
Colombia 30,8
Bahamas 29,8
Congo (Rep. Democrática del) 28,3
Trinidad and Tobago 28,3
Puerto Rico 26,5
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25,6
Brazil 25,2
Rwanda 23,1
República Dominicana 22,1
Saint Lucia 21,6
Mexico 21,5
Dominica 21,1
Nigeria 20,0
E. Carranza: Elaborado a partir del UNODC Global
Study on Homicide, 2013:122 y ss
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All the same, our rates are not only the highest on the planet, but
in recent years their rate has been constantly increasing, except perhaps for
the case of El Salvador, where because of a truce negotiated with gangs of
youthful offenders, the rates have dropped noticeably9.
As one may see, the scenario presented for Latin America overall is
one of societies with high levels of violence, quantified here using homicide
rates as the indicator10/11.
It is now important, based on the situation explained so far, to mention
some of the measures that have been adopted in the different countries of the
sub-region to confront such a situation, and what have been the consequences
of those measures.
9
UNODC: Global Study on Homicide 2013, op. cit., p. 34.
10
However, this should be analyzed taking into account the fact that, as UNODC
explains, the sub-regional rates can hide major disparities, as is the case of Chile,
Uruguay and Argentina in the Southern Cone (Global Study on Homicide, op.
cit., p. 22) or Costa Rica in Central America (World Bank: Crimen y Violencia
en Centroamérica, 2011, p. 3 in fine), which has a rate of around 8 homicides per
100,000 inhabitants, while at the other extreme, Honduras has the highest rate on
the planet: 90,4 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
11
Homicide is used here as the indicator for violence in Latin America due to the
reasons explained by MALBY and cited above. Nonetheless, it cannot be forgotten
that there are other types of extremely serious offenses that also take place in the sub-
region. That is the case with violence by the State violence, the author in numerous
cases of crimes against humanity, which in our geographic area can now be sent to
judgment according to ordinary legislation, both criminal and procedural, as well
as through the regional parameters of the Inter-American system of human rights,
without appealing to solutions from the so-called Transitional Justice, which appears
as a more “normal” model, but does not seem to draw the attention of international
entities. Another type of severe offense that is happening in Latin America is related
to human trafficking, a behavior that will demand stronger policies for use against
it, including those that include a gender perspective.
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The situation described has not always been confronted in the best
manner, given that in many countries in the sub-region the reaction has been
to increase the use of tools for repressive prevention.
This way of acting in light of the phenomenon of criminality has
been spelled out in certain measures, whether in the scope of adjective
Criminal Law, such as a reduction in procedural guarantees and, or in terms
of substantive Criminal Law, in actions such as reducing the age requirements
for applying criminal law to underage persons in Panama. However, it is in
terms of punishment issues that one may most clearly see a hardening in the
penal response.
In effect, there has above all been recourse to an extreme use of
sentences depriving persons of liberty, seen very clearly, for example, in
the expansion of the catalogues of crimes that can be punished with prison
sentences – as in the case of Panama, where Law No. 40 deals with the
criminal liability of underage persons12– or simply through an increase in the
number of prison sentences in criminal codes and special laws, which occurs
without any analysis.
This focus on effective Criminal Law is also reflected in the extended
use of provisional custody measures, which keep enormous numbers of
persons detained without having been convicted as the result of preventive
custody used in an abusive manner, which, according to the requisite legal
rulings, should be only exceptions.
The accumulated result of these actions has thus been a series of
heavy-handed policies13 that have little impact on crime rates14 and which
have entered the criminal justice system due to the excessive volume of issues
brought to the knowledge of the formalized structures of social control – which
undermines the confidence of the citizens in the administration of justice.
12
Douglas DURÁN: Prevención de violencia Juvenil y Fortalecimiento del Sistema
de Justicia Penal Juvenil, ILANUD, San José de Costa Rica, 2012, p. 36 ab initio.
13
See infra regarding this type of focus for the particular case of El Salvador.
14
World Bank: Crimen y Violencia en Centroamérica, 2011, pp. 29 – 30.
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15
See. infra, for instance, regarding migrant indigenous populations.
16
With respect to the police, one must mention that greater autonomy for police
agencies has meant that they enjoy autonomous corrupt sources for collection that
generate funds, which their leaders manage. These are derived from fees or bribes
charged to allow or facilitate the exercise of activities that are both legal and illegal.
The defense of this autonomy and the demand for greater scope in collection, as
well as internal struggles for management of those cases, generate disturbances that
can unbalance democratic governments, while at the same time conspiring against
the preventive effectiveness of their expressed purposes.
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prosecution service, leaving in the hands of the prosecution and one person
the design of criminal policies, which will generate an imbalance of power
that is not at all recommendable.
The prison universe referred to in the lines above has the scope of
the penitentiary as its clearest indicator. That is to say that it is in the prisons
that one can most clearly measure the activity of the various agencies of
social control: the police, the entities charged with enforcement of Justice,
the judiciary. The result, unfortunately, is negative, because in Latin America
there has been the choice of a very hardline model in applying sentences that
deprive persons of freedom, which generates a situation of constant violation
of human rights as a consequence of the increase in rates of imprisonment.
There has been a constant, quite sustained and exaggerated growth in
the number of persons now found in the prisons of Latin America, an increase
that is reflected, for example, in the graph prepared by CARRANZA17 and
shown below:
17
Menores de edad, delito y prisión en América Latina, ILANUD, San José de Costa
Rica, 2013, p. 8.
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COUNTRY 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
Arg 63 64 68 74 97 96 99 106 118 126 141
Bol 79 85 101 109 96
Bra 74 80 81 107 119 131 133 132 133
Col 92 96 97 98 120 129 128 139 157 170 157
CR 104 105 109 121 133 160 162 169 168 183 187
Chi 154 153 148 153 161 170 179 203 215 216 221
Ecu 74 81 81 85 95 81 79 70 65 63 69
El S 101 103 109 124 138 157 136 112 130 158 177
Gua 62 75 101
Hon 110 113 139 160 166 153 160 178 183
Mex 101 104 97 101 108 116 127 142 152 163 170
Nic 78 78 91 98 111 106 132 143 128 124 131
Pan 176 215 221 229 269 282 292 294 293 320 341
Par 70 75 74 78 67 74 85
Per 77 80 83 88 96 100 105 108 108 104 104
RD 145 135 151 161 129 140 165 168
Uru 96 99 100 99 101 106 120 122 129 148 170
Ven 101 112 106 97 85 104 104
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03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Country
157 163 164 152 149 152 163 161 Arg
80 86 85 107 130 Bol
169 182 193 211 219 226 238 247 253 Bra
178 199 207 179 174 188 158 169 193 227 232 Col
190 196 196 191 186 189 191 211 238 264 313 CR
228 226 228 259 290 318 312 320 311 Chi
77 87 91 107 128 118 112 114 107 143 Ecu
180 188 186 184 226 258 283 315 322 339 347 El S
101 96 87 84 83 88 71 78 84 91 98 Gua
170 159 148 148 149 152 154 153 Hon
177 185 196 200 200 202 208 203 203 213 214 Mex
112 116 117 111 121 120 103 111 134 151 Nic
361 360 359 356 342 275 298 347 378 404 Pan
92 107 109 105 99 100 96 96 109 Par
108 116 123 136 149 153 155 160 181 208 Per
189 150 143 148 164 166 202 211 212 RD
203 215 213 198 212 231 246 258 267 Uru
103 98 76 96 149 Ven
E. Carranza, ILANUD 2013. Prepared with official prison and police
information from the countries, and population data from the Latin American
and Caribbean Center for Demographics (CELADE) –Population Division at
CEPAL, Estimates and projections for population, 2008. Rates from Bolivia
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18
Another case in which the fundamental rights of persons in prison are violated is
the issue of incarcerated persons with mental health problems. Specifically in the
case of Brazil, the application of security measures formerly meant, in many cases,
practically a life sentence. This situation is beginning to change with implementation
of a program specifically directed towards this population, which is beginning to
show very positive results, the program Comprehensive Attention for the Judicial
Patient (PAI-PJ), an initiative that has been driven by the Court of Justice of
Minas Gerais, among others. This program is especially relevant because it allows
attention in an open environment for offenders with mental health problems; in this
process intervention favors seeking the necessary networks for the person to be
reinserted into society, for example, providing support related to work, education or
health, among other themes (see. Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais: Relatório das
atividades desenvolvidas pelo PAI-PJ, Belo Horizonte, 2014).
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The panorama presented here leaves little space for positive work in
the prisons themselves, given that they generate conditions for keeping the
19
Ibidem, p. 9.
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20
Above all by Minister Zaffaroni.
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capacity that does not respect fundamental minimum space for the individual
and the results produce inappropriate levels of density, which result in
inhuman treatment. Furthermore, many times those statistics make it possible
to disguise the situation behind national averages that do not reflect the reality
of prison conditions at some sites21.
Our prisons receive the entire population that the criminal justice
system remits to them, beyond their installed capacity and without a limit
being imposed. Overcrowding produces an open sore regarding the rights of
the prison population and puts effective control of prisons at risk. Among the
most common forms of weakened rights we may cite the following:
* Limitations of physical space (to such a degree that prisoners have difficulty
moving at night to use sanitary facilities because of the prison population
placed in the corridors and sleeping on the ground).
* Lack of privacy.
21
In this regard, see Elías CARRANZA: Cárcel y Justicia penal: el modelo de derechos
y obligaciones de las Naciones Unidas, y una política integral de seguridad de los
habitantes frente al delito, in Elías CARRANZA (Coordinador): Cárcel y Justicia
penal en América Latina y el Caribe, ILANUD / Siglo XXI Editores, México, 2009,
p. 63.
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ensured by the State (…) Likewise, the European Court of Human Rights
has indicated that: Under [Article 3 of the European Convention] the State
must ensure that a person is detained in conditions which are compatible with
respect for his human dignity, that the manner and method of the execution
of the measure do not subject him to distress or hardship of an intensity
exceeding the unavoidable level of suffering inherent in detention and that,
given the practical demands of imprisonment, his health and well-being are
adequately secured by, among other things, providing him with the requisite
medical assistance. The Court has considered that detention in conditions of
overcrowding, with lack of ventilation and natural light, without a bed to rest
on or adequate conditions of hygiene, in isolation or with undue restrictions
to the visiting regime, constitutes a violation of personal integrity. The
Committee against Torture has stated, in relation to detention conditions,
that: Overcrowding, lack of amenities and poor hygiene in prisons, the lack of
basic services and appropriate medical attention in particular, the inability of
the authorities to guarantee the protection of detainees in situations involving
violence within prisons (…)[, in addition to contravening the United Nations
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, these and other
serious inadequacies aggravate the deprivation of liberty of prisoners serving
sentences and those awaiting trial, making of such deprivation cruel, inhuman
and degrading punishment and, in the case of the latter, punishment served
in advance of sentence.…” (Sentence of 6 May 2008, Case of Ivón Neptune
v. Haiti).
