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GenChem 2 Q3 Week 3-4
GenChem 2 Q3 Week 3-4
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE
Quarter 1 | Week 4
Colligative Properties of
Solutions
SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); and Calculate boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a solu-
tion(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
General Chemistry 2 – SHS
Self-Learning Package
Colligative Properties of Solutions
First Edition, 2020
SHS—General Chemistry 2
Competency: Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115); and Calculate boiling
point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a solu-
tion(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
Introductory Message
Welcome!
The Self-Learning Package for Senior High School is developed to guide you
our dear learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum.
The Self-Learning Package is developed to help you, dear learner, in your needs
to continue learning even if you are not in school. This learning material aims to pri-
marily provide you with meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning.
Being an active learner, carefully read and understand to follow the instructions giv-
en.
REMEMBER ….
To answer the given exercises, questions and assessment, USE your Activity Note-
book or Answer Sheet. When you are DONE, wait for the teacher/volunteer to collect
your activity notebook/ answer sheet.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Colligative Properties of
Solutions
Learning Competency:
Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions
Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions
and of electrolyte solutions
Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the con-
centration of a solute in a solution
Ready to Launch!
Have you ever wondered why is salt added on the container of dirty ice
cream sold on streets? Or why is it that when salt is added to boiling water
soup the boiling immediately subsides?
The answer is based on one particular property of solutions, the colliga-
tive property. Colligative (Latin, coligare – which means “tied together”) prop-
erties which means, they depend on the collective effect of the concentration
of solute particles present in the solution not on the nature of identity of the
solute particles.
These properties include: (1) vapor pressure lowering, (2) boiling point
elevation, (3)freezing point depression, and (4) osmotic pressure which will be
further discussed in today’s lesson.
Try This!
Direction: Answer the following in your answer sheet.
1. In each pair of aqueous systems, which will have the lower vapor
pressure?
A. pure water or 1.0 M NaCl
B. 1.0 M NaCl or 1.0 M C6H12O6
C. 1.0 M CaCl2 or 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
2. In each pair of aqueous systems, which will have the higher boiling
point?
A. pure water or a 1.0 M NaCl
B. 1.0 M NaCl or 1.0 M C6H12O6
C. 1.0 M CaCl2 or 1.0 M (NH4)3PO4
Keep This in Mind!
Activity
Direction: Read the situation below.
“It is a hot summer day and you have a picnic at the park or beach front
with your classmates, friends or relatives with wa-
termelon and “dirty ice cream”. Mmmmmm…..
tastes good… refreshing…. The ice cream is an old-
fashioned homemade kind ice cream. The kind of
where the maker has a tub full of mix of ingredi-
ents immersed in a bigger tub filled with ice and
salt. But wait a minute, why salt?
Analysis
Direction: Based on the given situation above, answer the following
questions in your answer sheet.
1. Why the ice cream vendor does add salt to the ice? Explain
2. Besides from dirty ice cream tub, where do you find similar cases
where in salt is being added?
3. What property of solution is affected a you add salt into it?
• If the particles of a solute are essentially the same size as those of the sol-
vent and both solute and solvent have roughly equal probabilities of being
at the surface of the solution, then the effect of a solute on the vapor pres-
sure of the solvent is proportional to the number of sites occupied by so-
lute particles at the surface of the solution. Doubling the concentration of
a given solute causes twice as many surface sites to be occupied by solute
molecules, resulting in twice the decrease in vapor pressure. The relation-
ship between solution composition and vapor pressure is therefore
• When the solvent is pure, and the mole fraction of the solvent is equal to
1, P is equal to Po. As the mole fraction of the solvent becomes smaller,
the vapor pressure of the solvent escaping from the solution also becomes
smaller.
• Assume that the solvent is the only component of the solution that is vola-
tile enough to have a measurable vapor pressure. If this is true, the vapor
pressure of the solution will be equal to the vapor pressure of the solvent
escaping from the solution.
• Raoult's law suggests that the difference between the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent and the solution increases as the mole fraction of the sol-
vent decreases.
• The change in the vapor pressure that occurs when a solute is added to a
solvent is therefore a colligative property. If it depends on the mole fraction
of the solute, then it must depend on the ratio of the number of particles
of solute to solvent in the solution but not the identity of the solute.
2. Boiling Point Elevation
• The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solu-
tion; consequently the temperature must be raised to restore the vapor
pressure of the solution to the value conforming to the pure solvent. Spe-
cifically, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 1 atm will be
higher than the normal boiling point by an amount known as the boiling
point elevation.
• Figure 3 above shows the phase diagram of a solution and the effect that
the lowered vapor pressure has on the boiling point of the solution com-
pared to the solvent.
• In this case the sucrose solution has a higher boiling point than the pure
solvent. Since the vapor of the solution is lower, more heat must be sup-
plied to the solution to bring its vapor pressure up to the pressure of the
external atmosphere.
• The boiling point elevation is the difference in temperature between the
boiling point of the pure solvent and that of the solution.
Figure 4. Normal boiling point for water(solvent) as a function of molality in several solutions containing sucrose (a non-
volatile solute)
• For dilute solution the elevation of the boiling point is directly proportional
to the molal concentration of the solute:
• The molal boiling point elevation constant, Kb, has a specific value de-
pending on the identity of the solvent.
• The molal boiling-point constant (Kb) is the boiling-point elevation of
the solvent in a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte solute.