Precisely because prohibition of torture and cruel or inhuman
punishments is an absolute guarantee, in the Principles and Best Practices
on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas expressly
determines: “Measures against overcrowding The competent authority shall
determine the maximum capacity of each place of deprivation of liberty
according to international standards related to living conditions. Such
information, as well as the actual ratio of occupation of each institution
or center shall be public, accessible and regularly updated. The law shall
establish the procedures through which persons deprived of liberty, their
legal representatives or non-governmental organizations can individually or
collectively dispute the data regarding the maximum capacity or the occupation
ratio. In these procedures, the participation of independent experts shall be
permitted. The occupation of an institution over its maximum capacity shall
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22
See regarding this the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Informe
sobre Derechos Humanos de las Personas Privadas de Libertad en las Américas,
O.E.A., 2011, p. 176
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attempts to disclaim all responsibility. They have not had the capacity – and
they had the jurisdiction and the obligation – to develop effective measures,
when it has been their duty to develop strategy to solve the problem in a
timely manner before the penitentiary system becomes unmanageable or
produces a catastrophe.
The situation is produced when the installed capacity has become
exhausted but the system continues to receive persons as if its capacity were
unlimited, to the detriment of living conditions for the population and the
basic functions of the prisons. It is counterproductive to use prisons under
such conditions.
Prisons and overcrowded prisons, far from achieving their
resocializing purpose, become machines for neutralizing or rendering persons
harmless, or even worse, they bring about a degrading neutralization that
strengthens social anti-values and reinforces processes of self-exclusion and
social labelling. Imprisonment causes an effect contrary to the purpose of the
sentence and creates a status in the system that is openly unconstitutional and
discredits its actions.
As a hospital, when its capacity for admissions is exhausted, waits
for patients to be discharged, in our prisons it is necessary to establish an
effective mechanism for controlling the population. In countries where entry
is not negotiable – waiting lists, setting future dates for entry, etc.– the only
option left is to control discharges and thus proceed to comply with the limits
of any democratic system. Each country must find a solution according to its
own organizational model; the prison administrators themselves, or in other
countries the court system, should decide according to an order ranging from
the stage at which there needs to be protection and assurance of effective
respect for the rights of that population (constitutional jurisdiction, sentencing
courts or prison supervision courts, investigating courts, criminal courts or
dispute tribunals) to the suppression of illegal and unconstitutional judicial
and penitentiary practices and the effective serving of penal sanctions, with
respect for the rights of those deprived of liberty, and, above all, their dignity.
The situation should be attended to urgently for reasons of humanity
and security, since overcrowding degrades the person and hampers the
functions of control and order in prison premises. The problem is caused by
a disproportionate disparity between the number of those entering and those
leaving prisons and because this is precisely where the problem lies, this is
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52
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Among the themes in the Guide that we have chosen to present herein
there are countless mechanisms that are proposed as positive solutions for the
problem of criminality.
These tools involve civil society, the private sector and non-
governmental organizations, so that their collaboration may be useful for
improving the situation described in these pages.
As the Guide points out, at the worldwide level “…there is a growing
interest in initiatives that involve the public in crime prevention and criminal
justice reform…”23.
With this as the starting point, we will now present some initiatives
for prevention that are happening in the sub-region and that tend to strengthen
interlocution with civil society and strengthen ties with the community.
23
P. 48, paragraph 118 ab initio.
24
Paragraph 116 (p. 48).
25
UNODC, Vienna, 2006.
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26
Ibidem, p. 8 ab initio.
27
On this, see also the fifth paragraph in fine of the preamble to the Basic principles on
the use of restorative justice programmes in criminal matters (resolution 2002/12 of
the Economic and Social Council, appendix).
28
P. 47.
29
P. 5.
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30
www.pa.gov.br
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ProPaz centers a major part of its activities on schools; the main focus
in such a context is on building a culture of peace, through which one may
change the scenarios of violence that keep communities and families away
from formal education. The process takes place through dealing with issues
such as violence, the culture of peace and values at educational centers.
This type of action has involved more than one hundred public schools
in the metropolitan regions of Belém, Soure, Breves, Marabá, Santarém and
Abaetetuba, reaching a population of about 17,000 persons.
In the neighborhoods the program develops various types of activities
in an effort to reduce levels of violence through preventive actions with
children and adolescents in areas considered to be socially at risk, actions that
reinforce inclusion, interaction and integration.
The program is based on work that develops themes related to values,
respect, discipline and dialogue, among others, and the main objective is to
restructure standards of conduct, strengthen family ties and reduce rates of
violence.
It is extremely relevant to mention that this part of the ProPaz Program
operations during periods after school hours, or as activities in addition to
normal hours, so that those who study in the morning are served during the
afternoon, and those that study in the afternoon are served during the morning.
The activities developed in this context include sports of all types,
such as basketball, volleyball, handball, table tennis, swimming, as well
as computers, music, theatre, drawing and several others, all of which also
contributes towards revitalizing sporting and sociocultural spaces, which
receive new infrastructure. All of this strengthens social development and
mitigates violence in community spaces.
These actions that are developed as extracurricular activities are
complemented by programs during times when the boys and girls are on
vacation. They also involve arts, culture and sports for persons ages eight to
sixteen, as is the case with the activities performed for the people of Salinas,
Mosqueiro and Outeiro.
For older young people, ProPaz develops actions directed towards
promoting full citizenship for that age group by promotion vocational and
training activities, for the purpose of creating employment opportunities that
can improve the income of these persons, while also offering them Access to
sports, entertainment, art and culture:
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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05. Persons served at the ProPaz Integrated Unit (UIPP) Terra Firme
NUMBER OF
YEAR MUNICIPALITY SERVICES PERSONS
SERVED
Kite-making/ Contemporary
Dance/ Initiation to Theatre/ 600 boys, girls
2012 Belém
Theatre/ Belly Dancing/ Hip- and adolescents*
Hop/ Ballroom Dancing
Sports/Leisure/ Jiu-Jitsu /
251 boys, girls
2013 Belém Dance/ Capoeira/Information
and adolescents
Technology
Sports/Leisure/ Jiu-Jitsu / 316 boys, girls
2014 Belém
Dance/ Capoeira and adolescents
Total 1,169
* Data refer to number of visits, not to the number of persons served.
Source: ProPaz Program, 2014.
Quite relevant also are the activities that the program has launched to
boost the development of social projects within the framework of associations
and cooperatives supported by ProPaz in order to obtain funds that will allow
them to generate income for families below the poverty line.
Another Project that has the objective of guaranteeing the rights
of boys, girls and adolescents is Integrated ProPaz, which, by integrating
psycho-social, medical and social promotion services in a single area,
promotes holistic and interdisciplinary attention to victims in those age groups
and women; the growth of interventions through this program can be seen in
the following graph:
58
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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6000 5359
5000 4357
4029
4000
3000
2000
1005 1267 1251 1178
731 803 936
1000
83
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
31
Discussion guide for the 13° Conference of the United Nations on Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice, paragraph 50 in fine.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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A) Restorative justice32
–– Many of the persons who cooperate with this program are retired or are
merchants, because they do not receive any economic remuneration;
they are community leaders nominated by the community, civic
organizations, churches, etc., who receive one hundred and twenty
hours of capacitation and a diploma.
32
The information and quantitative data are from the interview held in October 2014
with the Director for Alternative Mechanisms of the Ministry of Justice and Law,
Dr. Mario Córdoba.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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33
The palabreros solve conflicts among indigenous peoples by using mechanisms
such as mediation and other methods.
34
Information based on an interview held with Carlos Guzmán, of the Prevention
Group of the National Police (Bogotá, October 2014).
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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education in various areas such as art or sports; the actions of this group
have to do with community participation, environmental protection, cultural
expression and encouragement of civic principles with the objective of
achieving their integration into the life of the community35.
As regards institutional campaigns, the National Police act in the
areas of highway safety, traffic in illegal substances (at schools), and likewise
with the issue of substitution of illegal crops, a campaign that also implies
following up on alternative programs, as is the case in the Catacumbo region,
on the border with Venezuela.
This Project is very interesting, given that, according to the program
for Monitoring Coca Cultivation in Colombia for the year 201336, Catacumbo
is one of the zones with the highest density of cultivation of this plant in the
central region of the country37, so that work with campesinos in the area may
be relevant for achieving a positive influence in this issue.
In this same area of institutional campaigns, the National police have
also emphasized the issue of links with the community through recreational
activities in the case of communities with high levels of social exclusion, as
in the case of the Tumaco community, where they have worked with urban
culture themes on issues as varied as hip-hop or graffiti.
Among this population a program has been launched with participation
by the Anti-Narcotics Directorate of the National Police, involving boys, girls
and adolescents, raising their awareness regarding the drug problem38. This
is also placed in the formal educational system, and thus there are interesting
synergies developed with the Ministry of Education39.
In the area of shared responsibility, the National Police have developed
actions relation to inter-institutional management for citizen education and
worked in advising productive projects, while also cooperating with what are
called the Schools for Coexistence and Citizen Security.
35
http://www.policia.gov.co/portal/page/portal/Carabineros/ProgramaCarabineritos
36
UNODC, Bogotá, 2014 (http://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2014/Junio/
INFORME_MONITOREO_FINAL_-_BAJA_-.pdf)
37
Ibidem, p. 32.
38
See http://portal.policia.gov.co/is-co/Noticias/Lists/Noticias2011/Mostrar.
aspx?ID=5264.
39
http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/observatorio/1722/article-213819.html.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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The latter can also be a useful tool for close involvement with civil
society; as stated in the National Policy for Security and Citizen Coexistence40,
strengthening them should be an objective to be achieved, and this “…with
the purpose of linking the community for prevention and denouncing crime,
exchanging information and working in solidarity…”41.
The schools thus presented become academic spaces for mediation
and alternative conflict resolution, through which they provide solution
to conflictive situations so as to reduce the need for having recourse to the
judicial system.
Another program that has developed a number of positive experiences,
because of its content and the population it targets is the one called Youth for
the good.
This initiative is interesting because it integrates the National Police
with entities of other areas both public and private. Local authorities are part
of it, as well as the National Apprenticeship Service, which has the task of
providing training in labor skills to young people, including those who are part
of gangs, and their families.
Some of the concrete actions of Youth for the good are listed as follows:
–– Experience of the Neiva Metropolitan Police with members of
hooligan fan groups of football teams: they were able to bring rival
fan groups together without violence and provided them with training
for developing artisanal activities.
40
Accessible at the portal of the National Department for Planning (http://www.
dnp.gov.co/portalDNP/grupo-de-convivencia/PNSCC%20FINAL%20AGO%20
2011.pdf); there is an English version on the site of the Presidency of the Republic
(http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Seguridad-Ciudadana/consejeria/Documents/
Pol%C3%ADtica%20Nacional%20de%20Seguridad%20y%20Coexistence%20
Ciudadana-Ingl%C3%A9s.pdf).
41
Ibidem, p. 25.
64
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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65
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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42
For more detailed information, see the portal for the Bogotá Central City Hall (http://
www.gobiernobogota.gov.co/lineas-estartegicas/territorios-de-vida-and-paz).
43
http://www.gobiernobogota.gov.co/lineas-estartegicas/rights-humanos-and-
sistema-distrital-de-justicia.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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and Justice and Law, the National Police and the Bogotá Central City Hall
all have programs that include fomenting alternative conflict solution. This
demonstrates that the purpose of encouraging this perspective has permeated
the national and police level, as well as the municipal level, which is in line
with the mandate of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
according to which:
On this same issue, one must draw attention to the initiative developed
by the Higher Council of the Judiciary regarding recognition of indigenous
jurisdiction. A position such as this makes for a response to conflict that is
more appropriate for the cultural conditions that may underlie a problematic
situation, and can also create a climate of greater confidence between the
communities involved and the criminal justice system45.