• The boiling-point elevation of a 1-molal solution of any nonelectrolyte
• solute in water has been found by experiment to be 0.51°C. Thus, the
molal boiling-point constant for water is 0.51°C/m.
• For different solvents, the boiling-point elevations of 1-molal solutions
have different values.
• The boiling-point elevation, ∆tb, is the difference between the boiling
points of the pure solvent and a nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent,
and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.
• Boiling-point elevation can be calculated by the following equation.
∆tb = Kbm
When ∆tb is expressed in °C/m and m is expressed in mol of solute/kg of
solvent, ∆tb is the boiling-point elevation in °C.
• Sample Problem
What is the boiling-point elevation of a solution made from 20.0 g of a
nonelectrolyte solute and 400.0 g of water? The molar mass of the solute is
62.0 g and the molal boiling-point constant, Kb, for water is 0.51°C/m.
Given: solute mass = 20.0 g
solute molar mass = 62.0 g
solvent mass and identity = 400.0 g of water
Unknown: boiling-point elevation
Solution:
To use the equation for boiling-point elevation, ∆tb = Kbm, you need to deter-
mine the molality of the solution.
Molality =amount of solute (mol)
mass of solvent (g)
amount of solute (mol) = mass of solute (g) × mol solute
molar mass of solute (g)
∆tb = Kbm
Compute:
20.0 g of solute × 1 mol solute = 0.323 mol of solute
62.0 g of solute
0.323 mol of solute x 1000 g water = = 0.808 mol solute = 0.808 m
400.0 g water 1 kg water kg water
Osmotic Pressure
• Semipermeable membranes allow the movement of some particles to
pass through while blocking the movement of others. The level of the su-
crose solution will rise until a certain height is reached.
• The semipermeable membrane allows water molecules, but not
sucrose molecules, to pass through. The sucrose molecules on the solu-
tion side allow fewer water molecules to strike the membrane than
strike on the pure water side in the same amount of time.
• The rate at which water molecules leave the pure water side is greater
than the rate at which they leave the solution. This causes the level of the
solution to rise. The level rises until the pressure exerted by the height of
the solution is large enough to force water molecules back through the
membrane from the solution at a rate equal to that at which they enter
from the pure water side.
• The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from
the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concen-
tration is osmosis.
• The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from
the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher solute concen-
tration is osmosis
• Osmosis occurs whenever two solutions of different concentrations are
separated by a semipermeable membrane.
• Osmotic pressure is the external pressure that must be applied to stop
osmosis.
• Osmotic pressure is dependent on the concentration of solute particles
and not on the type of solute particles, it is a colligative property. The
greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the osmotic pressure
of the solution.
• Figure 5, illustrates another colligative property. In the figure, an
aqueous sucrose solution is separated from pure water by a semipermea-
ble membrane.
Figure 5.(a) When pure water and an aqueous sucrose solution are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the net
movement of water molecules through the membrane is from the pure water side into the aqueous solution. (b) The level
of the solution rises until pressure exerted by the height of the solution equals the osmotic pressure, at which point no
net movement of water molecules occurs
Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
• There are certain substances that depressed the freezing point or elevat-
ed the boiling point of a solvent more than expected. For example, a 0.1
m solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, lowers the freezing point of the sol-
vent nearly twice as much as a 0.1 m solution of sucrose. A 0.1 m solu-
tion of calcium chloride, CaCl2, lowers the freezing point of the solvent
nearly three times as much as a 0.1 m solution of sucrose. The effect on
boiling points is similar.
• To understand this, contrast the behavior of sucrose with that
of sodium chloride in aqueous solutions.
• Each sucrose molecule dissolves to produce only one particle in solution.
So 1 mol of sucrose dissolves to produce only 1 mol of particles in solu-
tion. Sugar is a nonelectrolyte. NaCl, however, is a strong electrolyte.
Each mole of NaCl dissolves to produce 2 mol of particles in solution: 1
mol of sodium ions and 1 mol of chloride ions. Figure 14-9 compares the
production of particles in solution for three different solutes. As you can
see, electrolytes produce more than 1 mol of solute particles for each
mole of compound dissolved.
• In figure 6 shows the comparison on the production of particles in
solution for three different solutes. As you can see, electrolytes produce
more than 1 mol of solute particles for each mole of compound dissolved.
Figure 6. Comparison on the number of particles produced per formula unit for the three solutes. Colligative properties
depend on the total concentration of particles.
Application
Direction: Solve of the boiling point and freezing point elevation of the
following solutions. Refer to table 1 for the molar freezing
point and boiling points constants of solvents. Write your
answer in a one whole sheet of pad paper.
1. A solution contains 50.0 g of sucrose, C 12H22O11, a nonelectrolyte,
dissolved in 500.0 g of water. What is the boiling-point elevation?
2. A solution consists of 10.3 g of the nonelectrolyte glucose, C 6H12O6,
dissolved in 250. g of water. What is the freezing-point depression of
the solution?
Reflect
Regulation of osmosis is vital to the life of a cell because cell membranes
are semipermeable. Cells lose water and shrink when placed in a solu-
tion of higher concentration. They gain water
and swell when placed in a solution of lower
concentration. In vertebrates, cells are protect-
ed from swelling and shrinking by blood and
lymph that surround the cells. Blood and
lymph are equal in concentration to the con-
centration inside the cell. Can you think of oth-
er example of osmosis in everyday life?