One of the issues dealt with San José de Costa Rica46 was that of
firearms, where “…the importance was noted of adopting measures for
preventing and combatting the use of firearms as a means of reducing the
number of homicides in the region, including organizing and conducting
special campaigns with the objective of eliminating the illicit use of firearms
by civilians…”47 It is precisely in light of such a recommendation that the
initiatives described above proposed by the Barranquilla Metropolitan
Police and or la Bogotá Central City Hall are especially relevant for such a
sensitive issue.
44
Resolution 2002/12 of ECOSOC, numeral 20.
45
In that regard, see UNODC: Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, Vienna,
2006, paragraph 2.7.
46
Regional Preparatory Meeting of Latin America and the Caribbean for the 13th
Conference of the United Nations on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
47
Informe, paragraph 64.
68
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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48
Principios y directrices de las Naciones Unidas sobre el acceso a la asistencia
jurídica en los sistemas de justicia penal (A/RES/67/187), paragraph 3 in fine.
49
Discussion guide for the 13° Conference of the United Nations on Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice, paragraph 112 in fine.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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50
According to the Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples 2013 of the General
Directorate for Statistics and Census of El Salvador.
51
See UNODC: Crime and Development in Central America, s. f., pp. 12 and following.
52
As in the case of youth gangs; on this point, see UNDP: Informe sobre Desarrollo
Humano para América Central 2009 – 2010, pp. 108 – 111.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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underage persons: according to data from UNICEF, from 2005 to 2013, a total
of 6,300 homicides were recorded of boys, girls and adolescents and 89% of
all homicides are concentrated among the population 15 to 19 years of age, of
which 87% are boys53.
Although violence is one of the main concerns among Salvadorians,
criminality has not fallen significantly, given the populist nature of the punitive
measures carried out, as is the case of heavy-handed measures deployed and
the so-called “super heavy hand” (sic) that soon followed them, but the laws
that were promulgated were later declared unconstitutional because of their
gross violation of the Constitution of El Salvador; such reforms led to the
jailing of hundreds of persons who were soon free because it was not possible
to prove their effective participation (lato sensu) in criminal acts.
As has just been explained, for many years El Salvador put an
emphasis solely on highly repressive positions when faced with the crime
phenomenon, without seeing its crime rates decline, so much so that in 2012
its homicide rate was 41.2 homicides per one hundred thousand inhabitants54,
one of the highest in the hemisphere.
In this context, the recent years have seen the creation of the Council
for Citizen Safety and Coexistence, which seeks to promote policies and
initiatives for prevention and social insertion of young people who are in at-
risk situations, to which are added efforts at articulation and inter-institutional
coordination among the powers of the State.
One of those efforts was materialized in the Juvenile Justice
Unit of the Supreme Court of Justice, whose activities include the
Youth Leadership Project, which has the objective of contributing to the
development of conditions that will enable the appropriate application and
execution of juvenile criminal justice, promote the specialization of its
operators and put in place mechanisms for achieving integral preparation
for young people, through articulating the activity of the courts with that
of public and private institutions.
53
The theme of homicide among underage persons is highlighted by the Global Study
on Homicide 2013 (Vienna, 2014, p. 16), which calls attention particularly with
regard to rates of homicide committed against youths in Central America, which is
four times higher than the global rate for this same age group.
54
UNODC: Global Study on Homicide 2013, Vienna, 2014, p. 24.
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B) Background
In the year 2008 the Juvenile Justice Unit of the Supreme Court of
Justice implemented a training process that capacitated thirty young people
55
as trainers in knowledge of juvenile justice and rights for children and youths,
in order to improve skills in participation and civic leadership, so as to allow
people to demand their rights and the corresponding policies.
To that end, a capacity-building program was developed called Rights
and Responsibilities of Childhood and Adolescence in Juvenile Criminal
Justice. Training Young Trainers.
The young people capacitated came from different institutions linked
to what at that time was the project, such as Projóvenes, Plan International,
the Juvenile Units of the Public Attorney’s Office for Human Rights, City Hall
of Mejicanos, Aldeas Infantiles SOS de Santa Tecla, as well as young people
submitted to sentences in open prison of the Juvenile Courts.
All of them met the profile required for leadership, public speaking
abilities, capacity to communicate with other young people and experience in
processes for training other young people or members of their communities.
Some of the young people soon transmitted their acquired knowledge,
using for that educational material that had been given to them (didactic
primers), a product of the capacity-building program that had been designed
by the same young people together with another participant invited from the
Art School of the University El Salvador.
Under the slogan “learning about juvenile justice from young
people to young people,” the capacity-building program called Rights
and Responsibilities of Childhood and Adolescence in Juvenile Criminal
Justice. Training Young Trainers fulfilled two major objectives: the first
consisted in capacitating young people as trainers, with educational strategies
for reproducing and disseminating knowledge regarding the rights and
responsibilities of childhood and adolescence in juvenile criminal justice,
and the second was to design and prepare materials for visualization such as
working primers and flipcharts to be used as a didactic tool by the participants.
It was thus possible to capacitate thirty young people and produce
three didactic primers for replication, which were called Social construction
55
Hereinafter, UJJ.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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56
Hereinafter LEPINA.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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development and citizenship formation and some of its main questions will
be about how one makes a citizen, what it means to be a subject with rights,
the forms through which the rights of young people should be achieved, how
to fully exercise citizenship through learning and participation as the key to
the process. There will also be an analysis of what is the focus of rights, what
are their basic principles, how to meet the obligations and responsibilities
that one has from a perspective of rights, in order to achieve public policies
and local development, through which to promote citizen participation and
programs focusing childhood and adolescence.
In a complementary manner, a workshop on the preparation and
design of projects will be added to this first module, so that young people
can have information and training at the moment when they are setting
up their proposals for replication, and to learn about their questions and
proposals for preparing their own projects to the carried out in communities
or towns with which they carry out activities of training and dissemination
of the knowledge acquired.
The second module, called Rights, guarantees and criminal liability
will develop issues related to legislation for childhood and adolescence,
beginning with protection, briefly studying the Convention on the Rights of
the Child and the foundations of the Integral Protection Law for Childhood
and Adolescence, related to general concepts of those rights, their duties and
guarantee, elaborating on the right of participation, as well as touching on
juvenile criminal liability, returning to the meaning of the Juvenile Criminal
Law and leaning about the juvenile criminal process. At the end of this
model participants will know the institutions that are part of the system for
full protection and the juvenile criminal justice system and what is the route
for denouncing or notifying a threat or infringement of rights.
The third module, Prevention of violence, is focused on identifying
what violence is and what types there are, promoting the culture of peace
and its values, knowing the contents of the Manifesto 2000 for a culture
of peace and no violence57 and its spheres of action; one of the workdays
should be especially dedicated to learning about the various practices,
programs or projects that already exist in the community that the young
people come from.
57
Launched by UNESCO (year 2009).
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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a) General objective
b) Specific objectives
c) Method
Forty young persons of both sexes aged between twelve and twenty
years and incorporated in projects of institutions working in this area were
selected.
They should fit the following profile: leadership, public speaking
skills, capacity to communicate with other young people, having studied at
least until the ninth grade, and preferably having participated in prior courses
for training in the rights of childhood and local development.
d) Resources
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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e) Follow up
A file will be put together containing the replication projects and the
coverage provided and this will be incorporated into the communications
media for promoting and disseminating the resulting good practices.
D) Conclusions
58
Discussion guide for the 13° Conference of the United Nations on Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice, paragraph 49.
59
World Bank: Crimen y Violencia en Centroamérica, 2011, p. 29.
60
Resolution E/CN.15/2014/L.13, paragraph 5.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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in the Report of the Regional Preparatory Meeting of Latin America and the
Caribbean for the 13th Conference of the United Nations on Crime Prevention
and Criminal Justice, according to which programs about the theme should
be provided at the municipal level, just as there should be participation of all
sectors of society, included, as mentioned above, the private sector61.
The communications media are also taken into account in this
initiative, and their role in preventing violence among young people is
embodied in number 41 of the Riyadh Guidelines62.
Finally, the youth leadership project described herein appears as
a tool that develops many of the major aspects in terms of prevention that
are recommended in the context of the United Nations system; it will be
necessary to wait for them to be effectively put into practice, as well as having
the corresponding evaluation process to determine if this is an interesting
initiative for replication.
A) General framework
61
A/CONF.222/RPM.3/1, paragraph 63.
62
United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, IV.D.
63
Hereinafter, PNAPTA.
79
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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64
Known as the Beijing Rules.
65
Known as the Riyadh Guidelines.
80
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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66
Regarding participation by civil society in drawing up public policies involved with
crime prevention, according to the contents of the Salvador Declaration (see the
Guide, paragraph 51).
67
Such as the Public Prosecution Service, the Court System or the Ministry of Justice.
68
As is the case with the Ministry of Education or Health.
69
See www.oijj.org/is/organizations/general/ongd-cometa-compromiso-desde-la-
infancia-and-adolescence.
70
See www.comisedh.org.pe.
81
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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71
See www.cedro.org.pe.
72
National Plan for Prevention and Treatment of the Adolescent in Conflict with
the Criminal Law, National Council on Crime Policy, Lima, 2013, p. 10 ab initio
(found at http://sistemas3.minjus.gob.pe/sites/default/files/documentos/dgpcp/
plan-nacional/PNAPTA-2013-2018.pdf)
73
Corresponding to Workshop 4.
74
See specifically in point B.2.e.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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75
See paragraph 4.2.4.4 of the Plan.
76
Contained in number 41.
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06. Drug consumption among the high school population in Peru (year 2009)
Sex
Type of drug
Men Women
Alcohol 26.9 22.1
Tabacco 22.8 12.9
Total legal 32.7 25.2
Inhalants 2.6 1.4
Marijuana 3.5 1.2
PBC 1.4 0.5
Cocaine 1.4 0.5
Ecstasy 2.0 0.9
Other drugs 0.5 0.2
Total illegal 6.3 2.9
Tranquilizers 4.8 4.4
Stimulants 5.3 4.3
Total medical 7.1 6.5
Source: PANPTA, p. 35.
From the table above it can be seen that for the period reported, 6
% of male high school students had consumed some type of illegal drug
and that 32.7 % consumed alcohol or tobacco; while among females in the
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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same education cycle, 3 % had consumed illegal drugs and more than 25 %
consumed alcohol or tobacco.
Those data can be complemented with other tables that reflect the
occurrence of this type of substance in delinquent behavior by persons of
minor age:
No responde
77
This is so not only because of the scourge of drugs per se, but also because of the
other problems associated with it, such as the cases of delinquency committed by
young addicts and the participation (lato sensu) of young persons in illicit activities
connected to the production and sale of stupefacient substances.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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addiction under the aegis of the Ministry of Health with sufficient funding for
carrying out drug prevention policies in schools and in districts in situations of
greater vulnerability. There could also be interventions of the same nature in
the closed youth rehabilitation centers and in the youth guidance centers that
operate under an open regime.
78
SRSALP.
79
Taken from PNAPTA, p. 43.
86
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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80
Taken from PNAPTA, p. 48.
81
There also needs to be an integrated policy for programs that combine work training
in school and the workplace, especially in districts that present the highest crime
rates, the same as in the youth rehabilitation centers, which would allow them to
construct a life project related to work, considering that the national policies for this
issue have not produced the desired results.
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As well as what has already been explained, PNAPTA, with its very
clear integral vision has also done an analysis of the system for administering
criminal Justice, since it also visualizes some of the problems that, when the
agencies for formalized social control are called in, could have an effect on the
way in which delinquency by minors is handled.
One of the problems is the rise in the volume of sanctions that
occurred in Peru in the year 2007, a rise that led to a three to six year increase
in sentences depriving of liberty, which, according to the figures shown in the
Plan have had a very negative influence in leading to an increase in the prison
population, and the resulting problems with overcrowding.
There is also reference to problems with the manner of criminal
prosecution and the way in which the judiciary operates:
PNAPTA, p. 164.
82
88
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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83
PNAPTA, p. 58 in fine.
84
See, verbi gratia, General Observation N° 10 (2007): Los derechos del niño en la
justicia de menores, paragraph 73.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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In analyzing the risk factors and problematic situations that the Plan
detects in the operation of the various structures involved in running the
juvenile criminal justice system in relation to violations by minors, thre are a
series of failures to which PNAPTA proposes through a number of strategic
initiatives, some of which are mentioned below.
–– Youth houses.
These houses are municipal facilities that can help adolescents in at-
risk situations through participating in recreational activities such as sports,
arts, etc.
These locations are visualized as spaces where young people can
employ their free time in a positive manner, a proposal which should focus on
acting very concretely in preventing problems such as violence and addiction
to stupefacients.
From the point of view of the recommendations made in the Guide, this
type of strategic of strategic approach fully complies with the focus on public
participation in strengthening prevention85, since it is expressly presented as
an initiative that should have participation not only by State entities such as
the municipalities and the Ministries of Education, Labor and Justice, but
also academic institutions and private enterprise86, through an appeal to this
social responsibility. The purpose is to seek “…to call for participation by
85
Item 6 of the Guide.
86
See p. 150 del PNAPTA.
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As can be seen from the name of this specific strategic initiative, the
intent is to promote a restorative focus in the context of juvenile criminal
justice, with an emphasis on remission, a mechanism with an eminently
restorative impulse, which will be promoted by entities such as the Public
Prosecution Service88. The emphasis is on the importance of the capacity-
building necessary for driving the program and the expectation is to involve
non-governmental organizations and private sector entities in all of this, based
on the vision that the entire community has a role to assume in this process89.
As was noted earlier in this section on PNAPTA, the Plan takes a clear
position regarding the important role that the news media are call upon to perform.
Based precisely on that perception, a strategic initiative is dedicated
specifically to this issue, which calls for, among other things, the dissemination
of content related to preventing problematic behaviors among young persons,
campaigns on the restorative focus and campaigns with a positive focus
on gains with the social reinsertion programs of for minors in conflict with
criminal law, which is in line with one of the recommendations of the Guide
contained in Workshop 490.
87
Ibidem, p. 170.
88
See National Council for Criminal Policy Criminal (General Directorate for Criminal
and Penitentiary Policy): Documento de Trabajo N° 6: Estrategia de Implementación
del Plan Nacional Plan de Prevención y Tratamiento del Adolescente en Conflicto
con la Ley Penal, Lima, 2013, p. 10 ab initio.
89
See UNODC: Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, Vienna, 2006, p. 8.
90
See paragraph 125c of the Guide.
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PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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It was also mentioned above that PNAPTA shows that in the criminal
justice system there are weaknesses in specialization among employees in
all stages and sectors. In terms of strategic initiatives, this diagnosis makes it
possible to propose a line of action involving capacity-building for all of those
actors, to wit, police, public defenders, prosecutors and judges91.
F) Final observations
91
Another strategic initiative specifically deals with capacitating personnel involved
in implementation (see p. 168 of the Plan).
92
See the example of initiative 05 on healthy and safe public spaces, which promote
the recovery of public spaces to be used for recreation, arts, sports and other uses
(p. 154 ab initio of PNAPTA).
93
See also in this respect (Spanish version) the Informe de la Reunión Preparatoria
Regional de América Latina y el Caribe para el 13° Congreso de las Naciones
Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, celebrada en San José de
Costa Rica del 19 al 21 de febrero de 2014, p. 13.
92
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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94
New Model for Prison Management: Reporte PPL de datos preliminares acerca de
situación educativa en la reforma penitenciaria dominicana. National Coordination
of the New Model for Prison Management, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic,
2012.
95
Program of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Regional Report
on Human Development 2013-2014. Citizen Security human face: Evidence and
proposals for Latin America. UNDP, New York, 2013, p.27.
93
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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a) Literacy
09. Number of persons deprived of liberty who have been through the
additional program “Quisqueya Learns with You”, January - October
201498
96
Hereinafter NMGP.
97
National Penitentiary School of the Dominican Republic: Oferta educativa de
la ENAP. Capítulo “Alfabetización”. ENAP, Santo Domingo, D.N., Dominican
Republic, 2013.
98
New Penitentiary Model: Datos generales de educación, período enero a octubre
2014. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
94
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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b) School education
99
National Workshop for Statistics of the Dominican Republic. Available at: http://
www.one.gob.do/index.php?Module=articles&func=view&catid=98
100
New Model for Prison Management: Reporte PPL de datos preliminares acerca de
situación educativa en la reforma penitenciaria dominicana. National Coordination
of the New Model for Prison Management, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic,
2012.
95
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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c) Higher education
101
New Model for Prison Management: Nota de prensa oficial sobre educación
superior en las prisiones dominicanas, de fecha 14 de febrero de 2014. National
Coordination of the New Model for Prison Management, Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic, 2014.
102
New Model for Prison Management: Compilación de reportes diarios de los
Centros de Corrección y Rehabilitación (CCRs) del Nuevo Modelo de Gestión
Penitenciaria, correspondentes a los años 2003-2013. Meses seleccionados. Santo
Domingo, D.N., 2012.
103
New Model for Prison Management: Compilación de reportes diarios de los
Centros de Corrección and Rehabilitación (CCRs) del Nuevo Modelo de Gestión
Penitenciaria, correspondientes a los años 2010-2012. Meses seleccionados. Santo
Domingo, D.N., Dominican Republic, 2012.
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their families and the Center, pursuant to the terms of current legislation104.
This allows prisoners to contribute towards supporting their families and
descendants and save up for their life in freedom, while also being capacitated
in an occupation, as part of the treatment.
104
Dominican Republic. LEY 224-84, sobre régimen penitenciario. Publicada en la
Gaceta Oficial No. 9640, de fecha 26 de junio de 1984.
105
New Penitentiary Model: Datos generales de education, período enero a octubre
2014. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2014.
106
The Correction and Rehabilitation Centers are numbered in chronological order,
referring to their date of inauguration. Because of that, the most recent Centers
(last on the list) show fewer graduates than those that have been in operation for a
longer period.
97
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107
The traditional system was led by armed military and proved incapable of
managing violence, and so the reformed system opted for specialized civilian
personal, convinced that the teaching of military disciplines is incompatible with
the treatment that the person deprived of liberty needs.
108
For this and other information about the program, visit the official web page of
the National Penitentiary School: http://enap.pgr.gob.do/Repository/Documentos/
Novedades/Propuesta_maestria_Gestion_Educativa.pdf
98
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D) Fighting overcrowding
109
Statistics from the Attorney General’s Office of the Dominican Republic, published
in Elías CARRANZA (coord.): Criminalidad, cárcel y justicia penal en América
Latina: Cómo implementar el modelo de derechos y obligaciones de las Naciones
Unidas. Siglo XXI Editores, ILANUD, RWI, 2009, p. 62.
110
Attorney General’s Office of the Dominican Republic, en ibid., CARRANZA, p. 62.
99
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confront. On not a few occasions, the criminal jurisdiction has sent a sentenced
or accused person to one of the transformed prisons where there was no bed
for the condemned person to sleep in. Without alternatives, the authorities
of the transformed institutions have defied the sentences, noting that in the
NMGP they would no longer receive more persons that the number that could
be maintained with dignity and humanity in the prison.
Below are details of the number of persons confined and the number
of places available in each one of NMP Correction and Rehabilitation Centers
(persons deprived of liberty/places) on the sixth of November, 2014:
• CCR-1 (Puerto Plata) 528/569;
• CCR-2 (Najayo Women) 302/308;
• CCR-3 (Haras Nacionales) 32/64;
• CCR-4 (Dajabón) 89/90;
• CCR-5 (Rafey Women) 69/69;
• CCR-6 (Elias Piña) 127/130;
• CCR-7 (Mao Valverde) 302/393;
• CCR-8 (Rafey Men) 669/679;
• CCR-9 (Monte Plata) 402/417;
• CCR-10 (Vista al Valle) 537/705;
• CCR-11 (San Pedro de Macorís) 835/924;
• CCR-12 (La Isleta Moca) 788/878;
• CCR-13 (Baní Women) 83/90;
• CCR-14 (Abamuya-Higuey) 1,011/1,152;
• CCR-15 (Cucama-La Romana) 703/720;
• CCR-16 (Pinito-La Vega) 822/960;
• CCR-18 (Femenino Sabana Toro) 50/84.
There are, thus, a total of 7,349 persons deprived of liberty and 8,232
places, meaning 89 persons deprived of liberty for every 100 places. As of
100
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11%
89%
111
New Model for Prison Management: Relación de PPLs and capacidad de los
CCRs, al 31de octubre del 2014. Attorney General’s Office of the Republic, Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2014.
101
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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F) Challenges
112
This reform has been pointed out as an exemplary model, so much so that a Center
of Excellence for Penitentiary Reform (connected to UNODC) has been established
in Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic.
102
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113
See article 24.1 of the Political Constitution of the Dominican Republic, proclaimed
on January 26. Published in the Official Gazette No. 10561, of January 26 2010 and
more than thirty articles in which offenders are condemned to “civic degradation”
in the Criminal Code of the Dominican Republic in effect in November 2014.
103
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A) Center of Excellence
114
According to the Global Study on Homicide 2013 (UNODC, Vienna, 2014, p. 24),
the homicide rate for Mexico is currently 21.5 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
115
http://www.cdeunodc.inegi.org.mx/?lf=112&lng=is
104
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Delinquency 2014-2018
http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5343087&fecha=30/04/2014
105
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In 2012, the General Law of the National Public Security System was
issued, having been published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on 2
January 2009, as well as the General Law for Social Prevention of Violence and
Delinquency, of 24 January 2012 and later on the implementing regulations
for the second law117.
The first law regulates the integration, organization and functioning
of the National System for Public Security, establishes the distribution of
jurisdictions and the bases for coordination between the Federation, States,
Federal District and municipalities, provides for citizen participation and
crime prevention policies through creation of the National Center for Crime
and Citizen Prevention (CNPDyPC), that was established in August 2010 with
the mission of promoting a culture of peace, legality, respect for human rights,
citizen participation and a life free of violence through the planning of policies
for prevention.
The second law establishes the planning, scheduling, implementation
and evaluation of public policies through strengthening the powers of the
CNPDyPC. Among its priority objectives are:
E) Budget
F) Results
Given that these strategies are still very new, elements are still lacking
to be able to evaluate the results achieved by these actions.
2014
http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5324132&fecha=03/12/2013
108
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120
United Nations Development Group: Guidelines on questions regarding indigenous
peoples, New York, 2009, p. 8.
121
Ibidem, p. 9.
109
PRACTICES FOR PREVENTING
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122
By way of an example one may see paragraphs 66, 74 and 77 of the rapport by the
Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples regarding the situation of
the indigenous peoples in the Russian Federation (A/HRC/15/37/Add.5) regarding
their educational and health conditions.
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The gap between the aboriginal population and the rest of the
population is notorious and seen concretely in the fact that eight million
indigenous children live in housing with severe material deprivation123, and
that will also impact other variables such as health, given that inappropriate
housing conditions create conditions that add to problems in that area.
The general overview in terms of health and housing, just two
mention two variables as examples, clearly points to the situation of poverty
123
CEPAL: Pobreza infantil en pueblos indígenas and afrodescendientes de América
Latina, 2012, p. 82.
111
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Taken from United Nations, Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues:
State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, New York, 2009, pp. 27 – 28.
112
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To mention only one more aspect, to wit, the infant mortality rates
among indigenous peoples, it should be noted that these show very high
degrees of inequality in relation to those of the other populations124: for the
cases of Mexico125, Panama and Peru these rates triple for the indigenous
compared to the non-indigenous, while for Bolivia they are greater than one
hundred percent126
The scenario described above is quite clear as to the inequality
prevalent in Latin America in relation to the original populations, a situation in
Sharp contrast to the various proposals expressed in the different International
Law instruments that regulate this issue.
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Original Peoples
establishes a series of rights whose realization in the great majority of countries
in the area is, nonetheless, still being developed127.
124
With the sole exception of Costa Rica, according to CEPAL (The indigenous
peoples in Latin America, p. 85).
125
Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: State of
the World’s Indigenous Peoples, op. cit., p. 221.
126
Ibidem.
127
Relating to the variables mentioned here, for example, see article 21.
128
State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, op. cit., pp. 62 – 63.
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Closely related to the issues in this rapport are those related to the
position of indigenous persons as victims; in that regard, one must unfortunately
mention that there is a series of situations to which this population is exposed,
especially because of the discrimination directed at them.
This victimization takes several forms, but the majority have to do
with the disadvantaged situation that the aboriginal peoples suffer because of
their condition.
One of the most important aspects related to this issue has to do
with the constant losses of lands that they suffer. To adequately understand
the relevance of this problem it must be clearly understood that the relation
indigenous persons have with their land is especially transcendent in the
context of their world view, and is in line with the relation that their ancestors
had with it.
129
This specific theme of indigenous persons in conflict with criminal law will be
referred to later in a specific section related to the prison issue.
130
It will be sufficient here to remember the importance the restorative focus has at the
worldwide level today, a focus for which indigenous forms of conflict resolution
were one of the sources.
114
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131
Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, op cit., p. 227.
132
Ibidem.
133
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, Permanent Forum on
Indigenous Issues: Bulletin Indigenous youth: identity, challenges and hopes, 2013
(E/C.19/2013/3), paragraph 24.
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it, to wit, forests, animals and so on. All of this is critical to their world reason,
and for that reason ecological crimes involve greater harm to the indigenous
population.
Such activities are carried out openly, sometimes with an attitude of
omission on the part of the central States or even at times with their active
participation. Meanwhile, violations of this nature are also carried out by
private parties who simply invade indigenous territories for the purpose of
plundering their natural resources by illegally cutting trees.
An appropriate prevention policy for this issue should take into
account not only the perspective of protecting natural resources within the
scope of environmental crime, but should also emphasize that criminal
behavior is an infringement of the natural heritage that forests, rivers and all
other environmental resources represent for indigenous peoples. This should
also call for a more coordinated work by the several agencies charged with
prosecuting environmental crimes and in reference to indigenous persons
as victims, when the environmental damage happens within the geographic
scope of their territories or in areas surrounding them.
One factor that leaves indigenous populations more vulnerable
to crime is the migrant condition that they frequently have when they are
nomadic or semi-nomadic.
The Ngäbe or the Buglé are examples of such highly mobile peoples
who live in the Veraguas, Bocas del Toro and Chiriquí zones in Panama and
who, as part of their culture constantly cross the border to Costa Rica, where
they perform seasonal work in agriculture.
Their conditions as poor migrants with limitations due to language
and belonging to an ethnic group usually discriminated against make them
more vulnerable to crime and to labor exploitation.
It should be noted that Costa Rica has a classification for labor
exploitation, an act that is punishable by a prison sentence that can be quite
long, for those cases in which:
One good practice has been the instruction given by the Attorney
General’s Office of Costa Rica to the special prosecutors for indigenous
issues at the Public Prosecution Service for them to pay special attention to
this migrant indigenous population because of their condition as an especially
vulnerable population135.
134
Article 189 bis of the Criminal Code.
135
http://ministeriopublico/victimas_testigos/fiscalia_indigena/normativa/06-
PPP-2014.pdf.
136
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/EGM_13_youth_recs.pdf.
117
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IV- RECOMMENDATIONS
Without intending to have exhausted the subject and solely with the
objective of underlining some of the main points of this document, some
recommendations are presented as follows, based on the issues dealt with in
this rapport.
–– Latin America faces a situation of great violence that is largely
a product of the structural violence that is so prevalent in that
geographic area, reflected, for example in high homicide rates.
Nonetheless, our societies need to confront this situation without
falling back on criminal policy actions that focus on repressive
prevention, a tool that so far has been implemented in the different
penal systems in the sub-region – all too often with the support of
the mass communications media – with a biased enforcement of
Criminal Law on less favored groups. There is also a tendency to
focus on reform movements that tend to reduce procedural guarantees
and to increase the use of imprisonment, a circumstance that leads
to a situation of overcrowding, which results in a prison system that
violates the fundamental guarantees of persons deprived of liberty.
–– Any and all mechanisms that tend towards improving procedures for
systematizing information need to be encouraged, as this will provide
better conditions for formulating public policies.
119
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120
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
ÍNDICE
PRESENTACIÓN............................................................................... 127
PREFACIO......................................................................................... 131
I- ANTECEDENTES............................................................................. 135
II- INTRODUCCIÓN.............................................................................. 137
1. La situación de la violencia en América Latina............................. 137
2. Las respuestas de política criminal que se han
adoptado frente al problema de violencia descrito........................ 141
3. El Derecho Penal eficaz y sus consecuencias en el universo
de lo carcelario.................................................................................. 143
4. Sobre la necesidad del control de la población penal y el
necesario respeto a la capacidad de los centros penitenciarios:
el sistema de cuotas............................................................................... 148
5. ¿Hay alternativas a los enfoques de mano dura, de just
desert y del Derecho Penal eficaz?................................................... 159
III- ALGUNAS EXPERIENCIAS POSITIVAS DE
PREVENCIÓN DESPLEGADAS O PROYECTADAS
PARA LATINOAMÉRICA................................................................ 161
1. El programa ProPaz (Pará, Brasil)................................................. 161
A) Las acciones de prevención desarrolladas por ProPaz................. 163
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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D) Conclusiones................................................................................. 184
4. El Plan Nacional de Prevención y Tratamiento del
Adolescente en Conflicto con la Ley Penal (Perú)......................... 186
A) Marco general............................................................................... 186
B) Sobre el consumo de sustancias estupefacientes.......................... 191
C) Sobre la deserción escolar y la entrada temprana
al mercado laboral........................................................................ 193
D) Sobre los procesos de criminalización primaria y secundaria
y su influencia en la gestión de las infracciones de las
personas menores de edad en el Perú........................................... 195
E) De las iniciativas estratégicas propuestas por el PNAPTA........... 197
F) Observaciones finales................................................................... 199
5. Buenas prácticas en República Dominicana con potencial
para ser replicadas en los demás países de la subregión en
materia de educación en las prisiones y de combate al
hacinamiento carcelario................................................................... 200
A) Situación educativa de las personas privadas
de libertad al momento de su ingreso........................................... 200
B) Educación intramuros................................................................... 201
a) Alfabetización.......................................................................... 201
b) Educación escolar................................................................... 202
c) Educación superior................................................................. 203
d) Educación técnica y para el oficio.......................................... 203
C) Desarrollo de un cuerpo especializado
para el trabajo penitenciario......................................................... 205
D) Combate del hacinamiento........................................................... 207
E) Modelo estatal-comunitario y su impacto
en la atención post-penitenciaria.................................................. 209
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F) Retos............................................................................................. 210
a) Problemas en la generación de estadísticas
nacionales confiables.............................................................. 210
b) Privación del voto a las personas detenidas............................211
6. Avances en materia de prevención del delito en México.................................................211
A) Centro de Excelencia.................................................................... 212
B) Programa Nacional de Prevención Social de la Violencia
y la Delincuencia 2014 – 2018 (PNPSVD).................................. 213
C) Reformas jurídicas y nuevas leyes que guían la política
de prevención del delito y su estructura administrativa............... 214
D) Lineamientos de la Política de Prevención Social de la
Violencia, la Delincuencia y la Participación Ciudadana............. 215
E) Presupuesto................................................................................... 216
F) Resultados..................................................................................... 216
7. Los pueblos originarios en América Latina: perspectivas
y retos en materia de prevención..................................................... 216
A) ¿Quiénes son los pueblos indígenas?........................................... 216
B) Situación de los pueblos originarios en América Latina.............. 218
C) El problema de los sistemas de resolución de conflictos
y administración de Justicia.......................................................... 221
D) Los indígenas como víctimas del delito....................................... 222
E) Los indígenas jóvenes privados de libertad.................................. 225
IV- RECOMENDACIONES..................................................................... 226
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PRESENTACIÓN
129
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PREFACIO
sorprendente que América Latina y el Caribe, región del mundo con la mayor
inequidad (World Bank, CEPAL) sea también la región del mundo con tasas
más altas de homicidios intencionales y otros delitos.
Un reconocimiento especial nos merece el trabajo realizado por los
Doctores Edmundo Oliveira y Douglas Durán Chavarria, el primero por
su visión política internacional y capacidad de organización, que puso al
servicio de los países de la región y de las Naciones Unidas, y el segundo
por su excelente labor como investigador y relator del trabajo del COPLAD,
función en la que en poco tiempo recogió, analizó y sistematizó la información
sobre la criminalidad y el funcionamiento de los sistemas de justicia penal
de tantos países de la región, exhibiendo sus caracteres comunes no obstante
su diversidad.
Finalmente reiteramos el agradecimiento del ILANUD, que nos
atrevemos a hacer también en el nombre de todos los países de América
Latina, al Gobierno Federal de Brasil, como asimismo a los Gobiernos de los
Estados de Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Bahia y Pará.
Elías Carranza
Director del Instituto Latinoamericano de las
Naciones Unidas para la Prevención del Delito
y el Tratamiento del Delincuente - ILANUD
133
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I- ANTECEDENTES
1
Acta N° 01 / 2013-ILANUD
2
En adelante, “el Comité”.
3
Según lo resuelto en el Forum de Bellagio, del año 2011.
135
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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temas, lo cual se encuentra en total sintonía con aquellos propósitos que han
inspirado los trabajos preparatorios del presente rapport, a saber, el interés
por contribuir positivamente a la generación de conocimiento sobre los temas
conexos, temas que de seguido se pasa a acotar.
En un primer momento se partió de que el rapport debía circunscribirse
-según el artículo segundo del acta citada en el párrafo primero del presente
documento- a las temáticas mencionadas en el Seminario 4 (“Contribución
pública a la prevención del delito y la promoción del conocimiento de la
justicia penal: experiencias y lecciones aprendidas”) que se incluye en la
Guía para las deliberaciones del 13° Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre
Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal4 / 5.
Mas, en una de las reuniones del Comité se planteó la ampliación
de las posibles temáticas por desarrollar, a lo contemplado en el Tema 6 del
Programa de la Guía.
La Guía establece, tal y como se desprende de su denominación
misma, los derroteros por los cuales deberán conducirse los documentos que
se presenten al Congreso de Qatar, en razón de lo cual se constituye en el
marco dentro del que deberán hacerse esas propuestas.
Como puede constatarse luego de la lectura de los parágrafos
respectivos de la Guía, son muy variados los temas que ahí se proponen; el
Comité se ha planteado cubrir algunos de tales temas en el desarrollo del
presente documento, ello a través del análisis de la situación de la criminalidad
a nivel subregional que se hace, lo mismo que por medio de los ejemplos de
acciones de prevención que se abordan más adelante, los cuales se ubican
dentro de la perspectiva que delinean el Seminario 4 y el Tema 6 del Programa
de la Guía en el contexto de los instrumentos de prevención principales de
Naciones Unidas.
4
A cuyo contenido se puede acceder en el portal de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas
contra la Droga y el Delito (http://unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ_
session22/ECN152013_CRP1_eV1380049.pdf).
5
En adelante la Guía.
136
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II- INTRODUCCIÓN
6
Steven MALBY, en HARRENDORF, HEISKANEN y MALBY: International
Statistics on Crime and Justice, HEUNI / UNODC, Helsinki, 2010, p. 7.
7
Viena, 2014.
8
Que se extrae de la página 23 del citado estudio.
137
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Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this
map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. Dotted line represents
approximately the line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India
and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed
upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the
Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between
the Governments of Argentina and the United kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the falkland Islands (Malvinas).
Source: UNODC homicide Statistics (2013).
138
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
PAÍS/TERRITORIO TASA
Honduras 90,4
Venezuela (Rep. Bolivariana de) 53,7
Virin Islands, USA 52,6
Belize 44,7
El Salvador 41,2
Guatemala 39,9
Jamaica 39,3
Swazilandia 33,8
Saint Kitts and Nevis 33,6
Sud África 31,0
Colombia 30,8
Bahamas 29,8
Congo (Rep. Democrática del) 28,3
Trinidad and Tobago 28,3
Puerto Rico 26,5
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25,6
Brazil 25,2
Rwanda 23,1
República Dominicana 22,1
Saint Lucia 21,6
Mexico 21,5
Dominica 21,1
Nigeria 20,0
E. Carranza: Elaborado a partir del UNODC Global
Study on Homicide, 2013:122 y ss
139
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Sin embargo, nuestras tasas no son sólo las más altas del globo, sino
que se da también el hecho de que el comportamiento de tales tasas es en los
últimos años siempre creciente, excepto quizá por el caso de El Salvador,
donde debido a una tregua negociada con las pandillas de jóvenes infractores,
las tasas han bajado sensiblemente9.
Como puede observarse, en general, el panorama planteado para
América Latina es uno de sociedades en las que hay altos niveles de violencia,
acá cuantificada por medio del indicador de las tasas de homicidio10/11
Resulta ahora importante, partiendo del escenario hasta acá explicado,
mencionar cuáles han sido algunas de las medidas que se han adoptado en los
diferentes países de la subregión para enfrentar tal situación, y cuáles han sido
las consecuencias de esas medidas.
9
UNODC: Global Study on Homicide 2013, op. cit., p. 34.
10
Mas, ello debe ser analizado tomando en cuenta que, como lo explica UNODC,
las tasas subregionales pueden ocultar grandes disparidades, como es el caso de
CHile, Uruguay y Argentina en el Cono Sur (Global Study on Homicide, op. cit.,
p. 22) o Costa Rica en América Central (Banco Mundial: Crimen y Violencia en
Centroamérica, 2011, p. 3 in fine), que muestra una tasa de alrededor de 8 homicidios
por cada 100.000 habitantes, mientras que, en el otro extremo, Honduras muestra la
más alta del planeta: 90,4 homicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes.
11
El homicidio se utiliza acá como indicador de la violencia en Latinoamérica por
las razones explicadas por MALBY y que se citan supra, no obstante lo cual no se
puede obviar que hay, naturalmente, otros tipos de delitos de suma gravedad que
también tienen su escenario en la subregión, tal el caso de la violencia de Estado,
artífice de numerosos casos de crímenes de lesa humanidad que en nuestro ámbito
geográfico se han abierto camino, para su juzgamiento, conforme a las legislaciones
ordinarias tanto penales como procesales acordes con los parámetros regionales
del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos, sin apelar a las soluciones de la
denominada Justicia transicional, lo que muestra un modelo más “normal”, pero
que no parece llamar la atención de los organismos internacionales; otro tipo de
delincuencia grave que se está dando en América Latina es aquel que tiene que
ver con el tráfico de personas, conducta que requiere políticas más fuertes y que
integren para su combate, además, la perspectiva de género.
140
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12
Douglas DURÁN: Prevención de la Violencia Juvenil y Fortalecimiento del Sistema
de Justicia Penal Juvenil, ILANUD, San José de Costa Rica, 2012, p. 36 ab initio.
13
Véase infra lo relativo a este tipo de enfoque para el caso particular de El Salvador.
14
Banco Mundial: Crimen y Violencia en Centroamérica, 2011, pp. 29 – 30.
141
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DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
Por otro lado, es relevante destacar que tales políticas de mano dura se
dirigen de manera selectiva contra los segmentos de población más desposeídos
y, con frecuencia, con un mayor sesgo respecto de grupos minoritarios como
los migrantes15, situación que se refleja también en la victimización, que suele
repartirse de forma análoga. Al mismo tiempo, la investigación policial y los
medios masivos de comunicación centran con una muy marcada preferencia
su atención en los casos en los que las víctimas no pertenecen a los sectores
más victimizados y más sometidos al encierro carcelario16.
A esta situación se suma el problema del sentimiento de inseguridad
que muchas veces es excesivo, aun y cuando pueda tener algún sustrato
en la realidad; este miedo al delito –que con frecuencia obedece en alguna
medida también al papel que desempeñan los medios de comunicación–
tiene consecuencias tangibles, puesto que sociedades con mayor sentimiento
de inseguridad son más propensas a demandar un mayor uso del Derecho
Penal y tienen tendencias mucho más marcadas hacia la puesta en marcha
de medidas autoritarias.
En lo procesal, se expande por la subregión un movimiento reformador
que tiende al modelo acusatorio, no obstante lo cual, en la práctica, se corre
el riesgo de desvirtuar el sentido de estas reformas, pues ante el predominio
neto de indiciados en las prisiones suelen proponerse soluciones con sentido
“eficientista” medidas sólo numéricamente, que simplifican el proceso penal,
abriendo la posibilidad de decisiones arbitrarias que fomentan la negociación,
de modo que puede resultar coactiva o extorsiva. Esto puede conducir a que
con el pretexto del sistema acusatorio se pase de “presos sin condena” a
“condenados sin juicio”, lo que no es en modo alguno deseable.
El modelo acusatorio mal interpretado, también puede dar lugar
a una concentración de poder muy peligrosa en la figura de la cabeza del
15
Vid. infra, verbi gratia, lo relativo a las poblaciones indígenas migrantes.
16
En lo que concierne a la policía, hay que mencionar que la autonomización de las
agencias policiales da lugar a que éstas gocen de fuentes de recaudación autónomas
corruptas que generan cajas que manejan sus cúpulas, provenientes de cánones o
ventajas cobradas para permitir o facilitar el ejercicio de actividades tanto lícitas
como ilícitas. La defensa de esa autonomía, la exigencia de mayores ámbitos de
recaudación y las disputas intracorporativas por el manejo de tales cajas, genera
disturbios y delitos que son susceptibles de desequilibrar gobiernos democráticos, al
tiempo que conspiran contra la eficacia preventiva propia de su función manifiesta.
142
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
17
Menores de edad, delito y prisión en América Latina, ILANUD, San José de Costa
Rica, 2013, p. 8.
143
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
PAÍS 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Arg 63 64 68 74 97 96 99 106 118 126 141 157 163
Bol 79 85 101 109 96
Bra 74 80 81 107 119 131 133 132 133 169 182
Col 92 96 97 98 120 129 128 139 157 170 157 178 199
CR 104 105 109 121 133 160 162 169 168 183 187 190 196
Chi 154 153 148 153 161 170 179 203 215 216 221 228 226
Ecu 74 81 81 85 95 81 79 70 65 63 69 77 87
El S 101 103 109 124 138 157 136 112 130 158 177 180 188
Gua 62 75 101 101 96
Hon 110 113 139 160 166 153 160 178 183
Méx 101 104 97 101 108 116 127 142 152 163 170
177 185
Nic 78 78 91 98 111 106 132 143 128 124 131
112 116
Pan 176 215 221 229 269 282 292 294 293 320 341
361 360
Par 70 75 74 78 67 74 8592 107
Per 77 80 83 88 96 100 105 108 108 104 104
108 116
RD 145 135 151 161 129 140 165 168 189 150
Uru 96 99 100 99 101 106 120 122 129 148 170 203 215
Ven 101 112 106 97 85 104 104 103 98
144
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
(Continuación de la tabla)
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 PAÍS
164 152 149 152 163 161 Arg
80 86 85 107 130 Bol
193 211 219 226 238 247 253 Bra
207 179 174 188 158 169 193 227 232 Col
196 191 186 189 191 211 238 264 313 CR
228 259 290 318 312 320 311 Chi
91 107 128 118 112 114 107 143 Ecu
186 184 226 258 283 315 322 339 347 El S
87 84 83 88 71 78 84 91 98 Gua
170 159 148 148 149 152 154 153 Hon
196 200 200 202 208 203 203 213 214 Méx
117 111 121 120 103 111 134 151 Nic
359 356 342 275 298 347 378 404 Pan
109 105 99 100 96 96 109 Par
123 136 149 153 155 160 181 208 Per
143 148 164 166 202 211 212 RD
213 198 212 231 246 258 267 Uru
76 96 149 Ven
E. Carranza, ILANUD 2013. Elaborado con información
penitenciaria y policial oficial de los países, y datos de
población del Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de
Demografía (CELADE) –División de Población de la CEPAL,
Estimaciones y proyecciones de población, 2008. Las tasas de
Bolivia (2011), Perú 2011) y Venezuela (2010) fueron tomada
del ICPS, King’s College.
145
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
18
Otro caso en el que se violentan los derechos fundamentales de las personas en prisión,
es el de las personas con problemas de salud mental presas. Específicamente para
el caso del Brasil, la aplicación de medidas de seguridad significó antes, en muchos
casos, prácticamente una pena perpetua, situación que se ha comenzado a revertir
con la puesta en marcha de un programa dirigido específicamente a esta población, el
cual está dando resultados muy positivos, a saber, el Programa de Atençao Integral
ao Paciente Judiciário (PAI-PJ), iniciativa que ha sido impulsada, entre otros, por
el Tribunal de Justicia de Minas Gerais; este programa es especialmente relevante
puesto que permite la atención en medio abierto de infractores con problemas de
salud mental; en este proceso la intervención privilegia la búsqueda de las redes
necesarias para que la persona se reinserte en la sociedad, brindándole apoyo en
cuanto concierne, por ejemplo, a lo laboral o a los temas de educación o salud, entre
varios otros (vid. Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais: Relatório das atividades
desenvolvidas pelo PAI-PJ, Belo Horizonte, 2014).
146
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
Una vez más, es útil citar a CARRANZA19 para dar una idea de la
gravedad del problema:
19
Ibidem, p. 9.
147
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
20
Sobre todo por parte del Ministro Zaffaroni.
148
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
* Falta de privacidad.
* Condiciones precarias de vida o infrahumanas (población durmiendo en
zonas inadecuadas como pasillos y zonas de tránsito, sujetos durmiendo en
el suelo sin espuma o colchón, personas sin una cama para reposar al menos
durante el día y sin poder dormir por la noche sino hasta que cesa toda la
actividad, sujetos sin espacio para guardar sus objetos personales, etc.)
* Limitaciones de comunicación (teléfonos públicos insuficientes y reducido
espacio para la visita).
* Limitaciones en la atención técnica (funcionarios técnicos insuficientes,
largas filas y prolongada espera para obtener atención).
* Limitación de servicios de salud (autoridades de salud no satisfacen toda
la demanda de la población).
21
Al respecto, ver Elías CARRANZA: Cárcel y Justicia penal: el modelo de derechos
y obligaciones de las Naciones Unidas, y una política integral de seguridad de los
habitantes frente al delito, en Elías CARRANZA (Coordinador): Cárcel y Justicia
penal en América Latina y el Caribe, ILANUD / Siglo XXI Editores, México, 2009,
p. 63.
149
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
22
Ver al respecto Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Informe sobre los
Derechos Humanos de las Personas Privadas de Libertad en las Américas, O.E.A.,
2011, p. 176
157
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
23
P. 48, parágrafo 118 ab initio.
159
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
24
Parágrafo 116 (p. 48).
25
UNODC, Viena, 2006.
26
Ibidem, p. 8 ab initio.
27
Véase al respecto, también, el párrafo quinto in fine del preámbulo a los Principios
básicos sobre la utilización de programas de justicia restaurativa en materia penal
(resolución 2002/12 del Consejo Económico y Social, anexo).
28
P. 47.
29
P. 5.
160
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
acerquen a la población, sobre todo, joven, son acciones, todas, que contribuyen
a superar el paradigma de la prevalencia de la prevención represiva que, según
se explicaba en los acápites que preceden, se ha dado en la subregión hasta
el momento, y que ha aportado tan poco para la reducción de la violencia en
Latinoamérica; son precisamente algunas de tales acciones las que se pasa de
seguido a describir y comentar.
30
www.pa.gov.br
161
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
NÚMERO DE
AÑO MUNICIPIO SERVICIOS PERSONAS
ATENDIDAS
Confecção de Pipa/ Dança
Contemporânea/ Iniciação Teatral/ 600 niños, niñas y
2012 Belém
Teatro/ Dança do Ventre/ Hip adolescentes*
Hop/ Dança de Salão
Esporte/Lazer/ Jiu-Jitsu / Dança/ 251 niños, niñas y
2013 Belém
Capoeira/Informática adolescentes
Esporte/Lazer/ Jiu-Jitsu / Dança/ 316 niños, niñas y
2014 Belém
Capoeira adolescentes
Total 1.169
Otro proyecto que tiene por objeto garantizar los derechos de los
niños, niñas y adolescentes es ProPaz Integrado que, a través de la integración
de los servicios psicosociales, médicos y de promoción social en una sola
área, promueve la atención integral e interdisciplinaria de las víctimas de estas
franjas etarias y de las mujeres; el crecimiento de las intervenciones a través
de este programa se puede ver en el cuadro siguiente:
6000 5359
5000 4357
4029
4000
3000
2000
1005 1267 1251 1178
731 803 936
1000
83
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
31
Guía para las deliberaciones del 13° Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre
Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, parágrafo 50 in fine.
166
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
A) Justicia restaurativa32
32
La información y los datos cuantitativos se extraen de la entrevista realizada en
octubre del año 2014 al Director de Mecanismos Alternativos del Ministerio de
Justicia y del Derecho, Dr. Mario Córdoba.
167
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
33
Los palabreros resuelven conflictos en los pueblos indígenas haciendo uso de
mecanismos tales como mediación, entre otros.
168
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
34
Información basada en entrevista realizada a Carlos Guzmán, del Grupo de
Prevención de la Policía Nacional (Bogotá, octubre de 2014).
35
http://www.policia.gov.co/portal/page/portal/Carabineros/ProgramaCarabineritos
36
UNODC, Bogotá, 2014
(http://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2014/Junio/INFORME_
MONITOREO_FINAL_-_BAJA_-.pdf)
169
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
en la región central del país37, de manera que el trabajo con los campesinos del
área puede ser relevante para influir positivamente en el tema.
En esta misma área de las campañas institucionales, la Policía
Nacional también ha puesto énfasis en el tema de los vínculos con la
comunidad por medio de actividades lúdicas en el caso de comunidades con
niveles altos exclusión social, como en el caso de la comunidad de Tumaco,
donde se ha trabajado en campos de la cultura urbana tan variados como el
hip-hop o el grafiti.
En esta población se ha puesto en marcha un programa en el que participa
la Dirección Antinarcóticos de la Policía Nacional que involucra a niños,
niñas y adolescentes, concienciándolos sobre la problemática de las drogas38
y que se inserta en el sistema educativo formal, por lo que también son
interesantes las sinergias desarrolladas con el Ministerio de Educación.39
En el tema de la responsabilidad compartida, la Policía Nacional
ha desarrollado acciones en lo relativo a la gestión interinstitucional para la
educación ciudadana, en el de asesoría a proyectos productivos, a la vez que ha
cooperado con las llamadas Escuelas de Convivencia y Seguridad Ciudadana.
Estas últimas pueden ser una herramienta útil en el tanto se
involucra de lleno a la sociedad civil; tal y como se declara en la Política
Nacional de Seguridad y Convivencia Ciudadana40, fortalecerlas debe ser
un objetivo a lograr, ello “…con el propósito de vincular a la comunidad
en la prevención y denuncia del delito, el intercambio de información y una
actuación solidaria…”41.
Las escuelas así planteadas se abren como espacios académicos sobre
mediación y resolución alternativa de conflictos, con lo cual se propician
37
Ibidem, p. 32.
38
Ver http://portal.policia.gov.co/es-co/Noticias/Lists/Noticias2011/Mostrar.
aspx?ID=5264.
39
http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/observatorio/1722/article-213819.html.
40
Accesible en el portal del Departamento Nacional de Planeación
(http://www.dnp.gov.co/portalDNP/grupo-de-convivencia/PNSCC%20
FINAL%20AGO%202011.pdf); hay una versión en inglés en el sitio de la
Presidencia de la República (http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Seguridad-Ciudadana/
consejeria/Documents/Pol%C3%ADtica%20Nacional%20de%20Seguridad%20
y%20Convivencia%20Ciudadana-Ingl%C3%A9s.pdf).
41
Ibidem, p. 25.
170
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
ALCALDÍA DE BOGOTÁ
PROGRAMA “TERRITORIOS DE VIDA Y PAZ ”
EJES TEMÁTICOS
- Entorno e infraestructura social para la paz y la convivencia.
- Niñez y juventud constructoras de paz.
- Cultura y fortalecimiento de idendades.
- Economía popular y generación de empleo e ingresos.
- Reducción de segregación y fortalecimiento del tejido social.
Seguridad y convivencia humana para la vida digna.
42
Para información más detallada, véase el portal de la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá
(http://www.gobiernobogota.gov.co/lineas-estartegicas/territorios-de-vida-y-paz).
173
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
43
http://www.gobiernobogota.gov.co/lineas-estartegicas/derechos-humanos-y-
sistema-distrital-de-justicia.
44
Resolución 2002/12 del ECOSOC, numeral 20.
174
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
45
En ese sentido, ver UNODC: Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, Viena,
2006, parágrafo 2.7.
46
Reunión Preparatoria Regional de América Latina y el Caribe para el 13° Congreso
de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal.
47
Informe, parágrafo 64.
48
Principios y directrices de las Naciones Unidas sobre el acceso a la asistencia
jurídica en los sistemas de justicia penal (A/RES/67/187), parágrafo 3 in fine.
175
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
49
Guía para las deliberaciones del 13° Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre
Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, parágrafo 112 in fine.
50
Según la Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples 2013 de la Dirección
General de Estadística y Censos de El Salvador.
176
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
51
Ver UNODC: Crime and Development in Central America, s. f., pp. 12 y siguientes.
52
Como en el caso de las pandillas de jóvenes; sobre el punto, ver PNUD: Informe
sobre Desarrollo Humano para América Central 2009 – 2010, pp. 108 – 111.
53
El tema del homicidio en perjuicio de personas menores de edad es destacado por
el Global Study on Homicide 2013 (Viena, 2014, p. 16), que llama la atención
particularmente respecto de las tasas de homicidio cometido contra jóvenes en
Centroamérica, que es cuatro veces mayor que la tasa global para esa misma franja
etaria.
177
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
sin que sus tasas de criminalidad bajaran, siendo que su tasa de homicidio era
en el año 2012 de 41,2 homicidios por cada cien mil habitantes54, es decir, una
de las más altas del hemisferio.
En ese contexto, se creó en años recientes el Consejo de Seguridad
Ciudadana y Convivencia, que busca fomentar políticas e iniciativas de
prevención e inserción social de jóvenes que están en situación de riesgo, a lo
cual se suman los esfuerzos de articulación y coordinación interinstitucional
entres los poderes del Estado.
Uno de esos esfuerzos se concreta en la Unidad de Justicia Juvenil
de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entre cuyas actividades se encuentra el
Proyecto de Liderazgo Juvenil, cuyo objetivo es contribuir al desarrollo
de condiciones que permitan la adecuada aplicación y ejecución de la
legislación penal juvenil, fomentar la especialización de sus operadores
y poner en marcha mecanismos para lograr una formación integral de los
jóvenes, mediante la articulación de la actividad de los tribunales y las
instituciones públicas y privadas.
B) Antecedentes
En adelante, UJJ.
55
178
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
56
En adelante LEPINA.
180
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
57
Lanzado por la UNESCO (año 2009).
182
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
a) Objetivo general
b) Objetivos específicos
c) Método
d) Recursos
e) Seguimiento
D) Conclusiones
58
Guía para las deliberaciones del 13° Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre
Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, parágrafo 49.
59
Banco Mundial: Crimen y Violencia en Centroamérica, 2011, p. 29.
60
Proyecto de resolución E/CN.15/2014/L.13, parágrafo 5.
61
A/CONF.222/RPM.3/1, parágrafo 63.
62
Directrices de las Naciones Unidas para la Prevención de la Delincuencia Juvenil,
IV.D.
185
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
A) Marco general
63
En adelante, PNAPTA.
64
Conocidas como Reglas de Pekín.
65
Conocidas como Directrices de Riad.
186
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
66
En relación con la participación de la sociedad civil en la elaboración de las políticas
públicas que tienen que ver con la prevención de la criminalidad, según el contenido
de la Declaración de Salvador (ver la Guía, parágrafo 51).
67
Como el Ministerio Público, el Poder Judicial o el Ministerio de Justicia.
68
Tal el caso del Ministerio de Educación o el de Salud.
69
Ver www.oijj.org/es/organizations/general/ongd-cometa-compromiso-desde-la-
infancia-y-adolescencia.
70
Ver www.comisedh.org.pe.
71
Ver www.cedro.org.pe.
188
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
72
Plan Nacional de Prevención y Tratamiento del Adolescente en Conflicto con la
Ley Penal, Consejo Nacional de Política Criminal, Lima, 2013, p. 10 ab initio
(ubicable en http://sistemas3.minjus.gob.pe/sites/default/files/documentos/dgpcp/
plan-nacional/PNAPTA-2013-2018.pdf)
73
Que corresponde al Seminario 4.
74
Ver específicamente el punto B.2.e.
189
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
75
Ver parágrafo 4.2.4.4 del Plan.
76
Contenido en el numeral 41.
190
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
Sexo Sexo
Tipo de droga Tipo de droga
Hombres Mujeres Hombres Mujeres
Alcohol 26.9 22.1 Éxtasis 2.0 0.9
Tabaco 22.8 12.9 Otras drogas 0.5 0.2
Total legales 32.7 25.2 Total ilegales 6.3 2.9
Inhalantes 2.6 1.4 Tranquilizantes 4.8 4.4
Marihuana 3.5 1.2 Estimulantes 5.3 4.3
PBC 1.4 0.5 Total médicas 7.1 6.5
Cocaína 1.4 0.5 _____ ____ ____
77
Ello es así no solamente por el flagelo del consumo de drogas per se, sino por las
demás problemáticas que se le asocian, tales los casos de la delincuencia llevada a
cabo por jóvenes toxicómanos y de la participación (lato sensu) de personas jóvenes
en actividades ilícitas ligadas a la producción y comercialización de sustancias
estupefacientes.
192
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
07. Población del SRSALP, por nivel de instrucción (período 2008 – 2012)
NIVEL DE INSTRUCCIÓN 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
TOTAL GRNL. 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Analfabeto 0,6% 1,0% 0,9% 0,9% 0,9%
Primaria completa 8,9% 8,7% 10,0% 10,5% 9,2%
Primaria incompleta 13,8% 15,5% 14,8% 14,2% 15,9%
Secundaria completa 11,5% 9,6% 13,7% 13,5% 11,9%
Secundaria incompleta 62,1% 62,6% 58,0% 59,1% 59,7%
Superior Téc. Completo 0,0% 0,2% 0,2% 0,0% 0,1%
Superior Téc. incompleto 2,2% 1,8% 1,5% 0,7% 1,4%
Superior Universitario 1,0% 0,6% 0,9% 1,1% 0,9%
Fuente: Gerencia de Centros Juveniles del Poder Judicial
Elaboración: MINJUS/Dirección General de Política Criminal y Penitenciaria79
78
SRSALP.
79
Tomado del PNAPTA, p. 43.
193
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
PNAPTA, p. 164.
82
195
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
83
PNAPTA, p. 58 in fine.
196
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
–– Casas de la juventud.
84
Ver, verbi gratia, la Observación General N° 10 (2007): Los derechos del niño en la
justicia de menores, parágrafo 73.
197
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
DEL DELITO URBANO EN AMÉRICA LATINA
85
Tema 6 de la Guía.
86
Ver p. 150 del PNAPTA.
87
Ibidem, p. 170.
88
Ver Consejo Nacional de Política Criminal (Dirección General de Política Criminal
y Penitenciaria): Documento de Trabajo N° 6: Estrategia de Implementación del
Plan Nacional de Prevención y Tratamiento del Adolescente en Conflicto con la Ley
Penal, Lima, 2013, p. 10 ab initio.
89
Ver UNODC: Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes, Viena, 2006, p. 8.
198
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F) Observaciones finales
90
Ver el parágrafo 125c de la Guía.
91
En otra iniciativa estratégica específica se aborda la capacitación de los funcionarios
destinados a la ejecución (ver p. 168 del Plan).
199
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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92
Véase a manera de ejemplo la iniciativa 05 sobre espacios públicos saludables y
seguros, que promovería la recuperación de espacios públicos para ser destinados a la
recreación, al arte y al deporte, entre otros (p. 154 ab initio del PNAPTA).
93
Ver también al respecto el Informe de la Reunión Preparatoria Regional de América
Latina y el Caribe para el 13° Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del
Delito y Justicia Penal, celebrada en San José de Costa Rica del 19 al 21 de febrero
de 2014, p. 13.
94
Nuevo Modelo de Gestión Penitenciaria: Reporte PPL de datos preliminares acerca
de situación educativa en la reforma penitenciaria dominicana. Coordinación
Nacional del Nuevo Modelo de Gestión Penitenciaria, Santo Domingo, República
Dominicana, 2012.
200
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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historial general de pobreza y marginalidad entre quienes ocupan las celdas (en
demasiados casos se trata de los efectos de la criminalización de la pobreza).
Sobre este particular, es justo señalar que este mal aqueja a toda la región. En
términos generales, en América Latina, la gran mayoría de personas privadas
de libertad ingresan al recinto sin haberse escolarizado exitosamente. Según
el PNUD, de una muestra de seis países de la región, aproximadamente tres
de cada cinco personas privadas de libertad no habían acabado los primeros
nueve años de escolaridad, y más de cuatro de cada cinco no habían terminado
los doce años de escolaridad95. La falta de educación, entonces, se traduce en
un síntoma común entre las personas que han infringido la norma penal en
toda la región, incluyendo a República Dominicana.
B) Educación intramuros
a) Alfabetización
95
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD): Informe Regional
de Desarrollo Humano 2013-2014. Seguridad Ciudadana con rostro humano:
diagnóstico y propuestas para América Latina. PNUD, Nueva York, 2013, p.27.
96
En adelante NMGP.
97
Escuela Nacional Penitenciaria de la República Dominicana: Oferta educativa de
la ENAP. Capítulo “Alfabetización”. ENAP, Santo Domingo, D.N., República
Dominicana, 2013.
201
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b) Educación escolar
98
Nuevo Modelo Penitenciario: Datos generales de educación, período enero a
octubre 2014. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.
202
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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c) Educación superior
103
Nuevo Modelo de Gestión Penitenciaria: Compilación de reportes diarios de los
Centros de Corrección y Rehabilitación (CCRs) del Nuevo Modelo de Gestión
Penitenciaria, correspondientes a los años 2010-2012. Meses seleccionados.
Santo Domingo, D.N., República Dominicana, 2012.
104
República Dominicana. LEY 224-84, sobre régimen penitenciario. Publicada en la
Gaceta Oficial No. 9640, de fecha 26 de junio de 1984.
105
Nuevo Modelo Penitenciario: Datos generales de educación, período enero a
octubre 2014. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, 2014.
106
Los Centros de Corrección y Rehabilitación están numerados en orden cronológico,
referente a la fecha de inauguración. Por ello, los más recientes (últimos en las
listas) presentan menos graduados que los que han estado en funcionamiento por
mayor tiempo.
204
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(Continuación de la tabla)
manejarse sin violencia, por lo que el sistema reformado ha optado por un personal civil
especializado, convencidos de que la enseñanza en disciplina militar es incompatible
con el tratamiento que requiere la persona privada de libertad.
205
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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108
Para esta y otras informaciones sobre el programa, visitar página web oficial de
la Escuela Nacional Penitenciaria: http://enap.pgr.gob.do/Repository/Documentos/
Novedades/Propuesta_maestria_Gestion_Educativa.pdf
206
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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109
Cifras de la Procuraduría General de la República Dominicana, publicadas en Elías
CARRANZA (coord.): Criminalidad, cárcel y justicia penal en América Latina:
Cómo implementar el modelo de derechos y obligaciones de las Naciones Unidas.
Siglo XXI Editores, ILANUD, RWI, 2009, p. 62.
110
Procuraduría General de la República Dominicana, en ibid., CARRANZA, p. 62.
207
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11%
89%
F) Retos
A) Centro de Excelencia
114
Según el Global Study on Homicide 2013 (UNODC, Viena, 2014, p. 24), la tasa
de homicidio de México es actualmente de 21,5 homicidios por cada 100.000
habitantes.
115
http://www.cdeunodc.inegi.org.mx/?lf=112&lng=es
212
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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Delincuencia 2014-2018
http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5343087&fecha=30/04/2014
213
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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E) Presupuesto
F) Resultados
Dado que estas estrategias son aún muy nuevas no se tienen los elementos
que servirán para valorar los resultados que con estas acciones se lograran.
Fiscal 2014
http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5324132&fecha=03/12/2013
216
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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120
Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo: Directrices sobre las cuestiones
relativas a los pueblos indígenas, Nueva York, 2009, p. 8.
121
Ibidem, p. 9.
217
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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122
Sólo como ejemplo se pueden ver los parágrafos 66, 74 y 77 del rapport del Relator
Especial sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas sobre la situación de los
pueblos indígenas de la Federación Rusa (A/HRC/15/37/Add.5) en cuanto a las
condiciones de educación y salud de los mismos.
218
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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123
CEPAL: Pobreza infantil en pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América
Latina, 2012, p. 82.
219
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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124
Con la sola excepción de Costa Rica, según la CEPAL (Los pueblos indígenas en
América Latina, p. 85).
125
Secretaría del Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para Cuestiones Indígenas:
State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, op. cit., p. 221.
126
Ibidem.
127
En relación con las variables acá mencionadas como ejemplo, ver el artículo 21.
128
State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, op. cit., pp. 62 – 63.
221
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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129
A este tema específico de las personas indígenas en conflicto con la norma penal se
hará referencia infra, en acápite aparte para cuanto concierne al tema carcelario.
130
Será suficiente recordar acá la importancia que tiene hoy el enfoque restaurativo
a nivel mundial, enfoque que tuvo entre sus fuentes a las formas indígenas de
resolución de conflictos.
222
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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131
Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, op cit., p. 227.
132
Ibidem.
133
Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, Foro Permanente para
las Cuestiones Indígenas: Informe La juventud indígena: identidad, desafíos y
esperanzas, 2013 (E/C.19/2013/3), parágrafo 24.
223
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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134
Artículo 189 bis del Código Penal.
135
http://ministeriopublico/victimas_testigos/fiscalia_indigena/normativa/06-
PPP-2014.pdf.
136
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/EGM_13_youth_recs.pdf.
225
PRÁCTICAS PARA LA PREVENCIÓN
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IV- RECOMENDACIONES
229
The Permanente latin Americe Committee for Crime Preventian
(COPLAD), composed of experts from 19 latin Americe Countries, is a
Programme of !he United Natians latin Americe lnstitufe for the
Prevention af Crime and the Trealmenl af Offenders (ILANUD).
The abjedives afs !he COPLAD are:
1 - Promoting Research for action vis-o-vis the curren! impod of
conventionol ond non•conventional tronsnotionol forms of crime on
countries of latin Americe and the Coribbean;
11 - Supplying technical assistance, facilitalion of knowledge and
predices exchanges ta !he benefit of governance and quality of lile in
harmony with economic growth and social progress;
111 -Disseminating studies and analysis an crime preventioninol justice,
violence control, criminal juslice, public security, recidivism, prison,
social readaplalion of offenders, olternative sandions and assislance to
proledion of vidims;
IV - Diligently fallowing principies and norms of the United Nalions
regarding wifh zeal to full resped for ta human rights;
V • Helping to make the world a more jusi and better place to live,
according lo the platforms of Sustoinable Millennium Development Goals.
The firsl adivity of mejor impartance, carried out by the Permanente
latin Americe Commiltee far Crime Prevenlion (COPLAD), was the
preparation of a pioneer updated Projed of Standard United Nalions
Rules far the Treatment of Prisoners, which was submitted to the Agenda
ltem 8, Workshop 2, of the 12"' United Nations Congress on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Salvador, Bahía, Brazil, from
April 12 to 19, 2010.
With this contribufion lo !he Agenda llem 6, Workshop 4, of !he 13"'
United Nafions Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Juslice, in
Doha, Qatar, from April 12 to 19, 2015, the Permanente latin Americe
Committee far Crime Prevention (COPLAD) is favouring a new path to
give substance lo ideas and efforts directed lowards !he exercise of
citizenship and improving !he well-being far people in lafin Americe.